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Plate  I 


Statue  of  Caesar  in  Rome 


That  Julius  Caesar  was  a  famous  man; 

With  what  his  valour  did  enrich  his  wit, 

His  wit  set  down  to  make  his  valour  live: 

Death  makes  no  conquest  of  this  conqueror; 

For  now  he  lives  in  fame,  though  not  in  life.  —  Richard  III. 


C.    lULII   CAESARIS 

COMMENTAKII  RERUM  GESTARUM 


CAESAR'S 

COMMENTARIES 

THE  GALLIC  WAR,  BOOKS  I-IV,  WITH 

SELECTIONS  FROM  BOOKS  V-VII 

AND  FROM  THE  CIVIL  WAR 


WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION,  NOTES,  A   CCMPANIfiN  70  C4FS4R 
AND  A    VOCABULARY 


BY 

FRANCIS   W.    KELSEY 

UNIVERSITY   OF   MICHIGAN 


ALLYN    AND    BACON 

ISflston  jN^eto  gorit  Ci)icas0 


Copyright,  1918,  by 


PAN 


PREFACE 

This  edition  aims  to  interest  the  High  School  pupil  in  Caesar, 
to  assist  him  by  notes  adapted  to  his  stage  of  progress,  and  to 
facilitate  his  accomplishment  of  the  second  year  of  Latin  work 
with  appreciation  of  and  respect  for  the  subject,  and  with  a  hrm 
foundation  for  further  study. 

America's  entrance  into  the  world  conflict  has  aroused  uni- 
versal interest  in  warfare.  Viewed  in  the  light  of  the  great 
struggle,  Caesar's  Commentaries  take  on  a  new  interest.  Modern 
armies  have  clashed  on  the  battlefields  of  the  Gallic  War ;  mod- 
ern camps  are  laid  out  in  a  way  to  suggest  the  manner  of  the 
Romans.  The  strategy  of  Joffre  and  of  Hindenburg  finds  its 
prototype  in  that  of  Caesar,  and  modern  armor,  especially  in 
types  of  helmet  and  breastplate,  strikingly  resembles  that  of 
ancient  times.  In  countless  ways  —  even  to  Caesar's  statement, 
"  Of  all  these  the  bravest  are  the  Belgians  "  —  the  World  War 
reproduces  on  a  larger  scale  the  campaigns  of  Caesar. 

Such  points  as  these  it  has  seemed  worth  while  to  attempt  to 
bring  out  in  the  Introduction,  the  Notes,  and  the  Companion  to 
Caesar.  In  the  Syntax  a  statement  of  a  rule  is  accompanied  by 
specific  illustrations  from  Caesar ;  the  exercises  in  Latin  Compo- 
sition are  designed  to  strengthen  the  pupil's  grasp  of  the  Gram- 
mar. The  Maps  and  Plans  cannot  fail  to  add  definiteness  to  the 
study,  and  the  pictures  will  aid  the  student  to  visualize  the  scenes 
and  objects  described  or  referred  to  in  the  text. 

In  preparing  the  book  my  obligations  have  been  greatest  to  the 
well-known  works  of  Dr.  H.  Meusel  and  Mr.  T.  Rice  Holmes; 
on  the  side  of  the  illustrations,  to  the  Manuel  of  Joseph 
Dechelette.     Mr.  George  R.  Swain  allowed  the  use  of  his  unique 

iii 

459889 


iv  Preface 

series  of  photographs,  and  Mr.  G.  F.  Hill,  of  the  British  Museum, 
furnished  a  number  of  casts  of  Roman  coins. 

Many  teachers  have  helped  me  with  suggestions,  of  which  I 
wish  here  to  make  acknowledgment;  I  am  especially  indebted 
to  Miss  Frances  E.  Sabin  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 
Messrs.  Allen  and  Phillips,  of  the  Phillips  Academy  in  Andover, 
have  kindly  permitted  the  use  of  their  Latin  Composition,  and 
Dr.  Gilbert  H.  Taylor  rendered  assistance  in  reading  a  part  of 
the  proof. 

FRANCIS  W.   KELSEY. 

Ann  Arbor,  Michigan. 
January  15,  1918. 


CONTENTS 


INTRODUCTION  — 

I.     Warfare,  Ancient  and  Modern 
II.     Caesar's  Commentaries  and  the  Great  War 

III.  The  Civilization  of-the  Gauls 

IV.  Caesar  and  the  Historical  Writers 
V.     Caesar  in  Literature  and  Myth 


PAGE 

ix 

XX 

xxvii 
xxxiii 
xxxvii 


THE    GALLIC   WAR,   TEXT  AND   NOTES  — 
Book  I         


Book  II 


129 


Book  III .     190 

Book  IV      .        . 232 

Book  V .287 

Book  VI,  Selections: 


The  Second  Expedition  into  Germany 

The  Customs  of  the  Gauls  and  Germans  Contrasted  . 
The  Hercynian  Forest  and  the  Wonderful  Animals  Found  in  It 
Book  VII,  Selections: 

Beginning  of  a  General  Uprising 

The  Siege  and  Destruction  of  Avaricum 

The  Siege  of  Gergovia         ..... 

The  Leadership  of  Vercingetorix  and  First  Defeat 

The  Siege  and  Fall  of  Alesia        .... 


THE   CIVIL  WAR,   SELECTIONS,   TEXT  AND    NOTES  — 
Book  II.     The  Second  Sea-fight  off  Massilia     . 
Book  III.     Heroic  Endurance  of  Caesar's  Soldiers 
Caesar's  Treatment  of  Two  "  Grafters" 
Last  Operations  about  Dyrrachium 


The  Battle  of  Pharsalus 


338 
340 
358 

364 
374 
381 
390 
396 


425 
431 
435 
438 
440 


vi  Contents 

1>AOB 

SELECTIONS   FOR   SIGHT   READING  — 

1.  The  Pig's  Last  Will  and  Testament 463 

(Petronli  Satirae  .  .  .  Tertium  edidit  F.  Buecheler.  pp.  241-242) 

2.  Witticisms  Attributed  to  Cicero 467 

(M.  Tulli  Ciceronis  Scripta  .  .  .  Recognovit  C  F.  W.  Mueller,   IV.  3. 
1910,  pp.  343-347) 

3.  Legal  Maxims 471 

4.  Fables 472 

5.  The  First  Psalm 474 

(Biblorum  Sacrorum  iuxta  Vulgatam  Clementinam  Nova   Editio,    1914. 
p.  470) 

6.  The  Twenty-third  Psalm      .        .         .        .'       .        .        .        .    475 

(Biblorum  Sacrorum  .  .  .  Nova  Editio,  p.  481) 

A  COMPANION   TO   CAESAR  — 

Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar  for  the  Study  of  Caesar  : 

Inflections 479 

Word  Formation .  525 

The  Derivation  of  English  Words  froni  the  Latin         .         .         .  528 

Syntax 531 

Figures  of  Speech        . 582 

Expressions  Relating  to  Time  and  Distance        ....  584 

Gaius  Julius  Caesar: 

Life  of  Caesar .  587 

The  Name  Caesar 601 

The  Portraits  of  Caesar 602 

Caesar's  Commentaries 603 

Caesar  as  an  Orator 606 

The  Geography  of  Caesar's  Commentaries 607 

The  Roman  Art  of  War  in  Caesar's  Time 615 

EXERCISES   IN    LATIN   COMPOSITION  — 

Reprinted,  by  permission,  from  Latin  Composition,  by  Bernard  M. 
Allen  and  John  L.  Phillips  : 

Points  to  be  Noted  in  Writing  Latin 641 

Exercises 644 

LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS.    WITH    REFERENCES         .        .        .665 
VOCABULARIES 


PLATES' 

The  colored  plates,  and  the  plates  illustrating  the  bridge  across  the  Rhine, 
are  from  the  designs  of  H.  Rheinhard. 

PLATE 

I.     Statue  •  of   Caesar   in    Rome,    in    the   Palazzo  dei  Conservatori 

(From  a  photograph) Frontispiece 

FACING   PAGB 

II.  Roman  Officers,  Standard-bearers,  and  Musicians  (Colored)         .       70 

III.  Roman  Soldiers,  Infantry  and  Cavalry  (Colored)  .         .         .     128 

IV.  Weapons,  Standards,  and  Roman  Camp  (Colored)        .        .        .216 
V.  Caesar's  Bridge  across  the  Rhine,  Sections 256 

VI.  Caesar's  Bridge  across  the  Rhine,  View 257 

VII.  Military  Devices  (Colored)     .         .         .- 286 

VIII.  Chalk  Cliffs  near  Dover  (Photograph  by  George  R.  Swain)  .  294 

IX.  Appliances  for  Siege  and  Defense  (Colored)  ....  364 

X.  Bust  of  Caesar  in  the  Museum  of  Naples  (From  a  photograph)  424 

XI.  An   Ancient   Sea-fight  between  Galleys    {The  English  Illustrated 

Magazine,  1899,  p.  449) 430 

XII.  Storming  of  a  Besieged  City  (Colored) 636 

MAPS 

The  maps  are  based  upon  those  in  the  Atlases  accompanying  the  works  of 
Napoleon  III  and  Stoffel  (p.  xxxvii),  with  modifications  from  many  sources, 
particularly,  G.  Veith's  Geschichte  der  Feldzuge  Caesars  and,  for  Pharsalus, 
J.  Kromayer's  Antike  Schlachtfelder  in  Griechenland. 

Gallia,  General  Reference  Map,  inside  back  cover. 

MAP  PACING   PAGE 

1.  Campaigns  of  58  and  57  B.c 1 

2.  Caesar's  Line  of  Works  along  the  Rhone 20 


1 A  full  List  of  the  Illustrations,  with  references,  will  be  found  on  pages  665-674. 

vii 


VIU 


Mi 


.ps 


MAP 

3.  The  Battle  with  the  Helvetians  .... 

4.  The  Battle  with  Ariovistus 

5.  The  Battle  at  the  Aisne  (Axona) 

6.  The  Battle  at  the  Sambre  (Sabis),  First  Phase  . 

7.  The  Battle  at  the  Sambre  (Sabis),  Second  Phase 

8.  Operations  against  the  Stronghold  of  the  Atuatuci 

9.  Operations  of  the  Year  56  b.c. 

10.  Sea-fight  with  the  Venetans 

11.  Operations  of  55  and  54  b.c. 

12.  Map  of  Britain  as  conceived  by 

13.  Operations  of  53  and  52  e.g. 

14.  The  Siege  of  Avaricum 

15.  The  Siege  of  Gergovia 

16.  Victory  of  Caesar  over  Vercingetorix 

17.  The  Siege  of  Alesia     . 

18.  Second  Sea-fight  off  Massilia 

19.  Operations  of  the  Year  48  e.c. 

20.  Ihe  Battle  of  Pharsalus 


Caes 


FACINO  PACK 

.  60 

.  120 

.  144 

.  164 

.  172 

.  180 

.  198 

.  208 

.  232 

.  300 

.  338 

.  374 

.  384 

.  392 

.  400 

.  426 

.  438 

.  448 


INTRODUCTION 

i.   Warfare  Ancient  and  Modern 

Since  the  Eoman  period  the  art  of  war  has  undergone  great 
changes.  These  have  resulted  from  the  invention  of  gunpow- 
der and  other  explosives,  from  the  use  of  field  glasses,  from 
the  utilization  of  electricity,  steam,  and  gasoline  to  provide 
means  of  communication  and  transportation,  and  finally,  from 


Figure  1.  —  Wolf-hoies  betore  Alesia. 

Constructed  by  Caesar  in  52  B.C.,  and  discovered  by  excavation. 

At  the  left  of  the  wolf-holes  are  rows  of  hedge  entanglements. 

In  front  of  the  rampart  are  double  trenches,  and  above  we  see  the  palisade  and  towers, 

the  mechanical  perfecting  of  every  kind  of  weapon.  Never- 
theless the  most  recent  military  operations  have  exemplified 
the  use  of  means  and  methods  of  warfare  devised  by  the  an- 
cients and  skillfully  employed  by  Caesar  in  the  campaigns  of 
which  he  has  left  a  record  in  the  Commentaries. 

As  a  part  of  his  defensive  works  when  he  was  besieging 
Alesia  Caesar  made  many  wolf-holes.  These  are  round  holes 
with  sloping  sides,  in  the  center  of  which  a  strong  pointed 

ix 


Introduction 


stake  is  firmly  implanted.  A  glance  at  the  illustration  (Fig.  1) 
will  show  how  slow  and  difficult  an  advance  would  be,  par- 
ticularly at  night,  over  ground  thus  prepared ;  for  the  soldier 
picking  his  way,  no  matter  how  carefully,  would  run  the  risk 
of  slipping  and  impaling  himself  upon  the  projecting  point. 

Precisely  such  wolf- 


>fisrt 


'r*^  J 


:    a 


holes  have  been  used 
in  the  Great  War, 
as,  for  example,  along 
the  German  line  near 
Ypres,  in  Belgium 
(Fig.  2).  In  front 
the  line  is  protected 
by  barb-wire  entangle- 
ments. Correspond 
ing  with  these  are  the 
hedge  entanglements 
used  by  Caesar  (shown 
in  Figure  1,  behind 
the  wolf-holes),  which 
were  made  by  firmly 
planting  in  rows,  and 
closely  interlocking, 
branches  of  trees  with 
the  projecting  ends 
stripped  of  bark  and 
sharpened  to  a  point 
The  Romans  were 
the  first  nation  to 
make  trench-digging  an  essential  part  of  warfare,  but  they 
limited  it  to  the  fortification  of  camps  and  to  siege  operations 
Since  the  Uoman  trenches  were  not  used  as  passageways,  they 
were  generally  left  V-shaped,  as  those  seen  in  Figure  1 ;  but 
occasionally  trenches  were  made  with  perpendicular  sides,  as 
the  long  trench,  or  moat,  20  feet  wide,  before  Alesi'a  (Map  17). 
In  modern  warfare  trenching  has  become  still  more  important, 


Figure  2. 


Wolf-holes  near  Ypres,  in 
Belgium. 
These  wolf-holes  were  constructed  by  the  German 
arnny  in  1914. 

On  the  further  side,  near  the  left,  the  posts  carrying 
the  barb-wire  entanglement  are  visible.  (Courtesy  of 
the  Press  Illustrating  Company.) 


Warfare  Ancient  and   Modern  xi 

and  now  under  many  conditions  soldiers  are  taught  to  "  dig 
themselves  in."  But  the  process  of  digging  is  still  the  same, 
as  may  be  seen  from  the  comparison  of  a  Roman  trenching 
tool  (Fig.  3)  with  the  type  of  spade  supplied  as  a  part  of  the 
equipment  of  a  soldier  in  the  United  States  Army  (Fig.  4). 

When  digging  within  range  of  the 
enemy's  missiles  the  Roman  soldiers  pro- 
tected themselves  by  movable  shields,  plu- 
tei  (Plate  IX,  4-5),  and  sappers'  huts, 
vineae  (Plate  IX,  9).  In  trenching  close 
to  the  Russian  lines  near  Warsaw  in  1914 
the  Germans  used  standing  steel  shields 

which  were  moved  forward  for  the  pro-        ^         '      ^    . 

^  trenching  tool. 

tection  of  the  trenchers.    A  curious  parallel  Discovered  m  the  re- 

to  the  ancient  sapper's  hut  is  the  armored  mains  of  the  Roman  Camp 

"one-man  tank,"  designed  for  exception-  jt^Saa^burg, near Homburg, 

ally  hazardous  service  in  front  of  the  lines  The  wooden  handle  has 

(Fig.  5).  rotted  away. 

The  pacl^s,  sarcinae,  of  Caesar's  legionaries  were  fully  as 
heavy  as  those  of  modern  infantry,  perhaps  heavier.  They 
were  carried  on  a  forked  stick  over  the  left  shoulder  (Fig.  6), 
while  the  soldier  of  to-day  has  his  pack  strapped  on  his  back 
(Fig.  7).  The  day's  march  of  a  small  body  of  United  States 
Infantry  over  fair  roads  will  average  approximately  the  same 
as  that  of  Caesar's  legionaries,  about  fifteen  Roman  miles.  On 
forced  marcTies  recently  European  armies,  moving  on  excellent 
roads  and  utilizing  medical  science  to  conserve  the  soldier's 
strength,  have  -equaled,  if  they  have  not  surpassed,  Caesar's 
forced  marches  in  the  Gallic  War. 

In  fighting  there  has  been  a  surprising  return  to  the  methods 
of  Caesar's  time. 

Caesar's  legionaries  held  their  weapons  until  they  were 
within  close  range  of  the  enemy,  twelve  to  twenty  yards  ;  then 
they  hurled  their  pikes.  To-day  in  trench  fighting  the  place  of 
the  pike  is  taken  by  the  hand  grenade,  thrown  often  at  even 
closer  range ;  and  soldiers  are  trained  in  the  throwing  of  gre- 


Xll 


Introduction 


nades  just  as  the  legionary  was  in  hurling  the  pike  (Fig.  8). 
"  Rifle  tire  in  this  warfare  plays  small  part,"  wrote  Owen  John- 
son from  the  front  in  1915 ;  "  cartridges  are  all  very  well  for 
machine  guns,  but  for  men,  hand  grenades  and  the  cold  steel." 
Soon  after  the  first  soldiers  from  the  United  States  arrived  in 
France,  in  1917,  it  was  found  that  by  reason 
of  skill  acquired  in  playing  baseball,  they 
surpassed  the  European  soldiers  in  throwing 
grenades,  in  point  of  range  as  well  as  accu- 
racy. 

The  "iron"  of  the  Roman  pike  (Fig.  49, 
p.  61)  finds  a  parallel  in  a  late  type  of  French 
bayonet  (Fig.  9).  The  length  is  nearly  the 
same.  The  pike  iron  has  a  four-grooved  point, 
barbed ;  the  bayonet  is  grooved  on  the  four 

f  sides,  so  that  it  makes  a  wound  very  similar 
in  character.  But  even  the  spear  has  not 
gone  out  of  use  ;  in  the  Great  War  long  lances 
have  been  used  by  divisions  of  cavalry  on 
both  sides. 
More  remarkable  still  is  the  return  of  recent 
warfare  to  the  use  of  the  helmet  as  a  protec- 
tion for  the  head,  and  of  a  metallic  shield  to 
protect  the  grenadier  when  exposing  himself 
by  throwing  grenades  (Fig.  8).  In  shape, 
however,  the  French  helmet  (Fig.  10)  has  as 
much  in  common  with  a  certain  type  of  ancient 
Gallic  helmet  (Fig.  11)  as  it  has  with  the  hel- 
met of  the  Roman  legionary  (Fig.  12). 
Modern  armor  seems  to  have  reached  its  fullest  development 
in  the  equipment  of  the  Italian  barlvwire  cutter.  His  helmet 
(Fig.  13)  is  supplemented  by  a  metallic  veil,  and  his  body  is 
protected  by  a  cuirass,  his  legs  by  greaves.  This  specialized 
armor,  well  designed  for  the  purpose,  is  less  flexible  than  the 
defensive  equipment  of  the  Roman  legionary  (Fig.  33,  p.  19). 
The  modern  helmet  has  been  found  serviceable  in  protecting 


Figure  4.  —  Mod- 
ern trenching 
tool. 

This  is  the  trench- 
ing tool  supplied  to 
soldiers  of  the  United 
States  army. 


Warfare  Ancient  and   Modern 


Xlll 


the  head  against  shrapnel ;  hence  we  may  well  believe  that  the 
ancient  helmet  greatly  reduced  the  casualties  from  the  leaden 
bullets  thrown  by  means  of  slings  (Fig.  14),  as  well  as  those 
from  blows. 

The  Gaul,  as  is  noted  elsewhere  (p.  638),  in  fighting  used  a 
spear  or  dart,  shield  and  sword,  but  his  spear  (Figs.  40  and  43) 
was  not  so  effective  as  the  Roman  pike,  and  his  sword  was  of 
an  altogether  different  type  (Fig.  39).  Oddly  enough,  recent 
fighting  in  France  has 
revived  the  use  of 
wickerwork  shields 
somewhat  like  those 
of  ancient  Gaul  (Fig. 
48,  p.  60).  As  a  pro- 
tection against  liquid 
fire  French  soldiers 
before  Verdun  in  1916 
^'  carried  big  oblong 
shields  of  interwoven 
osier,  covered  with  clay,  against  which  the  flaming  liquid  fell 
harmless,"  though  the  men,  protected  by  masks,  found  "the 
smell  terrible,  almost  suffocating." 

In  the  night  attack  of  Caesar's  men  upon  the  Helvetian 
corral,  in  58  b.c,  some  of  the  defenders  hurled  darts  from 
behind  the  wheels  of  the  carts  (I.  26) ;  in  1916  a  provision 
train  of  motor  trucks,  conveying  supplies  to  General  Pershing's 
force  in  Mexico,  was  attacked  in  a  ravine,  whereupon  "  the 
truck  men  and  their  soldier  guard  took  a  position  behind  the 
steel  wheels  of  the  cars,"  and  routed  the  Mexicans  by  the  accu- 
racy of  their  fire. 

Though  the  contending  armies  are  vastly  greater  than  those 
of  Caesar's  time,  the  Great  War  affords  striking  illustrations 
of  the  principles  of  military  formation,  tactics,  and  strategy  * 
which  he  knew  and  applied. 

1  Under  "Tactics"  military  men  include  the  disposing  of  forces  on  land 
or  sea  in  order  of  battle,  and  all  manoeuvres  in  the  presence  of  the  enemy ; 


Figure  5.  —  "One-man  tank." 
Designed  for  the  protection  of  wire-cutters  under  fire. 


XIV 


Introduction 


In  the  battle  with  the  Helvetians,  and  also  in  that  with  the 


Germans  described  in  Book  I,  the 


more  open  formation  of 
the  smaller  Roman  force, 
whose  soldiers  were 
trained  to  fight  with  in- 
itiative, gave  it  a  distinct 
advantage  over  the  mass 
formation,  called  by- 
Caesar  phalanx,  to  which 
it  was  opposed.  The  mass 
formation  of  the  modern 
German  army  is  altogether 
different  from  that  of  an- 
cient times ;  but  again 
and  again,  in  the  Great 
War,  German  ranks,  ad- 
vancing with  men  almost 
touching  elbows,  have  suf- 
fered much  more  heavily 
than  British  forces  trained 
to  attack  in  extended  order 
and  advancing  against 
equally  intensive  fire. 

When  Caesar  first  came 
into  contact  with  the  Ger- 
mans, he  was  so  impressed 
with  their  arrangement  of 
cavalry  that  he  made  spe- 
cial mention  of  it,  and 
afterwards  he  employed 
German  horsemen  as  mer- 
cenaries. Each  horseman,  he  tells  us  (I.  48),  was  accompanied 
by  a  foot-soldier ;  these  foot-soldiers  were  swift  runners,  and 

"  Strategy  "  refers  to  the  larger  operations  of  war ;  it  includes  the  laying  out 
and  conducting  of  campaigns  as  well  as  the  execution  of  singly  mQVQmQUta 
designed  to  outwit  and  thwart  the  enemy. 


Figure  6.  —  Roman  legionary  in  march- 
ing order. 

His  pack  is  suspended  on  a  forked  stick  over 
the  left  shoulder. 


Warfare  Ancient  and   Modern 


XV 


exceedingly  brave.  In  our  illustration,  which  pictures  a  charge 
of  the  Scots  Greys  in  northern  France  in  the  autumn  of  1914 
(Fig.  15),  nimble  footmen  are  seen  charging  with  the  cavalry. 

The  transportation  of  troops  by  train  and  auto  truck  has 
simplified  the  concentration  of  reserves  to  hold  a  threatened 
point ;  yet  no  modern  general  has  surpassed  Caesar  in  insight 
and  quickness  of  decision  in  moving  troops 
in  time  of  battle  in  order  to  forestall  or 
checkmate  the  movements  of  the  enemy. 
This  was  well  illustrated  in  the  Battle  of 
Pharsalus,  where  his  quick  shift  in  forming 
a  fourth  line  to  support  his  greatly  outnum- 
bered cavalry  (C.  III.  89,  and  Map  20)  gained 
an  initial  victory  and  contributed  in  no  slight 
degree  to  the  sweeping  success  of  the  day. 

A  typical  stratagem  of  Caesar  was  that  by 
which  he  accomplished  the  crossing  of  the 
Elaver  (now  Allier)  in  52  b.c.  (VII.. 35). 
Vercingetorix,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
river,  had  broken  down  all  the  bridges. 
Caesar  encamped  in  a  wooded  spot  near  a 
place  where  the  piles  of  a  bridge  had  es- 
caped destruction.  The  next  morning  he 
concealed  two  legions  in  the  forest  and 
ordered  the  rest  of  his  forces  to  march  up 
the  river,  spreading  them  out  so  that  the 
marching  column  seemed  as  long  as  usual. 
Thereupon  Vercingetorix  also  marched  up- 
stream, on  the  opposite  side.  When  he  was 
far  enough  away,  Caesar  brought  the  two  legions  out  of  con- 
cealment, quickly  rebuilt  the  bridge,  recalled  the  troops  that 
had  marched  up  the  river,  and  transferred  his  entire  army 
across  before  Vercingetorix  could  interfere. 

A  similar  stratagem  was  successfully  employed  in  1915.  The 
German  and  Austrian  commanders  wished  to  cross  the  Vistula 
in  Poland  at  a  point  northwest  of  Ivangorod.     They  moved 


Figure  7.  —  United 
States  sailor  stand- 
ing With  heavy- 
ma  r  c  h  i  n  g-order 
equipment. 

The  marching-order 
equipment  of  the  United 
States  soldiers  is  the 
same,  whether  in  land 
or  naval  service. 


XVI 


Introduction 


their  forces  upstream  in  such  a  way  as  to  lead  the  Russians  to 
believe  that  they  intended  to  force  a  crossing  at  some  distance 

northeast  of  the  city.  At 
the  point  previously  de- 
termined upon,  material 
for  pontoon  bridges  was 
brought  to  the  bank  of 
the  river  loaded  on  wagons 
which  were  covered  over 
with  straw,  so  that  they 
were  reported  by  the  Rus- 
sian aviators  merely  as 
loads  of  straw;  since  the 
Russian  commander  had 
no  information  to  the  con- 
trary, slight  attention  was 
paid  to  them.  The  ruse 
made  it  possible  for  the 
pontooners  to  start  build- 
ing the  bridges  before 
their  presence  or  purpose 
was  suspected.  When  the 
Russians  finally  brought 
their  artillery  to  bear  at 
the  threatened  point,  it 
was  too  late  to  check  the 
work ;  the  Teutonic  forces 
completed  four  bridges 
over  the  river  and  marched 
across. 

In  the  naval  Imttles 
described  in  the  C'ommen- 
taries  Caesar  did  not  com- 
mand liis  fleet  in  person, 
though  in  one  instiince  he 
and   his  army   witnessed 


Copyright  hy  Undcricood  and  Underwood,  Neir  York. 

Figure    8.  —  French    soldier    hurling    a 
hand  grenade. 

He  is  standing  in  a  trench.  His  head  is  pro- 
tected by  a  steel  helmet.  With  thq  l^ft  fprearm 
he  holds  a  shield. 


Warfare  Ancient  and  Modern 


xvii 


the  engagement  from  the  land  (III.  14).     The  tactics  employed 
have  analogies  in  modern  warfare. 

On  the  Mediterranean  Sea  from  a  very  early  period  there 
were  two  types  of  ships,  those  propelled  by  the  wind,  that  is 


Figure  9.  —  French  bayonet,  with  scabbard. 

The  bayonet  can  either  be  fastened  at  the  end  of  a  gun  and  used  for  thrusting,  or  de- 
tached'and  handled  as  a  long  dagger. 

by  a  force  outside  the  ship,  and  those  propelled  by  a  force  in- 
side the  ship,  by  oarsmen.  Since  the  Mediterranean  is  rela- 
tively narrow  and  almost  tideless,  since  also  ships  driven  by 
oars  could  be  manoeuvred  more  easily  and  with  much  greater 
steadiness  of  movement,  the  oar  ship  was  developed  into  a  war 


Figure  10.  —  French  helmet,  type  of  1915,  front  and  side  views. 

This  helmet  was  worn  by  Richard  N.  Hall,  a  graduate  of  the  Ann  Arbor  high  school 
and  of  Dartmouth  college,  who  served  in  a  volunteer  ambulance  corps  in  France  and  was 
killed  by  a  shell  on  Christmas  eve,  1915,  when  driving  his  ambulance  in  the  Vosges 
mountains. 


xviii  Introduction 

vessel  and  was  highly  specialized  to  this  end  (Fig.  146,  p.  427), 
while  low-decked  sailing  vessels  were  used  for  freight  and  ordi- 
nary passenger  service.  It  was  a  freight  ship  on  which  St.  Paul 
and  his  military  escort  sailed  for  Italy,  suffering  shipwreck 
at  Malta ;  the  battleships,  or  galleys,  of  Caesar's  time  (p.  636) 
had  ordinarily  three  banks  of  oars. 

The  boisterous  waves  and  high  tides  of  the  North  Atlantic 
made  impracticable,  except  under  extremely  favorable  condi- 


Figure   11. —  Early  Gallic  helmets,  of  bronze. 

Now  in  the  British  Museum.    The  neck-protector  of  the  helmet  at  the  right  is  orna- 
mented in  relief. 

tions,  the  use  either  of  galleys,  which  had  to  be  built  low  in 
order  to  enable  the  oarsmen  to  dip  their  oars,  or  of  the  type  of 
sailing  vessel  employed  on  the  almost  land-locked  Mediterranean. 
Hence  before  Caesar's  time  the  Venetans  in  northwestern  Gaul 
(modern  Brittany)  had  developed  a  strongly  built  high-decked 
sailing  vessel,  which,  though  small  when  compared  with  sea- 
going ships  to-day,  was  able  nevertheless  to  withstand  the  buf- 
feting of  ocean  waves  and  to  outride  the  gales.  From  Caesar's 
description  (III.  13)  it  is  evident  that  the  Venetan  ship  was 
not  like  the  type  of  vessel  used  later  by  the  Vikings,  but  in 
essential  features  resembled  the  famous  Half-Moon  with  which 


Warfare  Ancient  and   Modern 


XIX 


Henry  Hudson  in  1609  crossed  the  Atlantic,  discovering  the 
river  which  bears  his  name. 

Caesar  found  that  he  could  not  complete  the  conquest  of 
northwestern  Gaul  without  destroying  the  Venetan  fleet.  In 
the  naval  battle,  of  which  we  have  a  vivid  account  in  Book  III 
of  the  Gallic  War,  the  two  types  of  vessel  were  brought  into 
hostile  contact ;  the  light  and  fast  Eoman  galley,  adapted  for 
ramming  and  boarding,  and  carrying 
legionaries  as  its  fighting  men,  was  pitted 
against  the  Venetan  sailer,  which  was  so 
strong  that  it  could  not  be  rammed  and  so 
high  that  boarding  was  extremely  difficult. 
Only  quick  ingenuity  (III.  14),  and  sheer 
luck  in  the  dying  down  of  the  wind  at  a 
crucial  moment,  gave  to  Caesar's  men  a 
complete  victory. 

Altogether  different  were  the  tactics  of 
the  sea-fight  off  Massilia,  described  in  the 
second  book  of  the  Civil  War  (pp.  425- 
431).  Just  as  on  land  at  Pharsalus,  and 
on  both  land  and  sea  in  the  Great  War, 
we  find  substantially  the  same  military 
equipment  on  both  sides,  so  in  the  sea- 
fight  between  Brutus  and  the  fleets  loyal  to  Pompey  the  type 
of  battleship  on  both  sides  was  the  same,  and  victory  rested 
with  the  side  which  had  superior  skill  and  fighting  i30wer. 

Long  after  the  nations  of  western  Europe  had  developed  to 
a  high  degree  of  effectiveness  the  wooden  warship  propelled  by 
sails  and  armed  with  cannon,  the  galley  continued  to  be  used 
by  the  pirates  of  the  Barbary  States  in  northern  Africa ;  "  the 
vessels  employed  by  the  Barbary  Corsairs  were  essentially 
rowing-boats,"!  though  after  the  sixteenth  century  they  in- 
creasingly used  ships  like  those  of  the  European  powers.     Mu- 


Figure  12. —  Helmet  of 
a  Roman  legionary. 

When  not  worn  the 
helmet  could  be  suspended 
by  a  cord  passed  through 
the  ring  at  the  top.  The 
crest  was  fastened  in  the 
sanne  ring  before  the  soldier 
went  into  action. 


i  African  Shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  by  C.  F.  and  L.  Grant  (New  York, 
1912),  p.  280.  This  work  gives  a  graphic  description  of  life  on  the  modern 
galleys,  and  the  lot  of  the  galley-slaves,  chained  to  the  rowing-benches.    The 


XX  Introduction 

tual  jealousies  of  the  European  states  allowed  the  Barbary  cor- 
sairs to  flourish  until  the  nineteenth  century.  For  a  time  the 
United  States  paid  blackmail  to  the  masters  of  the  Tripoli 
pirates  in  order  to  safeguard  American  sailing  vessels  from 
their  swift  galleys  and  frigates,  and  our  country  did  not  free 
itself  from  the  menace  until  1815. 

Like  the  galley,  the  modern  battleship,  with  steam  power 
replacing  man  power  as  propelling  force,  developed  the  tactic 
of  ramming.  This  tactic  had  its  best  known  exemplification 
in  time  of  peace,  in  the  accidental  ramming  and  sinking  of  the 
battleship  Victoria  by  her  sister  ship,  the  Camper  down,  at  the 
British  manoeuvres  in  the  Mediterranean  in  1893,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  mistake  in  orders.  In  recent  years  there  has  been 
a  notable  increase  in  the  size  and  range  of  cannon  mounted  upon 
battleships,  accompanied  by  a  corresponding  increase  in  the 
effectiveness  of  torpedoes  ;  decisive  engagements  are  now  ordi- 
narily fought  at  long  range.  Nevertheless  in  1917  the  British 
torpedo  destroyer  Broke  rammed  a  German  destroyer,  and  the 
marines,  as  in  the  olden  time,  tinally  fought  hand  to  hand,  the 
British  gaining  the  victory. 

ii.   Caesar's  Commentaries  and  the  Great  War 

In  September,  1914,  the  German  armies,  retiring  from  the 
drive  toward  Paris,  established  a  line  of  trenches  across  the 
northeastern  part  of  France.  One  portion  of  this  line  passed 
north  of  the  city  of  Soissons,  whose  name  is  derived  from  that 
of  the  Gallic  people  called  Suessiones  ;  thence  it  ran  eastward, 
not  far  from  the  river  Aisne,  which  is  so  called  from  the  river's 
ancient  name,  Axona.  East  of  the  village  of  Kerry -au-Bac  the 
German  line  of  works  crossed  the  Aisne  to  the  south  and 
passed  east  of  Reims,  which  takes  its  name  from  the  ancient 
people  called  Remi,  and  occupies  the  site  of  the  Gallic  city 
of  Durocortorum,  or  Bigfort. 

subject  is  more  fully  treated  in  The  Barbary  Corsairs,  by  S.  Lane-Poole 
(New  York,  1902);  and  G.  W.  Allen,  Our  Navy  ami  the  Barbary  Corsairf 
(Boston,  11)05). 


Caesar  and  the  Great  War 


XXI 


This  part  of  France  in  antiquity  was  reckoned  as  belonging 
to  Belgium  ;  for  the  southern  boundary  of  Belgium,  or  Belgic 
Gaul,  was  along  the  rivers  called  by  Caesar  Matrona  and  Se- 
quana,  which  have  given  us  the  modern  names  Marne  and 
Seine.  In  this  region,  as  also  in  eastern  France  and  in  the 
countries  east  of  the  Adriatic  Sea,  we  find  many  points  of 
contact  not  only  between  ancient  and  modern  names  but  also 
between  the  events  re- 
corded in  Caei-jar's  Com- 
mentaries and  those  of 
the  most  recent  history. 

The  marshes  along  the 
Miette  brook,  near  Berry- 
au-Bac,  in  57  b.c,  pre- 
vented a  frontal  attack 
by  the  Belgians  upon 
Caesar's  legions  drawn 
up  to  receive  them  (Map 
5).  Across  the  same 
marshes  when  dry,  in 
September,  1914,  the 
Germans  ran  intrench- 
ments,  which  during  the 
winter  filled  with  water  ; 
this  caused  inconven- 
ience, to  be  sure,  but 
safeguarded  that  part  of 
the  German  line  from 
attack  by  either  infantry 
or  cavalry. 

When  the  Belgians 
tried  to  ford  the  Aisne,  in  the  face  of  Caesar's  archers  and 
slingers,  the  stream  was  choked  with  dead  (II.  10)  ;  dead  and 
wounded  again  clogged  the  Aisne  in  1914,  when  French  and 
English  troops  near  Berry-au-Bac  built  pontoon  bridges  within 
range  of  a  murderous  artillery  fire. 


Figure   13.  —  Italian  barb-wire  cutter. 

His  wire-clippers  are  on  the  end  of  a  long  pole. 
He  stands  in  front  of  the  entrance  of  a  well-screened 
refuge.    (Medem  Photo  Service.) 


xxii  Introduction 

Caesar  commends  the  bravery  of  the  Belgians  who  attempted 
to  cross  the  Aisne  over  the  bodies  of  the  fallen  (II.  10).  Of 
all  the  peoples  of  Gaul,  he  elsewhere  declared  (I.  1),  "the 
Belgians  are  the  bravest."  In  1914,  the  bravery  of  the  modern 
Belgians  was  lauded  by  friend  and  foe  alike,  when  at  Liege 
and  other  points,  against  overwhelming  odds,  they  tried  to 
stem  the  tide  of  German  invasion. 

Thessaly,  unlike  the  rest  of  Greece,  has  broad  and  fertile 
plains,  well  adapted  to  the  raising  of  wheat.  In  48  b.c,  when 
Caesar  was  obliged  to  withdraw  from  Dyrrachium  (now  Du- 
razzo),  he  led  his  half-starved  troops  into  Thessaly  and 
encamped  in  the  midst  of  ripening  grain-fields  (C.  III.  81) ; 
thither  Pompey  came  to  find  him  (Map  19),  and  the  battle  of 
Pharsalus  followed.  In  June,  1917,  one  reason  assigned  for 
hastening  the  abdication  of  Constantine,  King  of  Greece,  was 
that  the  allied  forces  wished  to  make  sure  that  the  ripening 
harvests  of  Thessaly  should  be  subject  to  their  control ;  and 
immediately  thereafter  French  and  British  troops  occupied 
Pharsala  (the  ancient  Pharsalus),  as  well  as  Larissa,  on  the 
site  of  the  Larisa  to  which  Pompey  fled  after  the  great  battle. 
So  it  happened  that  the  grain-fields  of  Thessaly  were  a  factor 
in  determining  the  site  of  the  decisive  battle  between  Caesar 
and  Pompey,  and,  almost  two  thousand  years  later,  in  hasten- 
ing the  downfall  of  a  Greek  ruler. 

The  occurrence  of  similar  events  of  war  in  the  same  locali- 
ties may  be  ascribed  in  part  to  the  influence  of  geographical 
features  upon  military  operations,  in  part  to  continuing  antago- 
nism between  adjacent  populations  of  different  stock.  Broadly 
speaking,  the  military  operations  of  the  Germans  in  the  western 
campaigns  of  the  Great  War  have  in  no  small  degree  been 
determined  by  the  same  physical  conditions  which  first  brought 
Caesar  into  hostile  contact  with  Helvetians  and  Germans,  and 
afterwards  facilitated  his  conquest  of  northern  Gaul. 

To  the  Helvetians,  bent  upon  migrating  to  western  Gaul, 
the  Jura  mountains  (Map  Gallia  ^)  presented  an  almost  im- 

^  A  general  map  of  Gaul  has  been  placed  at  the  end  of  this  volume. 


Caesar  and  the  Great  War  xxiii 

passable  barrier,  on  the  west  side,  while  a  northerly  route 
would  have  exposed  them  to  attack  by  Ariovistus.  In  con- 
sequence they  were  obliged  to  follow  the  exceedingly  difficult 
route  through  the  Mill-race  gorge  of  the  Rhone,  Pas  de  I'^ficluse 
(Map  2),  and  at  once  aroused  Caesar's  apprehension ;  for  the 
Rhone  was  the  boundary  of  the  Roman  Province. 

Between  the  Jura  mountains  and  the  Vosges  (ancient  Vose- 
gus)  there  is  a  broad  opening  in  the  mountain  barrier  along 
the  east  frontier  of  modern  France.  Through  this  gateway 
Ariovistus  and  his  German  hordes  were  pressing  into  Gaul, 


Figure  14.  —  Roman  slingshot,   of  lead,  shown  in  two  views. 
Inscribed  FERI   POMP[eivm],  '  Strike  Pompey,' referring  to  PompeiusStrabo,  against 
whose  army  it  was  hurled  when  he  was  besieging  Asculum,  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Italy,  during  the  Social  War,  in  91-90  b.c. 

having  already  seized  upon  the  fertile  plain  now  known  as 
Alsace,  between  the  Rhine  and  the  Vosges  mountains.  The 
issue  of  the  Helvetian  campaign  imposed  upon  Caesar  the 
obligation  to  protect  his  Gallic  allies  against  Ariovistus ;  and 
his  first  step  was  to  seize  the  natural  stronghold  of  Vesontio, 
now  Besanqon  (I.  38),  which  he  made  a  military  base.  In 
the  last  century  France,  fearing  a  German  invasion  by  the  same 
route,  transformed  Besanqon  into  a  fortress  of  the  first  class. 

The  victory  over  Ariovistus  enabled  Caesar  to  fix  the  upper 
Rhine  as  the  boundary  between  the  German  territory  and  cen- 
tral Gaul.  Secure  against  danger  of  attack  from  this  side,  he 
was  free  to  carry  his  conquest  northward  into  Belgium.  In 
contrast  with  the  highlands  of  central  Gaul,  and  the  moun- 
tainous country  in  the  south,  the  greater  part  of  ancient  Bel- 
gium, corresponding  with  modern  Holland,  Belgium,  and  the 
northernmost  corner  of  France,  was  low  and  fairly  level.     It 


xxiv  Introduction 

was  therefore  an  easy  matter  for  Caesar,  after  the  battles  at 
the  Aisne  and  the  Sambre  (Book  II),  to  overrun  the  country, 
before  western  Gaul,  or  the  mountain  strongholds  of  the 
Arvernians  in  the  south,  had  been  conquered.  The  accessi- 
bility of  ancient  Belgium  hastened  its  conquest  by  Caesar. 

When  Caesar  invaded  Belgium  he  had  not  the  excuse  of  a 
previous  attack  by  Belgians.  He  had  heard  that  they  were 
arming,  and  forthwith  marched  into  Belgic  territory.  In  1914, 
German  armies  marched  across  Belgian  territory,  and  held  it 
in  subjection,  not  because  there  was  the  slightest  prospect  that 
Germany  would  be  attacked  by  Belgians,  but  in  order  to  secure 
a  quick  and  easy  route  through  that  neutral  country  into 
France ;  for  along  the  line  of  direct  contact  between  French 
and  German  territory  the  routes  were  more  difficult,  and  other 
points  of  vantage  besides  Besanqon  had  been  strongly  fortihed 
on  the  French  side. 

To  Caesar  the  Rhine  seemed  the  natural  boundary  of  Gaul 
on  the  east.  By  the  defeat  of  Ariovistus,  and  later  by  the 
destruction  of  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri  (IV.  1-15),  he 
checked  German  invasions.  All  Gaul  became  Romanized. 
For  a  part  of  its  course  the  Rhine  formed  the  boundary  of  the 
Roman  Empire ;  "  to  maintain  the  frontiers  of  the  Rhine  and 
the  Danube,"  said  the  historian  Freeman,  "  was,  from  the  first 
century  to  the  fifth,  the  great  object  of  Rome's  policy  and 
warfare." 

After  the  fall  of  the  Western  Empire  Gaul  was  overrun  by 
the  German  Franks,  the  "  spearmen,"  whose  name  survives  in 
that  of  the  country  France. 

After  the  defeat  of  Napoleon  at  the  battle  of  Leipzig,  in 
1813,  the  Allies  offered  to  leave  to  him  "the  natural  bound- 
aries of  France  :  the  Rhine,  Alps,  Pyrenees,  and  Ocean."  l^itter 
indeed  since  then  have  been  the  strifes  over  the  lands  lying 
west  of  the  Rhine,  arising  from  acceptance  or  rejection  of  the 
stream  as  a  political  boundary ;  the  "  Watch  on  the  Rhine  " 
in  preference  to  all  other  patriotic  songs  becjime  the  (terman 
national    hymn.     No   element   in   the    historical    content  of 


Caesar  and  the  Great  War 


XXV 


Caesar's  Commentaries  is  more  significant  than  this,  that  they 
disclose  to  us  the  age-long  struggle  between  peoples  of  Celtic 
and  Grermanic  origin  aligned  along  the  Rhine,  a  struggle  which 
has  reached  its  awful  culmination  in  our  own  time. 

Besides  issues  and  events  of  larger  significance,  Caesar's 
Commentaries  make  mention  of  military  practices,  and  in- 
stances of  bravery,  to  which  the  Great  War  has  furnished 
abundant  parallels. 


Figure  15.  —  Charge  of  Scots  Greys  at  St.  Quentin,  in   1914. 
Highlanders,  holding  to  the  stirrups,  are  keeping  up  with  the  horsemen.     (Courtesy  of 
(Collier's  Weekly.) 

In  his  conquest  of  Gaul,  Caesar  exacted  many  hostages. 
Hostages  have  also  been  seized  by  the  Germans  in  conquered 
cities.  On  September  12,  1914,  at  Reims,  then  in  German 
hands,  the  names  of  eighty  persons  were  posted,  with  the  fol- 
lowing printed  proclamation  (translation  from  the  French)  : 

"  In  order  adequately  to  assure  the  safety  of  our  troops  and  quiet- 
ness on  the  part  of  the  population  of  Reims,  the  persons  named  have 
been  seized  as  hostages  by  the  commander  of  the  German  army. 
These  hostages  will  be  shot  if  there  is  the  least  disturbance.     On  the 


xxvi  Introduction 

other  hand,  if  Ihe  city  remains  absohitely  quiet  and  free  from  dis- 
turbance, these  hostages  and  inhabitants  will  be  placed  under  the 
protection  of  the  army." 

Regarding  the  fate  of  the  hostages  held  by  Caesar  we  have 
no  information.  Hostages  taken  by  the  (xermans,  as  the  records 
show,  were  in  some  cases  shot,  in  others  carried  off  to  prison 
camps. 

Among  the  most  inspiring  passages  of  the  Commentaries 
are  those  in  which  Caesar  makes  note  of  the  bravery  of  his 
men.  Thus  in  describing  the  first  expedition  to  Britain  he 
tells  us  how  the  soldiers  of  the  tenth  legion,  following  their 
eagle-bearer,  plunged  into  deep  water,  advanced  against  a  storm 
of  missiles  from  the  shore,  and  drove  the  British  back,  effect- 
ing a  landing  (IV.  25). 

Less  spectacular,  Imt  not  less  brave,  was  the  advance  of  the 
Italian  infantry  across  the  Isonzo  in  the  assault  upon  Goritz 
in  August  of  1916.  "  With  water  up  to  their  necks,"  writes 
Lord  Northcliffe,  who  witnessed  the  movement, "  carrying  their 
rifles  high  above  their  heads  and  ecstatically  singing  patriotic 
songs,  they  forded  the  broad  stream  and  carried  the  eastern 
bank.  The  enemy's  shrapnel,  which,  falling  among  them, 
churned  the  water  into  foam,  failed  utterly  to  check  or  even 
retard  their  charge.  Those  who  fell  wounded  in  the  water 
insisted  upon  being  helped  to  gain  the  eastern  bank,  saying, 
'  Then  they  won't  send  us  back.' " 

Few  modern  officers  have  shown  themselves  more  courageous 
and  resourceful  than  the  heroic  Baculus,  who  was  almost  done 
to  death  in  the  battle  at  the  Sambre  (II.  25),  but  was  restored 
to  health  and  twice  thereafter  saved  the  day  by  his  quick 
resolve  and  indomitable  will  (III.  5 ;  VI.  38).  No  instance  of 
individual  bravery  stands  out  so  conspicuously,  however,  as 
that  of  the  centurion  Scaeva,  who  fought  at  his  post,  at  the 
gate  of  a  redoubt,  though  one  eye  was  put  out  and  he  was 
wounded  in  shoulder  and  thigh  ;  in  his  shield,  after  the  battle, 
120  holes  were  counted  where  it  had  been  struck  by  arrows 


Civilization  of  the  Gauls  xxvii 

(pp.  434-435).  In  June,  1916,  E.  A.  Bigorne,  machine  gun  oper- 
ator on  the  front  in  France,  remained  in  an  advanced  position 
after  every  other  man  in  his  trench  had  been  killed,  when  it 
was  obvious  that  an  assault  of  the  enemy  was  preparing.  He 
gathered  the  ammunition  of  his  fallen  comrades,  and  when  the 
assault  came  he  still  held  his  post,  using  his  machine  gun  so 
effectively  that  he  repulsed  charge  after  charge  against  his 
trench,  accounting  for  800  Germans  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
fleeing,  before  he  was  relieved. 

Caesar  publicly  commended  Scaeva,  and  made  him  a  present 
of  money  amounting  to  more  than  $8000;  Bigorne  received 
the  decoration  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  said  to  be  the  highest 
award  ever  given  to  a  private  soldier  in  France. 

iii.    The  Civilization  of  the  Gauls 

Excavations  and  discoveries  in  France  in  recent  decades  have 
thrown  new  light  upon  the  civilization  of  the  Gauls  in  Caesar's 
time.  To  give  an  account  of  these  within  narrow  limits  is 
impossible.  It  may  suffice  to  say  that  remains  of  city  walls 
have  been  found  on  the  site  of  Bibracte  and  other  Gallic  cities, 
so  constructed  as  completely  to  verify  Caesar's  description  of 
a  Gallic  wall  in  Book  VII  (chap.  23) ;  that  burial  places  and 
unearthed  town  sites  in  France,  western  Switzerland,  Belgium, 
and  England  have  yielded  an  incalculable  number  of  objects  of 
common  life,  now  available  for  study  in  museums ;  and  that 
with  the  help  of  such  objects  it  is  permitted  to  picture  to 
ourselves  the  varied  and  picturesque  life  of  ancient  Gaul  and 
Britain  in  a  way  unknown  to  previous  centuries. 

Disregarding  the  highest  estimates,  we  may  reckon  the  popu- 
lation of  Transalpine  Gaul  in  Caesar's  time  as  twelve  or  thirteen 
millions ;  there  were  perhaps  a  fourth  as  many  inhabitants  as 
are  found  in  the  same  area  to-day.  There  were  in  Gaul  not  a 
few  cities,  some  of  which,  as  Avaricum  with  its  40,000  souls, 
would  be  reckoned  as  important  towns  in  modern  times. 

The  growth  of  towns  implies  advancement  in  both  commerce 
and  industry.     In  Caesar's  time  there  was  already  developed 


xxviii  Introduction 

in  Gaul  a  system  of  roads,  with  })ri(lges  across  the  rivers ;  and 
there  is  reason  to  believe  that  in  many  cases  the  line  of  a 
Gallic  road  was  followed  later  by  a  Eoman  road,  which  in  turn 
is  now  represented  by  a  highway  or  railway. 

Raw  materials  for  industry  and  commerce  were  furnished  by 
farming,  by  stock  raising,  and  by  mining  (III.  21,  and  VII.  22). 
The  Gauls  were  particularly  fond  of  horses  (IV.  2),  the  quality 
of  which  improved  under  their  care.  It  was  therefore  no 
accident  which  led  the  Romans  to  import  Gallic  horses,  and 
which  gave  to  the  Gauls  such  a  lead  in  the  invention  of 
vehicles  that  the  Romans  borrowed  from  them  the  names  of 
two  kinds  of  cart,  carrus  (I.  3)  and  carpentum.  From  the 
Celtic,  through  the  Latin  and  French,  come  our  words  "  car  " 
and  "  chariot " ;  and  through  the  Anglo-Saxon,  our  word  "  cart." 

The  horse  is  a  constantly  recurring  figure  on  Gallic  coins 
(Figs.  17,  18,  etc.).  The  fine  quality  of  the  horses  still  raised 
on  Gallic  soil  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  in  1910  there  were 
imported  into  the  United  States  from  France  and  Belgium 
more  than  4500  horses,  nearly  four  times  as  many  as  were 
imported  in  that  year  from  all  other  European  countries. 

The  implications  of  Caesar's  language  about  importations 
into  Gaul,  in  Book  I  (chap.  1),  Book  II  (chap.  15),  and  Book  VI 
(chap.  24)  are  borne  out  by  other  evidence.  The  most  convinc- 
ing proof  of  the  influence  of  both  Greek  and  Italian  traders, 
and  of  the  commercial  progress  of  the  country,  is  to  be  found 
in  the  extensive  and  varied  coinage  of  the  Gallic  states  ^  in 
Caesar's  time.  The  Gauls  minted  their  own  metal,  though 
they  had  not  the  skill  to  produce  coins  of  so  fine  workmanship 
as  those  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  Their  coinage  was  still 
in  the  imitative  stage,  reproducing,  often  crudely,  designs  of 
foreign  coins  which  circulated  among  them. 

Not  a  few  Gallic  coins  were  copied  from  a  variety  of  widely 

1  In  the  United  States  the  word  civitfts  in  passages  relating  to  Gaul  should 
not  he  translated  "  trihe,"  for  the  reason  that  in  this  country  the  word"  tribe  " 
is  so  closely  associated  with  the  American  aborigines  that  to  many  it  suggests 
a  condition  of  savagery. 


Civilization  of  the  Gauls 


XXIX 


Figure  16. 


Gallic  coin,  perhaps  of  the 
Ambarri. 


Gold.  The  Macedonian  coins,  from  which  this 
is  copied,  are  of  fine  workmanship. 

The  head  is  that  of  a  youth.  The  two-horse 
chariot  on  Greek  coins  was  associated  with 
games. 


current  Macedonian  coins  known  as  staters.  An  example  is 
Figure  16,  which  is  thought  to  have  been  struck  by  the  Am- 
barri (I.  11).  The  head  and  the  two-horse  chariot  are  un- 
mistakable copies  of  the  obverse  and  reverse  designs  of  a 
stater ;  and  the  unintelligi- 
ble letters  on  the  reverse, 
underneath  the  chariot, 
are  the  work  of  a  Gallic 
coin-maker  who  did  not 
know  Greek,  and  imitated, 
without  understanding 
them,  the  letters  of  the 
Greek  name  ^lAIFFOY, 
"of  Philip,"  which  is 
found  on  the  Macedonian 
coin. 

Just  as  clearly  of  Roman 
origin  is  the  type  of  the  two-headed  Janus,  found  on  a  coin  of 
the  Mediomatrici  (Fig.  17).  On  the  reverse  the  Gallic  designer 
has  made  a  fanciful  use  of  the  chariot  design,  which  appears 
on  Roman  cohis  as  well  as  Greek;   the  charioteer  has  been 

resolved  into  the  graceful  curves 
which  we  see  above  the  horse, 
while  the  chariot  seems  to  be  repre- 
sented by  a  rosette  underneath  the 
horse,  symbolizing  a  chariot  wheel. 
The  Gallic  craftsman  wished  to 
make  the  horse  prominent. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  in 
Caesar's  time  the  Greek  alphabet 
was  in  common  use  in  Gaul  (VI. 
14),  employed,  for  example,  in  mak- 
ing up  the  census  lists  of  the  Helvetians  (I.  29) ;  for  Massilia, 
established  originally  as  a  Greek  colony  and  trading  post,  was 
already  an  old  city,  having  commercial  relations  with  many 
Gallic  states  (p.  611). 


Figure  17.  —  Coin  of  the 
Mediomatrici. 

Gold.    Obverse,  two-headed  Janus. 
Reverse,    design   derived   from   a 
chariot  type. 


XXX 


Introduction 


Figure  18.  —  Arvernian  coin. 

Gold,  alloyed  with  silver. 

Obverse,  head  of  Vercingetorix, 
spelled  VERCINGETORIXS,  with 
helmet. 

Reverse,  below  the  horse,  two- 
handled  wine  jar;  above,  scroll- 
shaped  ornament. 


Nevertheless  we  occasionally  find  Koman  letters  on  Gallic 
coins,  as  in  Figure  18,  which  reproduces  a  coin  struck  a  short 

time  before  the  downfall  of  Gallic 
power,  in  52  b.c.  The  face  on  the 
obverse  is  intended  to  be  a  portrait 
of  the  Gallic  leader  Vercingetorix, 
but  is  highly  conventional.  Much 
more  true  to  life  is  a  later  portrait 
of  Vercingetorix  on  a  Roman  coin 
whose  designer  must  have  seen  him 
when  a  captive  in  Rome  (Fig.  145). 
In  military  matters  Vercingetorix 
confessedly  imitated  the  Romans 
(VII.  29). 

Various  objects  of  metal,  pottery,  and  other  permanent  mate- 
rials, of  which  a  few  examples  are  shown  in  the  illustrations 
to  the  notes  of  this  book,  strengthen  the  conviction  that  while 
the  northern  parts  of  Gaul  were  more  backward,  the  higher 
classes  in  the  central  and  southern 
portions  of  the  country  in  Caesar's 
time  had  adopted  a  more  refined 
mode  of  life  (I.  1) ;  thus  the  terri- 
fied women  of  Gergovia  threw  down 
silverware  to  the  Roman  soldiers 
scaling  the  wall  (VII.  47).  The 
common  people  were  housed  in 
round  thatched  huts,  but  people  of 
means  had  houses  of  stone. 

Notwithstanding  their  use  of 
writing  for  ordinary  purposes,  in- 
cluding  "documents   public  and 

private  "   (VI.    14),   the   Gauls   did    trumpet  ends  in  a  fanciful  head  with 

not  develop   a  literature.      This   "'^rT.  T'' ''°'"'l^h>M^t 

^  crest.     The  bronze-covered  shield  is 

may  be  due   in    part   to   the  insis-    skillfully  ImiUted  in  the  marble. 

tence  of  the  Druids  that  their  body       '^^\  f  *«•  I''  ^  ^°*;;;f  °"«'-l"^- 

•^     erected  by  a  Roman   soldier,  of  Ori- 
Of    doctrine,    poetic    and    mystical    ental  birth,  at  Nemausus,  now  Nimes. 


Figure  19. 


Relief,  on  a  marble 
altar. 
Discovered    at    Nimes.      The   war 


Civilization  of  the  Gauls 


XXXI 


Figure  20.  —  Coin    of    the    Treve- 
rans  or  Leuci. 

Bronze.  Obverse,  head  copied  from  a 
coin  of  Augustus. 

Reverse,  bull,  and  inscription  GER- 
man[vs]  indvtilli  l[ibertvs],  '  Ger- 
manus,  freednnan  of  Indutillus.' 


though  it  was,  should  be  transmitted  only  by  memory  (VI.  14). 
As  the  Druids  were  the  intellectual  leaders  of  the  people,  their 
practice  in  this  respect  must  have  discouraged  literary  effort. 

This  all-powerful  priesthood, 
regarding  which  Caesar  in  Book 
VI  gives  the  earliest  authentic 
information,  in  their  teachings 
united  a  theory  of  the  universe 
with  the  doctrine  of  transmigra- 
tion of  souls.  The  power  of  the 
Druids  in  temporal  affairs  came 
from  this  fact,  that  while  acting 
as  arbiters  and  judges  in  dis- 
putes of  every  kind,  they  were 
enabled  to  enforce  their  deci- 
sions through  the  terrible  penalty  of  excommunication  (VI.  13). 
Outside  the  limited  field  of  coins  and  minor  objects  the  Gauls 
made  almost  no  progress  in  art  before  the  Roman  Conquest. 
That  they  were  ready  for  development  in  the  fuller  appreciation 

of  art,  if  not  also  in  expression,  is 
evident  from  monuments  of  Gallic 
origin  dating  from  the  earlier  years 
of  the  Roman  occupation,  in  which 
an  awakening  of  the  artistic  impulse 
is  manifest.  An  example  is  the  re- 
lief in  Figure  19,  showing  a  Gallic 
oval  shield  with  metal  covering  and 
a  war-trumpet  with  the  head  of  a 
monster.  Wind  instruments  with 
heads  of  animals  or  monsters,  not 
of  Gallic  origin,  may  be  seen  in 
collections  of  musical  instruments 
today. 

Gallic  and  British  coins  struck  after  the  Conquest  indicate 
to  us  the  adoption  of  Roman  fashions  within  a  few  decades 
after  Caesar's  death,  not  only  in  Gaul  but  even  in  Britain.     On 


—  Coin  of  Tascio- 
British  ruler. 

Gold.  Obverse,  tablet  inscribed 
TASCIO,  for  TASCIOVANUS,  between 
ornaments. 

Reverse,  horseman  galloping  to 
the  right ;  on  some  of  the  coins  he 
seems  to  be  holding  a  trumpet.  The 
significance  of  the  letters  SEGO  is 
not  clear. 


XXXll 


Introduction 


the  coin  reproduced  in  Figure  20  we  find  a  prominent  man 
of  the  Treverans  (or  of  the  Leuci),  designated  in  the  Roman 
style  as  "  Germanus,  freedman  of  Indutillus." 


Figure  22.  —  Coin  of  Tascio- 
vanus. 

Silver.  Obverse,  winged  horse, 
Pegasus,  walking  toward  the  left ; 
letters  TAS,  irregularly  placed,  an 
abbreviation  for  TASCIOVANUS. 

Reverse,  winged  Griffin, 
springing  toward  the  right. 


Figure  23.  —  Coin  of 
Cunobelinus. 
Bronze.      Inscription.     CUNOBELINI, 
TASCiOVANi     f[ilii],   'of  Cunobelinus, 
son  of  Tasciovanus.' 

On  the  reverse  is  a  centaur  with  a 
mantle,  blowing  a  trumpet. 


Inscribed  with  Roman  letters  also  are  gold  coins  of  the  British 
Virica  (Fig.  140),  as  well  as  gold  and  silver  coins  of  Tasciovanus 
(Figs.  21,  22).  Tasciovanus  was  a  contemporary  of  the  Em- 
peror Augustus.  He  was  the  father  of 
Cunobelinus,  the  hero  of  Shakespeare's 
drama  Cymbeline,  as  a  bronze  coin  of 
Cunobelinus  shows  (Fig.  23). 

Both  the  Griffin  and  the  Pegasus 
of  the  silver  coin  (Fig.  22),  and  the 
Centaur  of  the  bronze  (Fig.  23),  were 
designs  taken  from  the  Graeco-Roman 
mythology,  and  current  in  the  Classical 
Art  of  the  period.  They  may  have  been 
brought  to  Britain  by  skilled  crafts- 
men directly  from  southern  cities,  or 
have  been  introduced  by  way  of  Gaul ; 
in  either  case  they  confirm  the  infer- 
ence, suggested  by  the  Roman  letters 
on  the  coins,  that  Roman  influence 
was  strong  in  Britain  in  the  interval  between  Caesar's  expedi- 
tions and  the  Roman  Conquest  of  the  island  (p.  611). 


Figure  24.  —  Coin  of  Lug- 
dunum. 

Bronze.  Reverse:  prow  of  a 
galley  with  beak  ;  above,  an  obe- 
lisk, and  a  globe  emitting  rays. 
Inscription.  COPIA ;  the  official 
name  of  the  colony  was  COLONIA 
COPIA    AUGUSTA    LUGDUNUM. 

On  the  obverse  of  this  coin 
the  heads  of  Julius  Caesar  and 
Augustus  are  shown. 


Caesar  and  Historical  Writers  xxxiii 

Complete  Romanization  of  at  least  a  part  of  central  Gaul  is 
indicated  by  a  coin  struck  soon  after  31  b.c.  at  Lugdunum, 
modern  Lyons,  which  was  one  of  the  first  Roman  colonies 
established  in  Gaul  outside  the  Province  (Fig.  24). 

iv.    Caesak  and  the  Historical  Writers 

The  historians  have  written  more  about  Julius  Caesar  than 
about  any  other  Roman.  There  are,  nevertheless,  wide  differ- 
ences of  opinion  in  regard  to  his  motives  and  character. 

In  the  eyes  of  some  Caesar  was  a  monster  of  wickedness,  a 
despot  guilty  of  subverting  the  liberties  of  his  country.  Others 
have  viewed  him  as  a  statesman  and  patriot  of  exalted  aims. 
To  others  still  his  career  has  seemed  to  mark  the  culmination 
of  the  inevitable  trend  of  the  Roman  state  toward  absolutism, 
and  they  have  interpreted  it  as  the  opportune  appearance  of  a 
will  and  personality  powerful  enough  to  dominate,  and  fuse 
into  lasting  union,  the  inharmonious  elements  of  a  political 
life  rapidly  drifting  into  anarchy.  Men's  views  of  Caesar 
have  generally  been  colored  by  their  attitude  toward  the  type 
of  government  which  he  established. 

The  extant  Greek  and  Latin  writings  in  which  Caesar  has  a 
prominent  place  are  now  accessible  in  excellent  transla- 
tions ;  nearly  all  are  included  in  the  Loeh  Classical  Library} 
Accessible  in  English  also,  with  few  exceptions,  are  the  most 
important  modern  works  in  foreign  languages  dealing  with 
Caesar  and  his  times. 

The  earliest  characterization  of  Caesar  which  we  have,  in 
Sallust's  Catiline  (chaps.  53,  54),  forms  part  of  a  comparison 
between  him  and  Cato.  A  biography  of  Caesar  in  Greek, 
together  with  biographies  of  Pompey,  Crassus,  Brutus,  Cato, 
and  Cicero,  was  included  by  Plutarch  in  his  Lives,  published 
near  the  end  of  the  first  century  a.d.  (translation  by  B.  Perrin, 
10   vols.,   Loeb    Classical  Library,   1913-).     Plutarch  records 

1  The  volumes  of  the  Loeb  Classical  Library,  established  by  James  Loeb  of 
New  York,  have  the  original  text  and  the  English  translation  on  opposite 
pages  (publishers,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  New  York). 


xxxiv  Introduction 

also  a  number  of  Caesar's  sayings,  with  the  incidents  which 
called  them  forth,  in  his  Moralia  (Plutarch^s  Essays  and 
Miscellanies,  translation  revised  by  W.  W.  Goodwin,  5  vols., 
Boston,  1906 ;  Vol.  1,  pp.  246-248).  In  120  a.d.  Suetonius 
published  a  biography  of  Julius  Caesar  as  the  first  of  his  Lives 
of  the  Caesars  (translation  by  J.  C.  Rolfe,  2  vols.,  Loeb  Classical 
Library,  1914). 

The  closing  period  of  the  Roman  Republic  was  treated  with 
much  detail  by  two  late  Greek  historians,  whose  works  in  great 
part  still  survive.  About  the  middle  of  the  second  century 
A.D.  Appian  wrote  the  Civil  Wars  (translation  of  Appian's 
works  by  Horace  White,  4  vols.,  Loeb  Classical  Library,  1912- 
13)  ;  and  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  third  century  Dio  Cassius 
composed  his  Roman  History  (translation  by  H.  B.  Foster, 
revised  by  E.  Cary,  9  vols.,  Loeb  Classical  Library,  1914-). 
The  ancient  literary  sources  are  well  summarized  and  eval- 
uated in  the  Annals  of  Caesar,  A  Critical  Biography  with  a 
Survey  of  the  Sources,  by  E.  G.  Sihler,  which  follows  the  life 
of  Caesar  year  by  year  (New  York,  1911). 

To  the  ancient  material  relating  to  Caesar  belong  the  coins 
struck  by  his  order,  and  a  number  of  portraits.  The  most  im- 
portant coins  are  interpreted  by  H.  A.  Grueber  in  Coi7is  of  the 
Roman  Republic  in  the  British  Museum  (with  123  plates ;  3 
vols.,  London,  1910).  The  portraits  of  Caesar  are  discussed  at 
length,  but  without  adequate  critical  preparation,  in  Por- 
traitures of  Julius  Caesar,  by  F.  J.  Scott  (New  York,  1903). 
The  bust  of  Pompey  in  Copenhagen,  three  portraits  of  Cicero, 
and  three  of  Caesar,  are  presented  in  Greek  and  Roman  Por- 
traits, by  A.  Hekler  (New  York,  1912;  plates  155-161). 
Several  gems  with  the  portrait  of  Caesar  are  published  by  A. 
Furtwaengler,  Die  Antiken  Gemmen  (3  vols.,  Berlin,  1899, 
plates  45,  46). 

Among  the  modern  biographies  the  first  place  must  be  given 
to  Julius  Caesar  and  the  Foundation  of  the  Roman  Imperial  Sys- 
tem, by  W.  Warde  Fowler  (New  York,  1892).  Less  satisfac- 
tory is  Caesar,  a  Sketch,  by  J.  A.  Froude  (New  York,  1883). 


Caesar  and   Historical  Writers  "  xxxv 

Interesting  sidelights  on  Caesar's  career  are  found  in  Cicero 
and  his  Friends,  A  Study  of  Roman  Society  in  the  Time  of  Caesar, 
by  G.  Boissier,  translated  from  the  French  (New  York,  1898)  ; 
The  Life  of  Cicero,  by  Anthony  Trollope  (2  vols.,  London  and 
Nev-  York,  1880) ;  Cicero  and  the  Fall  of  the  Roman  Republic, 
by  J.  L.  Strachan-Davidson  (New  York,  1896)  ;  and  Social  Life 
in  Rome  in  the  Age  of  Cicero,  by  W.  Warde  Fowler  (New  York, 
1909). 

Still  of  interest  for  the  student  of  Caesar,  though  in  most 
respects  superseded  by  later  works,  are  Lectures  on  the  Histoi'y 
of  Rome,  by  B.  G.  Niebuhr  (3  vols.,  3d  edition,  London,  1853)  ; 
History  of  the  Later  Roman  Commomvealth,  by  Thomas  Arnold 
(2  vols.,  London,  1845) ;  and  The  Decline  of  the  Roman  Republic, 
by  George  Long  (5  vols.,  London,  1874). 

Of  special  importance  are  the  interpretations  of  Caesar's 
career  in  the  fifth  volume  of  The  History  of  Rome,  by  Theodor 
Mommsen  (5  vols.,  New  York,  1895) ;  in  the  first  portion  of 
Tlie  Romans  under  the  Empire,  by  C.  Merivale  (reprinted  in 
8  volumes,  New  York,  1890)  ;  The  Roman  Triicmvirates,  by 
C.  Merivale,  a  volume  of  the  series  Epochs  of  Ancient  History  ; 
the  third  volume  of  the  richly  illustrated  History  of  Rome,  by 
V.  Duruy  (6  vols.,  London,  1883-86) ;  the  second  volume  of 
G.  Ferrero's  highly  imaginative  but  suggestive  Greatness  and 
Decline  of  Rome  (5  vols..  New  York,  1907-09);  and  the  third 
volume  of  The  Roman  Republic,  by  W.  E.  Heitland  (3  vols., 
Cambridge,  1909). 

It  would  be  interesting  if  to  the  diverse  modern  estimates  of 
Caesar's  character  and  life-work  we  could  add  a  statement  by 
himself  regarding  his  aims  and  achievements.  In  default  of 
the  written  word,  however,  we  have  not  a  few  suggestions  in 
the  imagery  of  the  coins  issued  by  his  authority,  the  types  of 
which  were  suggested,  or  at  least  approved,  by  him.  Thus  we 
are  warranted  in  believing  that  he  wished  men  to  recall  the 
story  of  his  lineage  (Fig.  153)  and  the  origin  of  the  name 
Caesar  (Fig.  164),  as  well  as  his  victories  in  Gaul  (Fig.  159), 
Spain  (Fig.  161),  the  East,  and  Africa. 


XXXVl 


Introduction 


A  suggestion  of  Caesar's  attitude  toward  his  task,  or  at  least 
the  attitude  he  assumed,  may  be  conveyed  by  a  gold  coin  struck 
in  49  B.C.,  after  Pompey  had  fled  across  the  Adriatic  (Fig.  25). 
Here  we  find,  on  the  reverse,  a  design  symbolizing  his  victories 
in  Gaul ;  the  design  of  the  obverse  shows  the  head  of  Pietas, 
the  deified  personification  of  loyalty  to  duty,  particularly  duty 
to  the  gods.     Pietas  in  this  connection  has  no  relation  to  the 


Figure  25.  —  Coin  of  Caesar  struck  in  49  b.c 

Gold,  aureus.  Obverse,  head  of  Pietas,  wearing  a  wreath  of  oak-leaves  ;  the  hair  be- 
hind the  head  is  gathered  into  a  knot  ornamented  with  jewels.  The  goddess  is  further 
adorned  with  an  earring  in  the  shape  of  a  cross,  and  a  necklace.  The  significance  of  the 
figure  LII  (52)  is  uncertain. 

Reverse,  symbols  of  victories  in  Gaul ;  cf.  Fig.  1 59,  p.  595. 

office  of  Supreme  Pontiff  (Fig.  157).  It  suggests  that  Caesar, 
like  the  Trojan  Aeneas  in  the  Virgilian  epic  (Aen.  I.  378),  was 
the  instrument  of  heaven  in  the  accomplishment  of  a  mission. 
Illuminating  studies  relative  to  Caesar  and  the  transforma- 
tion of  the  Roman  Republic  into  the  Roman  Empire,  are  Roman 
Imperialism,  by  J.  R.  Seeley,  in  his  Roman  Imperialism  and 
Other  Lectures  and  Essays  (Boston,  1889)  ;  Seven  Roman  States- 
men of  the  Later  Republic,  by  C.  Oman,  with  four  studies  devoted 
to  Crassus,  Cato,  Pompey,  and  Caesar  (New  York,  1902) ;  Caesar 
and  Alexander,  in  Lectures  on  Modeim  Histoiy,  to  which  are 
added  two  essays  dealing  with  ancient  history,  by  Friedrich 
Schlegel  (London,  1849)  ;  by  suggestion  rather  than  by  direct 
bearing,  the  essay  entitled  The  Roman  Empire  and  the  British 
Empire  in  India,  by  James  Bryce,  in  his  Studies  in  History 
and  Jurisprudence  (Oxford  and  New  York,  1901). 


Caesar  in   Literature  xxxvii 

Indispensable  for  the  study  of  Caesar's  Commentaries  on 
the  historical  side  are  Caesar^s  Conquest  of  Gaul  by  T.  Rice 
Holmes  (2d  edition,  Oxford,  1911),  and  his  Ancient  Britain  and 
the  Invasions  of  Julius  Caesar  (Oxford,  1907).  Very  useful  are 
the  History  of  Julius  Caesar,  by  Napoleon  III,  with  the  Atlas, 
on  which  have  been  founded  most  of  the  maps  illustrating 
Caesar's  campaigns  in  Gaul  (2  vols.,  New  York,  1866) ;  two 
works  by  C.  Stoff el.  Guerre  de  C4sar  et  d^Arioviste  et  premieres 
operations  de  Cesar  en  Van  702  (Paris,  1890),  and  Histoire  de 
Jules  Cesar,  Guerre  civile  (2  vols.,  with  Atlas,  Paris,  1887) ;  and 
Histoire  de  la  Gaule,  by  C.  Jullian  (4  vols.,  Paris,  1908-13). 

Both  the  historical  and  the  literary  significance  of  Caesar's 
Commentaries  is  estimated  in  The  Commentaries  of  Caesar  by 
Anthony  Trollope,  in  Ancient  Classics  for  English  Readers 
(Philadelphia,  1871) ;  in  the  History  of  Roman  Literature  by 
C.  L.  Cruttwell  (London,  1878),  History  of  Latin  IJterature  by 
C.  A.  Simcox  (2  vols..  New  York,  1883),  and  Literary  Histoid 
of  Rome  ^  by  J.  W.  Duff  (London,  1914).  The  title  of  the  Com- 
mentaries is  treated  by  F.  W.  Kelsey  in  TJie  title  of  Caesar^s 
tvork  on  the  Gallic  and  Civil  Wars  (Trarisactions  of  the  American 
Philological  Association,  vol.  36,  1905,  pp.  211-238). 

V.     Caesar  in  Literature  and  Myth 

,0f  deep  human  interest,  and  touching  Caesar  at  many  points, 
are  the  Letters  of  Marcus  Cicero ;  among  them  are  included  a 
few  letters  written  by  Caesar  and  others  intimately  associated 
with  him  (edition,  with  full  notes,  by  R.  Y.  Tyrrell  and  L.  C. 
Purser,  7  vols.,  in  part  3d  edit.,  Dublin  and  London,  1901 — ; 
translation  of  the  Letters  to  Atticus  by  E.  0.  Winstedt  in  the 
Loeb  Classical  Library,  2  vols.,  1913.) 

About  a  century  after  Caesar's  death  Lucan,  reacting  against 
the  absolutism  of  Nero,  composed  the  Pharsalia,  an  epic  poem 
in  ten  books  having  for  its  subject  the  struggle  between  Caesar 
and  Pompey,  commencing  with  the  crossing  of  the  Rubicon. 
The  poet's  sympathies  were  with  Pompey  and  Cato ;  but,  even 
80,  from  the  very  force  of  his  personality  Caesar  is  the  domi- 


xxxviii  Introduction 

nating  character.  (Text  with  notes  by  C.  E.  Haskins,  London, 
1887  :  translation  by  Edward  Ridley,  New  York,  1896.) 

In  modern  times  the  singular  power  of  Shakespeare's  Julius 
Caesar  has  apparently  deterred  other  dramatists  from  attempt- 
ing the  theme.  The  scene  of  the  tragedy,  The  False  One^  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (first  published  in  1647),  is  laid  at  Alex- 
andria after  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  ;  the  young  King  Ptolemy, 
Achillas,  and  Septimius  (C.  III.  104),  who  is  "  the  False  One," 
all  appear,  as  well  as  Cleopatra,  Labienus,  and  Caesar,  who  de- 
claims over  the  head  of  Pompey,  presented  to  him  by  Achillas. 

Recently  John  Masefi^ld,  in  Tlie  Tragedy  of  Pompey  the  Great 
(New  York,  1911),  has  skillfully  developed  an  interpretation  of 
Pompey's  actions  altogether  different  from  the  view  that  will 
present  itself  to  most  readers  of  Caesar's  Civil  War.  Bernard 
Shaw's  Caesar  and  Cleopatra  is  an  amusing  caricature. 

Fewer  historical  novels  concern  themselves  with  the  closing 
days  of  the  Roman  Republic  than  with  the  first  century  of  the 
Empire.  The  best  of  them  all  is  A  Frie^id  of  Caesar,  by  W.  S. 
Davis  (New  York,  1900).  The  hero  of  Tlie  Wonderful  Ad- 
ventures of  Phra  the  Phmnician,  by  E.  L.  Arnold,  son  of  Edwin 
Arnold  (New  York,  1890),  in  the  first  of  his  several  eventful 
lives  weds  the  daughter  of  a  British  ruler  and  joins  with  the 
natives  in  trying  to  prevent  the  landing  of  Caesar's  forces. 

To  the  domain  of  the  essay,  containing  much  suggestive  gen- 
eralization and  psychological  analysis,  belong  the  sections  and 
passages  relating  to  Julius  Caesar  in  The  Tragedy  of  the  Cae- 
sarsy  A  Study  of  the  Characters  of  the  Caesars  of  the  Julian  and 
Claudian  Houses,  by  S.  Baring-Gould  (3d  edit.,  London,  1895)  ; 
Roman  Days,  by  V.  Rydberg  (2d  edit..  New  York,  1887)  ;  /m- 
perial  Purple,  by  Edgar  Saltus  (Chicago,  1892) ;  Ave  Roma 
Im,mortalis,  by  F.  M.  Crawford,  New  York,  1902)  ;  as  well  as  the 
older  works.  Causes  of  the  Grandeur  and  Decadence  of  the 
Romans,  by  Montesquieu  (new  translation  by  J.  Baker,  New 
York,  1894 ;  chap.  11,  with  the  translator's  note)  ;  and  The 
Caesars,  by  Thomas  de  Quincey  (in  vol.  6  of  his  Collected 
Writings,  edited  by  D.  Masson,  Edinburgh,  1890). 


Caesar  in   Myth 


XXX IX 


Wonderful  portents  accompanying  the  death  of  Caesar  are 
described  by  Virgil  in  the  first  book  of  the  Georgics,  while  the 
transformation  of  his  soul  into  a  comet  is  set  forth  by  Ovid  at  the 
end  of  the  Metamorphoses  ;  thus  within  approximately  a  half  cen- 
tury after  his  death  the  miraculous 
had  gathered  about  his  memory  and 
had  found  literary  expression. 

Other  marvelous  stories  about 
Caesar  were  current  in  the  Roman 
Empire,  and  were  reflected  in  later 
writings.  The  Gesta  Romanorum, 
a  collection  of  edifying  tales  made 
about  the  end  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  tells  us  how,  as  Caesar 
started  to  cross  the  Rubicon,  a 
huge  ghost  stood  in  his  way,  and 
how  Caesar  met  the  challenge 
(Latin  text  edited  by  H.  Oesterley, 
Berlin,  1872  ;  trans,  by  C.  Swan,  2 
vols.,  London,  1824,  vol.  1,  p.  99). 

The  most  persistent  tale  related 
to  the  safe-guarding  of  Caesar's 
ashes.  In  the  earlier  part  of  the 
first  century  a.d.  a  massive  granite 
obelisk  was  brought  to  Rome  from 
Egypt  and  erected  in  a  circus  near 
where  St.  Peter's  church  was  after- 
wards built;-  on  the  top  a  large 
ball,  or  sphere,  of  bronze  was 
placed  (Fig.  26).  The  obelisk  re- 
mained standing  to  modern  times  ; 
until  1586,  when  the  ball  was  taken 
down  ancl  found  to  be  solid,  many  believed  that  it  contained 
the  ashes  of  Julius  Caesar,  placed  there  in  order  that,  in  the 
quaint  language  of  a  medieval  guide-book,  "  as  in  his  lifetime  the 
whole  world  lay  subdued  before  him,  even  so  in  his  death  the 


Figure  26.  —  Bronze  ball  sup- 
posed to  contain  the  ashes  of 
Julius  Caesar. 

After  the  murder  of  Julius  Caesar 
his  body  was  taken  to  the  Forum, 
and  there  burned. 

In  the  Middle  Ages  his  ashes  were 
supposed  to  be  preserved  in  the  large 
round  ball  on  the  top  of  the  obelisk 
which,  till  1586,  stood  at  the  side  of 
St.  Peter's  church  in  Rome,  and  now 
stands  in  the  Piazza  in  front  of  St. 
Peter's.  (Illustration  from  an  en- 
graving made  in  1569.) 


xl  Introduction 

same  may  lie  beneath  him  forever  "  {Mirabilia  Urhis  Romae. 
Latin  text,  H.  Jordan,  Topographie  der  Stadt  Rom,  vol.  2, 
p.  625  ;  translation  by  F.  M.  Nichols,  London,  1889,  pp.  71-72). 
One  version  of  the  Swan  Legend,  most  commonly  associated 
with  Lohengrin,  tells  us  how  a  sister  of  Julius  Caesar  eloped 
with  a  Belgian  prince,  and  in  her  northern  home  had  a  beautiful 
white  swan.  Her  husband  joined  forces  with  Ariovistus  and 
fell  at  the  battle  of  Vesontio.  Now  in  Caesar's  army  was  a 
hero,  Salvius  Brabon,  who  was  descended  from  the  Trojan 
Hector.  Hunting  near  the  Rhine  he  saw  a  snow-white  swan, 
"  playfully  pulling  at  the  rope  which  bound  a  small  skiff  to  the 
shore.  Salvius  leaped  into  the  boat  and  cast  it  loose  from  its 
mooring.  Then  the  bird  swam  before  him  as  a  guide,  and  he 
rowed  after  it."  The  swan  conducted  him  to  the  sister 
of  Caesar,  who  made  herself  known  to  him ;  he  brought  Caesar 
to  her  castle,  and  the  conqueror  embraced  his  sister  with  joy. 
Salvius  asked  Caesar  for  the  widowed  sister's  hand;  Caesar 
consented,  and  Salvius  Brabon  became  the  first  Duke  of 
Brabant  (S.  Baring-Gould,  Curious  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
second  series,  Philadelphia,  1868,  pp.  332-335). 


MAP   I 

,  CaX^PAIGNS   of   58  AND   57   B.C. 

2upkX,  ''2^i54V  n,  'i-^33  \  ni,  1-6 


To  face  page  i 


SCALE  OF  ENGLISH  MILU 


SCALE  OF  ROMAN   MILES 

5  60  iSo 


EXPLANATION 

The  route  of  the  Helvetians  to  the  Arar  is  indicated  by  a  broken  black 
line  ;   thence  their  line  of  march  and  Caesar's  coincide,  to  Toulon. 


COMMENTARIUS    PRIMUS 


Geography  of  Gaul 

Divisions  and  peoples. 

1.  Gallia  est  omnis  divisa  in  partes  tres,  quarum  unam 
incolunt  Belgae,  aliam  Aquitani,  tertiam,  qui  ipsorum 
lingua  Celtae,  nostra  Galli  appellantur.     Hi  omnes  lingua, 

CommentSrius  :  '  Commentary.'     273.^        primus  :  33,  36. 

1.  I .  Gallia  :  2,  a,  and  286.  Gallia  omnia  :  <  Gaul  as  a  whole,' 
contrasted  with  Gaul  in  the  narrower  sense,  or  Celtic  Gaul ;  Celtic  Gaul 
also  is  often  called  Gallia.  287,  b.  omnis :  25,  a,  and  80,  b. 
divisa :  '  divided,'  the  perfect  passive  participle  of  divide  used  as  a 
predicate  adj.  1J^8,  c.  B.  337,  2;  A.  495  ;  H.  640,  3.  in:  'into.' 
124,a.  partes  :  'parts.'  17,  b.  trgs  :  37,  b,  and  353,  c.  qua- 
rum  :  'of  which.'  JP'.  Why  genitive?  97,  a.  B.  201,  i;  A.  346, 
a,i;  H.  442.  unam:  sc.  partem,  *■  or\G^  (part).'  23,  a.  Lookup 
the  three  '  parts '  of  Gaul  on  the  Map  at  the  end  of  this  book. 

2.  incolunt: 'inhabit.'  55.  Belgae:  19,  e-,  287.  aliam  [partem]  : 
'another  (part),'  less  precise  than  alteram  (^partem),  'a  second  (part),' 
which  might  have  been  used.  23,  a.  Aqult&ni:  sc.  incolunt. 
89,  a.  tertiam,  qui :  =  tertiam  partem  et  incolunt,  qui,  '  a  third 
part  is  inhabited  by  those  who,'  lit.  'those  inhabit  who.'  16Jt.,  a. 
ipsorum  :  '  their  own  ' ;  lit.  '  of  themselves.'  Ii.6.  ipsorum  lingua : 
'in  their  own  language.'     131,  a.     B.  218;  A.  409;  H.  476. 

3.  Celtae :  sc.  appellantur.  88,  and  287,  b.  nostra :  nostra 
lingua,  LsLtln.  157,  c.  appellantur:  'are  called.'  53.  lingua, 
institutis,  ISgibus :  '  in  respect  to  language,  institutions,  and  laws.' 
142,  a,  and  234,  a.     B-  226 ;  A.  418  ;  H.  480. 


1  References  in  Italic  type  are  to  the  "  Companion  to  Caesar  "  and  "  Points  to 
be  Noted  in  Writing  Latin,"  in  this  book;  B.,  A.,  and  H.  refer  to  the  Latin  gram- 
mars by  Bennett,  Allen  and  Greenough,  and  Harkness,  respectively.  For  other 
abbreviations  consult  the  list  preceding  the  Vocabulary, 


2  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  68 

'  instit'utis^  legibus  inter  se  differunt.     Gall5s  ab  Aquitanis 
5  Garumna  flumen,  a  Belgis  Matrona  et  Sequana  dividit. 
H5rum  omnium  fortissimi  sunt  Belgae,  propterea  quod  • 
a   cultu    atque   humanitate  provinciae  longissime  absunt, 
minimeque  ad  eos  mercatores  saepe  commeant,  atque  ea, 
quae  ad  effeminandos  animos  pertinent,  important ;  proxi- 
lo  mlque  sunt  Germanis,  qui  trans  Rhenum  incolunt,  quibus- 
cum  continenter  bellum  gerunt. 

4  inter  s§ :  'from  one  another.'  159.  B.  245;  A.  301,/;  H. 
502,  I .         differunt :  '  differ.'     69,  b. 

5.  Garumna.  sc.  ^fz'/V///', ' separates.'  flumen:  7^,  ^,  and  5/,  «-. 
Derivation  ?  74,  d.  Matrona  :  292.  dividit :  singular  number ; 
why?     lis,  a.     B.  255,  3  ;  A.  317,  b  ;  H.  392,  4. 

6.  Horum:  ^j^,  b,  and  57,  a.  B.  201,  i  ;  A.  346,  ^,2;  H.  442. 
fortissimi :  '  the  bravest.'  ^7,  a.  proptereS  :  adv.  meaning  *  on 
this  account ' ;  closely  connected  with  quod,  the  two  words  together 
being  translated  '  because.'  Three  reasons  are  given  for  the  bravery 
of  the  Belgians  ;  what  are  they? 

7.  cultu :  <  mode  of  life,'  referring  to  the  outward  appearances  of 
civilization.  20.  atque  :  2S2,  a.  humanitate  :  '■  refinement '  in 
intellectual  interests  and  in  feeling.  10,  f.  provinciae  :  *  of  the 
Province.'  54,  a,  and  290.  longissimS  absunt:  'are  furthest 
removed.'    54,  a,  and  66,  a  ;  also,  183,  a. 

8.  mimime  —  saepe  :  '  very  rarely  ' ;  lit. '  least  often.'  35.  eos  : 
44,  and  160,  b.  mercatorgs  :  *  traders '  from  the  Province,  especially 
from  Massilia,  followed  the  course  of  the  Rhone,  the  Sa6ne,  and  the 
Loire,  so  that  naturally  they  did  not  often  go  so  far  north  as  the  Belgian 
country.  commeant :  '  make  their  way  to ' ;  lit.  '  go  and  come.'  53. 
ea :  '  those  things,'  object  of  important.  160,  c.  Caesar  seems  to  have 
had  in  mind  particularly  the  importation  of  wine  (II.  15  ;  IV.  2). 

9.  ad  effSminandoB  animos  :  'to  weaken  the  courage.'  230,  (3). 
B.  339,  2  ;  A.  503,  506;  H.  628.  animos  :  6,  a,  and  92,  a.  per- 
tinent:  'tend.'    5/^.         important:  'import.'    55,  and /7<5,  «. 

10.  proximique  sunt:  'and  they  are  nearest.'  33,  and  233,  b. 
Germanis:  why  dat.  ?  108,  a.  B.  192,  i;  A.  384;  H.  434,  2. 
trSns  :  here  'on  the  other  side  of.'     122,  a.         quibuscum  :   125,  c. 

11.  continenter:  ' contiDuaJly.'  bellum  gerunt:  'they  wage 
war.'    6y  tz,  and  <5J, 


1,1]  Introduction  3 

Qua  de  causa  Helvetii  quoque  reliquos  Gall5s  virtute 
praecedunt,  quod  fere  cotidianis  proeliis  cum  Germanis 
contendunt,  cum  aut  suis  finibus  eos  prohibent,  aut  ipsi  in 
eorum  finibus  bellum  gerunt.  15 


Figure  27.  —  Modern   road  in   the  Jura  Mountains. 

In  Caesar's  time  there  were  only  trails,  over  which  the  migrating  Helvetians  with 
their  carts  could  not  pass  ;  no  such  barrier  protected  them  from  the  Germans. 


12.  Qua  de  causa :  '  For  this  reason.'  167.  B.  251,  6 ;  A.  308,/; 
H.  510.  quoque:  'also.'  reliquos:  'the  rest  of  the.'  171,  a. 
Gallos  :  only  the  inhabitants  of  Celtic  Gaul  are  meant,  as  indicated  in 
1.  3 ;  no  comparison  with  the  Belgians  and  the  Aquitanians  is  implied. 
113,  a.         virtute:  'in  valor.'     lJt2,  a.     B.  226 ;  A.  418;   H.  480. 

13.  praecedunt :  'excel.'  113,  b.  fere  :  'almost.'  cotidianis: 
'  every  day  ' ;  lit.  '  daily.'  22,  b.  proeliis  :  '  in  battle  ' ;  lit.  '  by  means 
of  battles.'  131,  a.  cum :  the  preposition  aim  is  distinguished 
from  the  conjunction  cum  only  by  the  sense  and  the  connection. 

14.  contendunt:  'contend.'  55.  cum:  185,  a.  aut  .  .  . 
aut :  '  either  .  .  .  or.'  235,  b.  suis  :  '  their  own,'  referring  to  the 
Helvetians.  158,  a.  finibus:  'country';  lit.  'boundaries.'  H^  b, 
and  127,  a.  B.  214,  2;  A.  400;  H.  464,  i.  eos:  translate  as  if 
Germdnos,  'the  Germans,'  in  order  to  avoid  using  'them'  and  'they' 
with  reference  to  two  different  peoples  in  the  same  sentence.  pro- 
hibent:  'are  keeping  (the  Germans)  out.'  ipsT:  'themselves,' 
162,  a.     There  is  no  detailed  record  of  these  border  raids. 

15.  eorum:  translate  as  if  6^^r»/<2«Jr«/«.        finibus:  124,  a. 


4  Caesar's  Gallic  War  (BC.  58 

[Eorum  una  pars,  quam  Gallos  obtinere  dictum  est, 
initium  capit  a  flumine  Rhodan5;  continetur  Garumna 
flumine,  Oceano,  finibus  Belgarum ;  attingit  etiam  ab  Se- 
quanis   et    Helvetiis  flumen   Rhenum ;    vergit  ad  septen- 

20  triones.  Belgae  ab  extremis  Galliae  finibus  oriuntur ; 
pertinent  ad  inferiorem  partem  fluminis  Rheni;  spectant 
in  septentrionem  et  orientem  solem.  Aquitania  a  Garumna 
flumine  ad  Pyrenaeos  montes  et  eam  partem  Oceani,  quae 
est  ad  Hispaniam,  pertinet ;  spectat  inter  occasum  solis  et 

25  septentri5nes.] 

The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians.     2-29 
Orgetorix,  a  Helvetian,  persuades  his  countrymen  to  migrate. 

2.  Apud  Helvetios  longe  nobilissimus  fuit  et  ditissimus 
Orgetorix.     Is,  M.  Messala,  M.  Pisone  consulibus,  regni 

16-25.  Eorum  .  .  .  septentri5n6s :  there  is  reason  for  believing 
that  this  passage  was  not  written  by  Caesar  but  was  added  after  his 
time  by  some  one  who  thought  it  worth  while  to  give  with  greater  detail 
the  boundaries  of  the  three  divisions  of  Gaul  mentioned  by  Caesar  at 
the  beginning  of  the  chapter;  the  style  is  forced  and  difficult.  If  it  is 
omitted,  the  transition  from  the  statement  about  the  Helvetians,  in  lines 
12-15,  to  the  activities  of  the  Helvetian  leader,  Orgetorix,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  second  chapter,  becomes  easy  and  natural.     Translation  : 

•  One  part  of  Gaul  taken  as  a  whole  '  (lit.  *  of  them  ') , '  which  it  has  been  said 
the  Celts  occupy,  begins  at  the  river  Rhone ;  it  is  bounded  by  the  Garonne  river, 
the  Ocean,  and  the  country  of  the  Belgians ;  on  the  side  where  the  Sequanians  and 
Helvetians  are  it  extends  also  to  the  river  Rhine ;  it  lies  to  the  north.  The  country 
of  the  Belgians  commences  at  the  most  distant  borders  of  Celtic  Gaul  and  extends 
to  the  lower  part  of  the  river  Rhine ;  it  faces  north  and  easl.  Aquitania  extends 
from  the  Garonne  river  to  the  Pyrenees  mountains  and  that  part  of  the  Ocean 
which  is  off  Spain  ;  it  faces  northwest.' 

2.  I.  Apud:  122,  a.  long6 :  153yd.  nSbilissimus  :  'high- 
est in  rank.'     27,  a,  and  353,  a.         ditissimus  :  31. 

2.  Orgetorix:  10,  c.  M.:  z=  Mara.  19,  a.  M.  .  .  .  oSn- 
Bulibus:  =  6i  B.C.  144,  b,  (i),  and  240,  a.  B.  227,  i;  A.  \\^,a\ 
H.  489.        rfignl ;  *  of  kingly  power,'  objective  genitive.     6',  a,  and  102. 


1,2]  The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians         5 

cupiditate  inductus,  coniurationem  nobilitatis  fecit,  et  civi- 
tatl  persuasit,  ut  de  flnibus  suTs  cum  omnibus  c5piis  exi- 
rent ;  perfacile  esse,  cum  virtute  omnibus  praestdrent^  totius  s 
Galliae  imperio  potiri. 

Id  hoc  facilius  eis  persuasit,  quod  undique  loci  natura 
Helvetil  continentur :  una  ex  parte  flumine  Rhen5,  latis- 


3.  cupiditate  :' by  a  desire.'  10,/,  ^nd  135,  a.  B.  219;  A.  404,  <^; 
H.  475,  I.  inductus:  Med  on.'  226,  <^,  and  I48,  b.  coniura- 
tionem: 'conspiracy.'  12,  c.  nobilitatis:  here  used  as  a  collective 
noun,  lit.  '  of  the  nobility ' ;  trans.  '  among  the  nobles.'  10,  f,  and  92,  b. 
fScit:  57,  b,  civitSti:  10,  f,  and  105.  B.  187,  11,  «;  A.  367;  H. 
426,  2. 

4.  persutsit:  'persuaded.'  79,  b.  ut  .  .  .  exirent :  'to  go  out,' 
*to  migrate';  kind  of  clause?  199,  a.  B.  295,  i;  A.  563;  H.  565. 
cum  omnibus  c5piis  :  '  with  all  (their)  effects,'  as  we  say,  "  bag  and 
baggage."  137,  a.  exirent :  plural  because  civitdti,  '  (his)  state,' 
to  which  the  unexpressed  subject  refers,  is  thought  of  as  if  it  were 
civibus,  '  the  people  of  (his)  state.'  68,  b\  173,  b,  and  238,  h.  B.  254, 
4,^;  H.  389,  I. 

5.  perfacile  .  .  .  potiri:  indirect  discourse,  dependent  on  the  idea 
of  saying  \n  persuasit.  212,  a,  and  c,  (5)  ;  213,  b.  B.  314,  2  ;  A.  579, 
580;  H.  641-643.  perfacile  esse:  '(saying)  that  it  was  exceed- 
ingly easy.'  The  subject  of  esse  is  potiri,  'to  obtain  possession  of.' 
222,  b.  Why  is /^r/a;^/^  neuter?  lJ^8,d.  virtute:  74^,^.  B.  226; 
A.  418;  H.  480.  omnibus:  107,  a.  B.  187,  ni,  i  ;  A.  370;  H.  429. 
praestarent :  '  they  excelled.'  53,  and  184,  o,.  B.  286,  2  ;  A.  549 ; 
H.  598.         totius:  23,  a. 

6.  totius  Galliae:  'of  the  whole  (of)  Gaul.'  102.  imperio: 
'sovereignty.'  Why  ablative?  131,  c.  B.  218,  i;  A.  410;  H.  477. 
potiri:  60,  and  61,  a,  (4). 

7.  Id:  ace;  'that  (course)'.  117,  a,  and  160,  c.  B.  176,  2,  a-, 
A.  369;  H.  426,  6.  hoc:  'on  this  account,'  referring  to  what  fol- 
lows. 135,a,2Lndl61,a.  B.  219;  A.  404;  H.475.  facilius:  'the 
more  easily.'  34,  a.  eis  :  4-^,  and  i05.  undique:  '  on  all  sides.' 
loci  natura  :  '  by  natural  features.'     131,  a.     How  lit.  ? 

8.  continentur:  'are  hemmed  in';  why  indie?  183,  a.  iina 
ex  parte  :  '  on  one  side,'  the  north  side.  126,  c.  flumine  :  131,  a. 
latisslmo  :  '  very  wide.'     153,  a. 


6  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.c.sa 

simo  atque  altissimo,   qui   agrum  Helvetium  a  Germanis 

lodividit;  altera  ex  parte  monte  lura  altissimo,  qui  est  inter 

Sequanos  et  Helveti5s ;    tertia,  lacu  Lemanno  et  flumine 

Rhodano,  qui  provinciam  nostram  ab  Helvetils  dividit. 

His  rebus  fiebat,  ut  et  minus  late  vagarentur  et  minus 


Figure  28.  —  Long  summit  of  the  Jura  range. 

This  range  formed  a  natural  barrier  between  the  country  of  the  Helvetians  and  that  of 
the  Sequanians,  and  now  carries  part  of  the  boundary  between  France  and  Switzerland. 

9.  altissimo:  here  'very  deep,' but  in  1.  10 'very  high.'  qui: 
the  antecedent  is  Rhcno.  163,  a.  agrum:  here  'territory.'  a 
Germanis  :  'from  (the  territory  of)  the  Germans.'     282,  and  121,  c. 

10.  altera  :  for  secunda,  '  second,'  as  often.  monte  luri  :  '  by 
the  Jura  range ' ;  mons  refers  sometimes  to  a  single  mountain,  some- 
times to  a  group  or  chain  of  mountains,  or  to  a  moderate  elevation. 

1 1 .  tertia :  sc.  ex  parte.        lacd  :  20,  b. 

12.  Rhodan5  :  the  part  of  the  Rhone  just  below  Geneva ;  see  Map  i. 
prSvinciam:  290.  nostram:  i.e.  Romanam.  157,  c.  HelvS- 
tiis :  282.  Caesar  does  not  deem  it  necessary  to  give  the  boundary  on 
the  fourth  or  east  side,  in  the  Alps. 

13.  His  rSbus  :  '  Because  of  these  conditions '  (lit.  •■  these  things  '). 
135,  a.  fiebat :  '  it  came  about.'  70,  a.  ut  .  .  .  possent :  sub- 
ject o( fiebat.     203,  (i).     B.  297,  2;  A.  569,  i  ;   H.  571,  i.         et  .  .  . 


1, 2]         The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians  7 

facile  finitimis  helium  inferre  possent ;  qua  ex  parte,  homi- 
nes bellandl  cupidi,  magno  dolore  afificiebantur.     Pro  multi- 15 
tudine  autem  hominum  et  pro  gloria  belli  atque  fortitudinis 
angustos  se  fines  habere  arbitrabantur,  qui  in  longitudinem 
miUa  passuum  ccxl,  in  latitudinem  clxxx  patebant. 


et :  233,  a.  minus  late  vagarentur :  '  they  were  more  restricted 
in  their  movements/  lit.  '  wandered  less  broadly,'  than  they  wished. 
177,  a.        minus:  35. 

14.  finitimis  :  '  (their)  neighbors.'  107,  b,  and  151^,  a.  B.  187,  iii, 
2;  A.  370;  H.429, 1.  inferre;  'wage.'  69,  b.  possent:  66,  b. 
qua  ex  parte  :  '  and  on  that  account.'  167.  homines  :  in  apposi- 
tion to  the  subject  oi  afficiebanttir,  '  (being)  men.'     12,  b,  and  91,  b. 

15.  bellandl:  'of  waging  war.'  53,  and  230,  (i).  B.  204,  i  ;  A. 
349,  «;  H.451,  I.  cupidi:  'fond  (of).'  22,  b.  magno  dolore 
afficiebantur  :  '  they  were  sorely '  (lit. '  with  great  vexation ')  '  troubled.' 
57,  b.  dolore:  11,  fi,  ?inA  136,  b.  Pro:  'Considering.'  125,  a. 
multitudine  hominum  :  '  (their)  population ' ;  how  lit.  ?  The  num- 
ber was  263,000  (chap.  29).  The  Helvetian  territory  now  supports  a 
population  of  about  2,250,000. 

16.  autem:  236,  b.  gloria  belli  atque  fortitudinis:  '(their) 
reputation  for  war'  (lit.  'of  war')  'and  for  bravery.'     102. 

17.  angustos  fines  :  '  too  small '  (lit. '  narrow ')  '  territories.'  113,  a. 
se  habere  :  '  that  they  had.'  178,  and  213,  a.  arbitrabantur  :  '  they 
thought,' lit. '  were  thinking.'  175, a.  qui:  \.q.  fines.  in  longi- 
tudinem :  'in  length.'     76. 

18.  mHia  passuum:  'miles.'  Length  of  the  Roman  'pace'  and 
Roman 'mile'?  243,  b.  mlMa.'.  38, a,  dind  118,  a.  B.  181  ;  A.  425  ; 
H.  417.  passuum:  20,  b,  and  97,  a.  CCXL:  36,  and  38,  b. 
latitudinem:  'breadth.'  81.  CLXXX:  centum  octogintd,  sc.  mtlia 
passtmm.  38,  b.  As  the  actual  distance  across  the  Helvetian  terri- 
tory was  about  80  Roman  miles,  it  has  been  suggested  that  Caesar 
wrote  Lxxx,  octogintd,  which  was  changed  to  clxxx  by  an  error  in 
copying.  patebant:  'extended.'  5U-  The  territory  occupied  by 
the  Helvetians  comprised  a  large  portion,  or  the  whole,  of  the  modern 
Swiss  cantons  of  Vaud,  Neuchatel,  Basel,  Freiburg,  Bern,  Solothurn, 
and  Aargau.  At  an  earlier  period  the  Helvetians  had  lived  north 
of  the  Rhine,  but  they  had  been  forced  to  the  south  side  by  the 
Germans. 


8  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  IB.c.68 

They  make  preparations  ;  Org etorix  forms  a  conspiracy. 

3.   His  rebus  adducti,   et   auct5ritate  Orgetorigis   per- 

moti,  constituerunt  ea,  quae  ad  proficiscendum  pertinerent, 

comparare,  iumentorum  et  carr5rum  quam   maximum  nu- 

merum   coemere,  sementes   quam  maximas    facere,  ut  in 

5  itinera  c5pia  frumenti  suppeteret,  cum  proximis  civitatibus 

3.  I.  His  rSbus  adducti:  'Prompted  by  these  considerations.' 
adducti :  agrees  with  the  unexpressed  subject  oi.  constituerunt.  auc- 
toritate  :  '  by  the  influence.'     IS5^  a.        permoti :  '  stirred  to  action.' 

2.  constitugrunt :  'they  (i.e.  Helvetii)  determined';  followed  by 
comparare,  'to  make  ready.'  221,  a.  B.  328,  i  ;  A.  457  ;  H.  607,  i. 
ea  :  'those  things' ;  after  comparare.  113,  a,  and  160,  c.  ad  pro- 
ficiscendum :  'for  emigration';  lit.  'for  setting  out.'  230,  (3).  B. 
338,3;  A.  506;  H.  628.  pertinSrent:  subjunctive  as  giving  the 
thought  of  the  Helvetians;  'were  (as  they  thought)  necessary,'  lit. 
'pertained  (to).'     212,  d.     B.  323;  A.  592:  H.  649,  i. 

3.  iumentorum:  '  draft -ani  mals ' ;  horses,  ntules,  and  oxen.  97, a. 
carrorum  :  two-wheeled  '  carts,'  drawn  largely  by  oxen.  A  Helvetian 
ox  yoke,  which  was  strapped  to  the  horns  of  the  oxen,  is  shown  in  Fig.  29. 


Figure  29.  —  Helvetian  yoke,  of  wood,  found  in  1910. 
Found  near  Lake  Neuchatel,  with  a  wooden  shield,  a  spear,  the  remains  of  a  cart  and 
the  skeleton  of  the  driver,  preserved  by  the  water  into  which  he  had  tumbled  with  his  cart, 
perhaps  at  night. 

From  the  Helvetian  cattle  the  hardy  Alpine  cattle  of  Switzerland  are 
descended.  quam  maximum :  'the  largest  possible.'  153,  c.  B. 
240,3;   H.  159,2.         numerum  :  'number.'     113,  a. 

4.  coemere  :  '  to  buy  up.'  coemere,  facere,  cSnflrmare  :  after 
constituerunt.  221,  a.  sSmentSs  quam  mazimfts  :  'as  large  sow- 
ings as  possible.'     IJ^,  b,  and  153,  c. 

5.  initinere:  'on  the  way.'  18,  c.  cSpia  frflmenti  suppete- 
ret: 'there  might  be  an  adequate  supply  of  grain/  lit.  'a  supply  of 
grain  might  be  at  hand.'  90,  h.  suppeteret :  196,  a.  B.  282  ;  A. 
531;  H.  568.        proximis:  '  neighboring,' lit.  *  nearest.'    33. 


1.3]        The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians  9 

pacem  et  amicitiam  confirmare.  Ad  eas  res  conficiendas 
biennium  sibi  satis  esse  duxerunt ;  in  tertium  annum  pro- 
fectionem  lege  confirmant. 

Ad    eas   res   conficiendas   Orgetorix  deligitur.     Is   sibi 
legationem  ad  civitates  siiscepit.     In  eo  itinere  persuadet  lo 
Castic5,  Catamantaloedis  filio,  Sequano,  cuius  pater  reg- 
num   in    Sequanis   multos    annos   obtinuerat  et   a  senatu 
populi  Romani  amicus  appellatus  erat,  ut  regnum  in  civi- 


6.  ptcem  et  amicitiam :  '  (relations  of)  peace  and  friendship.' 
confirmare:  '(and)  to  establish.'  234,  a.  Ad  .  .  .  conficiendas: 
gerundive  construction,  'to  complete  these  preparations,'  lit.  'for 
those  things  to  be  completed.'  230,  (3).  B.  339,  2;  A.  503;  H. 
626,  I. 

7.  biennium   satis   esse:    'that  two   years  would  be   sufficient.' 

212,  d,  and  214,  a.        biennium:  79,  b.        sibi:  'for  them.'     40,  b, 
and  158,  a.         duxgrunt :  here  a  verb  of  thought;  'they  reckoned.' 

213,  a.         in:  'for.'         profectionem  :  '  (their)  departure.'     157,  a. 

8.  confirmant:  historical  present;  trans,  by  a  past  tense,  'they 
fixed.'  175^  b.  Other  historical  presents  which  should  be  translated 
by  a  past  tense  are  deligitur,  1.  9  ;  persuadet,  1.  10  and  1.  17  ;  dat,  1.  18  ; 
probat,  1.  19;  confirmat,  1.  23  ;  dant,  1.  25  ;  sperant,  1.  26. 

9.  Ad  .  .  .  conficiend&s:  'to  carry  out  these  arrangements.' 
d§ligitur:  'was  chosen.'  sibi  —  suscSpit :  'took  upon  himself.' 
104,  a.     B,  187,  i;  A.  362;  H.  424. 

10.  legationem,  etc.  :  '  the  office  of  envoy  to  the  states.'     150,  d. 

1 1 .  Castico  :  105.  Catamantaloedis  :  99.  filio,  Sgquano  : 
91,  a.  B.  169,  2;  A.  282;  H.  393.  pater:  11,  b.  rSgnum  :  'the 
chief  authority ' ;  at  this  time  there  was  no  hereditary  or  absolute 
monarchy  among  the  Gauls.     1,  and  289,  a. 

12.  annos:  118,  a.  B.  181,  i;  A.  423;  H.  417.  obtinuerat: 
'had  held.'  79,  b.  senatu  populi  Romani:  'the  senate  of  the 
Roman  people,'  instead  of  senatu  populoque, '  the  senate  and  the  Roman 
people,'  because  the  Roman  senate  had  the  right  to  confer  honorary 
titles  on  foreign  rulers  without  a  popular  vote. 

13.  amicus:  'friend.'  88.  B.  i68,2,<^;  A.  284;  H.  393,  8.  Such 
titles  were  conferred  as  a  recognition  of  services  rendered,  or  as  a  means 
of  gaining  favor. 


10  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  68 

tate    sua   occuparet,  quod    pater  ante  habuerat ;    itemque 
15  Dumnorigl  Aeduo,  fratrl  Diviciaci,  qui  eo  tempore  princi- 

patum  in  civitate  obtinebat  ac  maxime  plebi  acceptus  erat, 

ut  idem  conaretur,  persuadet,  eique   filiam  suam  in  ma- 

trimonium  dat. 

Perf'acile  factu  esse  illis  probat  condta  perficere^  proptej^ed 
20  quod  ipse  suae  clvitdtis   impexium  obtentiirus  cs-set ;    non 

esse  dubium,  quln  totlus  Galliae  plurimum  Helvetil  pos- 

14.  sua:  157,  b.  ut  ,  .  .  occuparet:  'to  seize.'  199,  a,  and 
177,  b.         quod:  not  'because.'        item:  'also.' 

15.  Dumnorigl :  ^0,  <:,  and  105.  frStri:  11,  e.  Divici5ci: 
19, d.  eo  tempore:  'at  that  time.'  11^7,  a.  principatum  :  'the 
foremost  place ' ;  whether  the  dominant  position  of  Dumnorix  among 
the  Aeduans  was  due  wholly  to  his  influence,  or  whether  in  61  B.C.  he 
had  also  a  magistracy,  is  not  indicated. 

16.  civitate:  '(his)  state,'  i.e.  the  Aeduan  state.  obtingbat: 
force  of  the  imperfect?  175,  a.  maxime  acceptus  :  'very  accept- 
able.' SO.  plfibl:  108,  a.  Our  English  expression  coiTesponding 
with  plebi  acceptus  is  '  popular  with  the  masses.' 

17.  ut  idem  conaretur  :  '  to  attempt  the  same  thing ' ;  the  construc- 
tion is  similar  to  that  of  ut  .  .  .  occuparet  above.  61,  a,  (i).  idem  : 
45,  SLXid  117,  a.         ei:  IO4,  a.        in  matrimonium  :  '  in  marriage.' 

18.  dat:  67,  a,  and  175,  b. 

19.  Perfacile  .  .  .  possent :  indirect  discourse  depending  on  pro- 
bat.  213,  a.  Perfacile:  in  predicate  after  esse,  as  in  chap.  2,  1.  5. 
212,  c,  (5).  factu  :  '  of  accomplishment,'  lit.  '  in  respect  to  the  doing.' 
2S2.  B.  340,  2;  A.  510,  N.  2;  H.  635,  I.  esse:  214,  a.  i^s 
probat:  'he  (Orgetorix)  showed  them.'  104,a.  conSta  :  '(their) 
undertakings.'  157,  a.  perficere  :  'to  carry  through';  subject  of 
esse.     57,  b ;  79,  b,  and  222,  b. 

20.  suae  :  '  his  own,'  emphatic.  157,  b.  imperium  :  '  the  sover- 
eign power.'  74,  b,  obtentiirus  esset :  '  he  was  going  to  seize.' 
6S.  Why  subjunctive?  214ia.  n6n  esse  dubium :  'that  there 
was  no  doubt.' 

21.  dubium:  in  predicate;  neuter  because  the  subject  of  ^jjt^  is  a 
clause.  quln  .  .  .  possent :  '  that  the  Helvetians  were  the  most 
powerful  (people)  in  all  Gaul,'  lit. '  were  able  the  most  of  the  whole  (of) 
Gaul.'     201,  b.     B.  298;  A.  558, «;  H.  595,  i.         Galliae:  97,  b.     B. 


1.4]         The  Campaign  against  the   Helvetians  11 

sent ;  se  suls  copiis  sudque  exercitii  illis  regna  coiicilidtunim 
confirmat. 

Hac   oratione  adducti,  inter   se  fidem  et  ius  iurandum 
dant ;  et,  regno  occupat5  per  tres  potentissimos  ac  firmissi-  25 
mos  popul5s,  totius  Galliae  sese  potiri  posse  sperant. 

ThQ  conspiracy  is  revealed;  Orgetorix  dies. 

4.  Ea  res  est  Helvetiis  per  indicium  enuntiata.  Mori- 
bus  suis  Orgetorigem  ex  vinculls  causam  dicere  coegerunt ; 
damnatum  poenam  sequi  oportebat,  ut  Igni  cremaretur. 

201,  I  ;  A.  346,  a,  2;  H.  442.         plurimum  :  neuter  ace.  used  substan- 
tively.    32,  and  118,  b.     B.  176,  3,  ^  ;  A.  214,  d\  H.  416,  2. 

22.  sS  suis  copiis  :  '  that  he  with  his  own  means.'  157,  b,  and 
131,  a.  exercitii  :  not  '  army '  but  '  armed  retinue/  like  that  with 
which  Orgetorix  afterwards  overawed  the  judges,  as  related  in  the  next 
chapter.  illls  :  101^,  a.  illis  regna  conciliatiirum  [esse]  :  '  that 
he  would  get  kingships  for  them.'    89,  c. 

23.  confirmat:  ' he  (Orgetorix)  assured  (them).' 

24.  Hac  oratione  adducti:  'Won  over  by  this  presentation.' 
inter  se  :  159.  fidem  et  iiis  iiirandum :  trans.  '  an  oath-bound 
pledge  of  good  faith,'  lit.  '  good  faith  and  oath ' ;  hendiadys.     238,  d. 

25.  regno  occupato  :  'having  seized  the  supreme  power.'  IJ^J^,  a. 
B.  227,2;  A.  420,  i;  H.  489.  per:  'with  the  help  of.'  123,  a. 
potentissimos  ac  firmissimos :  '  very  powerful  and  very  firmly 
established.'     153,  a. 

26.  populos :  the  Helvetians,  the  Sequanians,  and  the  Aeduans. 
Galliae:  after  potiri.  131,  d.  B.  212,  2;  A.  410  a;  H.  458,  458,  3. 
sesg  posse  sperant:  'they  hoped  that  they  would  be  able.'  213,  a. 
potiri:  2ii\.eY posse.     221,  a. 

4.  I.  Ea  res :  '  The  matter,'  i.e.  Orgetorix's  scheme;  lit.  'that 
thing.'  160,  d.  Helvetiis  :  why  dat.  ?  per  indicium  :  '  through 
(the  agency  of)  informers";  lit.  'through  information.'  92,  b,  and 
123,  a.  est  gnuntiata  :  'was  reported.'  172,  a.  Moribus  suis: 
'  In  accordance  with  their  customs,'  as  distinguished  from  the  Roman 
procedure.     136,  c.     B.  220,  3  ;  A.  418,  ^  ;  H.  475,  3. 

2.  ex  vinculis  :  'in  chains.'  126,  c.  causam  dicere:  *to 
plead  his  case.'     221,  a.       coegerunt:  'they  compelled.'     79,  b. 

3.  damnatum:  agrees  with  ^«w  understood  as  object  of  J<?^«f,*  4f 


12 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  68 


Die  constituta  causae   dictionis  Orgetorix  ad  iudicium 

somnem  suam  familiam,  ad  hominum  milia  decern,  undique 

coegit,  et  omnes  clientes  obaerat5sque  suos,  quorum  mag- 


condemned.'  209.  B.  337,  2,  <5;  A.  496  ;  H.  638,  2.  poenam: 
subject  of  segut;  'the  penalty,'  defined  by  the  following  ///-clause, 
oportebat:    73,  a,   b.        poenam  scqui  oportSbat:    'the  penalty 

would  inevitably  follow,'  lit. 


Figure  30.  —  Gallic  standard-bearer. 
6.   clientSs  : 'retainers.'    17.  c. 


'it  was  necessary  that  the 
penalty  follow.'  Ignl:  Z^,^, 
and  ISlj  a.  ut  Ignl  cre- 
m&r6tur:  'of  being  burned 
by  fire,'  lit.  '  that  he  should 
be  burned  by  fire.'  203^  (4). 
B.  297,  3;  A.  561,  a,  and 
570  ;  H.  571,  4.  The  Gauls 
punished  some  offenses  by 
burning  alive,  and  sometimes 
offered  human  sacrifices  (VI. 
16,  19;  VII.  4). 

4.  Di6  cSnstituta:  'On 
the  day  appointed.'  j?i,  «, 
and  ^47,  a.  B.  230  ;  A.  423  ; 
H.  486.  dictionis:  de- 
pendent on  Die ;  '  for  the 
pleading.'  102.  iudicium: 
'the  (place  of)  judgment,' 
'  the  trial.' 

5 .  familiam  :  '  slaves  ' ; 
lit. '  body  of  slaves,'  taken  col- 
lectively, ad :  adv.  modi- 
fying decern,  '  about ' ;  Caesar 
often  gives  51  round  number 
where  it  is  impossible  to  be 
exact.  hominum:  12^  b, 
and  97y  a.  mllia :  apposi- 
tive  oi  familiam.  38,  a,  and 
91,  a. 

obaer5t68  :•  debtors.'     In  Gaul 


debtors  who  were  unable  to  pay  might  be  forced  into  bondage  (VI.  13). 


1,5]         The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians  13 

num   numerum    habebat,    eodem    conduxit;    per   eos,    ne 
causam  diceret,  se  eripuit. 

Cum  civitas,  ob  earn  .rem  incitata,  armis  ius  suum  exsequi 
conaretur,    multitudinemque    hominum    ex    agris     magis-io 
tratus    cogerent,    Orgetorix    mortuus    est ;    neque    abest 
susplcio,  ut    Helvetii  arbitrantur,   quln    ipse  sibi  mortem 
consciverit. 

The  Helvetians  complete  their  preparations  to  migrate. 

5.  Post  eius  mortem  nihilo  minus  Helvetii  id,  quod 
constituerant,  facere  c5nantur,  ut  e  flnibus  suis  exeant. 

7.  eodem :  '  to  the  same  place,'  the  place  of  judgment.  con- 
duxit :  '  brought,'  lit.  '  led  together.'  per  eos  :  '  with  their  help,'  lit. 
*  by  means  of  them.'     12S,  a. 

8.  diceret:  196,  a.  B.  282;  A.  530,  531  ;  H.  568.  ne  .  .  . 
Sripuit :  '  he  evaded  the  pleading  of  his  case,'  lit.  '  he  rescued  himself 
that  he  might  not  plead  his  case ' ;  Orgetorix  overawed  the  judges  so 
that  they  did  not  dare  proceed  with  the  trial. 

9.  incitata:  'aroused.'  148,b.  ius  suum:  'its  right'  to  call 
traitors  to  account.         exsequi:  'enforce.'     200,  b. 

10.  conargtur,  cogerent :  185,  c.  B.  288,  i,b;  A.  546;  H.  600, 11, 
I.  Force  of  the  imperfect  tense  ?  hominum  :  98,  a.  agris  :  '  the 
country.'  7,  a,  and  130,  a.  magistratus :  'the  public  officials'; 
here  evidently  the  local  officers  are  meant.     82,  b. 

11.  mortuus  est:  'died.'  57,  c,  and  176,  a.  neque  abest 
susplcio  :  'and  there  is  ground  for  suspecting,'  lit.  '  nor  is  there  lacking 
(ground  for)  suspecting.'     12,  c,  and  2SS,  a. 

12.  ut:  meanings  of  «//  See  Vocab.  quin  .  .  .  consciverit: 
'that  he  committed  suicide,'  lit.  'that  he  himself  inflicted  death  upon 
himself.'     201,  b.     B.  298  ;  A.  558  ;  H.  595,  i.         mortem  :/ 7,  t". 

5.  I.  Post:  122,  a.  eiua :  i.e.  Orgeiorigis.  nihilo  minus: 
'nevertheless';  lit. ' by  nothing  less.'  IJiO.  B.  223;  A.  414  ;  H.  479. 
id  quod  :   160,  c. 

2.  conantur:  175,  b.  ut  .  .  .  exeant:  explains  id.  203,  (4). 
From  the  fact  that,  notwithstanding  the  treason  and  death  of  Orgetorix, 
the  Helvetians  carried  out  the  plan  of  migrating,  it  is  evident  that  behind 
the  movement  there  was  a  general  cause  stronger  than  the  influence  of 


14 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  68 


Ubi  iam  se  ad  earn  rem  paratos  esse  arbitrati  sunt,  oppida 
sua  omnia,  numero  ad  duodecim,  vic5s  ad  quadringentos, 
sreliqua  privata  aedificia  incendunt;  frumentum  omne, 
praeter  quod  secum  portaturi  erant,  comburunt,  ut,  domum 
reditionis  spe  sublata,  paratiores  ad  omnia  pericula  sub- 
eunda  assent ;  trium  mensium  molita  cibaria  sibi  quemque 
domo  efferre  iubent. 


any  individual.  It  seems  probable  that  this  cause  was  the  pressure  of 
the  Germans,  with  whom,  as  stated  in  chapter  i,  the  Helvetians  were 
constantly  at  war. 

3.    Ubi  iam  :  'As  soon  as';  lit.  'When  now.'        rem:  'undertak- 


l/fS,  c.         oppida:    'fortified   towns.' 


226;    A.  418;   H.  480. 
'villages,'  unfortified. 


ad: 
quad- 


ing.'  paratos  :    '  ready. 

6,  a. 

4.  numero :  1J^2,  a,  and  85.  B. 
adverb,  as  in  chap.  4,  1.  5.  vicoa : 
ringentos:  '  four  hundred.'     36. 

5.  reliqua:  ;?;,  «.  privSta  aedificia  :' buildings  belonging  to 
individuals,'  not  in  the  walled  towns  or  villages.  inoendunt :  '  they 
set  fire  to.' 

6.  praeter  quod  :  i.e.  praeter  id  {friimenturn)  quod.  sScum  : 
<with    them.'      125^    c.         portaturi    erant:    'they    were    going    to 

take.'     6S. 
'they  burned.' 


182, 


comburunt : 
175,  b.  do- 
home.'  119,  b.  B. 
b\    A.    427,    2;    H. 


419,  I. 

7.  reditidnis  :  '  of  return- 
ing.' 12,  c,  and  102.  spg  : 
how  declined?  21,  b  and  c. 
8p6  sublata  :  '  as  a  result  of 
taking  away  the  hope,'  lit. 
'  the  hope  having  been  taken 
away.'  ll^J^,b,{i).  perl- 
subeunda  :  *  meet,'  lit.  'to  be  met.'  68,  b, 
A.  503;  H.  628. 

8.  essent:  196,  a.  B.  282;  A.  531,  i;  H.  568.  trium:  37,  b. 
mfinsium:  14,  b.  trium  mfinsium :  'for  (lit.  'of')  three  months.' 
lOOfa.        molita  cibaria:    'ground  rations.'    The  grain  was  to  be 


Figure  31.  —  Ancient  Gallic  mill. 

Of  sandstone.  The  small  g.-inder  was  worked 
by  hand  over  the  grain  in  the  holiow  of  the  bed- 
stone, which  was  about  19  inches  lorg. 


cula  :  '  dangers.'    6,  a. 
and  230,  (3).     B.  339.  2 


1,5]        The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians  15 

Persuadent  Rauracis  et  Tulingis  et  Latobrigis,  finitimis, 
uti,  eodem  usi  consilio,  oppidTs  suis  vicisque  exustis,  una 
cum  eis  proficiscantur ;  Boiosque,  qui  trans  Rhenum  in- 
coluerant  et  in  agrum  Noricum  transierant  Noreiamque 
oppugnarant,  receptos  ad  se  socids  sibi  asciscunt. 


ground  to  coarse  flour  before  starting,  in  contrast  with  the  Roman  cus- 
tom of  carrying  unground  grain  on  campaigns  (317)  ;  probably  the 
difficulty  of  carrying  the  stone  mills,  in  addition  to  their  other  eiTects, 
occasioned  the  order  (Fig.  31).  quemque  :  49,  a,  and  170,  b.  sibi 
quemque  efferre  :  '  that  each  one  for  himself  should  carry  away.'     178. 

9.  domo:  20,  c,  and  130,  b.  B.  229,  \,b\  A.  427,  i  ;  H.  462,  4. 
efferre  :  69,  b.  B.  331,  n  ;  A.  563,  «  ;  H.  614.  iubent :  <•  (and)  they 
gave  orders.'  200,  b,  and  234,  ^-  On  an  allowance  of  three  quarters 
of  a  pound  of  coarse  flour  per  day  for  each  person,  more  than  12,000  tons 
would  be  needed  to  feed  368,000  people  (chap.  29)  for  90  days.  If  each 
cart  carried  a  ton,  more  than  12,000  carts  would  have  been  required  to 
transport  the  supplies,  and  perhaps  half  as  many  more  for  other  purposes  ; 
but  it  is  hardly  probable  that  the  Helvetians  and  their  allies  took  so 
great  a  quantity  of  supplies  as  the  order  contemplated.  If  we  reckon 
20  feet  to  a  cart,  18,000  carts  in  single  file  would  form  a  line  68  miles  long. 

10.  Rauracis  :  why  dat.  ?  The  Rauraci,  Tulingi,  and  Latobrigi  were 
apparently  north  of  the  Helvetians  (Map  i),  and  particularly  exposed  to 
the  attacks  and  inroads  of  the  Germans ;  hence  their  readiness  to  join  the 
Helvetians  in  migrating.  et  .  .  .  et :  234,  d'  finitimis:  '(their) 
neighbors.'    91,  a,  and  157,  a. 

11.  uti  .  .  .  proficiscantur;  trans,  by  an  infinitive,  as /(t/  .  .  .  ex- 
trent  in  chap.  2, 1.  4.  199,  a,  and  61,  a,  (3).  iisi :  '  adopting,'  or  '  to 
adopt';  lit.  'having  used.'  61,  a,  (3),  and  228,  a.  consilio  :  plan.' 
131,  c.  B.  218,  I  ;  A.  410;  H.  477.  oppidis  suis  vicisque  ex- 
dstis  :  '  having  burned '  (or  '  to  burn  ')  '  their  towns  and  villages,'  lit. 
'their  towns  and  villages  having  been  burned.'  144,  b,  (2).  B.  227; 
A.  419;  H.  489.         unS:  adv. 

12.  eis  :  'Helvetiis.     160,  b,  and  137,  a.         Boios  :  n.  to  VI,  24, 1.  3. 

13.  agrum  Noricum:  'the  territory  of  the  Norici,'  corresponding, 
in  general,  with  the  western  part  of  Austria  south  of  the  Danube,  between 
Bavaria  and  Hungary.         transierant :  '  had  passed  over.'     68,  b. 

14.  oppugnSrant :  '  had  taken '  by  storming.  340.  Full  form  ? 
64^  a,  (i).     B.  116,  I  ;  A.  181,  a]  H.  238.         receptos  socios  sibi 


16  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  68 

Of  two  possible  routes  they  choose  that  through  the  Province. 
6.  Erant  omnino  itinera  duo,  quibus  itineribus  domo 
exire  possent :  unum  per  Sequan5s,  angustum  et  difficile, 
inter  montem  luram  et  flumen  Rhodanum,  vix  qua  singuli 
carri  ducerentur;  mons  autem  altissimus  impendebat,  ut 
5  facile  perpauci  prohibere  possent ;  alterum  per  pr5vinciam 
nostram,  multo  facilius  atque  expedltius,  propterea  quod 

asclscunt:  <they  received  and  associated  with  themselves'  (lit.  *to 
themselves')  'as  allies.'  228,  a.  B.  337,  5;  A.  496,  n.  2 ;  H.  639. 
BOcioB  :  116y  a.     Cf.  N.  to  IV,  3,  1.  4. 

6.    I.    Erant:  '  There  were.'     90,  a.         omnino:  'only.'  duo: 

37,  b.  itineribus:  omit  in  translation.  165,  a.  B.  251,3;  A.  307, 
a-,  H.  399,  I.         domo:  as  in  chap.  5,  1.  9. 

2.  possent:  subj.  of  characteristic.  194,  ^'  B.  283;  A.  535; 
H.  591,  5.  flnum,  alterum  (1.  5)  :  sc.  iter.  91,  c.  B.  169,  5;  A. 
282,  <z;  H.393,  4.       perSSquanos:  282.       difBcile  :  'difficult.'     29. 

3.  inter  .  .  .  Rhodanum:  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhone.  There 
was  no  route  across  the  Jura  range  practicable  for  so  large  a  force, 
(Fig.  27),  while  the  passage  down  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  and  west- 
ward between  the  Jura  and  the  Vosges  Mountains  (Map  i),  was  left  out 
of  consideration,  not  only  (we  may  assume)  because  it  was  less  direct, 
but  also  because  it  was  exposed  to  the  attacks  of  Ariovistus.  viae : 
'hardly.'  qu5 :  'where';  translate  as  if  the  order  were  qua  vix. 
singuli:  'one  at  a  time.' 

4.  dflcerentur:  '  could'  (lit. 'would')  'be  drawn  along';  subj.  of 
characteristic,  the  relative  adverb  qua  having  the  force  of  a  relative  pro- 
noun. The  narrowest  point  of  the  route  is  at  the  "  Mill-race  Gorge,'' 
or  Pas  de  I'Ecluse  (Fig.  32),  19  Roman  miles  (about  \']\  English  miles  ; 
;^45,  ^),  below  Geneva.  See  Map  2.  m5ns  altissimus  :  Mt.  Crddo, 
now  pierced  by  a  tunnel,  'i\  miles  long,  through  which  passes  the  railroad 
from  Geneva  to  Lyons.  autem:  *  moreover.'  2S6,a2i^^b.  im- 
pendSbat :  'overhung.'     BJ^. 

5.  perpauci :  '  very  few '  men,  posted  on  the  heights  above  the  road  ; 
see  Fig.  32.  Force  oi per?  79,  h,  and  Vocab.  prohibCre  :  sc.  eds, 
possent:  197, a.  B.  284,  i  ;  A.  537,  i  ;  H.  570.  prSvinciam  nos- 
tram :   157,  c,  and  290. 

6.  multS:  'much,'  lit.  'by  much.'  IJfi,  facilius:  29.  ex- 
pedltius :  '  more  convenient.' 


1,6]        The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians  17 

inter  fines  Helvetiorum  et  Allobrogum,  qui  nuper  pacati 
erant,  Rhodanus  fluit,  isque  non  nullis  locis  vado  transitur. 
Extremum  oppidum  Allobrogum  est,  proximumque  Hel- 
vetiorum finibus,  Genava.     Ex  eo  oppido  pons  ad  Helvetios  ic 
pertinet.     AUobrogibus  sese  vel  persuasuros,  quod  nondum 


Figure  32.  —  Mill-race  Gorge  (Pas  de  I'Ecluse),  looking  down  the  Rhone. 


7.  Allobrogum:  19,  e.  nuper:  *  recently,'  in  61  B.C.,  after  a 
revolt ;  the  Allobroges  were  first  conquered  by  Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  in 
121  B.C.   (I.  45).        paoati  erant:  '  had  been  subdued.'     55,  and  i5^. 

8.  fluit:  < flows.'  is:  <-\V  160,  b.  non  nullis:  *some.' 
2S,  a.  locis  :  6,  c,  and  1J^5,  c.  vado  trSnsitur  :  '■  is  fordable,'  lit. 
*is  crossed  by  a  ford.'     ISI^,  a,  and  68,  c. 

9.  Extremum  :  'The  most  remote,'  lit.  *  utmost,'  from  the  point  of 
view  of  Rome.     3S. 

10.  finibus:  108, a.  B.  192,  i ;  A.  384;  H.434,  2.  pons:  17, c. 
Helvgtios:  282. 

11.  pertinet:  'reaches  across.'  AUobrogibus:  105.  vel 
.  .  .  vel :  235,  b.  persuSsuros  :  sc.  esse.  89,  c  ;  213,  a,  and  211^,  a. 
nSndum  .  .  .  vidSrentur :  '  did  not  yet  seem '  to  the  Helvetians ; 
Why  is  viderentur  subjunctive?     182^  a. 


18  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [b.c.  58 

bono  animo  in  populum  Romanum  vidorentur,  existimabant, 
vel  vi  coacturos,  ut  per  su5s  fines  eos  Ire  paterentur. 

Omnibus  rebus  ad  profectionem  comparatTs,  diem  dicunt, 
IS  qua  die  ad  ripam  Rhodani  omnes  conveniant.     Is  dies  erat 
a.  d.  V.  Kal.  Apr.,  L.  Pisone,  A.  Gabini5  consulibus. 

Caesar  hastens  to  Geneva,  and  parleys  with  the  Helvetians. 

7.  Caesari  cum  id  nuntiatum  esset,  eos  per  provinciam 
nostram  iter  facere  conarl,  maturat  ab  urbe  proficisci  et, 
quam    maximls    potest   itineribus,    in    Galliam    ulteriorem 

12.  bond  animd:  *  kindly  disposed,'  lit.  *of  kindly  feeling';  in 
predicate  after  viderentur.  US,  b.  B.  224,  i;  A.  415;  H.  473,  2. 
in :  here  '  toward.'         existimabant :  '  they  believed.' 

13.  vT:  *  by  force.'  18^  a.  coacturos:  i.e.  j<?j^  (the  Helvetians) 
eos  (the  Allobroges)  coacturds  esse.  ut  .  .  .  paterentur:  *to 
permit,'  substantive  clause  after  persudsuros  {esse^^  coadHros  (esse). 
199,  a.       eos  :  trans,  as  if  Helvetios  ;  N.  to  chap,  i,  1.  14.      Ire  :  68,  a. 

14.  Omnibus  .  .  .  comparatis :  *  when  all  preparations  had  been 
completed.'     144,^,(2).     How  lit.?        dicunt  :<  they  appointed.' 

15.  qu&die:  'on  which.'  147,  a,  and  165,  a.  B.  230;  A.  423-, 
H.  486.  ad  ripam:  'on  the  bank'  across  from  the  Province;  the 
north  bank  of  the  Rhone.  conveniant :  '  they  should  assemble  ' ; 
subjunctive  of  purpose,  as  if  qua  were  ut  ea,  '  that  on  that  day.'  19S. 
B.  282,  2  ;  A.  531,  2  ;   H.  590.         digs  :  gender  ?     21,  a. 

16.  a.  d.  V.  Kal.  Apr. :  atite  diem  quintum  Kalendds  Afirlles,  'the 
fifth  day  before  the  Calends  of  April,'  March  28  by  our  calendar.  24U 
a,b.  B.  371,  5;  A.  631  ;  H.  754,  m,  2.  L.  .  .  .  cSnsulibus :  58 
B.C.     240,  a,  and  I44,  b,  (i). 

7.  I.  Caesari:  19,  c,  and  35S,  e.  nflntiitum  esset :  '  had  been 
reported.'  185,  c.  B.  288,  i,  b;  A.  546;  H.  600,  11,  i.  e6s  .  .  . 
couSri :  infinitive  clause  in  apposition  with  id;  the  gist  of  the  report, 
in  the  direct  form,  was  Helvetil  per  provinciam  nostram  iter  facere 
conantur.    214,  a. 

2.  mStflrat :  '  he  hastened.'  255,  256.  urbe  :  Rome,  which  by 
way  of  distinction  was  "  tAe  city."     17,  b. 

3.  quam  mazimis  potest  itineribus  :  stronger  than  quam  maxi- 
mls itineribus ;  '  with  the  utmost  possible  speed.'     153,  c.     How  lit.  ? 


I.  7]        The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians 


19 


contendit  et  ad  Genavam  pervenit.     Pr5vinciae  tot!  quam 
maximum  potest  mllitum  numerum  imperat  (erat  omninds 
in  Gallia  ulteriore  legi5  una);  pontem,  qui  erat  ad  Genavam, 
iubet  rescind!. 

Ubi  de  eius  adventu  Helvetii  certiores  facti  sunt,  legates 
ad  eum  mittunt  n6bilissim5s  civitatis,  cuius  legationis  Nam- 


Galliam  ulteriorem  :  here  including  the  Province,  Caesar''s  immediate 
destination. 


4.  ad  :  '  to  the  vicinity  of.' 
120,  a.  pervenit :  '  came,' 
lit.  'comes  through.'  If,  as 
Plutarch  says,  Caesar  arrived 
at  the  Rhone  on  the  eighth 
day  after  leaving  Rome,  lie 
must  have  traveled  at  the 
rate  of  about  100  Roman  miles 
(about  92  English  miles ; 
243,  b)  per  day.  Provin- 
ciae  .  .  .  imperat :  '  he  levied 
upon  the  Province.'  106,  a.  B. 
187,1  ;  A.  369;  H.  426,  I. 

5.  militum :  10,  b.  Le- 
gionary  soldiers    are    meant. 

(Fig,  33-) 

6.  legio  :  this  '  legion '  was 
the  tenth,  afterwards  famous. 
307,  e.  una  :  23,  a.  ad  : 
*  near.'  pontem  .  .  .  re- 
scind! :  '  that  the  bridge  be 
broken  down,'     200,  b. 

8.  adventu:  'approach.' 
20,  b.  certiores  fact!  sunt : 
'  were  informed,'  lit.  '  were 
made  more  certain.'  11^,  c. 
ISgatos  :  '  as  envoys ' ;  predi- 
cate accusative.  6,  a,  and 
115,  a. 

9.  mittunt  • 'sent.'  275,  &. 


Figure  33.  —  Roman  legionary  soldier. 
He  has  a  cuirass,  a  crested  helmet,  oval  shield, 
and  pike.    Caesar's  legionaries  had  oblong  shields- 


20  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

lomeius  et  Verucloetius  principem  locum  obtinebant,  qui 
dicerent, 

•  Sibi  esse  in  aninto  sine  ulld  malefic  id  iter  per  provinciam 
facere^  proptered  quod  aliud  iter  haberent  nullum  ;  rogdre^ 
ut  eius  voluntdte  id  sibi  facere  liceat. 

IS  Caesar,  quod  memoria  tenebat,  L.  Cassium  consulem 
occisum  exercitumque  eius  ab  Helvetils  pulsum  et  sub 
iugum  missum,  concedendum  n5n  putabat ;  neque  homines 
inimico    animo,    data    facultate    per    provinciam    itineris 

n5bilis8im5B :  'the  most  distinguished  men.'      154i  a.     cuius  16gS- 
tidnis  :  *and  in  this  delegation';  lit.  'of  which  delegation.'     167. 

10.  principem  :  '  foremost.'  26,  b,  and  10,  a.  qui  dicerent : 
*in  order  to  say.'    193,  a.     B.  282,  2 ;  A.  531,  2  ;  H.  590. 

12.  Sibi  .  .  .  liceat :  212,  a,  b,  and  c,  (4).  Sibi  esse  in  anim5  : 
'that  it  was  their  intention';  less  freely,  'that  they  had  it  in  mind,'  Sibi 
being  a  dative  of  possession.  Ill,  and  211^,  a\  also,  178.  sine: 
'without.'  125,  a.  tillo  :  2S,  a.  maleficio  :  'wrong-doing';  we 
should  say  '  without  doing  any  harm.' 

13.  facere:  subject  of  ^jj^.  222,  b.  habSrent :  214,  a.  t^^^- 
lum :  emphatic  position.  353,  d.  rog&re :  sc.  si,  '(and)  that  they 
requested.'    ^75,  and  234,  a. 

14.  eius  voluntate  :  '  with  his  consent.'  138.  ut  .  .  .  liceat: 
'that  permission  might  be  granted';  subjunctive  also  in  direct  dis- 
course.    How  lit.  ?     73,  b,  and  199,  a.         facere  :  222,  a. 

15.  memoria:  131,  a.  B.  218  ;  A.  409;  H.  476.  memoria 
tenebat :  '  he  remembered.'     183,  a.        L. :  Lucium.     19,  a. 

16.  occisum  :  sc.  esse,  'had  been  killed.'  89,  c,  and;?75,  a.  eac- 
ercitum  :  '  army.'  20,  a,  b,  and  74,  b.  pulsum  [esse]  :  '  had  been 
routed.'  178.  sub  iugum  :  'under  the  yoke,' made  by  setting  two 
spears  upright  and  placing  a  third  on  them  horizontally,  as  a  cross-piece  ; 
under  this  captured  soldiers  were  made  to  pass,  bending  over,  as  a  token 
of  complete  submission  and  humiliation.  The  defeat  of  Cassius  by  the 
Helvetians  took  place  in  107  b.c.     124^  a. 

17.  concedendum  n6n  putabat:  'did  not  think  that  the  request 
ought  to  be  granted ' ;  less  freely,  '  that  the  concession  ought  to  be  made.' 
63,  and  73,  e.        neque  :  trans,  as  if  ^/  ndn. 

18.  inimlcS  animS  :  '  of  hostile  temper.'  143,  a.  B.  224  ;  A.  415  ; 
H.  473,  2.         data  facultate  :  =  si  facultds  data  esset,  '  if  opportunity 


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1.  8]        The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians  21 

faciundl,  temperaturos  ab  iniuria  et  maleficio  existimabat. 
Tamen,  ut  spatium  intercedere  posset,  dum  milites,  qu5s  20 
imperaverat,  convenlrent,  legatls  respondit, 

Diem  se  ad  deliberandum  sumpturum  ;  si  quid  vellenty 
ad  Id.  April.  reverterettUir. 

Caesar  prevents  the  Helvetians  from  entering  the  Province. 

8.  Interea  ea  legi5ne,  quam  secum  habebat,  militibus- 
que,  qui  ex  provincia  convenerant,  a  lacu  Lemanno,  qui 
in  flumen  Rhodanum  Tnfluit,  ad  montem  luram,  qui  fines 
Sequanorum  ab  Helvetiis  dividit,  milia  passuum  xviiii 
murum  in  altitudinem  pedum  sedecim  fossamque  perducit.  s 

should  have   been  granted.'     1J,4,   ^,(4).       itineris   faciundl:    'of 
marching/     64,  b,  and  2S0,  (i).     How  lit.? 

19.  temperaturds  [esse]:  'would  refrain.'  6S.  iniuria:  'vio- 
lence.' 

20.  Tamen :  '  Nevertheless.'  2S6^  a.  spatium :  trans,  as  if 
tempus^  '  time.'       intercSdere  :    '  intervene.'     221^  a.       dum  :  '  until.' 

21.  convenlrent:  'should  assemble.'  190,  b.  B.  293,  in,  2; 
A.  553;  H.  603,  II,  2.         respondit:  'he  made  answer.' 

22.  Diem:  'time.'  sg  :  158,  a.  dgllberandum  :  '  for  consid- 
eration.' 230,  (3).  sumpturum  [esse]:  'would  take.'  63,  and 
214,  a.  quid:  'anything.'  168.  vellent,  reverterentur  :  'they 
wanted,'  'they  should  return ' ;  in  the  direct  form,  st  vultis,  revertimini. 
206,  (2)  ;  218,  (i),  a,  and  216.     B.  316;  A.  588  ;  H.  642. 

23.  id.  April. :  Idtis  Apriles,  April  13.     2^1,  a,  b. 

8.  I.  Interea:  'Meanwhile,'  while  the  more  distant  troops  levied 
on  the  Province  were  gathering  at  the  Rhone,  and  the  Helvetians  were 
waiting  for  Caesar's  answer.  legione,  militibus :  looked  upon  as 
instrument  rather  than  as  agent.     131,  b.         sScum  :  125,  c. 

3.  qui  .  .  .  influit :  while  Caesar's  statement  is  not  incorrect,  mod- 
ern geographers  consider  Lake  Geneva  as  an  enlargement  of  the  Rhone, 
applying  the  name  "  Rhone  "  also  to  the  principal  feeder  entering  the 
lake  at  the  upper  end. 

4.  Helvetiis:  282.  milia  :  118,  a,2iXidi  243,  b',  38,  a.  XVIIII.: 
undevigintl.     36,  and  38,  b. 

5.  murum:  'a  rampart.'     1.        in  altitudinem  pedum  sgdecim  : 


22  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  68 

E6  opere  perfecto,  praesidia  disponit,  castella  communit,  quo 
facilius,  si,  se  invito,  transire  cdnarentur,  prohibere  possit. 
Ubi  ea  dies,  quam  constituerat  cum  legatis,  venit,  et  legati 
ad  eum  reverterunt,  negat,  se  more  et  exemplo  populi 
lo  Romani  posse  iter  ulli  per  provinciam  dare ;  et,  si  vim 
facere  conentur,  prohibiturum  ostendit. 

*  sixteen  feet  high.'  How  lit.  ?  pedum :  10,  b,  and  100,  a.  B.  203, 
2;  A. 345,^;  H.440,  3.  foBsam:  'trench.'  perducit :  'hecon- 
structed.'  175,  b.    For  much  of  the  distance  between  Lake  Geneva  (Fig. 

35)   and  Mill-race  Gorge  {\^\  English 

miles;  N.  to  chap.  6,  1.  4)  the  left  bank 

of  the  Rhone  is  steep  enough  to  make 

extensive  fortifying  unnecessary.     What 

Caesar   did  was,   apparently,   to    make 

the  slopes  hard  to  surmount  by  cutting  the 

Figure  34.  —  Section   of   the     ^^ce  down  from  the  top  for  sixteen  feet 

Fortifications  along  the  Rhone,     and   throwing  the  dirt  out  toward  the 

a.  Top  of  the  bluff,  with  palisade,     ri^er  in  such  a  way  as  to  produce  the 

b    Face  of  the  bluff,  cut  down.  effect  of  a  rampart  and  trench  (Fig.  34)  ; 

c.  Trench,  with  dirt  thrown  out    paJisades  were  probably  driven  in  along 

toward  the  river.  ^u        j  r^i      li    rr       o       », 

the  edge  of  the  bluff.     See  Map  2. 

6.  Eo  opere  perfecto  :  '  When  this  work  had  been  finished.'  IS,  e, 
and  lU,  b,  (2).  praesidia  :  <•  detachments '  of  troops.  dispSnit : 
<  he  stationed  at  intervals.'  79,  d.  castella:  'redoubts';  their  prob- 
able location  is  shown  on  Map  2.  communit :  '  he  strongly  fortified.' 
quo  :  why  used  in  place  of  utf     193,  b.     B.  282,  \,a\  H.  568,  7. 

7.  se  invito:  Svithout  his  permission,'  lit.  'he  (being)  unwilling.' 
U4,a.  conarentur:  177,  <^,  and  220.  B.  324,  i  ;  A.  593;  H.  652. 
prohibere  :  sc.  eos. 

8.  ea  digs  :  April  13  ;  see  chap.  7,  1.  23. 

9.  revertgrunt :  '  returned.'  79,  d.  more  et  exemplo  :  *  con- 
sistently with  the  settled  usage,'  lit.  *  custom  and  precedent.'  136,  c. 
B.  220,3;  H.  475»3- 

10.  iter  :  '  right  of  way.'  fllll :  here  used  as  a  noun,  *  to  any  one.' 
vim  facere  :   '  use  force.'     18,  a. 

11.  conentur,  [seeos]  prohibitxlrum  [esse]  :  in  the  direct  form,  si 
conabimini,  prohibt'bo.     215  \  218,  (i),  a.     B.  314,  i  ;  A.  580;  H.  643. 

12.  ea  spSdgiecti:  'disappointed  in  their  expectations,' lit.  'cast 


1,8]         The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians         23 

Helvetii,  ea  spe  deiecti,  navibus  iunctis  ratibusque  com- 
pluribus    factis,  alii  vadls    Rhodani,  qua  minima  altitude 
fluminis  erat,  non   numquam   interdiu,    saepius   noctu,   si 
perrumpere  possent,  conati,  operis   munitione  at  militum  is 
concursu  et  telis  repulsl,  hoc  conatu  destiterunt. 


Figure  35.  —  Lake  Geneva,  ancient  Lacus  Lenaannus. 

down  from  that  hope.'  57,  b.  spe :  1^^  a.  nSvibus  .  .  .  factis : 
'joined  boats  together,'  attempting  to  make  a  floating  bridge,  *and 
made  a  number  of  rafts,'  for  poling  across.     How  lit  ?     ll^k^  b,  (2). 

13.  alii :  '  others,'  relatively  few,  compared  with  the  number  who  tried 
to  cross  in  the  ways  just  mentioned.        vadis  :   754,  a.        minima  :  22. 

14.  n5n  numquam:  < sometimes.'  interdiu:  'by  day.'  sae- 
pius :  35.         noctu  :  '  at  night.' 

15.  si  perrumpere  possent:  '(to  see)  whether  they  could  break 
through';  2iii^x  conati.  204,  (4).  B.  300,  3  ;  A.  576,^;  H.649,  il,  3. 
conati :  participle,  but  trans,  'tried.'  61,  a,  (i),  and  228,  a.  operis 
munitione :  '  by  the  strength  of  the  fortifications,'  i.e.  murus,  fossa^ 
castella.     How  lit.? 

16.  concursu:  'by  the  rapid  massing,' at  points  attacked.  ^,  and 
20,  b.  telTs :  'by  (their)  missiles.'  repulsT:  'forced  back.' 
conatu:  'they  gave  up'  (lit.  'desisted  from')  'the  attempt.'  127 y  a, 
B.  214;  A.  402;  H.  462. 


24  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

The  Helvetians  get  leave  to  go  through  the  counti'y  of  the 
Sequanians. 

9.  Relinquebatur  una  per  Sequanos  via,  qua,  Sequanis 
invltis,  propter  angustias  Ire  non  poterant.  His  cum  sua 
sponte  persuadere  non  possent,  legatos  ad  Dumnorigem 
Aeduum  mittunt,  ut,eo  deprecatore,  a  Sequanis  impetrarent. 

s  Dumnorix  gratia  et  largitione  apud  Sequanos  plijrimum 
poterat,  et  Helvetiis  erat  amTcus,  quod  ex  ea  civitate 
Orgetorlgis  filiam  in  matrimonium  duxerat,  et  cupiditate 
regni  adductus  novis  rebus  studebat,  et  quam  plurimas 
civitates  suo  beneficio  habere  obstrictas  volebat.      Itaque 

CO  rem  suscipit,  et  a   Sequanis   impetrat,  ut  per   fines  su5s 

9.  I.  Relinquebatur:  *  There  was  left.'  90,  a.  una  via  :  'only 
the  way,'  described  in  chap,  6,  11.  2-5.  qu5:  134,  «•  SSquanos  : 
282.         Sequanis  invitis  :  lJU,b,  (4). 

2.  angustias:  <the  narrowness'  of  the  road  through  the  Mill-race 
Gorge  (Fig.  32).  His:  105.  sua  sponte:  *  by  their  own  influ- 
ence.'   17,  d,  and  157,  b. 

3.  possent:   184,  a,  a.nd  66,  b. 

4.  eo    deprecatore:     'through     his    intercession.'     144^  b,  (6). 
impetrarent :  '  they  might  gain  their  request.'     177,  b,  and  196,  a.     B. 
268,  3  ;  A.  485,  ^ ;  H.  546. 

5.  grStiSi  et  largitione:  'on  account  of  his  popularity  and  lavish 
giving.'  135,  a.  plurimum  poterat :  '  had  very  great  influence,' 
lit.  'was  able  to  a  very  great  degree.'  118,  b.  A  fuller  account  of 
Dumnorix  is  given  in  chapter  18,  where  we  learn  that  he  had  prac- 
tical control  of  the  revenues  of  the  Aeduans  and  was  bitterly  opposed 
to  Caesar;  a  coin  struck  by  Dumnorix  is  shown  in  Fig.  42. 

6.  Helvgtiis:  108,  a.     B.  192,  i  ;  A.  384  ;  H.  434. 

7.  Orgetorlgis  .  .  .  duxerat:  see  chap.  3,  11.  15-18,  and  Notes. 

8.  novis  rebus  studgbat :  '  was  eager  for  a  revolution.'  105.  B. 
187,  II,  a\  A.  368,  3;  H.  426,  I.  quam  plurimSs  :  'as  many  ...  as 
possible.'     153s  c. 

9.  suo  beneficio  obstrictSs  :  *  placed  under  obligation  to  himself,' 
lit. 'bound  by  his  own  favor.'      volSbat :  71.       Itaque  :' Accordingly.' 

10.  rem:  'the  negotiation.'  impetrat:  'obtained  a  promise.* 
How  lit.? 


1, 10]       The  Campaign  against  the   Helvetians  25 

Helvetios  Ire  patiantur,  obsidesque  uti  inter  sese  dent,  per- 
ficit:  Sequani,  ne  itinere  Helvetids  prohibeant ;  Helvetii, 
ut  sine  maleficio  et  iniuria  transeant. 

Caesar,  learning  of  their  plan,  brings  Jive  legions  from  Italy. 

10.  Caesari  renuntiatur,  Helvetiis  esse  in  animo  per 
agrum  Sequanorum  et  Aeduorum  iter  in  Santonum  fines 
facere,  qui  non  longe  a  Tolosatium  finibus  absunt,  quae 
civitas  est  in  provincia.  Id  si  fieret,  intellegebat  magno 
cum  periculo  pr5vinciae  futurum,  ut   homines  bellicosos,  s 

1 1 .  patiantur  :  199,  a,  (8) .  obsidgs  .  .  .  perficit :  '  and  brought 
about  an  exchange  of  hostages  '  (lit.  '  that  they  should  give ')  '  between 
them.'  Hostages  were  exchanged  as  a  pledge  of  good  faith ;  if  the 
agreement  were  violated,  they  were  liable  to  be  put  to  death  with  tortures. 
uti  .   .   .  dent:  after  perficit.    20S,  (3).     B.  297,  i  ;  A.  568;  H.  571. 

12.  SSquani,  Helvetii  i  in  partitive  apposition  with  the  subject  of 
dent;  freely,  'the  Sequanians  (giving  hostages).'  91,  c.  itinere: 
127,  a.  B.  214,  2;  A.  400;  H.  464.  ne  .  .  .  prohibeant.  ut  .  .  . 
trSnseant :  substantive  clauses  with  the  subjunctive  of  purpose,  ex- 
pressing the  terms  of  the  agreement  for  the  ratification  of  which  the 
exchange  of  hostages  was  arranged. 

10.  I.  renuntiatur:  'Word  was  brought  (back)  to  Caesar,'  re- 
implying  that  men  had  been  sent  out  by  him  and  now  returned  with  the 
information.  79,  d.  esse:  subject  oi  renuntiatur ',  cf.  chap.  7,  11. 
12-14,  and  Notes. 

3.  non  longe  .  .  .  absunt:  the  territories  of  the  Santones  were 
on  the  west  coast,  more  than  100  miles  from  the  nearest  point  of  the 
Province ;  see  Map.  If  the  Helvetians  should  reach  their  destination, 
they  would  be  further  from  the  Province  than  when  they  started ;  yet  ' 
even  at  that  distance  they  might  become  dangerous  neighbors  because 
they  would  no  longer  be  kept  on  the  defensive  by  the  Germans. 
quae  civitas  :  '  a  state  which,'  the  state  of  the  Tolosates.     165,  b. 

4.  Id  :  the  migration  to  the  territory  of  the  Santones,  iter  .  .  .  facere. 
fieret  .  .  .  futurum  [esse]  :  in  the  direct  form,  flet  .  .  .  erit.  70,  a, 
and  218,  (i),  a. 

5.  cum:  136,  a.  provinciae :  'to'  (lit.  'of')  'the  Province.' 
102.  ut  .  .  .  haberet:  'to  have';  how  lit..?  203,  {i).  B.  297,  2; 
A.  569,  2;  H.  571,  I.         bellicosos:  'warlike.'      75, f. 


26  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

-    populi  Romani  inimicos,  locis  patentibus  maximeque  fru- 

mentarils  finitimos  haberet. 

Ob  eas  causas  el  munlti5ni,  quam  fecerat,  T.  Labienum 

legatum  praefecit ;  ipse  in  Italiam  magnis  itineribus  con- 
lo  tendit,  duasque  ibi  legiones  conscribit,  et  tres,  quae  circum 

Aquileiam  hiemabant,  ex  hlbernis  educit ;  et,  qua  proximum 


Figure  36.  —  A  road  through  the  Alps. 


6.  inimlcSa:  9tya.  locis  .  .  .  flnitimSs :  108,  «,  and  115^  b. 
B.  192,  I  ;  A.  384;  H.  434,  2.  Caesar  had  no  reason  to  interfere  with 
the  passage  of  the  Helvetians  through  the  country  of  the  Sequanians 
unless  it  was  clear  that  Roman  interests  would  be  unfavorably 
affected  by  it.  patentibus:  '  open '  to  attack,  not  being  protected 
by  natural  barriers.         frumentarils  :' productive '  of  grain.     SO. 

8.  mflnltieni :  707,  b,  and  74,  b.         T. :   Titum.     19,  a. 

9.  leg^tum  :  '  lieutenant-general,'  or  '  lieutenant.'  313,  a.  prae- 
fScit :  'placed  in  charge  (of).'  67,  b.  Italiam:  Cisalpine  Gaul  is 
here  meant.     283,  b. 

10.  du&s  legiSnSs:  the  nth  and  12th.  cSnscrlbit :  'raised,' 
by  conscription.  trCs :  sc.  legiones,  the  7th,  8th,  and  9th  legions. 
ciroum  :  '  in  the  neighborhood  of,'  lit.  *  around  ' ;  the  winter-quarters 
were  not  in  the  town.     122,  a. 

11.  Aquileiam:  a  flourishing  Roman  colony  near  the  head  of  the 


1, 10]       The  Campaign  against  the   Helvetians         27 

iter  in  ulteriorem  Galliam  per  Alpes  erat,  cum  his  quinque 
legionibus  Ire  contendit. 

Ibi  Ceutrones  et  Graioceli  et  Caturiges,  locis  superi5ribus 
occupatis,  itinere  exercitum  prohibere  conantur.  Com-  is 
pluribus  his  proeHis  pulsis,  ab  Ocelo,  quod  est  oppidum 
citerioris  provinciae  extremum,  in  fines  Vocontiorum 
ulterioris  provinciae  die  septimo  pervenit ;  inde  in  Allo- 
brogum  fines,  ab  Allobrogibus  in  Segiisiavos  exercitum 
ducit.     Hi  sunt  extra  provinciam  trans  Rhodanum  primi.    20 

Adriatic  Sea.        hiemSbant :  '  were  wintering.'        hibernis  :  '  (their)  • 
winter  quarters.'     127,  c,  and  S35,  a,  b. 

12.    ulteriorem  Galliam :  286.         Alpes:  291.         cum:  127  ^b. 

14.  Ibi:  i.e.  in  the  Alps;  Caesar's  route  lay  over  the  pass  of  Mt. 
Gen^vre,  which  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  Alps.  The  roads  over  all  the 
Alpine  passes  are  of  the  same  general  character.  See  Map  i,  and 
Figures  36  and  92.  loois  superioribus  occupStis  :  'seized  com- 
manding heights  and.'     How  lit.  ?     i^^  b,  (2). 

15.  itinere:  127,  a.  B.  214,  2;  A.  400;  H.  464.  Compluribua 
proeliis  :  '  in  a  number  of  engagements.'     121,  a. 

16.  his  pulsis:  'driving  them  off.'  How  lit.  ?  144i  b,  (2),  and 
160,  b.         ab  :  here  '  from.' 

17.  citerioris  provinciae:  'nearer' from  the  viewpoint  of  Rome. 
28It.  extremum  :  i.e.  most  westerly. 

18.  ulterioris  provinciae:  290.  pervenit:  '  passed  through.' 
175,  h.        inde  :  trace  on  Map  i  Caesar's  route  from  Ocelum. 

19.  exercitum :  three  trained  legions  from  near  Aquileia,  and  two 
legions  of  recruits  just  levied  in  Cisalpine  Gaul  (the  nth  and  12th),  with 
which  was  joined  the  tenth  legion,  released  from  guarding  the  fortifica- 
tion below  Geneva ;  for  the  campaign  against  the  Helvetians  Caesar  had 
thus  6  legions,  aggregating  about  22,000  men,  besides  cavalry.  Light- 
armed  troops,  used  in  the  campaign  of  57  and  afterwards,  are  not 
mentioned  in  Book  I.     307,  e. 

20.  trans  Rhodanum :  Caesar  probably  crossed  the  Rhone  by  a 
pontoon  bridge,  a  short  distance  above  the  junction  with  the  Arar. 
The  Segusiavi  were  clients  of  the  Aeduans,  hence  on  good  terms  with 
the  Romans.  Most  of  their  territory  was  on  the  west  side  of  the  Rhone, 
but  they  seem  to  have  occupied  also  the  narrow  corner  between  the 
Rhone  and  the  Arar. 


28  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

The  Aeduans,  Amharri  and  Allohroges  entreat  Caesar's  aid 
against  the  Helvetians,  who  are  ravaging  their  country. 

11.    Helvetii   iam    per   angustias  et   fines  Sequanorum 

suas  copias  traduxerant,  et  in  Aeduorum  fines  pervenerant 

eorumque  agros  populabantur.     Aedui,  cum  se  suaque  ab 

eis  defendere  non  possent,  legates  ad    Caesarem  mittunt 

s  rogatum  auxilium : 

Ita  se  omnl  tempore  de  populo  Rdrndno  meritos  esse^  «/, 

paene  in    cdnspectu    exercitus    nostrl,    agrt    vdstdrf,    liberi 

,  eorum  in  servitutem  abducl,  oppida  expugndri  non  debuerint. 

11.  I.  angustias  :  chap.  9, 1.  2,  andN. :  chap.  6, 11.  2-5,  and  Notes. 
It  must  have  taken  Caesar  7  or  8  weeks  to  go  to  Cisalpine  Gaul,  gather 
his  forces  there,  and  bring  them  across  the  Province  to  the  north  side  of 
the  Rhone.  Meanwhile  the  Helvetians  with  their  throng  of  women  and 
children  and  their  loaded  carts  had  slowly  threaded  the  narrow  Mill-race 
Gorge,  and  had  advanced,  in  all,  only  about  100  miles. 

2.  trSduxerant :  '  had  led  (across).'  Aeduorum  finSs  :  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Arar,  which  the  van  of  the  Helvetian  host  already  had 
crossed.     See  Map  i. 

3.  populabantur:  'were  laying  waste.'  61^  a,  (i),  and  175,  a. 
sua  :  '  their  possessions.'     151^^  a. 

4.  possent:  184,  a.     B.  286,  2;  A.  549;  H.  598. 

5.  rogatum:  'to  ask  for.'     231,  a.         auxilium:  'help.'     231,  b. 
6-8.   Direct  form:    Ita  {nos)  omnl  tempore  de  populo  Romano  meriA 

sumusj  ut,  paene  in  cdnspectu  exercitus  tut,  agri  vastari,  llberl  nostri  in  servi- 
tutem abduci,  oppida  expugnarl  non  debuerint. 

6.  Ita  sS  .  .  .  meritSs  esse :  '  (saying)  that  they  had  so  (well) 
deserved.'  213,  b.  omni  tempore  :  '  at  all  times ' ;  with  us  "  every 
time"  has  a  different  force.  More  than  40  years  before,  in  121  b  c,  the 
Aeduans  had  by  treaty  been  recognized  as  socii popiili  Romdni,  '  allies  of 
the  Roman  people.'  The  Romans  were  first  led  to  intervene  in  the 
affairs  of  Transalpine  Gaul,  however,  not  in  the  interest  of  the  Aeduans, 
but  in  response  to  a  request  of  Massilia  for  protection  against  the 
incursions  of  Ligurian  tribes  east  of  the  Rhone;  this  was  in  155  B.C. 
d6  :  we  should  say  '  of.' 

7.  paene:  'almost.'  nostri:  157,  c.  vastari:  'to  be  laid 
waste.'    221,  a.        llberl  e5rum  :  'their  children.' 


1, 11]       The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians  29 

Eodem  tempore,  quo  AeduT,  Ambarri,  necessarii  et 
consanguinei  Aedu5rum,  Caesarem  certiorem  faciunt,  sese,  lo 
depopuldtis  agrtSy  non  facile  ab  oppidls  vim  hostium  pro- 
hibere.  Item  AUobroges,  qui  trans  Rhodanum  vicos 
possessi5nesque  habebant,  fuga  se  ad  Caesarem  recipiunt, 
et  demonstrant,  sibi  praeter  agri  solum  nihil  esse  reliqui. 

Quibus  rebus  adductus  Caesar  n5n  exspectandum  sibi  is 
statuit,    dum,  omnibus    fortunis  sociorum    consumptis,  in 
Santonos  Helvetii  pervenirent. 

8.  servitutem  :  'slavery,'  the  penalty  of  capture.  10,  f.  ab- 
duci:  '  (to  be)  led  away.'  expugnari:  *  (to  be)  taken  by  assault.' 
non  debuerint :  '  ought  not.'  191,  b.  Why  debeant  in  the  direct  form  ? 
171,  b,  and  S51,  b. 

9.  quo:  141,0-'  Aedui:  sc.  legdtos  mitUmt.  necessarii: 
'  relatives,'  including  connections  by  marriage.     IBJj-,  a,  and  91,  a, 

10.  consanguinei :  '  kinsmen,'  comprising  only  blood  relations. 
Notwithstanding  their  close  relationship  with  the  Aeduans,  the 
Ambarri  had  a  separate  coinage  (Fig.  16). 

11.  dSpopulatis  agris :  '(their)  lands  had  been  ravaged  and.' 
How  lit.?  55, /^,  and  1^,  b,  (2).  B.  112,  b\  A.  190,  <^;  H.  222,2. 
prohibere  :  211^^  a,  and  213,  a. 

12.  trans  Rhodanum  :  i.e.  on  the  north  side  of  the  Rhone,  probably 
west  of  the  Mill-race  Gorge. 

13.  fuga:  136,  b.         se  recipiunt :  *  made  their  escape.' 

14.  dgmonstrant:  'stated.'  115,  b.  sibi  .  .  .  nihil  esse  re- 
liqui: 'that  they  had  nothing  left.'  213,  a.  sibi:  111.  B.  190; 
A.  373;  H.  430.  agri  solum:  '  the  bare  ground ' ;  how  lit.?  re- 
liqui: used  as  a  noun,  dependent  on  nihil.     91,  a.     B.  201. 

15.  Quibus:  161.  non  exspectandum  [esse]  sibi:  'that  he 
ought  not  to  wait.'     13,  e,  and  89,  c     How  lit.  ?        sibi:  110. 

16.  dum  .  .  .  consumptis:  'until  everything  that  the  allies  had 
should  have  been  destroyed,  and.'     How  lit.?     11^1^.,  b,  (2). 

17.  Santonos:  'the  (country  of)  the  Santoni';  previously  (chap. 
10,  1.  2),  spelled  '  Santones.'  Caesar  was  inconsistent  in  the  spelling  of 
this  name,  which  appears  in  Roman  letters  on  a  coin ;  see  Vocab. 
under  Santones.  The  name  survives  in  that  of  the  city  Saintes. 
19,  e,  and  282.  pervenirent:  190.,  b.  B.  293,  iii,  2;  A.  553; 
H.  603,  II,  2. 


30 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


IB.C.  68 


Caesar  cuts  to  pieces  one  division  of  the  Helvetians  at  the  Arar. 

12.  Flumen  est  Arar,  quod  per  fines  Aeduorum  et  Se- 
quanorum  in  Rhodanum  Influit,  incredibili  lenitate,  ita  ut 
oculis,  in  utram  partem  fluat,  iudicari  non  possit  Id 
Helvetii  ratibus  ac  lintribus  iunctis  transibant. 


Figure  37.  —  The  Saone  at  Trevoux,  looking  upstream. 


12.  I.  Flumen  eat  Arar:  < There  is  a  river,  the  Aran'  90,  a. 
Arar:  now  Sa6ne  (pronounced  son).  18,  e.  quod:  antecedent? 
per  fines  :  for  a  part  of  its  course  the  Arar  formed  the  boundary  between 
the  Aeduans  and  the  Sequanians,  who  engaged  in  violent  strifes  over 
the  right,  claimed  by  both,  to  levy  tolls  on  passing  vessels.  The  country 
along  the  Arar  furnished  the  best  quality  of  bacon,  which  was  exported 
to  Rome. 

2.  incrSdibili  16nit5te:  < of  incredible  sluggishness.'  143,  a.  B. 
224;  A.  415  ;  H.  473,  2.         incrgdibill:  74,  f. 

3.  oculis  :  '-  with  the  eye.'  92,  a,  and  ISl,  a.  in  utram  par- 
tem :  'in'  (lit.  Mnto')  'which  direction.'  23,  a.  fluat:  204^  (3). 
B.  300,  i;  A.  574;  H.  649,11.  iudio5rI:  '(to)  be  determined.' 
221,  a.  possit :  the  subject  is  the  indirect  question  in  .  .  .fluat,  but 
trans,  'it  can  not,'  etc.     Near  Trdvou.x,  14  miles  north  of  Lyons,  the 


1, 12]       The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians  31 

Ubi  per  exploratores  Caesar  certior  factus  est,  tres  iam  5 
partes  c5piarum  Helvetios  id  flumen  traduxisse,  quartam 
fere  partem  citra  flumen  Ararim  reliquam  esse,  de  tertia 
vigilia  cum  legionibus  tribus  e  castris  profectus  ad  earn 
partem  pervenit,  quae  nondum  flumen  transierat.  Eos 
impeditds  et  inopTnantes  aggressus,  magnam  partem  eorum  10 
concidit;  reliqui  sese  fugae  mandarunt  atque  in  proximas 
silvas  abdiderunt.  Is  pagus  appellabatur  Tigurinus  ;  nam 
omnis  civitas  Helvetia  in  quattuor  pagos  divisa  est. 

current  of  the  Sa6ne  is  to-day  for  a  short  distance  as  sluggish  as  in 
Caesar's  time  (Fig.  37)  ;  and  here  the  Helvetians  probably  crossed  the 
river. 

4.  lintribus  iunctis  :  '  by  (means  of)  small  boats  fastened  together' ; 
the  floats  thus  constructed,  as  well  as  the  rafts,  could  be  easily  poled 
across  in  the  still  water.     15,  a,  and  131,  a. 

5.  exploratorgs  :  'scouting  parties.'  327.  trgs  ...  traduxisse  : 
trans,  as  li  Helvetios  iatn  tres  partes  ('three  quarters')  cdpidrum 
trans  id  flilinen  diixisse.     ll^i  a-     B.    179,  i;    A.  395;  H.  413. 

7.  citra :  '  on  this  side  of,'  i.e.  the  east  side.  122,  a.  Ararim  : 
18,  e.         de  tertia  vigilia  :  2Jt.2,  d. 

8.  legionibus  tribus:  about  11,000  men.  137,  b.  castris: 
probably  not  far  from  Sathonay,  east  of  the  Saone,  above  its  junction 
with  the  Rhone.     See  Map  i.         profectus  :  61,  a,  (3). 

9.  Bos  :  160,  b. 

10.  impeditos  et  inopinantes :  'hampered  and  off  their  guard.' 
The  fighting  men,  scattered  throughout  the  encampment,  were  completely 
surprised  and  had  no  chance  to  form  a  line  of  battle  ;  the  Roman  soldiers 
plied  their  savage  short  swords  rapidly  and  effectively.  322,  e. 
aggressus  :  '  attacking.'     57,  c,  and  226,  c. 

1 1 .  concidit :  how  different  from  concidit  f  reliqui :  151^,  a,  and 
171,  a.  vadinAdiXMnt :  =  manddverimt \  lit.  'committed  themselves 
to  flight,'  where  we  should  say  '  took  to  flight.'  64,  a,  (i)-  in  :  trans. 
'  in ' ;  lit. '  into,'  on  account  of  the  idea  of  motion  in  abdiderunt,  as  if  we 
should  say  they  (went)  '  into  the  neighboring  woods  '  (and)  '  concealed 
themselves.' 

12.  pagus:  'canton,'  properly  a  territorial  division,  here  used  of 
the  inhabitants.         Tigurinus  :  I48,  a. 

13.  civitas;  288,  a.         divisa:  I48,  c. 


32  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  68 

Hic  pagus  uniis,  cum  domo  exTsset,  patrum  nostrorum 
ismemoria  L.  Cassium  cdnsulem  interfecerat.et  eius  exerci- 

tum  sub  iugum  miserat.    Ita  sive  casu  sive  consilio  deorum 

immortalium,    quae    pars  cTvitatis  Helvetiae  msignem  ca- 

lamitatem   populo  Romano  intulerat,  ea  princeps  poenas 

persolvit. 
20      Qua  in  re  Caesar  non  solum  publicas,  sed  etiam  privatas 

iniurias  ultus  est,  quod  eius  soceri  L.  Pisonis  avum,  L. 

Pisonem  legatum,  TigurinI  eodem   proelio,  qu5  Cassium, 

interfecerant. 

Caesar,  bridging  the  Arar,  crosses.     The  Helvetians  send  envoys. 

13.  Hoc  proeli5  facto,  reliquas  copias  He]veti5rum  ut 
consequi  posset,  pontem  in  Arari  faciendum  curat  atque 
ita  exercitum  traducit. 

14.  domo  :  ISO,  b.  B.  229,  i,  ^ ;  A.  427,  i ;  H.  462,  4.  ezisset : 
68,  b,  and  185,  c. 

.  15.    memoria:    'within  the  memory.'     11^7,  b.     B.  231;  A.  423; 
H.  487.         L.  Cassium  .  .  .  miserat :  see  chap.  7, 11.  15-17,  and  Notes. 

16.  sive  .  .  .  sive  :  235,  b.  cSsu :  <  by  chance.'  20,  a,  and 
1S5,  a.         deorum  :  8,  d. 

1 7.  quae  pars  :  trans,  as  if  ea  pars  civitatis  Helvetiae,  quae.  165,  c. 
insignem:   'notable.'     25,  a.         calamitatem  :  'disaster.' 

18.  populo  :  10 J^,  a.  princeps  persolvit :  '  was  the  first  to  pay.' 
152,  b.        poenSs:  92,  a. 

20.  Qua :  167.        non  solum  .   .  .  sed  etiam  :  236,  d. 

21.  ultus  est:  61,  a,  (3),  and  176,  a.  quod  .  .  .  interfe- 
cerant :  i.e.  quod  TigurinI,  eodevi proelio  quo  Cassiufu  {interfecerant)^ 
interfecerant  Liiciutn  Pisonem  legatum,  avum  Lficii  Pisonis,  eius 
(Caesar's)  soceri.  Lucius  Calpurnius  Piso,  consul  in  58  B.C.,  was  the 
father  of  Caesar's  fourth  wife,  Calpurnia,  whom  he  had  married  in  the 
previous  year.     253.        soceri :  7,  b. 

22.  proeliS:   1^7,  b.     B.  230,  2  ;  A.  424,  ^/;   H.  486,  i. 

13.    I.    Hoc    proelio    facto:     trans,    as    if   post    hoc    proeliutn. 

m,b,{2). 

2.  consequi:  'to  pursue.'  61, a,  (2).  posset:  lf)(>\a.  pontem 
faciendum  cflrat :  '  he  (Caesar)   had  a  bridge  built,'  i.e.  by  the  me^ 


I.  13] 


The  Campaign  against  the   Helvetians 


33 


Helvetii,  repentino  eius  adventu  commoti,  cum  id,  quod 
ipsi  diebus  xx  aegerrime  confecerant,  ut  flumen  transirent,  s 
ilium  uno  die  fecisse  intellegerent,  legates  ad  eum  mittunt ; 
cuius  legationis   Divic5   princeps  fuit,  qui  bello   Cassiano 
dux  Helvetiorum  fuerat.     Is  ita  cum  Caesare  egit : 


Figure  38.  —  The  Rhone  below  Geneva. 


chanics,  fabrt,  of  whom  there  were  a  number  enrolled  in  the  legions ; 
it  was  doubtless  a  pontoon  bridge.  229,  b,  and  210,  b.  B.  337,  8, 
/^,  2  ;  A.  500,4;  H.  622.         in:  ^  over.' 

4.  repentino:  'unexpected.'  commoti:  'alarmed.*  cum, 
etc. :  trans,  as  if  cum  intellegerent  ilium  (Caesar)  iind  die  fecisse  ('had 
accomplished ')  id  quod,  etc'     178,  and  185,  c. 

5.  XX:  viginti.  38,  b.  ut  flumen  transirent:  a  substantive 
clause  explaining  id',  trans,  'the  crossing  of  the  river.'     203,  (4). 

7.  cuius  legationis  :  '  and  of  this  delegation.'  167.  princeps  : 
10,  b.  bello  Cassiano:  'in  the  war  with  Cassius.'  1J{7,  b.  As  the 
defeat  of  Cassius  took  place  in  107  B.C.,  at  the  time  of  which  Caesar  was 
writing,  58  B.C.,  Divico  must  have  been  between  70  and  80  years  old. 
The  Helvetians  preferred  to  avoid  a  conflict  with  Caesar,  but  the  tone 
of  Divico's  language  made  a  mutual  understanding  impossible. 

8.  cum  Caesare  egit :  '  treated  with  Caesar.'     137 »  c. 


34  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

Si  pdcem  populus  Romdnus  cum  Helvetils  faceret,  in  earn 

lo  partem  ituros  atqne  ibi  futuros  Helvetios^  ubi  eos  Caesar 

cons  tituis  set  atque  esse  voluisset ;  sin  be  lid  perse  qui  perse- 

verdrety  reminisceretur  et  veteris  incommodi  populi  Romdni 

et  pristinae  virtUtis  Helvetiornm. 

Quod  improviso  Unum  pdgum  adortus  esset,  cum  eiy  qui 

15  flUmen  trdnsissent^  suis  auxilimn  ferre  non  possenty  ne  ob 

earn  rem  aut  suae  magnopere  virtuti  tribueret  aut  ipsos  de- 

9-13.  Direct  form:  Si  pacem  populus  Romanus  cum  HelvetiTs  y&«>/,  in 
earn  partem  Ibunt  atque  ibi  erunt  Helvetit,  ubi  eos  (/«)  constiiueris  atque  esse 
volueris ;  sin  bello  persequT  perseverdbis,  remintscere  et  veteris  incommodi 
populi  Roman!  et  pristinae  virtutis  Helvetiorum. 

9.  faceret,  ituros  [esse],  futflros  [esse]  :  89,  c^  and  218,  (i),  a. 
B.  314,  i;  A.  589;  H.  642,643.^ 

10.  ubi:   =  in  qua. 

1 1 .  constituisset,  voluisset :  in  the  direct  form,  future  perfect 
indicative;  the  tense  is  influenced  by  the'tense  of  egit.  177,  a.  B. 
319,  B,  «;  H.  644,  2.  bell6:  ISl,  a.  persequi :  sc.  eos,  'to 
assail  (them).'  61,  a,  (3),  and  221,  a.  persevgrSret :  <  (Caesar) 
should  continue.' 

12.  reminisceretur:  'he  should  remember.'  216.  B.  316;  A. 
588;  H.  642.  veteris:  26,  a.  incommodi:  the  defeat  of  Cas- 
sius.     Why  genitive?     103,  a.     B.  206,  2  ;  A.  350,  c\  H.  454. 

13.  pristinae  :' old-time.'         virtutis:   75,  c,  2iVid  81. 

14-21.  Direct  form:  Quod  improviso  unum  pagum  adortus  «,  cum 
el,  qui  flumen  trdnsierant^  suIs  auxilium  ferre  non  possent,  ndti  ob  eam  rem 
aut  tuae  magnopere  virtuti  tribuere,  aut  nos  despicere ;  inos)  ita  a  patribus 
maioribusque  nostris  didicimus,  ut  magis  virtute  contenddmus  quam  dolo  aut 
insidils  nitdmur.  Quare  noli  committer e  ut  is  locus,  ul)i  constiterimus  (future 
perfect),  ex  calamitate  populi  R5manl  et  internecione  exercitus  nomen  capiat 
aut  memoriam  prodat. 

14.  Quod:  198,  b.  improvisS  :  'suddenly.'  pSgum :  what 
canton?     see  chap.  12.         adortus  esset,  translssent :  214',  a- 

15.  suis:  'to  their  (countrymen).'  154,  a.  possent:  subjunc- 
tive also  in  the  direct  form.     185,  c. 

16.  rem :  the  'fact'  expressed  by  the  clause  Quod .  .  .  adortus  esset. 
magnopere  :  adv.,  takes  the  place  of  a  direct  object ;  '  that  he  should 
not  presume  overmuch.'        virtati:    104,  b.        tribueret:  216.     B. 


1. 14]       The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians         35 

spiceret ;  se  ita  a  patribus  maioribiisque  siils  didicisse,  ut 
magis  virtute  contenderent,  quant  dolo  aiit  Insidiis  nlteren- 
tur.     Qiidre  ne  committeret,  ut  is  locus,  ubi  constitissent,  ex 
calamitdte  populi  Romdni  et  internecione  exercitus    nomen  20 
caperet  aut  memoriam  proderet. 

Caesar  lays  down  conditions;  the  Helvetians  scornfully  reject  them. 

14.    His  Caesar  ita  respondit : 

Eo  sibi  mimis  dubitdtionis  dai'l,  quod  eds  res,  quds  legdtt 

316;  A.  588,  N.  2;  H.  642.         aut  .  .  .  aut:  2S5,  a,  and  b.         ipsos : 
<  them,'  i.e.  Helvetios.     162,  b. 

17.  ita  ...  ut:  197,  b.  maioribus :  'forefathers.'  15  J^,  a. 
didicisse:  'had  learned.'  178.  ut  .  .  .  contenderent :  'to  fight.' 
197,  a.     B.  284,  I  ;  A.  537,  i  ;  H.  570. 

18.  magis:  'rather.'  35.  quam  [ut]  niterentur  :  'than  to  rely 
upon.'  dolo  aut  insidiis:  'deceit  or  ambuscades.'  ISl,  c.  B. 
218,3;  A.  431  ;  H.  476,  3. 

19.  Quare  :  237,  a.  ne  oommitteret,  ut  is  locus  .  .  .  caperet : 
'he  should  not  allow  that  place  to  take';  how  lit.?  committeret: 
cf.  tribueret,  1.  16.  ubi  constitissent :  '  where  they  should  have 
taken  their  stand,'  in  order  to  fight  the  Romans. 

20.  internecione:  'annihilation.'  exercitus:  'of  an  army,'  i.e. 
Caesar's  army.  nomen  :  so  the  name  Bloody  Brook,  in  Massachusetts, 
commemorates  an  Indian  massacre. 

21.  caperet:  56,  and  203,  (3).  B.  297,  i  ;  A.  568,  N.  i  ;  H.  571, 
3.  memoriam  proderet:  i.e.  ?ne?noriam  calaniitdtis  poster  is 
proderet  ('transmit'). 

14.     I.    His:  legatts  Helvetiorum.     104,  b. 

2-7.  Direct  form :  Eo  mihi  minus  dubitationis  datur,  quod  eas  res,  quas 
cotnmemordvistis,  memoria  teneo,  atque  eo  gravius  fero,  quo  minus  merlto 
populi  Roman!  acciderunt ;  qui  si  alicuius  iniuriae  sibi  conscius  fuisset,  non 
fuit  difficile  cavere  ;  sed  e5  deceptus  est,  quod  neque  commissum  [esse]  a  se 
intellegebat,  quare  timeret,  neque  sine  causa  timendum  [esse]  putdbat. 

2.  Eo :  'for  this  reason,'  explained  by  the  following  ^?^6>^-clause. 
135,  a,  and  160,  c.  sibi  .  .  .  dari :  '  that  he  had  less  hesitation,' 
lit.  'that  less  of  hesitation  is  given  to  him.'  97,  b.  B.  201,  2;  A. 
346,  a,  3;  H.  442.         sibi:  158,  a,  and  IO4,  a. 


36 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  68 


Helvetil  contmemordssent^  memorid  teneret,  atque  eo  gravius 
ferre^  quo  minus  merito  populi  Romdni  accidissent ;  qui  si 
salicuius  iniuriae  sibi  conscius  fuisset,  non  fuisse  difficile 
cavere  ;  sed  eo  deceptum,  quod  neque  commissum  d  se  ifttel/e- 
gerety  qudre  timerety  neque  sine  causa  timendum  putdret. 


3.  commemorlssent :  61^^  a,  (i).  memoria  teneret:  <he 
remembered.''  ISl^  a.  eo  gravius  ferre,  quo  minus  :  sc.  siy  'that 
he  felt  all  the  more  indignant '  (lit.  '  that  he  bears  them  by  that  the 
more  heavily'),  'the  less.'    11^.0.     B.  223  ;  A.  414,  a\  H.  479. 

4.  merito  populi  Roman! :  '  in  accordance  with  what  was  due  to ' 
(lit.  'the  desert  of)  'the  Roman  people.'      136^  c.    B.  220,  3.        acci- 
dissent :    '  they    had    happened.' 
21Ji^a.      qui :  ^popiilus  RomdnuSy 
'  it,'  or  '  they.'    167. 

5.  alicuius  :  from  <z%wi".  J^^a. 
iniuriae :  102.  B.  204,  i  ;  A. 
349,«;  H.451,  I.  sibiriOP, /z. 
fuisse :  why  fuit  in  the  direct 
form  ?  208 y  b.  B.  304,  3,  « ;  A. 
437,^;  H.  583,3. 

6.  cavgre :  '  to  take  precau- 
tions,' lit.  'to  be  on  guard,' against 
reprisals,  which  the  Roman  people 
would  have  expected  if  they  had  in 
any  way  wronged  the  Helvetians. 
eo:  as  in  1.  2.  dgceptum : 
ejwi  (i.e.  populiun  Romdnuvi)  de- 
ceptum  esse,  'that  they  had  been 
deceived.'       neque  .  .  .  putSret : 

<on  the  one  hand  they  understood  that  nothing  had  been  done  by 
them  which  should  cause  them  to  fear,  and  on  the  other  they  thought 
that  they  ought  not  to  be  afraid  without  cause.'  How  lit.  ?  com- 
missum [esse]  :  impersonal,  but  trans,  with  ?ieque  as  if  et  nihil  com- 
missum esse. 

7.  timSret :  subjunctive  also  in  the  direct  form ;  trans,  qudre 
2^?>\{  propter  quod.  104,  a.  B.  283,  1  ;  A.  535,  a;  H.  591,  4. 
timendum  [esse]  :  impersonal,  lit.  '  it  ought  not  to  be  feared.' 
73,  e. 


Figure  39.  — Rusted   Gallic   swords 
and  scabbards,  found  in  France. 


1, 14]       The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians  37 

Quod  SI  veteris  coiitiimeliae  obliviscl  vellet,  niim    etiain 
recentiiim  iniuridrum,  quod^  eo  invito,  iter  per  provinciam 
per  vim   temptdssent,  quod  Aedtios,  quod  Ambarros,  quod  lo 
Allobrogas  vexdssent,  nicmoriam  deponere  posse  ? 

Quod  sud  victorid  tain  Insolenter  gloridrentur,  quodque 
tain  diu   se    impune    iniurids  tulisse  adnilrdrentur,  eddent 

8-1 1.  Direct  form :  Quod  sT  veteris  contumeliae  oblivIscI  void,  num 
etiam  recentium  iniuriarum,  quod,  t}ie  invItS,  iter  per  provinciam  per  vim 
temptdvistis,  quod  Aeduos,  quod  Ambarros,  quod  Allobrogas  vexdvistis, 
memoriam  deponere  possum  ? 

8.  Quod:  lit.  'as  to  which,'  referring  to  the  thought  of  the  preced- 
ing sentence ;  trans.  '  Even.'  118,  d.  ^retexia:  28,  b.  contume- 
liae :  '  indignity,'  the  destruction  of  Cassius's  army,  in  107  B.C.  103,  a. 
B.  206,  2;  A.  350,  b\  H.  454.  vellet:  218,  (i),  a.  num  .  .  . 
posse:  179,  b,  {i). 

9.  recentium  iniuriarum:  dependent  on  inemoriain  in  1.  11  ;  'of 
fresh  outrages,'  specified  in  the  following  appositional  clauses  intro- 
duced by  quod,  'that.'  198,  b,  and  211^,  a.  B.  299,  i,  «  ;  A.  572  ;  H. 
588,  3.  eo:  =  Caesare;  'in  despite  of  him,'  lit.  'he  (being)  unwill- 
ing.'    lU,  b,  (5).     B.  227,  I  ;  A.  419,  a  ;   H.  489. 

10.  temptassent:  6Ji.,  a,  (i).  quod,  quod:  sc.  vexdssent. 
239,  a,  and  89,  a. 

11.  Allobrogas:  19,  f.         depSnere  :  'put  aside.'     221,  a. 

12-17.  Direct  form:  Quod  vestrd  victSria  tam  insolenter  gloridmini, 
quodque  tam  diu  vos  impune  iniurias  tulisse  admlrdmini,  eodem  periinet. 
Consuerunt  enim  dl  immortdles,  quo  gravius  homines  ex  commutatione  rerum 
doleant,  quos  pr5  scelere  eorum  ulclscl  volunt,  his  secundiores  interdum  res 
et  diuturniorem  impunitatem  concedere. 

12.  Quod:  'The  fact  that';  the  two  clauses  introduced  by  quod 
stand  as  subject  oi  pertinere.  198,  b,  and  214,  a-  s"^  victoria: 
'of  their  victory'  over  the  Romans  under  Cassius,  107  B.C.  136,  a, 
and  5i.  insolenter:  'arrogantly.'  34,  a.  gloriarentur :  'they 
were  boasting.'    214,  ^• 

13.  tam  .  .  .  tulisse:  'that  they  so  long  had  kept  on  perpetrating 
wrongs  without  punishment.'  How  lit.?  admirarentur :  'they 
marveled.'  61,  a,  (i).  eodem  pertinere:  'pointed  in  the  same 
direction,'  toward  impending  retribution  for  the  wrongs  committed  by 
the  Helvetians. 


38  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  68 

pertinere.     Consuesse   enint    deds   immortdles^  quo  gravius 
xs  homines   ex   commutdtione  rerum  doleant,  quos  pro  scelere 
eorum  tdclscl  velint^  his  secundiores  interdmn  res  et  diutumi- 
orem  impunitdtem  concedere. 

Cunt  ea  ita  sinty  tainen,  si  obsides  ab  els  sibi  dentnr,  uti 

ea^    quae  polliceanttir,  fac turds  intellegat,  et  si  Aeduls   de 

20  iniurilSy  qiids  ipsis  socilsque  eorum  intulerint,  item  si  Allo- 

brogibus  satisfaciant^  sese  cum  els  p deem  esse  facturum. 

Divico  respondit : 

Ita  Helvetios  d  maioribus  siils  Institutos  esse^  utt  obsides 

14.  Consuesse:  'are  wont.'  6Ui  (J">  (2),  and  176^  b\  also,  ;?i4?  ^• 
deos:  <9,  d.  quo:  19S,  b.  B.  282,  i,  <?;  A.  531,  2,  «  ;  H.  568,  7. 
gravius  :  '  more  bitterly.'     54,  «• 

15.  ex  commutatione  r§ruin :  *in  consequence  of  reverses.' 
How  lit.?       doleant:  *  may  suffer.'       scelere:  'wickedness.'     IS^  e. 

16.  ulciscT :  223^  b.  his  :  '  to  those,'  antecedent  of  quos  in  1.  15. 
seoundiorSs  rSs  :  *  a  more  prosperous  estate.'  diuturniorem  : 
'more  prolonged.'     76,  b. 

17.  impunitatem :  'escape  from  punishment.'  106,  a.  con- 
cSdere  :  after  Consuesse  in  1.   14.     221,  a,  and  113,  b. 

18-21.     Direct  form:  Cum  haec  ita  sint,  tamen,  si  obsides  a  vobts  mihi 
'   dabuntur,   uti    ea,    quae  polliceminT,   vos   facturos    [esse]    intellegam,  et   si 
Aeduls  de  iniuriis,  quas  ipsIs  socilsque  eorum  intulistis,  item  si  Allobrogibus 
satis/acietisy  voblscum  pacem  facia m. 

18.  Cum:  'Although.'  187.  B.  309;  A.  549;  H.  598.  ea : 
/laec  in  the  direct  form.     160,  a.        tamen:  236,  a. 

19.  ea  :  object  oi  fadiiros  [esse'],  with  which  supply  eos  as  subject. 
polliceantur:  'they  promised.'  61,  a,  (2).  Aeduls:  dat.  after 
satisfaciattt .     106.         d6  :  'for.' 

20.  ipsTs  :  the  Aeduans.         socils  :  the  Ambarri. 

21.  satisfaciant :  '  they  should  make  restitution.'     79,  b. 

23-25.  Direct  form:  Ita  Helvetii  a  maioribus  suls  tnstitutt  sunt,  uti  ob- 
sides accipere,  non  dare,  consuerint;   huius  rei  popultis  Romdnus  est  testis. 

23.  Ita  institutos  esse :  'had  inherited  such  traditions.'  How 
lit.?  uti  .  .  .  consuCrint:  'that  they  were  accustomed.'  64,  a, 
(2),  and  197,  b. 


I,  15]        The  Campaign  against  the   Helvetians  39 

accipere,  non  dare,  consuerint ;  eius  rei  populum  Romdnum    ' 
esse  testem.  25 

Hoc  response  dato,  discessit. 

Tlie  Helvetians  resume  their  march,  defeating  Caesar^ s  cavalry; 
Caesar  follows. 

15.  Postero  die  castra  ex  eo  loco  movent.  Idem  facit 
Caesar  equitatumque  omnem,  ad  numerum  quattuor  mi- 
lium, quem  ex  omni  provincia  et  AeduTs  atque  e5rum 
socils  coactum  habebat,  praemittit,  qui  videant,  quas  in 
partes  hostes  iter  faciant.  Qui,  cupidius  novissimum  5 
agmen  Insecuti,  alieno  loco  cum  equitatu  Helvetiorum 
proelium  committunt ;  et  pauci  de  nostrls  cadunt. 

Quo  proelio  sublati  Helvetii,  quod  quingentis  equitibus 


25.  esse  testem:  ^was  a  witness';  we  should  say  'could  furnish 
testimony.' 

26.  Hoc  response  dato:  'after  making  this  reply.'  144,  b,  (2). 
discessit :  '  he  (Divico)  withdrew.' 

15.  I.  Postero:  'the  following.'  3S.  movent:  sc.  Helvetii. 
175,  b.         Idem  :  neuter  accusative.     4^- 

2.    equitatum  :  '  his  cavalry.'     157,  a,  3.nd  309,  d.  ' 

4.  coactum  habgbat :  229,  a.  B.  337,  7;  A.  497,  <^ ;  H.  431,3. 
qui  videant:  "  to  see  ' ;  how  lit.?  193,  a.  B.  282,  2  ;  A.  531,2;  H. 
590.  videant :  plural  because  the  subject  gut  is  plural,  on  account 
of  the  idea  o{  egm'tes  in  the  antecedent  equitatum.  164,  d,  and  238,  h. 
quas  in  partes  :  '  in  what  direction.'     How  lit.  ?     48,  a. 

5.  faciant:  204,  (2).  B.  300,  i;  A.  574;  H.  649,  n.  Qui: 
167 .  cupidius  :  '  too  eagerly.'  153,  a.  novissimum  agmen  : 
the  'rear'  of  the  Helvetians.     27,  b,  and  12,  e. 

6.  insecuti:  61,  a,  {^).  alieno  loco  :  '  on  unfavorable  ground,' 
probably  too  hilly  to  admit  of  free  movement.     145,  c,  and  6,  c. 

7.  dg  nostris  :  trans,  as  if  nostrdruin.  97,  d.  From  pauci  .  .  . 
cadunt  we  infer  that  the  rest  made  good  their  escape  through  flight. 
The  kind  of  weapons  used  by  the  Helvetians  may  be  inferred  from  the 
spear  heads  and  dart  heads  shown  in  Fig.  40. 

8.  sublati:  'elated';  see /^//^  in  the  Vocab.  quingentis:  36. 
equitibus  :  131,  b. 


40 


Caesar's  Gallic   War 


[B.C.  58 


tantam  multitudinem  equitum  propulerant,  audacius  sub- 
lo  sistere  non  numquam  et  novissimo  agmine  proelio  nostr5s 
lacessere  coeperunt.  Caesar  su5s  a  proelio  continebat,  ac 
satis  habebat  in  praesentia  hostem  rapinis,  pabulati5nibus 
populationibusque  prohibere. 

Ita  dies  circiter  quindecim  iter  fecerunt,  uti  inter  novissi- 

9.  propulerant:  'had  routed'';  but  the  4000  cavalry  of  Caesar 
were  Gauls,  only  the  officers  being  Romans.  audtcius  :  '  with  greater 
boldness.'    34,  a.        Bubsistere  :  '  to  halt,'  as  they  were  marching. 

10.  novissimo  agmine  :  '  with  (their)  rear,' attacking  the  Romans 
who  were  following  them.  121,  b,  a.nd  152,  a.  proelio:  131,  a. 
nostros  :  'our  men.'     154,  a. 


S-^. 


K 


^l^'IgV^i!^ 


Jl^^A 


^^^         "^ = 


fnrTfri» 


Figure  40.  —  Gallic  spear  heads  and  dart  heads. 

Of  iron,  of  various  types.     Nos.  2,  4.  5,  7,  and  8  were  found  in  the  Helvetian  country, 
near  Lake  Neuchatel  :  no-  6  was  found  on  the  site  of  Bibracte. 


11.  lacessere:  'to  harass.'  coepSrunt:  72,  b.  suos :  'his 
soldiers.'     154^  a. 

12.  satis  habSbat:  'considered  (it)  sufficient';  the  object  of 
habibat  is  prohibere,  and  satis  is  used  as  a  predicate  accusative.  115^ 
a.  in  praesentia:  '  for  the  present.'  rapInis,  pabuiatiOnibua 
populationibusque:  'from  pillaging,  foraging,  and  laying  waste'  the 
country.     92,  a,  and  127,  a.     B.  214,  2  ;  A.  401  ;  H.  464. 

14.   Ita  :  197,  b.        diSs  :  118,  a.     B.  181  ;  A.  423 ;  H.  417. 


1, 16]       The  Campaign  against  the   Helvetians         41 

mum    hostium    agmen  et  nostrum    primum    non    amplius  15 
quinis  aut  senis  milibus  passuum  interesset. 

The  Aeduans  do  not   bring  grain  ichich  they  have  promised; 
Liscus  discloses  treachery. 

16.  Interim  cotidie  Caesar  Aeduos  frumentum,  quod 
essent  publice  polliciti,  flagitare.  Nam  propter  frigora,  non 
modo  frumenta  in  agris  matura  non  erant,  sed  ne  pabuli 
quidem  satis  magna  copia  suppetebat ;  eo  autem  frumento, 
quod  fliimine  ArarT  navibus  subvexerat,  propterea  minus  5 
uti  poterat,  quod  iter  ab  Arari  Helvetii  averterant,  a  quibus 

15.  primum  [agmen]  : 'van.'  328.  amplius:  '  more.'' subject  of 
interesset.     154,  a. 

16.  quinis,  senis  :  distributive,  ' five  or  six  miles'  each  day.  36. 
milibus  :  129,  a  ;  2^3,  b,  and  38,  a.  B.  217  ;  A.  406 ;  H.  471 .  inter- 
esset :  '  intervened.'     66,  a. 

16.    I.    Interim:  'Meanwhile.'  Aeduos,  frumentum  :  116,  a. 

B.  178,  I,  ^;  A.  396;  H.  411.  quod  essent  polliciti:  'which  (he 
said)  they  had  promised ' ;  Caesar  the  writer  presents  the  statement  of 
Caesar  the  commander  as  if  it  were  quoted  from  someone  else.  21Ji.,  b. 
B.  323;  A.  592,3;  H.649,  I. 

2.  publics  :  '  in  the  name  of  the  state.'  flagitare  :  'kept  demand- 
ing.' 182.  B.  335;  A.  463  ;  H.  610.  frigora:  'cold  seasons,'  the 
spring  being  later  than  in  Italy.     92,  c. 

3.  frumenta  :  the  plural  is  used  by  Caesar  of  standing  grain  ;  '  crops 
of  grain.'  matura:  'ripe.'  81.  nS  .  .  .  quidem:  'not  even.'  231,  c. 
pabuli :  '  of  fodder,'  required  for  the  baggage  animals  as  well  as  the 
horses  of  the  cavalry. 

4.  autem:  236,  a.  frumento:  after  7?^f.  131,  c.  B.  218,  i  ;  A. 
410;  H.  477. 

5.  flumine  :  13^,  a.  B.  218,  9  ;  A.  429,  «;  H.  476.  Ararl:  18,  e. 
subvexerat :  '  he  had  brought  up.' 

6.  averterant :  the  Helvetians  had  at  first  followed  the  valley  of  the 
Arar  {Sadne')  northward,  but  now  '  had  turned  away  from  the  Arar ' 
and  passed  westward  into  the  valley  of  the  Liger  {Loire),  avoiding  the 
mountainous  country  opposite  the  place  where  they  had  crossed  the 
Arar;  see  Map  i. 


42  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

discedere  nolebat.     Diem  ex  die  ducere  Aedul;   conferri, 
comportari,  adesse  dicere. 

Ubi  se  diutius  duci  intellexit  et  diem  instare,  qu5  die 

lofrumentum   militibus   metiri  oporteret,  convocatis    eorum 

prlncipibus,  qu5rum  magnam  copiam  in  castris  habebat,  in 

his  Diviciaco  et  Lisco,   qui  summo  magistratui  praeerat, 


Figure  41.  —  Mount  Beuvray. 
Site  of  Bibracte,  the  Aeduan  capital,  seen  from  the  west.     Highest  elevation.  2690  feet. 

7.  Diem  ex  diS  ducere :  sc.  eum,  *  were  putting  him  off  from  day 
to  day.'  Diem  :  118,  a.  ducere,  dicere  :  historical  infinitives.  182, 
conferri,  comportSrT,  adesse:  sc.  frumentum,  'that  (the  grain)  was 
being  collected'  from  individuals,  'that  it  was  being  brought'  to 
Caesar's  headquarters,  '  that  it  was  just  at  hand ' ;  climax,  with  asyn- 
deton.    238,  a,  and  239,  d. 

9.  diiltius:  'too  long.'  153,  a.  InstSre  :  '  was  near.'  i 75,  and 
213,  a.     di§  :  not  translated.     165,  a. 

10.  frflmentum  :  object  of  metiri.  m6tirl :  '  to  measure  out.'  61,  a, 
(4),  and  222,  a.  B.  327,  i  ;  A.  454;  H.  615.  How  often  did  the  sol- 
diers receive  grain  ?  317.  oportgret :  73,  a,  b,  and  21 J^,  a, 
convocatis:    '  having  called  together.'     How  lit.?     i^,  ^,  (2). 

12.    DlviciSco    et    Lisco:     sc.     convocatis.  summd :     SS. 

magistratui:    lOflf,    a,    and    82,    b.  praeerat:    we    say    'held.' 

66 y  a. 


I,  17]       The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians         43 

quern  *  vergobretum  '  appellant  Aedui,  qui  creatur  annuus 
et  vltae  necisque  in  suos  habet  potestatem,  graviter  eos 
accusat,  quod,  cum  neque  emi  neque  ex  agrls  sumi  posset,  is 
tarn  necessario  tempore,  tam  propinquis  hostibus,  ab  eis 
non  sublevetur,  praesertim  cum,  magna  ex  parte  eorum 
precibus  adductus,  bellum  susceperit ;  mult5  etiam  gravius, 
quod  sit  destitutus,  queritur. 

17.  Tum  demum  Liscus,  oratione  Caesaris  adductus, 
quod  antea  tacuerat,  proponit : 

13.  vergobretum:  'vergobret.'  115,  a,  and  289,  a.  Meaning? 
See  Vocab.  qui:  ^who';  the  antecedent  is  vergobretimi.  creS- 
tur :  'is  elected.''  The  seat  of  government  was  at  Bibracte,  which  was 
securely  situated  on  the  top  of  a  mountain  (Fig.  41).  annuus: 
'annually.'     151. 

14.  vitae  necisque  :  '  of  life  and  death.'  102.  in  suds:  'over 
his  countrymen.'    15Ii.,a.     eos  accusat : 'he  took  them  to  task.'    175^b. 

15.  emi:  'be  purchased.'  56.  neque  .  .  .  neque:  233,  a. 
posset:  sc.frt'imentum.     220. 

16.  necessario  tempore:  'at  so  critical  a  time.'  1^7,  a. 
hostibus:  144,  b,  (2). 

17.  non  sublevetur:  with  quod,  'because  (as  he  said)  he  received 
no  help  from  them,'  lit.  'was  not  helped  by  them.'  21^,  b\  see  n.  to 
chap.  16,  1.  \,  quod  essent  pollicitl.  praesertim  cum:  'especially 
since.'  18^^  a,  b.  magna  ex  parte:  'in  great  measure.' 
eorum  precibus  :  'by  their  entreaties.'    135,  a. 

18.  bellum:  'campaign'  against  the  Helvetians.  multo :  llfi. 
B.  223;  A.  414;  H.  471,  10. 

19.  sit  destitutus :  translate  as  if  pluperfect,  '  he  had  been  aban- 
doned ' ;  the  time  is  past  relatively  to  that  of  queritur,  which  is  a  his- 
torical present,  '  he  complained.'     177,  b,  and  214,  b. 

17.  2.  quod:  as  antecedent  supply  id  with  proponit.  160,  c. 
antea:  'previously.'  tacuerat:  'had  kept  to  himself.'  How  lit.? 
proponit:  'brought  forward  (saying),'  i.e.  'declared.'     213,  a. 

3-1 1.  Direct  form:  Non  nu lit  sunt,  quorum  auctSritas  apud  plebem  plu- 
rimum  valet,  qui  prlvatim  plus  possunt  quam  ipsi  magistratus. 

Ht  seditiosa  atque  improba  oratidne  multitudinem  deterrent,  ne  fru- 
mentum  cSnferant,  quod  {conferre)  debent ;  {dicunt)  praestare  .  .  .  sint 
erepturi. 


44  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

Esse  non  nullos^  qudnini  aiictoritds  apud  plebem  pliiri- 
miim  valeat,  qui  pyivdtim  plus  possint  quam  ipsl  magis- 
s  trdtus. 

Hos  seditiosd  atque  improbd  ordtione  miiltitudmem 
deterr'ere,  ne  fj'umentum  conferant,  quod  debeant :  praestdrey 
SI  iam  prlncipdtum  Galliae  obtinere  non  possint,  Gallorum 
quam  Romdnorum  hnperia  perferre  ;  neque  dubitdre  debere. 
loqutn,  si  Helvetios  superdverint  Romdni,  und  cum  reliqud 
Gallid  Aeduls  llbertdtem  sint  erepturl. 

3.  Esse  non  nfill5s :  that  there  were  some  men.  90,  a,  and  212,  b 
and  c\  also  23,  a,  and  154,  a.  plurimum  valeat :  'carried  very 
great  weight.'     32,  and  118,  b. 

4.  privatim:  'as  private  individuals.'  71.  plus  possint  :•  had 
more  power.'  The  state  of  affairs  here  depicted  arose  from  the  feudal 
organization  of  society,  which  rendered  it  possible  for  the  great  land- 
holders to  control  multitudes  of  personal  adherents.  Cf.  chap.  4,  11. 
4-8  and  Book  VI,  chap.  15.     288,  289. 

6.  sgditiosa  atque  improbS  oratione  :  '  by  seditious  and  shame- 
less propagandism.'  Among  the  Aeduans  there  was  a  strong  party 
opposed  to  the  Romans. 

7.  d§terrere  :  'were  holding  back'  by  inspiring  fear.  n6  .  .  . 
conferant:  'from  furnishing.'  201,  a.  B.  295,  3;  A.  558,  b;  H.  566. 
conferant :  plural  because  of  the  idea  of  plurality  in  mtdtitudinem. 
173,  b.  dgbeant:  'they  were  under  obligation  to  furnish';  lit. 
'owed.'  praestare  .  .  .  grepturi:  parenthetical  indirect  discourse, 
summarizing  the  line  of  argument  {oratione,  1.  6)  by  which  the  anti- 
Roman  leaders  influenced  the  Aeduan  populace ;  '  (saying)  that  it  was 
better,'  etc.  213,  a. 

8.  si  iam  .  .  .  non  possint  :  'if  they  (the  Aeduans)  could  no 
longer.'  218,  (i),  a.  Formerly,  for  a  considerable  period,  the  Aeduans 
had  been  the  leading  people  in  Gaul  (VI.  13).  Gallorum:  'of 
Gauls,'  i.e.  of  Helvetians. 

9.  imperia :  plural  as  referring  to  the  acts  of  a  sovereign  power, 
trans,  'the  rule.'  perferre:  'to  endure';  subject  oi  praestare, 
neque  dubitSre  d6b6re  :  so.  se  '  and  they  ought  not  to  doubt  that.' 

ID.  superdverint:  'should  have  vanquished.'  218,  (i),  b,  and 
219.      tlna:  adverb. 

n.    Aeduls;    dative.     109,  b.       B.    188,  2,  d\    A.  381;    H.  427- 


1, 18]       The  Campaign   against  the   Helvetians  45 

Ab  els  dent  nostra  consilia,  quaeque  in  castrls  gerantur^ 
hostibns  enuntidrl ;  hos  dse  coerceri  non  posse.     Quin  etiam, 
quod  necessdriam  rem  codctiis  Caesari  enuntidrit,  intellegere 
sese,  quanto  id  cum  perlciilo  fecerit,  et  oh  earn  causant,  quam  is 
diu  potuerit,  tacuisse. 

Privately  Caesar  learns  that  Dumnorix  is  the  arch-traitor, 

18.*  Caesar  hac  oratione  LiscI  Dupinorigem,  Diviciaci 
fratrem,  designari  sentiebat ;  sed,  quod  pluribus  praesenti- 
bus  eas   res    iactarl   nolebat,   celeriter  concilium    dimittit, 

sint  Srepturi :  '  they  were  going  to  take  away '  ;  subjunctive  also  in 
direct  discourse.     201,  c,  and  63. 

1 2-1 6.  Direct  form:  Ab  elsdem  tua  consilia,  quaeque  in  castris ggruniur, 
hostibus  eniintiantur ;  hi  a  me  coerceri  n5n  possunt.  QuIn  etiam,  quod 
necessariam  rem  coactus  tibi  enilntidvl,  intellego,  quanto  id  cum  pericul5 
fecerim,  et  ob  earn  causam,  quam  diu  potul,  tacul. 

12.  nostra:  from  the  Roman  point  of  view,  quaeque  .  .  .  geran- 
tur:  'and  whatever  is  done/  lit.  'and  what  things  are  done.' 

13.  s§:  Liscus.  coerceri:  'be  restrained';  Liscus's  'power  of 
life  and  death,'  which  he  had  as  vergobret,  was  here  of  no  avail. 
Quin  etiam  :  '  moreover.' 

14.  quod  .  .  .  enuntiarit :  61^,  a,  (i),  and  198,  c.  coactus: 
'  under  compulsion,'  by  reason  of  the  vehemence  of  Caesar's  com- 
plaints (chap.  16,11.  14-15)  and  his  position  as  the  highest  Aeduan 
official. 

15.  id:  refers  to  the  clause  quod  .  .  .  enuntiarit.  160,  c. 
periculo  :  '  danger.'  1S7,  c,  and  81^.  fecerit :  trans,  as  if  pluper- 
fect.    20Ji,  (3).         quam  diu:  'as  long  as.' 

16.  tacuisse  :  intransitive,  sc.  se  as  subject;  'he  had  kept  silent.' 
18.    I.  Dumnorlgem:  10,  c.         Diviciaci:  19,  d,  Siud  289,  c. 

2.  designari:  'was  meant.'  213,  a.  sentiebat:  'perceived.' 
pliiribus  praesentibus  :  'with  many  persons  present.'     144,  b,  (2). 

3.  res  :  '  matters,'  i.e.  the  real  reasons  why  the  state  of  the  Aeduans 
had  not  made  good  its  promises.  iactari :  '  should  be  discussed.' 
22s,  a.  celeriter  :  '  quickly,'  so  as  to  shut  off  discussion.  34-,  a- 
concilium:  'the  assembly'  of  leading  Aeduans  {^principibus,  chap.  16, 
I.  11).         dimittit:  'dismissed.' 


46  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

Liscum    retinet.     Quaerit  ex  solo   ea,   quae   in  conventu 
s  dixerat ;  dicit  liberius  atque  audacius. 

Eadem  secret5  ab  aliis  quaerit,  reperit  esse  vera : 
Ipsum  esse  Dumnorigeniy  summd  ajiddcid,  magna  aptid 
plebein  propter  liberdlitdtcni  grdtid,  cupidum   rermn  nova- 
rum.     Complures  annos,  portoria   reliqiiaqiie  omnia  Aeduo- 
lo  rum  vectigdlia  panw  pretio  redempta  habere,  proptered  quod^ 
Hid  licente,  eontrd  licerl  audeat  nemo. 

4.  retinet :  '  (but)  detained.''  2S8,  a.  Quaerit  ex  [eo]  solo  ea, 
quae :  '  (Caesar)  asked  him  alone  about  what,'  lit.  '  those  things 
which.'    116,  c.         conventu:  '  the  conference.'    1. 

5.  dIcit:  sc.  Lzscus.         liberius:  '  more  freely.'     34,  a. 

6.  sScrStd  :  *  privately.'  34,  b.  reperit :  '  he  found.'  esse 
v6ra :  sc.  ea,  'that  they  (Liscus's  statements)  were  true.'     148,  c. 

7-1 1.  Direct  form:  Ipse  est  Dunmortx,  summa  audacia,  magna  apud 
plebem  propter  liberalitatem  gratia,  cupidus  rerum  novarum.  Complures 
ann5s  portoria  reliquaque  omnia  Aeduorum  vectigalia  parvo  pretio  redempta 
habet,   propterea  quod,  illo  licente,  contra  liceri  audit  n^nib . 

7.  Ipsum :  in  predicate,  but  trans.  '  that  in  fact  it  was  Dumnorix,' 
as  Caesar  had  surmised  (1.  2).  How  lit.?  162,  a.  For  the  incHrect 
discourse  see  212,  a-c.  summa  aud&ciS :  "  (a  man)  of  the  utmost 
audacity.'     I42,  a.     B.  224;  A.  415  ;  H.  473,  2. 

8.  liberalitatem:  'lavish  giving.' 

9.  annds :  118,  a.  portoria:  'tolls,'  levied  chiefly,  we  may 
assume,  upon  goods  passing  through  the  cruntry  along  the  roads  and 
rivers.         reliqua:  171,  a. 

10.  vectigalia :  '  revenues  '  in  general ;  vedlgal  (derived  from 
vectus,  participle  of  veho^  means  that  which  is  '  brought  in '  to  the 
public  treasury.  16,  d.  pretiS  :' price.'  141-  redgmpta  habSre  : 
trans,  as  if  redemisse  '  (he)  had  farmed.'  229,  a.  The  Aeduan 
revenues  were  "  farmed  out "  as  among  the  Romans  :  that  is,  the  priv- 
ilege of  collecting  taxes  was  sold  at  auction  to  the  highest  bidder,  who 
guaranteed  to  the  state  a  certain  sum,  did  the  collecting  through  his 
agents,  and  kept  for  himself  all  that  he  could  make  above  the  amount 
paid  into  the  public  treasury  and  the  costs  of  collection.  The  "pub- 
licans "  of  the  New  Testament  were  collectors  of  taxes  under  this  system, 
which  afforded  large  opportunity  for  corruption  and  extortion. 

11.  ill6  licente:  'when  he  made  a  bid.'     67,  rt,  (2),  and  144y  <*• 


1, 18]       The  Campaign  against  the    Helvetians  47 

His  rebus  et  suani  rem  familidrem  auxisse  et  facilitates 
ad  largiendum  magnds  compai'dsse ;  magnum  numerum 
equitdtus  sud  sumptu  semper  alere  et  circum  se  habere,  neque 
solum  domiy  sed  etiam  apud  finitimds  ■  clvitdtes  largiter  15 
posse,  atque  huius  potentiae  causa  mdtrem  in  Biturlgibus 
hom,inl  illic  nobilissimo  ac  potentissimo  collocdsse ;  ipsum 
ex  Helvetils  uxorem  habere,  sororem  ex  mdtre  et  propinquds 
suds  nuptum  in  alids  clvitdtes  collocdsse. 


bid  against  Dumnorix,  he  could  obtain  the  right  to  collect  the  taxes  on 
terms  most  favorable  to  himself.    (Fig.  42.) 

12-19.  Direct  form:  HTs  rebus  et  suam 
rem  familiarem  auxit  et  fac'ultates  ad  largi- 
endum magnas  compardvit.  Magnum  nume- 
rum   equitatus    suo    sumptu    semper    alit  et 

circum  se  habet ;  neque  solum  doml,  sed  etiam  Figure  42.  —  Coin  of 

apud  flnitimas  cTvitates  largiter  potest,  atque  Dumnorix. 

huius  potentiae  causa  matrem  in  Biturlgibus  Silver.  Obverse,  helmeted  head; 

homini   illlc  nobilissimo  ac  potentissim5   col-  inscription  dubnocou.     Reverse. 

,     _    .          .                   ,_,_...           _             /    ,    .  warrior  carryingf  a  Gallic  standard 

locavit;     ipse    ex     Helvetus    uxorem    ^«^^^,  ^jth  the  image  of  a  boar,  of  which 

sororem  .  .  .  collocdvit.  only  the  lower  part  is  seen ;    in- 

^      ^^^  scription,  DUBNOREX. 

12.  et    .    .    .    et:  233,    a.  rem 

familiarem:  'private  fortune.'        auxisse:  '(he)  had  increased.' 

13.  ad  largiendum:  'for  bribery.'  61,  a,  (4),  and  230,  (3). 
comparasse  :  6 If.,  a,  (i). 

14.  suo  siimptii:  'at  his  own  expense.'  alere:  'maintained.' 
neque  :  trans,  as  if  ^^  non.     233,  a. 

15.  solum:  'only.'  236,  d.  domi:  ^0,  <:,  and  i4^.  largiter 
posse  :  '  had  great  influence.'     How  ht.  ? 

16.  huius  potentiae  causa :  '  to  increase  this  influence.'  How  lit.  ? 
135,  b.         matrem:  11,  e.         Biturlgibus:  10,  c. 

17.  illio  :  '  of  that  country.'  How  lit.?  collocasse  :  '  (he)  had 
given  in  marriage.'         ipsum  :  '  (he)  himself,'  Dumnorix. 

18.  uxorem  :  '  wife,'  a  daughter  of  Orgetorix  (chap.  3, 1.  17).  13,  d. 
sororem  ex  matre :  'half-sister,  on  his  mother's  side.'  propin- 
quas  :  '  his  female  relatives.' 

19.  niiptum  in  .  .  .  collocasse :  '  had  settled  in  marriage  among 
.  .  .*     How  lit.?     231,  a.     B.  340,  i,  b\  A.  509;  H.  633,  i. 


48  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

20  Favere  et  cupere  Helvetiis  propter  earn  affinitdtem^  odisse 
etiam  sno  ndmine  Caesarem  et  RdntdnoSy  quod  eorum  ad- 
ventu  potentia  eius  deminuta  et  Divicidcus  f rater  in  anti- 
qmirn  locum  grdtiae  atque  honoris  sit  restitutns.  St  quid 
accidat  Romdnls^  siimmam  in  spent  per  Helvetios  regnt  ob- 

25  tinendi  ventre  ;  imperio  popnll  Romdni  ndn  modo  de  regno, 
sed  etiam  de  ed,  qiiam  habeat,  grdtid  desperdre. 

Reperiebat  etiam  in  quaerendo  Caesar,  quod  proelium 
equestre  adversum  paucis  ante  diebus  esset  factum,  initium 
eius  fugae  factum  a  Dumnorige  atque  eius  equitibus  (nam 

20-26.  Direct  form :  Favet  et  cupit  Helvetiis  propter  earn  affinitatem, 
odit  etiam  sud  nomine  Caesarem  et  Romanos,  quod  adventu  potentia  eius 
deminuta  \_esf\  et  Diviciacus  frater  in  antiquum  locum  gratiae  atque  honoris 
est  restitutus.  Si  quid  accidat  RomanTs,  summam  in  spem  per  Helvetios 
regnl  obtinendi  veniat ;  imperio  populT  Romani  non  modo  de  regno,  sed 
etiam  de  ea,  (juam  hahet,  gratia  desperat. 

20.  Favere  et  cupere:  '(he)  favored  and  wished  (success).'' 
affinitatem:    'relationship.'         odisse:  *  (he)  hated.'     72,  a,  b. 

21.  suo  nomine  :  'personally.'     How  lit.  ?     135,  a. 

22.  deminuta  [sit]  :  '  had  been  lessened.'  in  antiquum  locum  : 
*to  his  former  position,'  which  the  rise  of  Dumnorix  had  obscured. 
Diviciacus  was  a  man  of  some  culture.  Five  years  previously,  in  63  B.C., 
he  had  visited  Rome. 

23.  sit  restitutus :  '  had  been  restored.'  Si  .  .  .  venire  : 
218,  (2).         quid  :  49,  a,  and  168. 

24.  accidat:  here  used  of  something  unfavorable ;  our  expression 
"if  anything  should  happen  to  him,"  has  a  similar  underlying  sugges- 
tion,      per  :  <■  with  the  help  of.'     123,  a.       rSgnl  obtinendi :  230,  (i) . 

25.  imperio:  'under  the  supremacy.'  138.  non  modo  .  .  . 
sed  etiam  :  236,  d.         d6  rSgno  :  '•  of  the  kingship.' 

27.  quaerendo  :  230,  (4).  quod,  etc. :  'that  (in)  the  disastroys 
cavalry  engagement  which  had  taken  place ' ;  proelium  is  attracted  into 
the  relative  clause,  while  its  proper  place  in  the  antecedent  clause  is 
taken  'by  fugae. 

28.  difibus:  11^0.        initium:  'the  beginning.' 

29.  factum :  .sc.  esse.  The  implication  is  that  Dumnorix  treacher- 
ously started  with  the  Aeduan  contingent  to  flee,  and  that  this  precipi- 
tated a  general  rout. 


1, 19]       The  Campaign  against  the   Helvetians  49 

equitatui,  quern  auxilio  Caesari  Aedui  miserant,  Dumnorix  30 
praeerat),  eorum  fuga  reliquum  esse  equitatum  perterritum. 

Though  ^convinced  of  the  treachery  of  Dumnorix,  Caesar  consults 
his  brother  Diviciacus  before  taking  action. 

19.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis,  cum  ad  has  suspiciones  cer- 
tissimae  res  accederent,  quod  per  fines  Sequanorum  Hel- 
vetios  traduxisset,  quod  obsides  inter  eos  dandos  curassQt, 
quod  ea  omnia,  non  modo  iniussii  suo  et  civitatis,  sed  etiam 
inscientibus  ipsis,  fecisset,  quod  a  magistratu  Aeduorum  s 
accusaretur,  satis  esse  causae  arbitrabatur,  quare  in  eum  aut 
ipse  animadverteret,  aut  civitatem  animadvertere  iuberet. 


Figure  43.  —  Helvetian  spear. 
Found  near  the  yoke  shown  in  Figure  29. 


30.  equitatui:  107,  a.  auxilio  Caesari:  'as  an  aid  to  Caesar.' 
112,  b.     B.  191,  i,b\  A.  382,  I  ;   H.  433,  2. 

31.  esse  perterritum  :  '  had  been  thrown  into  a  panic' 

19.  I.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis  :  '  Having  found  out  these  things.' 
How  lit.  ?         suspiciones  :  '■  grounds  for  suspicion.' 

2.  rSs  :  '  facts,'  specified  in  the  following  ^«<7^-clauses.  accSde- 
rent:  trans,  as  \i  adder entur,  'were  added.'  quod  .  .  .  acpusS- 
retur  :  198,  b,  and  220.     B.  324,  i  ;  A.  593  ;  H.  652. 

3.  obsides  dandos  ciirasset :  '  had  effected  an  exchange  of  hos- 
tages.' 229,  b.  inter  eos  :  between  the  two  peoples,  the  Sequanians 
and  the  Helvetians. 

4.  iniussii  suo  et  civitatis :  '  without  his  own  (Caesar's)  authori- 
zation and  that  of  the  state '  of  the  Aeduans.     135,  b. 

5.  inscientibus  ipsis  :  'without  their  knowledge' ;  ipsis  =  Caesar  e 
et  Aediiis.  II^J^,  b,  (2).  magistratu  Aeduorum  :  Liscus,  the  vergo- 
bret  (chap.  16). 

6.  satis  .  .  .  causae:  97,  b.  B.  201,  2;  A.  346,  a,  \\  H.  443. 
esse:  'that  there  was.'  90,  a.  in  eum  ipse  animadverteret: 
*  he  himself  should  punish  him,'  lit.  '  should  give  attention  to  him.' 

7.  animadverteret :  subjunctive  also  in  direct  discourse ;  quare 
=  propter  quam.     194,  (Z-         aut  .  .   .  aut:  235,  a^  b. 


/ 


60 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  68 


His  omnibus   rebus   unum   repugnabat,   quod   Diviciaci 
fratris  summum  in  populum  R5manuni  studium,  summam 

loin  se  voluntatem,  egregiam  fidem,  iustitiam,  temperantiam 
cognoverat;  nam,  ne  eius  supplicio  DiviciacT  animum 
offenderet,  verebatur. 

Itaque  prius  quam  quicquam  conaretur,  Diviciacum  ad 
se  vocari  iubet  et,  cotidianTs  interpretibus  remotis,  per  C. 

isValerium  Troucillum,  principem  Galliae  provinciae,  fami- 
liarem  suum,  cui  summam  omnium  rerum  fidem  habebat, 
cum  eo  coUoquitur ;  simul  commonefacit,  quae,  ipso  prae- 


15J,,  a. 


*  remarkable/ 
self-control. ' 


8.  rSbus :    105.         unum:    *one  consideration.' 
pugnabat :  'weighed  against,'  lit.  'contended  against.' 

9.  fratris:  11^  e.         studium:  'devotion.'     81. 

10.  §gregiam  : 
temperantiam  : 
228,  a,  and  81 . 

1 1 .  cognoverat :  '  was  familiar 
with.'  176,  b.  eius :  trans,  as 
if  Dumnorlgis.  supplicio  :  '  by 
the  punishment.' 

12.  offenderet:  with  «/, 'that 
he  might  offend.'  202.  ver6- 
batur :    'he   was   afraid.'     61,   a, 

(2). 

13.  conSrgtur  :  i55,  <^.  Di- 
viciacum vocari : '  that  Diviciacus 
be  summoned.'     223,  a. 

14.  cotidilnis  interpretibus : 
'the  ordinary  interpreters.'     Divi- 

Figure  44.  — Lance  heads  found  at  ciacus,  notwithstanding  his  visit  to 
Alesia,  now  in  the  Museum  of  Rome,  had  evidently  not  learned  to 
St.  Germain.  speak  Latin ;   and  Caesar  did  not 

understand  Celtic.     10,  e.         per:   123,  a. 

15.  Galliae  provinciae  :  290.         familiarem  :  'intimate  friend.' 

16.  cui  .   .   .  habgbat:    'in'  (lit.  'to')  'whom  he  had  the  utmost 
confidence  in'  (lit.  'of')  'all  matters.' 

17.  eo  :    Diviciacus.  colloquitur  :    *  he   conversed.'  com- 


1,20]^     The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians         51 

sente,   in  cohcilio    Gallorum  de  Dumnorige  sint  dicta,  et 
ostendit,   quae   separatim  quisque  de   eo  apud   se  dixerit. 
Petit  atque  hortatur,  ut  sine  eius  offensione  animi  vel  ipse  20 
de  e5,  causa  cognita,  statuat,  vel  civitatem  statuere  iubeat. 

Moved  by  the  pleading  of  Diviciacus,  Caesar  pardons  Dumnorix, 
but  warns  him, 

20.  Diviciacus,  multis  cum  lacrimis  Caesarem  com  plexus, 
obsecrare  coepit,  ne  quid  gravius  in  fratrem  statueret : 

Scire  sej  ilia  esse  vera^  nee  quemquani  ex  eo  plus  quant  se 
doloris  capere,  proptered  quod,  cum  ipse  gratia  plurimum 
doml  atque  in  reliqud  Gallia,  ille  minimum  pi'opter  adule-  5 

monefacit :  <  he  called  to  mind.'        quae  :  Ji8,  a,  and  20Ji,  (2).       ipso  : 
Diviciacus. 

19.  separatim  :' separately.'  71.  quisque  :  4^,  ^.  apud  se  : 
'in  his  (Caesar's)  presence.'     158,  a. 

20.  Petit  atque  hortatur:  'He  besought  and  urged  (Diviciacus).' 
60.  ut  .  .  .  statuat,  iubeat :  199,  a.  eius :  dependent  on 
animi:  trans.,  with  sine  offensione,  'without  suffering  his  (Diviciacus's) 
feelings  to  be  hurt.'  How  lit.  ?  vel  .  .  .  vel :  235,  a,  b.  ipse  .  .  . 
statuat:  lit.,  'that  he  (Caesar)  himself  pass  judgment';  the  con- 
nection with  the  preceding  hortatur  shows  that  the  underlying  thought 
is :  'to  permit  him  (Caesar),  having  heard  the  case,  to  pronounce 
judgment  on  Dumnorix  {de  eo),  or  direct  the  state  (of  the  Aeduans)  to 
pronounce  judgment.' 

20.    I.   lacrimis:     1S6,    a.  complexus :     'embracing.'      61^ 

a,  (3),  and  226,  c. 

2.  obsecrare:  'to  entreat  (him).'  nS  quid  gravius  statueret: 
'  not  to  take  too  harsh  measures.'  How  lit.  ?  quid  :  substantive  form. 
J^9,  a  ;  117,  a,  and  168.         gravius  :  153,  a.         statueret :  199,  a. 

3.  -Scire  se  :  '  (saying)  that  he  knew.'  213,  b,  and  178.  nee 
quemquam  :  '  and  that  no  one.'  J^d,  a,  and  168.  ex  eo  :  '  on  ac- 
count of  that  fact.'  160,  c.  plus  doloris :  25,  b,  and  97,  b.  B. 
201,  i;  A.  346,^,3;  H.  442. 

4.  ipse  :  Diviciacus.  gratia :  135,  a.  plurimum  :  sc.  posset. 
118,  b. 

5.  domi:    i.e.  itt  Aeduis.     20,   c,   and   llfi.         ille:    Dumnorix. 


52  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  68 

scentiam  posset^  per  se  crevisset ;  quibus  opibus  ac  nervls  non 
solum  adminuendam  grdtiam^  sed pacne  ad perniciem  suani 
uteretur. 

Sese  tamen  et  amore  frdterno  et  exlstimdtidne  vulgi  com- 

lo  moveri.  Quod  si  quid  el  a  Caesare  gravius  accidisset^ 
cum  ipse  eum  locum  aw,icitiae  apud  eum,  teneret^  neminem, 
extstimdturuniy  non  sud  voluntdte  factum  ;  qtm  ex  re  futu- 
rum,  utl  totius  Galliae  animi  d  se  dverterentur. 

Haec    cum    pluribus    verbis    flens   a    Caesare    peteret, 

IS  Caesar  eius  dextram  prendit;  consolatus  rogat,  finem 
orandi  faciat ;  tanti  eius  apud  se  gratiam  esse  ostendit,  uti 

minimum  :  S2,  and  118,  b.  adulgacentiam  :  *  his  youth.'  Dum- 
norix  apparently  was  considerably  younger  than  Diviciacus. 

6.  per  se  crgvisset :  '  (Dumnorix)  had  increased  (in  resources  and 
strength)  through  his  help.'  12S,  a.  quibus:  'and  these.'  167. 
opibus:  'resources.'     Why  ablative?     131,  c. 

7.  ad  minuendam  grttiam  :  'to  lessen  his  (Diviciacus's)  popu- 
larity.'   230,  {-i).         perniciem:  'destruction.' 

9.  frSterno  :  i.e.  frdtris ;  'by  affection  for  his  brother,'  we  should 
say.         existimatione  vulgi:  'by  public  opinion.'     How  lit.?     6,  b. 

10.  Quod:  118,  d.  ei:  =  Dumnorigi.  a  Caesare:  'at  the 
hands  of  Caesar.'         accidisset :  218,  (i),  b. 

11.  cum:  <  while.'  eum  .  .  .  eum:  'such  a  relation  of  friend- 
ship with  Caesar.'     How  lit.  ? 

12.  non  factum  [esse]  :  'that  it  was  not  done,'  after  existimdturum 
[esse].  213,  a.  sua  voluntate :  136,  c.  B.  220,  3;  H.  473,  3. 
futfirum  [esse]  :  '  it  would  come  about ' ;  the  subject  is  utl  .  .  . 
averterentur .     203,  (i). 

14.  cum  .  .  .  peteret:  185,  c.  plflribus  verbis:  'with  very 
many  words  ;  so  we  often  say,  'at  great  length.'  138.  flCns  : 
226,  a,  and  221,  b. 

15.  dextram:  'right  hand.'  prgndit :  'grasped.'  c5ns51a- 
tus  rogat:  'reassuring  (Diviciacus)  he  asked  (him).'  61,  a,  (i),  and 
226,  c. 

16.  Srandi:  'of  his  pleading.'  230^  (l).  faciat:  'to  make.'' 
200,  a.  B.  295,8;  A.  565,  rt;  H.  565,4.  tantI  .  .  .  esse:  'that 
his  (Diviciacus's)  influence  with  himself  {se  refers  to  Caesar)  was  so 
great,'  lit.  'of  so  great  account.'     101.     B.  203,  3;  A.  417;  H.  448,  i. 


1,21]        The  Campaign  against  the   Helvetians  53 

et  rei  publicae  iniuriam  et  suum  dolorem  eius  voluntati 
ac  precibus  condonet. 

Dumnorigem  ad  se  vocat,  fratrem  adhibet ;  quae  in  eo 
reprehendat,   ostendit ;    quae  ipse  intellegat,   quae  civitas  20 
queratur,  prop5nit ;  monet,  ut  in  reliquum  tempus  omnes 
suspiciones  vitet;  praeterita  se  Diviciaco  fratri  condonare 
dicit. 

Dumnorigi  custddes  ponit,  ut,  quae  agat,  quibuscum 
loquatur,  scire  possit.  25 

Caesar  plans  to  crush  the  Helvetians  by  a  double  surprise. 

21.  Eodem  die  ab  exploratoribus  certior  factus,  hostes 
sub  monte  c5nsedisse  milia  passuum  ab  ipsius  castris  octo, 

17.  et  .  .  .  et:  233,  a.  rei  publicae:  102.  eius  voluntati: 
*  in  response  to  his  wishes ' ;  dative  of  indirect  object  on  account  of  the 
meaning  '■  give '  or  '  present '  in  con-donet.     IO4,  a. 

18.  condonet:  '  he  would  disregard.'     177,  b. 

19.  fratrem  adhibet:  Mie  had  the  brother  (Diviciacus)  present.' 
238,  a.         quae  :  J^8,  a. 

20.  reprehendat:  *  he  objected  to.'  201^,  (2).  intellegat:  — 
sciat.  civitas :  i.e.  of  the  Aeduans,  whose  agreement  to  furnish 
grain  had  been  broken. 

21.  monet:  'he  warned  (Dumnorix).'  in  reliquum  tempus: 
'for  the  future.' 

22.  vitet:  'he  should  avoid.'  199,  a.  praeterita:  neuter 
plural,  'the  past.'  151^,  a.  Diviciaco  frStri:  dative,  but  trans., 
'for  the  sake  of  Diviciacus,  his  brother.'     101^,  a. 

24.  custodes  :  '  watches,'  corresponding  with  the  detectives  of  our 
day;  for  Dumnorix  was  not  imprisoned.  agat:  201^,  (2).  qui- 
buscum :  125,  c. 

21.  I.  Eodem  die:  'on  the  same  day,'  that  he  had  summoned 
the  council  of  Gallic  leaders  in  camp  (chap.  16,  11.  lo-ii),  and  had 
had   the   interviews   with   Diviciacus   and   Dumnorix.  explorato- 

ribus :  327.  hostes.  .  .  octo  :  213,  a.  The  Helvetians  were  now 
in  the  valley  of  the  Liger  {Loire),  southeast  of  Bibracte ;  see  Map  i. 

2.  sub  monte:  'at  the  foot  of  an  elevation.'  12 1^,  a.  con- 
sgdisse  :  '  had  encamped.'        milia  passuum  :  118,  a,  and  2Ii3,  a,  b. 


54  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [b.c.  68 

qualis  esset  natura  montis  et  qualis  in  circuitu  ascensus, 
qui  cognoscerent,  misit.     Renuntiatum  est,  facilem  esse. 
5      De  tertia  vigilia  Titum  Labienum,  legatum  pro  praetore, 
cum  duabus  legionibus  et  eis  ducibus,  qui  iter  cognoverant, 


Figure  45.  —  Typical  ridge  in  France,  like  that  seized  by  Labienus. 


3.  qualis  esset:  204,  (3).  in  circuitii  ascSnsus  :  *  the  ascent 
from  the  opposite  side,'  lit.  '  in  the  going  around.'  Caesar  planned  a 
flank  movement,  with  a  surprise  attack  upon  the  Helvetians  from  two 
sides  at  once  ;  a  Roman  force,  following  a  circuitous  route,  would  from 
the  rear  secretly  ascend  the  height  at  the  foot  of  which  the  Helvetians 
were  encamped,  and  charge  down  upon  them  from  above,  while  Caesar 
with  the  rest  of  the  army  attacked  them  in  front. 

4.  cognoscerent:  193,  a.  mIsit :  sc.  explordtores  as  antece- 
dent of  qui.         esse  :  sc.  eutn  ( =  ascensum) . 

5.  d§  tertia  vigilia  :  242,  c  and  d.  pro  praetore  :  when  a  lieu- 
tenant was  given  a  special  responsibility,  to  act  outside  the  presence 
of  the  commander,  he  was  called  '  lieutenant  in  place  of  the  general,'  or 
as  we  say  *  second  in  command.'    313. 

6.  els  ducibus :  '  with  those  as  guides,'  referring  to  the  patrols 
previously  sent  out. 


1, 22]       The  Campaign  against  the   Helvetians  55 

summum  iugum  montis  ascendere  iubet ;  quid  suT  consilii 
sit,  ostendit.  Ipse  de  quarta  vigilia  eodem  itinera,  quo 
hostes  ierant,  ad  eos  contehdit  equitatumque  omnem  ante 
se  mittit.  ^° 

P.  Considius,  qui  rei  militaris  peritissimus  habebatur,  et 
in  exercitu  L.  Sullae,  et  postea  in  M.  Crassi,  fuerat,  cum 
expl6rat5ribus  praemittitur. 

Through  false  information  the  plan  miscarries. 

22.  Prima  luce,  cum  summus  mons  a  Labieno  teneretur, 
ipse  ab  hostium  castris  non  longius  mille  et  quingentis 
passibus  abesset,  neque,  ut  postea  ex  captivis  comperit, 
aiit  ipsius  adventus  aut  Labieni  cognitus  esset,  Considius 
equo  admisso  ad  eum  accurrit,  dicit  montem,  qiiem  as 
Labieno  occiipdrl  voluerit^  ab  hostibiis  teneri ;  id  se  a  Galli- 

7.  summum  iugum  montis:  'the  highest  ridge  of  the  elevation,' 
which  was  apparently  long  and  uneven  (Fig.  45).  ascendere:  'to 
ascend.'  81 ,  and  200j  b.  quid  sui  consilii  sit:  'what  his  plan 
was,'  lit.  'what  is  of  his  plan.'     91^,  d.     B.  198,  3  ;  A.  343,  b\  H.  447. 

8.  de  quarta  vigilia  :  2/^2,  c,d.  itinere,  quo  :  134,  a.  B.  218, 
9 ;  A.  429,  a. 

9.  equitatum  :  the  cavalry  were  to  feel  out  the  enemy.     328. 

11.  rei  militaris:  'in  the  art  of  war.'  21,  b,  and  102.  B.  204,  i ; 
A.  349,  a\  H.  451,  I.  peritissimus:  153,  a,  and  11^8,  c.  This 
favorable  characterization  of  Considius  is  presented  as  a  reason  for 
having  sent  so  unreliable  an  officer  on  so  important  a  reconnoiter. 

12.  L.  Sullae,  M.  Crassi:  both  of  high  repute  as  generals,  Sulla 
for  his  services  first  in  the  war  with  Jugurtha  in  Africa,  then  in  the 
Social  War,  and  in  the  East ;  Crassus,  for  his  decisive  defeat  of  Spar- 
tacus  (chap.  40,  1.  17,  and  n.).     19,  a.         M.  Crassi:  sc.  exercitu. 

22.  I.  Prima  luce:  '  At  daybreak.'  152,  a.  B.  241,  i  ;  A.  293  ; 
H.  497,  4.  As  it  was  now  not  far  from  July  i,  daybreak  was  about 
four  o'clock.         summus  :  152,  a. 

3.  passibus  :  129,  a.  abesset,  cognitus  esset :  185,  c.  neque  : 
233, a.         captivis:  'prisoners.'         comperit:  '  he  ascertained.' 

5.  equo  admisso  :  1445 /5>  (7)  •        accurrit :' hastened.'     How  lit.? 

6.  occuparl:    occupo,  meaning   'seize,'    'take    possession    of,'    is 


56 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  68 


CIS  armzs  atqne  insignibus  cognovisse.  Caesar  suas  copias 
in  proximum  collem  subducit,  aciem  instruit. 

Labienus,  ut  erat  ei  praeceptum  a  Caesare,  ne  proelium 

lo  committeret,  nisi  ipsius  copiae  prope  hostium  castra  visae 

essent,  ut  undique  uno  tempore  in  hostes  impetus  fieret, 

monte  occupato,  nostros  exspectabat  proelioque  abstinebat. 

Multo  denique  die  per  exploratores  Caesar  cognovit,  et 
montem  a  suis  tenerl  et  Helvetios  castra  movisse  et  Con- 
is  sidium,  timore  perterritum,  quod  non  vidisset,  pr5  vlso  sibi 
renuntiavisse. 

Eo  die,  quo  consuerat  intervallo,  hostes  sequitur,  et  milia 
passuum  tria  ab  e5rum  castris  castra  ponit. 


generally  much  stronger  than  its  English  derivative  "occupy."  •  81. 
voluerit :  211^,  a.         Gallicis  armis  :  SJfB. 

7.  insignibus:  'decorations,' 
used  especially  of  the  crests  of  hel- 
mets. Two  Gallic  helmets  are 
shown  in  Fig.  46. 

8.  collem  :  '  hill. '  14,  b. 
subducit :  *  led  up.'  aciem  In- 
struit:  'drew  up  a  line  of  battle." 
337,  a. 

9.  erat  ei  praeceptum :  '  he 
had  been  ordered ' ;  lit. '  it  had  been 
ordered  to  him';  the  subject  is  ne 

proelium  committeret.     73,  d,  and  199s  b.     B.  295,  i  ;  A.  566;  H.  565. 

10.  nisi  .  .  .  visae  essent:  218,  (i),b.         prope:  'near.'     122,  a. 

11.  impetus:    'an   attack.'      20,   a,  b.        fieret:    subjunctive  of 
purpose. 

12.  nostros  :  the  troops  with  Caesar.     154,  a.         proelio  :  127,  a. 
B.  214,  2;  A.  401  ;  H.  464. 

13.  Mult5  di6  :  '  Late  in  the  day ' ;  ablative  of  time.        per  :  12S,  a. 
15.   timSre:   'fear,'   used   especially  of  a  cowardly   fear.     11,  d. 

perterritum  :  '  thoroughly  frightened.'  79,  b.  quod  :  as  antece- 
dent supply  id,  object  of  renfintiavisse.  160,  c.  pro  vlso  :  '  as 
seen.'     1^4,  <^' 

17.   quo   consufirat  interv&llo :   =  eo  i titer  valid,  quo  sequi  cdn- 


Figure  46.  —  Gallic  helmet; 


1,23]       The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians         57 

Caesar  turns  to  go  to  Bibracte  for  supplies  ;  the  Helvetians 
attack  his  marching  column  on  the  rear. 

y  23.  Postridie  eius  die!,  quod  omnino  biduum  supererat, 
cum  exercitui  frumentum  metlri  oporteret,  et  quod  a 
Bibracte,  oppido  Aedu5rum  longe  maximo  et  c6pi5sissimo, 
non  amplius  milibus  passuum  xviii  aberat,  rei  frumentariae 
prospiciendum  existimavit ;  iter  ab  Helvetiis  avertit  acs 
Bibracte  ire  contendit. 

Ea  res  per  fugitives  L.  Aemilii,  decurionis  equitum 
Gallorum,  hostibus  nuntiatur.  Helvetii,  seu  quod  timore 
perterritos  Roman5s  discedere  a  se  existimarent,  eo  magis 
quod  pridie,    superioribus   locis  occupatis,    proelium    non  lo 


suerat  (consi^ever at),  hut  trans,  'at  the  usual  interval';  this  was  five 
or  six  miles  (chap.  15,  11.  15-16).  138,  and  165,  c.  milia  pas- 
suum :  118,  a,  and  2Ji.S,  a. 

23.  I .  Postridie  eius  diei :  '  the  next  day.'  dJ^,  c.  biduum 
supererat:  ^two  days  remained.'     79,  b. 

2., cum:  trans,  freely,   'before.'     185,  c.  metiri :   61,  a,  (4). 

oporteret :  73,  a,  b. 

3.  Bibracte:  16,  c,  and  Vocab. ;  also  Fig.  41.  oppido:  91,  a, 
and  293,  b.         longe:  153,  b.         copiosissimo  :  'wealthiest.'     75,  f. 

4.  milibus  :  129,  a,  and  2^3,  b.  How  many  English  miles  ?  rei 
frumentariae:  'the  supply  of  grain,'  or  'supplies.'     105. 

5.  prospiciendum  [esse]:  'that  he  ought  to  provide  for.'  How 
lit.  ?     73,  e. 

6.  Bibracte:  here  accusative.  119,  a.  B.  182,  \,a',  A.  427,  2 ; 
H.  418. 

7.  fugitives:  'runaway  slaves';  deserters  from  an  army  were 
called  perfugae  (I.  28, 1.  4).  lI^,g.  L.  :  19,  a.  Lucius  Aemilius  was 
a  Roman  officer  in  charge  of  a  squad  of  Gallic  horsemen.  decuri- 
onis :  '  decurion.'     309,  c. 

9.  existimarent:  183,  a.  B.  286,  i;  A.  592,  3;  H.  588,  II. 
eo  magis :  '  all  the  mor«  on  this  account,'  eo  being  explained  by  the 
following  ^z/<7^-clause.     135,  a.     B.  219;  A.  404;  H.  475. 

10.  pridie:  'on  the  day  before.'  superioribus  locis  occu- 
patis :  '  having  seized  a  higher  position,'  referring  to  the  exploit  of 
Labienus  with  two  legions  (chap.  21,  11.  5-8).     How  lit.?    IJ^I^,  b,  (5). 


58  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

commlsissent,  sive  c5,  quod  re  frumentaria  intercludi  posse 
c5nfiderent,  commutato  c5nsili6  atque  itinere  converso, 
nostr5s  a  novissimo  agmine  insequi  ac  lacessere  coeperunt. 

Romans  and  Helvetians  prepare  for  battle,  the  Romans  on 
sloping  groimd.     The  Helvetians  advance. 

24.  Postquam  id  animum  advertit,  copias  suas  Caesar 
in  proximum  collem  subducit  equitatumque,  qui  sustinerel 
hostium  impetum,  misit. 

Ipse  interim  in  coUe  medio  triplicem    aciem  Instruxit 

s  legionum  quattuor  veteranarum  ;  atque  supra  se  in  summo 

iugo  duas  legiones,  quas  in  Gallia  citeri5re  proxime  c5n- 

11.  rg:  127,  a.  intercludi:  'be  cut  off  from.'  posse:  sc. 
Romanos. 

12.  confiderent :  'were  confident.'  commutato,  converso: 
trans.  '  having  changed,'  '  having  reversed  ; '  or, '  changing,'  '  reversing.' 
How  lit.  ?    IH^  a,  and  239,  c. 

13.  Si:  126,  c.  agmine  :  derivation  ?     74,  d,  and  Vocab. 

24.    I.    Postquam:  'After.'     188.        id:  why  accusative?     113,  c. 

2.  collem:  the  hill  of  Armecy  (ar'me-ci),  about  16  English  miles 
southeast  of  Mt.  Beuvray,  the  site  of  ancient  Bibracte,  and  not  far  from 
the  village  of  Montmort.     See  Map  3,  A.  sustineret :    193,  a,  and 

S28.     B.  282,  2  ;  A.  531,  2  ;  H.  590. 

4.  interim :  '  meanwhile,'  while  the  cavalry  were  holding  back  the 
enemy ;  it  must  have  taken  Caesar  at  least  two  hours  to  change  over 
his  marching  column,  which  was  five  or  six  miles  long,  into  battle  lines. 
in  coUe  medio  :  152,  a.  B.  241,  i  ;  A.  293  ;  H.  497,  4.  triplicem 
aciem :  the  four  legions  stood  side  by  side,  with  the  cohorts  of  each 
legion  arranged  in  three  lines  {337,  a).  The  triple  line  was  not 
straight,  but  followed  the  contour  of  the  hillside,  and  was  about  an 
English  mile  in  length ;  see  Map  3,  B-B. 

5.  legionum:  98,  a.  veteran5rum«  'veteran.'  What  four 
legions  are  meant  ?  507,  e.  supra  s6  :  Caesar  was  near  the  front. 
8umm5:  162,  a. 

6.  Iegi5n6s  .  .  .  cSnscripserat :  the  nth  a\|d  12th  legions;  see 
chap.  10,  11.  ID- II,  and  28^.         proximg  :  36. 


1, 24]       The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians         59 

scripserat,  et  omnia  auxilia  coUocarl  ac  totum  montem 
hominibus  compleri,  et  interea  sarcinas  in  unum  locum 
conferri  et  eum  ab  eis,  qui  in  superiore  acie  constiterant, 
munirl  iussit. 


Figure  47.  —  Site  of  the  battle  with  the  Helvetians. 

View  from  the  hill  where  Caesar's  army  was  posted,  looking  toward  the  right.  The 
hill  on  which  Caesar  took  up  his  position,  and  the  height  to  which  the  Helvetians  retreated, 
are  similar  to  this  hill  in  formation  and  appearance, 

7.  auxilia:  308.  ac  :  'and  (thus).'  totum  montem:  'the 
entire  upper  part '  of  the  hill ;  see  N.  to  chap.  2,  1.  10,  ynonte  lurd. 

8.  hominibus  :  131^  b.  compleri :  '  be  completely  filled.'  By 
occupying  the  gently  rounding  crest  of  the  hill  (cf.  Fig.  47)  Caesar 
strengthened  his  position  in  case  his  battle  lines,  posted  halfway  up  the 
slope,  should  be  forced  back.  interea:  'in  the  meantime,'  while 
the  troops  were  taking  their  positions.         sarcinas  :  'packs.'     330. 

9.  els :  the  two  raw  legions  mentioned  in  1.  6. 

10.  munirl:  'be  fortified,'  by  a  trench  and  a  rampart  formed  from 
the  eart,h  thrown  out  of  the  trench.  The  trench,  which  for  a  part  of 
the  distance  was  double,  has  been  traced  by  excavations ;  the  earthen 
rampart  has  disappeared.  The  line  of  defense  thus  hastily  made  on  the 
highest  part  of  the  hill  was  semicircular  in  shape  (Map  3,  A). 


60 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  68 


Helvetii,  cum  omnibus  suis  carris  secuti,  impedimenta  in 
unum  locum  contulerunt;  ipsi,  c5nfertissima  acie  reiecto 
nostro  equitatu,  phalange  facta  sub  primam  nostram  aciem 
successerunt. 


The  Romans  charge,  forcing  the  Helvetians  hack. 

25.  Caesar,  primum  suo,  deinde  omnium  ex  conspectu 
rem5tls  equls,  ut,  aequato  omnium  periculo,  spem  fugae 
tolleret,  cohortatus  su5s  proelium  commisit. 

II.   secuti:    226,  c.         impedimenta:    'baggage.'        After  the 
Helvetian  fighting  men  turned  back  in  order  to  attack  Caesar,  the  long 
line  of  carts  turned  and  came  back  also  and  formed 
a  great  corral,  or  laager,  probably  at  the  spot  marked 
"  Helvetian  Corral  "  on  Map  3.     74,  d. 

12.  ipsi:  the  fighting  men,  as  distinguished  from 
the  old  men,  women,  and  children  with  the  baggage, 
confertissima  aci6  :  '■  by  (their)  very  close  forma- 
tion.' 131,  a.  reiecto:  < hurled  back  and.' 
How  lit.?     i44,  ^,  (2). 

13.  phalange  facta:  the  Gauls,  forming  in  *a 
compact  mass,'  probably  fifteen  to  twenty  men  deep, 
moved  forward  slowly  but  with  almost  irresistible 
momentum  ;  those  in  the  front  rank  held  their  large 
shields  (Fig.  48)  so  that  these  would  overlap,  pre- 
senting a  firm  barrier  to  the  enemy.  18,  f.  sub  : 
the  Helvetians  advanced  uphill,  and  so  '  up  against ' 
the  first  line.     121^,  a. 

14.  Buccessgrunt :  '  pressed  forward ' ;  see  Map 


Figure  48.  —  Gallic 
shield. 
Of  wickerwqrk,  with 
metallic  boss  ;  about 
four  and  a  half  Eng- 
lish feet  in  height  and 
twenty-five  Inches 
wide.  Shown  on  a 
life-size  statue  of  a 
Gallic  warrior. 


3,  E-E. 


25.  I.  8u6:  sc.  eqiio  remold.  144y  ^?  (2). 
deinde  :  237,  b.  omnium  equis  :  '  the  horses 
of  all '  the  mounted  officers  and  Caesar's  staff,  not  of  the  cavalry. 
According  to  Plutarch  Caesar  said  that  after  he  had  won  the  victory  he 
should  need  the  horse  for  the  pursuit  of  the  enemy. 

2.  aequato:  'by  equalizing.'     i^^ '^<  (6). 

3.  tolleret:  196,  a.  cohortatus:  'having  harangued,'  or 
'  harangued  and.'  It  was  customary  for  Roman  commanders  to  address 
their  soldiers  just  before  going  into  action.     228,  a. 


MAP   3 

The  Batixe  with  the  Helvetians 
Book  I,  24-26  To  face  page  60 


SCALE  OF  ROMAN  MILES 


SCALE  OF  ENGLISH  MILES 


0J1§2  0  il  h  2 

EXPLANATION 

On  the  day  before  the  battle  the  Helvetians  probably  crossed  the  Arroux  at 
Toulon  and  encamped  near  Montmort ;  a  part  of  the  site  of  the  camp  is  now 
covered  by  a  pond.     Caesar,  following,  encamped  near  the  Arroux. 

A.  Semicircular  trench  hastily  dug  by  the  XD'^  and  XH^^^  legions  on  the 
hill  (chap.  24,  11.  5-10). 

B-B.   The  four  veteran  legions  in  battle  order,  three  lines,  first  position. 

C-C.    First  and  second  Roman  lines,  second  position  (chap.  25,  11.  21-23). 

D.   Third  Roman  line,  second  position,  facing  the  Boians  and  Tulingians. 

EJ-E.    First  position  of  the  Helvetians  (chap.  24,  11.  12-14). 

F-F.    Second  position  of  the  Helvetians,  on  a  height  (chap.  25,  11.  12-15). 

Gr-6.  Third  position  of  the  Helvetians,  resuming  the  attack  (chap.  25, 11.  18-20). 

H.    Boians  and  Tulingians  (chap.  25,  11.  15-18). 


1,25]       The  Campaign  against  the   Helvetians  61 

Milites,    e   loco   siiperidre    pilis    missis,    facile  hostium 
phalangem  perfregerunt.     Ea  disiecta,  gladiis  destrictis  in  5 
eos  impetum  fecerunt- 

Gallls  magno  ad  pugnam  erat  impedimento,  quod,  pluribus 
eorum  scutis  uno  ictu  pilorum  transfixis  et  colligatis,  cum 
ferrum  se  inflexisset,  neque  evellere  neque,  sinistra  impedita, 
satis  commode  pugnare  poterant,  multi  ut,  diu  iactat5  brae- 10 

4.  pilis  missis :  '  hurling  their  pikes,'  with  precision  and  terrible 
effect,  ^  from  their  higher  position  '  on  the  slope.    322,  d,  and  144i  b,  (6). 

5.  perfregerunt:  'broke  up.'  Ea  .  .  .  destrictis:  <  Having 
thrown  this  (formation)  into  disorder  they  drew  their  swords  and.' 
How  lit.?     322,  {e). 

6.  impetum  fecerunt :  'charged.'  The  first-line  soldiers  probably 
allowed  the  Helvetians  to  approach  within  60  feet  before  hurling  their 
pikes  and  charging. 

7.  Gallis  .  .  .  impedimento  :  '  a  great  hindrance  '  (lit.  '  for  a  great 
hindrance  '),  '  to  the  Gauls.'  112,  b.  B.  191,  2,  ^  ;  A.  382,  i  ;  H.  433. 
ad  pugnam :  '  in  fighting.'  erat :  the  subject  is  the  following 
^7^(?^-clause.     198,  b. 

8.  scutis:  'shields'  (Fig.  48).  uno  ictu  pilorum:  'by  the 
blow  of  a  single  pike,'  we  should  say.  92,  a.  transfixis  et  colli- 
gatis :  '  pierced  and  pinned  together.'     lJf.1^,  b,  (2). 

9.  ferrum:  the  'iron'  of  the  pike  {322,  d)  was  long  enough  to 
pierce  two  or  more  overlapping  shields,  and  was  of  soft  metal,  so  that  it 


Figure  49.  — The  "  iron  "  of  a  pike. 

The  pike  was  carried  by  one  of  Caesar's  soldiers,  and  the  iron  was  bent  in  action ;  it 
was  found  at  Alesia.    The  length  is  22|  inches,  including  the  barbed  point. 

would  bend  easily;  the  hard  barbed  point  also  hindered  withdrawal 
(Fig.  49).  se  inflexisset:  '  had  become  bent.'  185,  c.  6vellere  : 
'  to  pull  (it)  out.'  sinistra  impedita  :  '  since  the  left  hand,'  which 
carried  the  shield,  'was  hampered.'     144,  b,  (3). 

10.  satis  commode:  'to  advantage.'  How  lit.?  multi:  em- 
phatic position  ;  subject  of  praeoptdrent.  353,  d.  ut :  '  so  that.' 
iactato  bracchio :  '  having  jerked  their  arms  back  and  forth '  in  the 
effort   to   pull   the   bent  pike  iron   out   of  their  shields.      How  lit.? 


62  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  68 

chio,  praeoptarent  scutum  manu  emittere,  at  nudo  corpore 
pugnare.  Tandem  vulneribus  defessi,  et  pedem  referre  et, 
quod  m5ns  suberat  circiter  mille  passuum  spatio,  eo  se 
recipere  coeperunt. 
5  Capto  monte  et  succedentibus  nostrls,  Boii  et  Tulingi, 
qui  hominum  milibus  circiter  xv  agmen  hostium  claude- 
bant  et  novissimis  praesidi5  erant,  ex  itinere  nostrds  ab 

11.  praeoptarent:  'preferred.'  manH  :  127,  a.  Smittere  : 
*to  drop.'  nudo:  'unprotected'  by  a  shield.  corpore:  13,  f. 
and  lU,  b,  (7). 

12.  vulneribus:  13,  e,  and  135,  a.  defessi:  'exhausted.' 
pedem  referre  :  '  to  fall  back.'     69,  b,  and  75,  d. 

13.  mons  suberat:  'there  was  a  height  near  by,'  southwest  of 
the  hill  of  Armecy;  see  Map  3.  66,  a.  mille  :  38,  a.  spatio: 
'at  a  distance.'  llff,  c.  eo :  adverb.  s6  recipere:  'to 
retreat.' 

15.  Capto  :  '  reached,'  i.e.  by  the  Helvetians  ;  Map  3,  F-P.  144,  b, 
(2).         Boii  et  Tulingi:  see  chap.  5,  11.  10-14. 

16.  hominum :  91,  a.  milibus  :  131,  a.  agmen  hostium 
claudSbant :  'were  at  the  end  of  the  enemy's  marching  column.' 

17.  novissimis  {—  novissimo  agmini),  praesidio :  112,  b.  B. 
191,  2,  «;  A.  382,  I  ;  H.  433.  ex  itinere:  'directly  after  march- 
ing,' changing  from  marching  order  to  fighting  order  as  they  came  up. 
In  the  morning  as  the  long  column  of  emigrants  started  out.  the  15,000 
Boians  and  Tulingians  formed  the  vanguard.  When  the  order  passed 
along  the  column  to  halt  and  turn  back  (chap.  23,  1.  12),  they  became 
the  rearguard,  and  were  several  miles  away  when  the  battle  commenced. 
As  the  host  of  non-combatants  were  forming  a  corral  with  the  carts, 
they  marched  by  it  and  reached  the  field  of  battle  just  as  the  Romans 
were  following  the  retreating  Helvetians.  ab  latere  aperto :  '  on 
the  exposed  flank.'  126,  c.  Since  the  shield  was  carried  on  the  left 
arm, '  the  exposed  side '  of  the  soldier  was  the  right  side,  whence  the 
expression  was  carried  over  to  a  body  of  soldiers  in  action.  In  the 
present  instance,  the  three  Roman  lines,  still  retaining,  in  the  confusion 
of  battle,  their  distinct  formation,  were  following  the  stubbornly  resisting 
Helvetians  toward  the  southwest  from  their  original  position,  when  the 
Boians  and  Tulingians  came  against  them  from  the  west,  thus  'attack- 
ing '  the  Romans  on  the  right  flank.     See  Map  3,  H. 


I,  26]       The  Campaign  against  the   Helvetians 


63 


latere  aperto  aggressi  circumvenire ;  et,  id  conspicati,  Hel- 
vetii,  qui  in  montem  sese  receperant,  rursus  instare  et 
proelium  redintegrare  coeperunt. 

Roman!  conversa  signa  bipertito  intulerunt;  prima  et 
secunda  acies,  ut  victis  ac  summotis  resisteret,  tertia,  ut 
venientes  sustineret. 


The  Helvetians  are  totally  defeated.     Caesar  pursues  thejleeing. 

26.    Ita  ancipiti  proelio  diu  atque  acriter  pugnatum  est. 
Diutius  cum  sustinere    nostrorum    impetus  non   possent, 

1 8.  circumvenire  :  '  to  move  around  them,'  so  as  to  fall  upon  the 
Romans  in  the  rear;  sc.  <:<?(?/^r//;//.        conspicati :' perceiving.'    226^'c. 

19.  rdrsus  :  'again.'     Derivation?     See  Vocab. 

20.  redintegrare:  'to  re- 

new,'     again     assuming     the 
offensive.     Map  3,  Gr-G. 

21.  conversa  .  .  .  intule- 
runt :  '  changed  front  and 
advanced  in  two  divisions,'  one 
division  facing  straight  ahead 
(^Prima  et  secunda  acies),  the 
other  {tertia  acies)  facing 
the  Boians  and  Tulingians. 
Strictly  speaking,  only  the  third 
line  changed  front  (Map  3,  D)  ; 
the  first  and  second  lines  were 
already  in  position  to  meet  the 
new  attack  of  the  Helvetians  > 
(Map  3,  C-C).  228^  «,  an<^^ 
S25.  / 

22.  victis  ac  summOftis  : 
'those  who  had  been  beaten     Figure  50.  — Roman  pike  irons,  found  at 
and  driven  back.'     154,  cl  and  Alesia. 

227,  a,  (4).         tertia:   4c.  acies.     91,  c. 

26.  I.  ancipiti  proleiio :  'in  two  battles,'  we  should  say.  How 
lit.?      131,  a.  anciikiti:    26,  b.         diu:    S5.  acriter:    3^,  a. 

pugnatum  est :  75,  d.  j 

2.   possent:  sc.  /losjtes.     185,  c.     B.  288,  i,  b;  A.  546;  H.  600,  n. 


64  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  68 

alter!  se,  ut  coeperant,  in   montem  receperunt,  alterl  ad 
impediments,  et  carr5s  su5s  se  contulerunt.     Nam  hoc  toto 

5  proelio,  cum  ab  hora  septima  ad  vesperum  pugnatum  sit, 
aversum  hostem  videre  nemo  potuit. 

Ad  multam  noctem  etiam  ad  impedimenta  pugnatum 
est,  propterea  quod  pro  vallo  carr5s  obiecerant  et  e  loco 
superiore  in  nostros  venientes  tela  coniciebant,  et  non  null! 

lo  inter    carros    rotasque    mataras    ac    tragulas    subiciebant 
nostrosque  vulnerabant.     Diu  cum   esset    pugnatum,  im- 


3.  alteri,  alter! :  'the  combatants  on  one  side'  (i.e.  Helvetit)^ 
*  those  on  the  other  '  {Boil  et  Tulingi).     How  lit.  ?     91^  c^  and  15 J^  a. 

4.  carros:  arranged  for  defense  around  the  corral  (Map  3).  Cf. 
chap.  3, 1.  3  and  N.  s6  contulgrunt :  'retired,'  still  fighting;  there 
was  no  disorderly  rout.        Nam :  237,  a. 

5.  proelio:  i47,  <^.  cum:  'although.'  187.  hora:  21^2,  a. 
vesperum  :  '  evening.'     7,  b. 

6.  aversum  :  '  turned  to  flight.'  Caesar  speaks  with  evident  admi- 
ration of  the  bravery  of  the  enemy.         nemo  :  12,  d. 

7.  Ad  multam  noctem :  '  Until  late  at* night.'  17,  b,  and  152,  a. 
ad:  here  'at,'u*-  'by.' 

8.  pro  v5116  carros  obiScerant :    'had  made  a  rampart  of  the 

..  carts'    (Fig.    51).      How   lit.? 

y        /       /      /         /      /      loco  superiore :    the   top   of 

/7       /f  r-/  /^  r>/       /        *^^  carts. 

/?^  ^^  W^  W  M  W3  ^^/^  9"    ^O'^iciSbant :    'kept 

//  S#-^--        -^^C^  hurling.'     175,  a. 

^^""'  ~--,  10.  rotas : 'wheels.'   These 

Figure  51.  -  Carts  about  a  corral.  '^  "^^"^  ^^^^^  ^^*"^  doubtless 

^    ,  J  ,  solid    disks    of    wood,    which 

Arrangement  of  two-wheeled  carts  to  form  a     p 
rampart  for  defense  about  an  encampment.  ^0»ian     weapons     would     not 

pierc<3.  matarSs  ac  tr&gu- 
laa:  'spears  and  darts.'  349,  and  Fig.  40.  subiciSbant:  notice 
the  force  of  sub-,  '  kept  throwing  from  below  '  as  the  Roman  soldiers 
attacked  the  rampart  of  carts. 

II.  vulnerabant :' were  wounding.'  The^e  must  have  been  moon- 
light, or  at  least  clear  starlight,  else  the  Gaul,  could  not  have  aimed 
their  weapons  so  well. 


I,  26]        The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians 


65 


pedimentis  castrisque  nostri  potiti  sunt.     Ibi  Orgetorigis 
filia  atque  Onus  e  filiis  captus  est. 

Ex  e5  proelio  circiter  hominum  milia  cxxx  superfuerunt 
eaque  tota  nocte  continenter  ierunt ;  nullam  partem  noctis  is 
itinere  intermisso,  in  fines  Lingonum  die  quarto  perve- 
nerunt,  cum  et  propter  vulnera  mllitum  et  propter  sepul- 
turam  occisorum  nostri,  triduum  morati,  eos  sequi  non 
potuissent. 

Caesar  ad  Lingonas  litteras  nuntiosque  misit,  ne  eos  fru-  20 


12.  castris  :  *  encampment,' i.e.  the  corral.  131,  c.  B.  218,  i  ;  A. 
410  ;  H.  477.  Here  were  the  old  men,  the  women,  and  the  children,  of 
whom  a  large  number  were  immediately  slaughtered. 

13.  e  filiis:  trans,  as  if/f//^r«/??.     97,  d.         captus  est :  172,  b. 

14.  CXXX  :  centum  trlgintd.     86,  and  38,  b. 

15.  nocte:  147,  c.         igrunt:  68,  a.         partem:  118,  a. 

16.  intermisso:  'breaking.'  How  lit.?  As  the  survivors  seem- 
ingly traveled  at  night  only  during  the  first  night,  the  thought  in  nfdlam 
.  .  .  intermisso    is    substan- 


tially the  same  as  that  in  ea 
.  .  .  ierunt ;  such  repetitions 
are  characteristic  of  dictated 
matter.  275.  fines  Lin- 
gonum :  more  than  fifty  miles 
north  of  the  battlefield. 

17.  cum:  184f  a.  vul- 
nera mllitum :  the  victory 
must  have  cost  the  Romans 
dearly.  Roman  soldiers  car- 
ing for  wounded  companions 
are  shown  in  Fig.  52.  se- 
pulturam :  '  burial.' 

18.  occisorum:  'the 
slain,'  chiefly  Gauls.     154,  a. 


Figure  52.  —  Care  of  the  wounded. 
At  the  left  a  legionary,  seriously  wounded,  sits 
on  a  rock  and  two  comrades  are  helping  him  to  get 
up.    At  the  right  another  sits  while  his  companion 
binds  up  a  wound  on  his  leg.     Ancient  relief. 


The  number  of  Gauls  that  perished  in  this  battle  has  been  estimated  by 
some  as  high  as  100,000,  or  even  higher.  Prompt  burial  was  necessary 
for  the  health  of  the  friendly  Aeduans,  in  whose  country  Caesar  was. 


triduum  :  '  three  days.' 
20.    Lingonas :  19,  f. 


litteras :  <■  letters,' 


nuntios :    '  mes- 


66  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

mento  neve  alia  re  iuvdrent ;  qui  si  ifivissent,  se  eddcm  loco, 
quo  HelvetioSy  habiturum.  Ipse,  triduo  intermisso,  cum 
omnibus  copiis  eos  sequi  coepit. 

The,  Helvetmns  beg  for  terms;  one  division  tries  to  escxvpe. 

27.    Helvetii,  omnium  rerum  inopia  adducti,  legates  de 

deditione  ad  eum  miserunt.     Qui  cum  eum  in  itinera  con- 

venissent  seque  ad  pedes  proiecissent  suppliciterque  locutl 

flentes  pacem  petlssent/atque  eos  in  e5  loc5,   quo  turn 

5  essent,  suum  adventum  exspectare  iussisset,  paruerunt. 

E5  postquam  Caesar  pervenit,  obsides,  arma,  servos,  qui 
ad  eos  perfugissent,  poposcit.  Dum  ea  conquiruntur  et 
c5nferuntur,  circiter  hominum  milia  vi  eius  pagi,  qui 
Verbigenus  appellatur,    sive   timore   perterriti,    ne,  armis 

sages,'  to  be  delivered  orally.  n6  :  *  (saying)  that  they  should  not.' 
213,  by  and  212,  a,        eos  :  trans,  as  if  Helvetios. 

21.  iuvarent:  'supply,' ht. 'aid.'  216.  B.  316;  A.  588;  H.  642, 
4.  qui:  167.  iuvissent :  sc.  eos,  =  Helvetios.  218,  (i),  b. 
b6  .  .  .  habiturum  :  in  full,  se  eos  (=  Lingonas)  eodem  loco,  quo  Hel- 
vetios haberet,  habiturum  esse,  but  trans.  *  he  would  consider  them  in 
the  same  light  as  the  Helvetians.'     lJi5,  c. 

27.     1.    inopiSl:  'lack.'     Why  ablative  ?         IggStos :  'envoys.' 

2.  deditione:  'surrender.'        Qui:  167.       convgnissent :  113,  b. 

3.  86  proiScissent :  '  had  prostrated  themselves.'  suppliciter  : 
'in  suppliant  fashion.' 

4.  flentgs  :  227,  b.        eos  :   =  Helvetios,  not  legdtos. 

5.  essent:  See  N.  to  vellent,  chap.  28,  1.  2.  iussisset:  185y 
c,  and  200,  b.         parugrunt :  '  they  obeyed.' 

6.  postquam:  188,  a.  servSs :  'slaves.'  qui  perfugissent: 
'  who  (as  he  said)  had  fled.'     214,  b. 

7.  poposcit:  'he  demanded.'  ea :  comprising  obsides,  arma, 
{fugitivos)  servos  of  1.  6;  neuter  plural  under  the  same  rule  of  agree- 
ment as  predicate  adjectives.  160,  b.  conquiruntur  :  '  were  being 
sought  for.'     Why  present?     190,  a. 

8.  cSnferuntur  :  69,  b.         VI :   =  sex.     36. 

9.  perterriti:  with  wf/m.  150,  c,  <ind  238,  A.  n6:<that.*  BOM 
armIs  trftditlft  ;  'after  giving  up  their  arms.^    144j  ^>  (2). 


1. 28]       The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians  67 

traditis,  supplicio  afficerentur,  sive  spe  salutis  inducti,  quod  lo 
in  tanta  multitudine  dediticiorum  suam  fugam  aut  occultari 
aut    omnino    ignorari    posse    existimarent,    prima    nocte 
e    castris     Helvetiorum     egressi     ad     Rhenum    finesque 
Germanorum  contenderunt. 

Caesar  deals  with  the  fugitive  Verbigens,  and  sends  the  rest  (except- 
ing the  Boians)  back  to  the  country  whence  they  migrated. 

28.  Quod  ubi  Caesar  resciit,  quorum  per  fines  ierant,  his, 
uti  conqulrerent  et  reducerent,  si  sibi  purgati  esse  vellent,  im- 
peravit;  reductosin  hostium  numer5habuit;  reliquosomnes, 
obsidibus,  armis,  perfugis  traditis,  in  deditionem  accepit. 

Helvetios,  Tulingos,  Latobrigos  in  fines  suos,  unde  erant^ 
profecti,  reverti  iussit ;  et,  quod,  omnibus  frugibus  amissis, 

10.  salutis:   'of  safety.'     10,  f. 

11.  in  tanta  multitudine:  i.e.  ami  (^since')  tanta  multitildd 
dediticiorum  esset.  dediticiorum  :  '  of  those  who  had  surrendered.' 
occultari :  '  be  kept  hidden.' 

12.  ignorari:  'remain  unnoticed.'  How  lit.?  existimarent: 
18S,  b.         prima:  152,  a. 

28.  I .  Quod  .  .  .  resciit :  '  Now  when  Caesar  found  this  out,' 
referring  to  the  flight  of  the  Verbigens.  167.  ubi:15<9,  ^.  quo- 
rum': precedes  its  antecedent  his,  which  is  in  the  dative  after  itn^era- 
vit.     106. 

2.  rediicerent:  'bring  (them)  back.'  199,  a.  sibi:  'in  his 
sight.'  109,  a.  B.  i88,  i,  n.  ;  A.  376;  H.  425,4-  purgati:  'free 
from  guilt.'  How  lit.?  221,  b.  B.  328,  2  ;  H.  612,  i.  vellent :  in 
indirect  discourse  as  a  part  of  the  order  ;  in  the  direct  form,  st  vultis.    71 . 

3.  reductos  :  sc.  eos,  'after  they  had  been  brought  back.'  How 
lit.?  227,  a,  (4).  in  hostium  numero  :  'as  enemies'  The  6000 
Verbigens  were  probably  massacred,  as  a  terrible  warning ;  but  they 
may  have  been  sold  into  slavery.        reliquos :  171,  a. 

4.  perfugis:  'deserters.'         accepit:  57,  a. 

5.  suos:  157,  b.         unde:    =  e  quibus.         erant  prof  ecti :  61,  a, 

(3). 

6.  frugibus  amissis  :  '  since  all  the  produce  of  the  fields  was  gone ' ; 
no  crops  had  been  planted  this  season.     How  lit.?     144yb,{i). 


68  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  (B.C.  58 

domi  nihil  erat,  quo  famem  tolerarent,  Allobrogibus  impera- 
vit,  ut  els  frumenti  copiam  facerent ;  ipsos  oppida  vlcosque, 
quos  incenderant,  restituere  iussit. 

lo  Id  ea  maxime  rati5ne  fecit,  quod  noluit,  eum  locum,  unde 
Helvetil  discesserant,  vacare,  ne  propter  bonitatem  agrorum 
German!,  qui  trans  Rhenum  incolunt,  e  suis  finibus  in 
Helvetiorum  fines  translrent  et  finitimi  Galliae  provinciae 
Allobrogibusque  essent. 

15  Boios,  petentibus  Aeduis,  quod  egregia  virtute  erant 
cogniti,  ut  in  finibus  suis  collocarent,  concessit ;  quibus  iili 
agros  dederunt,  quosque  postea  in  parem  iuris  libertatisque 
condicionem,  atque  ipsi  erant,  receperunt. 

7.  domi:  i.e.  in  their  own  country.  1^6.  erat:  sc.  eis. 
famem:  'hunger.'     15,  b.         tolerarent:  'satisfy.'     194,  a. 

8.  facerent:  'furnish.'  Why  subjunctive?  oppida,  vicos : 
how  many?     See  chap.  5,  11.  3-4. 

9.  quos:  163,  c.         incenderant:  when?     See  chap.  5. 

10.  eS  maximS  ratione :  'especially  for  this  reason.'  161,  a. 
noluit:  71,  and  223,  a.         unde:    =e  qjto. 

11.  vacSre  :  'remain  unoccupied.'  bonitatem:  'good  quality.' 
76,  a. 

13.  trSnsTrent :  196,  a.  As  the  Helvetians  were  now  reduced  to 
about  one  third  of  their  former  number,  much  of  their  land  must  have 
been  left  unoccupied,  and  was  probably  soon  seized  upon  by  German 
immigrants.  provinciae :    290.      The   northernmost   part   of    the 

Province  was  held  by  the  Allobroges ;  see  Map  i . 

15.  Boios:  emphatic  position;  Aeduis  (dative  after  concessit), 
petentibus  ut  Boios  in  finibus  suis  collocarent,  quod  {Boil)  eg}egid 
virtate  cogniti  erant,  {Caesar)  concessit.  The  Aeduans,  hard  pressed 
in  their  strifes  with  the  Sequanians,  desired  an  accession  of  strength. 
353,  d.        virtute  :  1J^3,  a. 

16.  collocarent:  199,  a.  concessit:  '  he  granted '  the  request, 
quibus  :  trans,  as  if  et  eis.     167. 

17.  quosque:  =  et  eos.  postea:  after  the  great  uprising  in 
Gaul,  narrated  in  Book  VII.  parem  .  .  .  atque:  'the  same'  (lit. 
'like')  *as.'    833,  c.     B.  341,  i,  c;  A.  324,  c;  H.  657,  i,  n. 


I,  29]       The  Campaign  against  the  Helvetians 


69 


The  number  of  the  Helvetians  and  their  allies. 

29.  In  castris  Helvetiorum  tabulae  repertae  sunt,  litterls 
Graecis  c5nfectae,  et  ad  Caesarem  relatae,  quibus  in  tabulls 
nominatim  ratio  confecta  erat,  qui  numerus  domo  exisset 
eorum,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  et  item  separatim  pueri, 
senes  mulieresque.  Quarum  omnium  rerum  summa  erats 
capitum  Helvetiorum  milia  cclxiii,  Tulingorum  milia  xxxvi, 
Latobrigorum  xiiii,  Rauracorum  xxiii,  Boiorum  xxxii ;  ex 
his,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  ad  milia  nonaginta  duo. 

29.  I.  castris:  the  corral,  indicated  on  Map  3.  tabulae: 
'  tablets,'  such  as  those  generally  used  for  business  documents  (Fig. 
53).  These  were  of  light-colored  wood,  and  made  with  a  rim  like  that 
of  a  slate.  The  surface  inside  the  rim  was  coated  with  a  thin  layer  of 
wax,  on  which  writing  was  done  with  a  pointed  stilus.  The  writing 
appeared  on  the  wood,  which  showed  through  wherever  the  stilus  pene- 
trated the  wax.  litterls  Graecis  confectae :  '  written  in  Greek 
characters,'  which  were  used  also  by  the  Druids  (VI.  14).  On  account  of 
the  antiquity  of  Massilia  {293,  a),  the  Greek 
alphabet  must  have  become  familiar  to  the  in- 
habitants of  southern  Gaul  at  an  early  date. 

2.    relatae  :  sc.  sunt.    69,  b.        tabulis  : 
165,  a. 


ratio  : 

130,  b. 

'chil- 
lU   c. 


f^ 

n 

1 

! 

!     0      « 

1 

■;  0. 

1 
1 

I 

m 

1         ^j 

N 

h 

3.  nominatim  : 'by  name.'  77. 
'statement.'  qui:  48,  b.  domo 
exisset :  68,  b,  and  204,  (2)  • 

4.  possent:  194,  a.  pueri 
dren.'     7,  a. 

5.  senes:    18,   b.  mulieres 
Quarum:    167.          rerum:    'items,'   here   Figure 53. -Writing tablets 
used  of  persons ;    Caesar  was   thinking  of 
the  numbers  rather   than    the   personality. 
summa:  *  the  aggregate.' 

6.  capitum  Helvetiorum  :  trans,  as  if  Helvetiortwi ;  we  say  "  so 
many  head"  of  stock,  not  of  human  beings.  CCLxm :  ducenta 
sexdginta  tria.  37,  b,  and  d,  and  38,  b.  XXXVI,  etc.  :  read  in  the 
Latin.     36,  and  37,  b. 

8.  qui,  etc. :  i.e.  ei,  qui  arma  ferre  possent  {19 4-,  a),  erant,  etc. 
ad  :  adverb,  '  approximately.' 


The  four  tablets  contain  six 
pages  for  writing,  in  addition  to 
tile  two  outside  covers. 


70  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

Summa  omnium   fuerunt  ad  milia   ccclxviii. 
lo      Eorum,  qui,  domum  redierunt,  censu  habito,  ut  Caesar 
imperaverat,  repertus  est  numerus  milium  c  et  x. 

The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus.    30-54 
The  Gallic  leaders  congratulate  Caesar,  request  a  conference. 

30.  Bello  Helveti5rum  conf ecto,  tdtius  fere  Galliae  legatl, 
principes  civitatum,  ad  Caesarem  gratulatum  convenerunt : 

Intellegere  sese,  tarnetsl  pro  veteribus  Helvetidriim  iniuriis 

popiill  Romdni  ab  his  po ends  bello  I'epetisset^  tameti  earn  rent 

5  non  minus  ex  usu  terrae  Galliae  quant  popull  Romdni  acci- 

disse,  proptered  quod  eo  cdnsilioy  florentissimis  rebus ^  domos 

9.  fugrunt :  plural  on  account  of  the  influence  of  the  predicate  noun 
milia.  173,  b.  ad:  adverb  modifying  ccclxviii  (Jrecenta  duode- 
septudgintd) . 

ID.  domum:  119,  b.  redigrunt :  'returned/  68,  b.  cgnsu  : 
*a  census.'     80,  b.     How  many  of  the  Helvetian  host  failed  to  return? 

30.    I.    Galliae :  Celtic  Gaul.     287,  b. 

2.  principSs :  10,  b.  civitStum :  10,  f,  and  288,  a,  and  b. 
gratulatum  :  231,  a. 

3-1 1.  Direct  form :  Tntellegimtis,  tametsT  pro  veteribus  Helvetiorum  iniuriis 
populT  Roman!  ab  his  poenas  bello  repetierls,  tamen  earn  rem  non  minus  ex 
usu  terrae  GaUiae  quam  populT  Roman!  accidisse,  propterea  quod  eo  consilio, 
fl6rentissim!s  rebus,  dom5s  suas  Helveti!  rellquerunt,  ut!  tot!  Galliae  helium 
Inferrent,  etc. 

3.  Intellegere  s6s6,  tametsi :  '(Saying)  that  they  understood 
that,  although.'  212,  a,  b,  and  c,  (i);  also  .^i^,  b.  iniuriis:  with 
two  genitives,  Helvetiorum  (95)  and  populi  (102)  ;  trans.  '  wrongs 
done  to  the  Roman  people  by  the  Helvetians.' 

4.  poen&s  :  '  punishment.'  92,  a.  repetisset :  =  repetivisset, 
'had  exacted.'     61^,  a,  (3),  and  211^,  a.        rem  :  '  achievement.' 

5.  ex  Clsu  terrae:  *to  the  advantage  of  the  country.'  How  lit.? 
accidisse  :  '  had  turned  out.' 

6.  e6  consilio:  'with  this  (lesign,'  explained  by  the  following 
////-clause.      138.  florentissimis   rgbus :    'though    their  circum- 


Plate  II  Officers,  Standard-bearers,  and  Musicians 


I.   Commander,  imperator.  2.    Lieutenant-general,  legatus. 

3.   Centurion,  centurio.         4.   Lictor.         5.    Standard-bearers,  signiferi. 

6.   Eagle-bearer,  aquilifer.      7.   Trumpeter,  tubicen.     8.    Hornblower,  cornicen. 

9.    Eagle,  aquila.         lo.   Banner,  vexillum. 


I.  30]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus 


71 


suds  Helvetil  reliquissent^  iitl  tdtl  Galliae  belliim  inferrent 
imperioque  potirentur,  locumque  domicilio  ex  magna  copid 
deligerenty  quern  ex  omnl  Gallia  opportunissimum  ac  fruc- 
tuosissimum  iudicdssent,  reliqudsque  clvitdtes  stipendidrids  lo 
haberent. 

Petierunt,  uti  sibi  concilium  totius  Galliae  in  diem  certam 
indicere  idque  Caesaris  voluntate  facere  liceret ;  sese  habere 
qudsdam  reSj  quds  ex  communl  consensu  ab  eo  petere  vel- 
lent.  Ea  re  permissa,  diem  concilio  constituerunt  et  iure  15 
iurando,  ne  quis  enuntiaret,  nisi  quibus  communl  c6nsili5 
mandatum  esset,  inter  se  sanxerunt. 


(Fig. 


54).      lU,  b,   (5),  and 
A.  531  ;  H.  568. 


Figure  54.  —  Helvetian 
coin. 
Reverse,  boar.    In- 
NINNO,   probably  a 


Silver 
scription, 
name. 


stances   were  exceedingly  prosperous 
153,  a.         domos  :  20,  c. 

7.  uti  .   .   .  haberent :    196,  a,  B.  282,  i 

8.  imperio:  74,  (^,  and /5i,  <;.  domi- 
cilio: '■  for  habitation.'  112,  a.  B.  191,  i  ; 
A.  382;  H.  425,  3.         copia:  sc.  locoruin. 

9.  opportunissimum :  '  the  most  suit- 
able.' friictuosissimum  :  '  the  most  pro- 
ductive.'    75,  f. 

10.  iudicassent :  61^,  a,  (i).  sti- 
pendiS.rias  :  predicative,  *  tributary  (to 
them).'     115,  b. 

12.  Petigrunt,    uti    sibi  .   .   .  licgret : 
'  they  asked  permission.'     How  lit.  ?       sibi  :  plural ;  after  liceret. 
in:  'for.' 

13.  indicere:  <  to  appoint.'    222,  a.         id:  160, c. 
138.         licgret :  73,  b.         sese  habere  :  213,  b. 

14.  ex  communl  consensu:  'in  accordance  with  a  general  un- 
derstanding.'       ab  eo  :  116,  b. 

15.  permissa:  'granted.'         iure  iurando:  13,  h. 

16.  ng  quis:  'that  no  one.  How  lit.?  49,  a,  and  168.  gnun- 
tiaret:  'should  make  known  (its  proceedings).'  nisi  quibus:  i.e. 
nisi  ut  ei  enilntidrent,  quibus  .  .  .  mandatum  esset  (impersonal), 
'  except  those  to  whom  the  task  should  have  been  assigned.'     73,  d. 

17.  inter  sg  sanxerunt:  'they  mutually  bound  themselves.' 
159. 


105. 


voluntate : 


72  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  68 

In  secret  session  they  beseech  Caesar  to  defend  Gaul  against 
Ariovistus,  Diviciacus  stating  their  case. 

31.  Eo  concili5  dimisso,  idem  principes  civitatum,  qui 
ante  fuerant,  ad  Caesarem  reverterunt  petieruntque,  ut  sibi 
secreto,.in  occult5,  de  sua  omniumque  salute  cum  e5  agere 
liceret.  Ea  re  impetrata,  sese  omnes  flentes  Caesari  ad 
5  pedes  proiecerunt :  Non  minus  se  id  contendere  et  labdrdre, 
ne  ea,  quae  dlxissent^  enuntidrentiir,  qiiam  tUi  ea,  quae 
vcllent,  impctrdrenty  proptered  quod,  si  enuntidtum  esset, 
summum  in  crucidtum  se  vent  tiros  viderent. 

Locutus  est  pro  his  Diviciacus  Aeduus : 

31.  I.  concilio:  where  the  council  of  the  leading  men  of  Celtic 
Gaul  was  held  we  are  not  informed ;  perhaps  at  Bibracte.  idem : 
=  eldem.     1^5. 

2.  fuerant:  i.e.  with  Caesar.  petigrunt  .  .  .  licgret :  as  in 
chap.  30,  1.  12. 

3.  sScrSto  :  'privately,^  as  a  protection  against  betrayal.  in  oc- 
culto  :  ^in  a  secret  place,'  as  a  precaution  against  spies.  cum  eo  : 
127,  c.         agere  :   '  to  confer.' 

4.  flentes :  227,  b.  Caesari :  trans,  as  if  Caesaris.  109,  a. 
B.  188,  i,N.;  A.  377;  H.  425,  4,  N. 

5-8.  Direct  form  :  Non  minus  id  contendimus  et  labor  dm  us,  ne  ea,  quae 
dtxerlnius,  enuntientur,  quam  uti  ea,  quae  vellmus  {226),  impetremus,  prop- 
terea  quod,  si  enuntiatum  erit,  summum  in  cruciatum  nos  venturos  (esse) 
vidimus. 

5.  N6u  .  .  .  vidSrent:  213,  b.  s6  id  contendere  et  labd- 
rSre  :  '  that  they  strove  and  toiled  (for)  this/  explained  by  the  follow- 
ing ;/<?-clause.     117,  a. 

7.  6nunti5tum  esset :  impersonal ;  '  if  disclosure  should  have 
been  made.' 

8.  cruciatum:  'torture.'         venturos:  89,  c. 

10-18.  Direct  form:  Galliae  tot! us  facliones  sunt  dune;  harum  alterius 
principatum  tenent  AeduT,  alterius,  Arverni. 

HI  cum  tantopere  de  potentatu  inter  se  multos  annos  contenderent  ( iS^,  c), 
factum  est,  uti  ab  Arvernis  Sequanlsque  GermanI  mercede  arcesserentur. 
Horum  primo  circiter  milia  xv  Khcnum  trdnsicrunt ;  postea  quam  agros  et* 


I,  31]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  73 

Galliae  totius  factiones  esse  duds  ;  hdruni  alterius  prln-  to 
cipdtum  tenere  A e duos,  alterius  Arvemos. 

Hi  cum  tantopere  de  potentdtu  inter  se  mulios  annos  cou- 
tenderenty  factum  esse,  utl  ab  Arvemts  Sequanisque  Ger- 
mdnl  m,ercede  arcesserentur.  Horum  prlmo  circiter  mlha  xv 
Rhenum  trdfisisse ;  posted  quam  agros  et  cut  turn  et  copids  is 
Gallorum  homines  feri  ac  barbari  adamdssent,  trddtictos 
plures ;  nutu  esse  in  Gallid  ad  centum,  et  xx  milium 
numerum. 

cultum  et  copias  Gall5rum  homines  feri  ac  barbari  adamdrunt  ( =  adamdve- 
runt),  trdduca  sunt  plures  ;  nunc  sunt  in  Gallia  ad  centum  et  xx  milium 
numerum. 

10.  Galliae :  Celtic  Gaul.  287,  b.  For  the  indirect  discourse 
see  212,  a  and  ^,  (i)  ;  also  214,  «•  factiones  :  here  <  leagues  '  rather 
than  'parties,'  because  made  up  of  states.  alterius  .  .  .  alterius: 
23,  a,  b,  and  111,  b.         principatum  :  'headship.'     75,  b. 

1 1 .  Arvernos :  a  powerful  state,  southwest  of  the  country  of  the 
Aeduans.     See  Map  Gallia. 

12.  de  potentatu  :  '  for  supremacy.'        annos:  118,  a. 

13.  factum   esse:    the   subject   is    nti  .   .  .  arcesserentur ',    trans, 
'it  had  come  about.'    20S,  (i).        Sequanis  :  these  entered  into  al- 
liance with  the  Arvernians  because  of  their  hatred  of  the  Aeduans.     The 
strife  between  the  Sequanians  and  the 
Aeduans  arose  from  the  fact  that  the 
Arar  for  a  part  of  its  course  formed 
the  boundary  between  the  two  states, 
and  each  claimed  the  exclusive  right  to 
levy  tolls  on  passing  vessels.     Among 
the    exports    was    bacon,    which    was      Figure  55.  —  Sequanian  coin, 
highly  esteemed    in    Rome.  Silver.      Reverse,     fanciful   boar; 

14.  mercede  :  'for  pay.'  llj.1.  inscription,  sequanoiotuos,  mean- 
arcesserentur  :  '  were  brought  over.'  '"^'  P^''^^^^^'  '  '°^"°^  ^^"  Sequanian.' 
Finding  themselves  worsted  by  the  Aeduans,  the  Sequanians  hired 
Germans  to  fight  for  them  (Fig.  55). 

15.  transisse  :  US,  b.         postea  quam  :  188,  a,  and  214,  a. 

16.  feri  ac  barbari :  ' savage  and  uncouth.'  adamassent :  'had 
formed  an  eager  desire  for.'     64,  a,  (i).     How  lit. ?        traductos  :  89,  c. 

17.  plures:  sc  Germanos.  esse:    sc.  Germdnos. 


74  Caesar's  Gallic   War  (B.C.  58 

Cum  his  Aeduos  eoriimqiie  clientes  semel  at  que  iterum 
loarmi  contendisse ;  magnam  calamitdtern  pulsos  accepisse^ 
omnem  nobilitdtem,  omnem  sendtum,  omnem  equitdtum 
dmisisse.  Quibus  proelils  calamitdtibusque  frdctos^  qui  et 
sud  virtute  et  popull  Romdni  hospitio  atque  amicitid  pluri- 
mum  ante  in  Gallid  potiiissent,  codctos  esse  Seqiianls  obsides 
25  dare  ndbilissimos  ctvitdtis  et  iure  iurando  civitdtem  obstrin- 
gerey  sese  neque  obsides  repetiturds^  neque  auxilium  d  populo 


19-28.  Direct  form  :  Cum  his //^^«/e6rumque  clientes  semel  atque  iterum 
armis  contenderunt ;  magnam  calamitatem  puhi  acceperunty  omnem  nobili- 
tatem,  omnem  senatum,  omnem  equitatum  dmisertmt.  Quibus  proelils 
calamitatibusque  frdctTy  qui  et  sua  virtute  et  popull  RomanT  hospitio  atque 
amicitia  plurimum  ante  in  Gallia  potueranty  codcti  sunt  Sequanls  obsides  dare 
ndbilissimds  civitatis  et  iure  iurando  civitatem  obstringere,  etc. 

19.  clientSs :  'dependents,'  here  referring  to  dependent  states. 
semel  atque  iterum  :  in  our  idiom,  '  time  and  again.'     How  lit.  ? 

21.  omnem  nobilitatem,  etc. :  the  activity  of  Aeduan  men  of  rank 
recorded  in  Book  VII  shows  that  this  statement,  if  accurately  reported, 
was  greatly  exaggerated.  senatum  :  289^  b.  equitatum  :  col- 
lective, '  knights,'  mentioned  last  as  the  broadest  term  in  the  enu- 
meration ;  apparently  the  '  nobles'  were  a  subdivision  of  the  'knights,' 
preeminent  on  account  of  aristocratic  birth  as  well  as  the  possession 
of  large  resources.     288,  b. 

22.  frSctos  :  'crushed';  in  agreement  with  <?^j  understood  as  sub- 
ject of  codctos  esse  and  antecedent  of  gut. 

23.  hospitio:  'relation  of  hospitality,'  less  close  than  the  relation 
implied  in  amicitia.  Both  relations  were  established  by  treaties  be- 
tween states  ;  when  hospitium  was  established  between  two  states,  each 
was  bound  to  entertain  the  other's  representatives  at  public  expense, 
atque:  force?  233,  a.  plurimum,  etc.  :  '  had  previously  possessed 
the  greatest  power.'     118,  b.     See  chap.  1 1,  1.  6  and  N. 

24.  obsidSs  :  accusative, 'as  hostages.'      115,  a. 

25.  nobilissimos  :     as  in  chap.  7,  1.  8.         idre  iurando  :  IS,  li. 

26.  b5sS  neque  repetituros  [esse],  etc. :  'that  they  would  neither 
try  to  get  back,'  etc.,  the  content  of  the  oath ;  sese  .  .  .  essent  would  be 
in   indirect  discourse   even  if  the  context   were   in   the   direct   form. 

ns,  b. 


I,  31]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  75 

Rdtndno  impldrdturos^  neque  recusdturds^  quo  mimes  perpetud 
sub  illorum  dicioue  at  que  imperio  essent. 

Unum  se  esse  ex  omnl  clvitdte  Aedudrum^  qui  adduci  non 
potuerit,  ut  iurdret  aut  liberos  suds  obsides  daret.     Ob  earn  30 
rem  se  ex  clvitdte  profugisse  et  Romam  ad  sendtum  venisse 
auxilium  postuldtum,  quod  solus  neque  iure  iurando  neque 
obsidibus  teneretur. 

Sed  peius  victoribus  Sequanls  quam  Aeduls  victls  acci- 


I'j.    imploraturos    [esse]  :    ^solicit.'  recusaturos    [esse]  : 

*  refuse.'         quo  minus  —  essent :  '  to  be ' ;  how  lit. .''     201,  a.       per- 
petuo  :  '  forever.'     5-^,  b. 

28.  illorum:  \X2Ci\?>.  2i'&\i Sequanorum.  dioione  : 'sway.' 

29-33-  Direct  form :  Unus  ego  sum,  ex  omni  cTvitate  Aedu5rum,  qui  ad- 
duci n5n  potuerhn  {194,  ^)>  ut  ifirdrem  (*to  take  the  oath';  199,  a)  aut 
Kberos  r?ieds  obsides  {115,  a)  daretn,  Ob  earn  rem  ex  civitate  profiigi,  et 
Romam  ad  senatum  venT  auxilium  postulatum,  quod  solus  neque  iure  iurandS 
neque  obsidibus  tetiebar. 

29.  Unum  se  esse  :  '  That  he  (Diviciacus)  was  the  only  one.' 

31.  profugisse:  'had  fled.'  Romam:  119,  a.  At  Rome 
Diviciacus  met  Cicero,  who  was  much  interested  in  him  and  in  what  he 
had  to  say  about  nature ;  for  Diviciacus  was  a  Druid,  and  the  Druids 
professed  knowledge  of  the  Universe  (VI.  14). 

32.  postulatum:  'to  demand';  a  strong  word,  justified  by  the 
urgency  of  the  cause  and  the  friendly  relations  between  the  Aeduan 
state  and  Rome.     231,  a,  and  b. 

34-44.  Direct  form:  Sed  peius  victoribus  Sequanls  quam  Aeduis  victTs 
accidit,  propterea  quod  Ariovistus,  rex  Germanorum,  in  eorum  finibus  consedit 
{183,  a),  tertiamque  partem  agri  Sequani,  qui  ^j/optimus  totlus  Galliae,  occupa- 
vit ;  et  nunc  de  altera  parte  tertia  Sequanos  decedere  iubet,  propterea  quod, 
panels  mensibus  ante,  Flarudum  milia  hominum  XXiiii  ad  eum  venerunt,  • 
quibus  locus  ac  sedes  parentur.  Paucis  annis  omnes  ex  Galliae  finibus  pellen- 
tur,  atque  omnes  German!  Rhenum  trdnslbunt ;  neque  enim  confer endus  est 
Gallicus  {ager)  cum  Germanorum  agro,  neque  haec  consuetudo  victus  cum 
ilia  comparanda  {est). 

34.  peius  :  '  a  worse  fate.'  154,  ^,  and  32.  victoribus  :  here  an 
adjective,  'victorious.'         victoribus  .  .  .  victis  :  239,  c. 


76  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

isdisse,  proptered  quod  Ariovisttis,  rex  Germdnorum,  in  eorum 
ftnibus  consedisset  tertiamqiie  partem  agri  Seqiianl^  qui 
esset  optimus  totliis  Galliae^  occupdvissetj  et  nunc  de  altera 
parte  tertid  Sequanos  decedere  iuberety  proptered  quod,  paucts 
mensibus  ante,  Harudicm  mllia  hominnm  xxiiii  ad  eum  ve- 

x^nissent,  quibiis  locus  ac  sedes  pardrentur.      Futurum  esse 


Figure  56.  —  View  across  the  Rhine  valley,  in  Alsace. 

From  the  site  of  Ariovistus's  camp,  Zellenberg  (Map  4),  looking  east  toward  Ostheim. 
In  the  distance  the  hills  east  of  the  Rhine  are  visible. 


35.  rex:  91,  a.  Germ^norum  :  apparently  Swabians  (chap.  37, 
I.  6).     Ariovistus  probably  crossed  the  Rhine  as  early  as  72  or  71  B.C. 

37.  occupavisset :  '  had  seized,'  in  the  rich  level  country  west  of 
the  Rhine,  in  modern  Alsace.  altera  parte  tertia  :  *  a  seconr . 
third-part.' 

38.  dgcgdere  :  '  to  withdraw.'     200,  b. 

39.  mgnsibus:  11^0.     B.  223  ;  H.  488,  i.  Hartidum  :  19,  e. 

40.  locus  ac  aSdSs:  'places  of  habitation.'  How  lit.?  15,  b. 
parSrentur:  'were  to  be  provided.'  193,  a.  Futtirum  esse:  'it 
would  come  about' ;  the  subject  is  the  following  «/f -clause.    203,  (i). 


I,  31]  The   Campaign   against  Ariovistus  77 

panels  annls,  nil  onines  ex  Galliae  flnibns  pellerentiir  atqiie 
omnes  Germdni  Rhenum  trdnsirent ;  Jieqne  enim  eonferen- 
dum  esse  Gallicum  cum  Germdnoriim  agro,  neque  hanc 
consiietudinem  victus  cum  ilia  comparandam. 

Ariovistum  autemy  ut  seme  I  Gallorum  copids  p7'oelid  vi-  45 
cerity  quod  proelium  factum    sit   Admagetobrigae ^  superbe 
et  crudeliter  imperdre^  obsides  nobilissimi  cuiusque  llberos 
poscere,  et  in  eos  omnia  exempla  crucidtusque  edere,  si  qua 

41.    annis  :  lJi.7,  a.         omnes:  sc.  Galli. 

43.  conferendum  esse  :  229^  c.  Gallicum  :  sc.  agrum.  Caesar 
means  that  the  land  in  Gaul  is  incomparably  better  than  that  in  Ger- 
many ;  we  usually  state  such  comparisons  in  the  opposite  way. 

44.  consuetudinem  victus:  'standard  of  living.'  ilia:  'that 
(of  the  Germans).'  The  civilization  of  the  Gauls  was  at  this  time 
far  superior.         comparandam  :  89,  c. 

45-55.  Direct  form  :  Ariovistus  autem,  ut  semel  Gallorum  copias  proelio 
vicit,  quod  proelium  factum  est  Admagetobrigae,  superbe  et  crudeliter  im- 
perat,  obsides  nobilissimi  cuiusque  llberos  poscit,  et  in  eos  omnia  exempla 
cruciatusque  edit,  si  qua  res  non  ad  nutum  aut  ad  voluntatem  eius  facta  est. 
Homo  est  barbarus,  trdcundus,  temerdrius  ;  non  />ossunt  tias  imperia  diutius 
sustinerl.  Nisi  quid  in  te  populoque  Romano  e?'it  auxilii,  omnibus  Gallls 
idem  est  faciendum,  quod  Hulvetu  fecerunt,  ut  domo  emigrent,  aliud  domici- 
lium,  alias  sedes,  remStas  a  Germanis,  petant,  fortunamque,  quaecumque 
accidat,  experiantur. 

45.  Gallorum  :  the  Aeduans  and  their  allies.  vicerit,  imperare, 
etc. :  representing  perfects  and  presents  in  the  direct  form,  used  for 
vividness ;  the  pluperfect  and  perfect  or  imperfect  in  the  direct  form 
might  have  been  expected,  and  in  translation  past  tenses  should  be  used. 

46.  quod  proelium:  'a.  battle  which.'  165,  a.  Admageto- 
brigae: according  to  the  probable  meaning  of  the  Gallic  name,  'at 
the  stronghold  of  Admagetos ' ;  where  the  place  was  we  do  not  know. 
The  battle  was  perhaps  fought  in  61  or  60  B.C.  llfi.  superbe  et 
crudeliter:   'with  arrogance  and  cruelty.' 

47.  nobilissimi  cuiusque:  'of  every  man  of  rank.'  170,  a.  B. 
252,  5,  c\  A.  313,  b\  H.  515,  2. 

48.  in:  'upon.'  exempla:  'kinds  of  punishment,'  as  warning 
examples  to  others.  cruciatus  :  '  tortures,'  as  indicating  one  kind 
of  punishment  resorted  to  by  Ariovistus.  edere :  '  inflicted.' 
qua:  ^5,  a,  and  168. 


78  Caesar's  Gallic   War  [B.C.  58 

res  non  ad  nutiim  ant  ad  voluntdtem  eiiis  facta  sit.  Honti- 
50  nem  esse  barbariim,  Irdciindum^  temerdrium  ;  non  posse  eins 
imperia  diutius  sustinerl.  Nisi  quid  in  Caesare  populoque 
Romdno  sit  auxilizy  omnibus  Gallls  idem  esse  faciendum ^ 
quod  Helvetit  fecerint,  ut  do  mo  emigrent,  a  Hud  domiciliumy 
alias  sides y  remotds  d  GermdniSy  petant^  fortunamque,  quae- 
ss  cumque  accidat^  experiantur. 

Haec  SI  enuntidta  Ariovisto  sinty  non  dubitdre,  qufn  de 
omnibus  obsidibuSy  qui  apud  eum  sinty  gravissimum  suppli- 
cium  sumat.  Caesaremy  vel  auctoritdte  sud  at  que  exercituSy 
vel  recentl  victorid,  vel  nomine  populi  Romdniy  deterrere 
60  posse y  ne  maior  m,ultitudd  Germdnorum  Rhenum  trdducdtury 
Galliamque  omnem  ab  Ariovisti  iniurid posse  defendere. 


49.  ad  nutum  :  '  at  his  beck,'  at  the  slightest  intimation  of  his  desires. 

50.  iracundum:  *  quick-tempered.'         temerSrium  :  'reckless.' 

52.  quid  —  auzilii:  'some  help.'  97,  b,  Gallis,  etc.:  *all 
the  Celts  would  have  to  do  the  same  thing.'  110,  and  229,  c.  B.  189, 
I ;  A.  374;  H.  431.  idem:  subject  oi  faciendum  esse,  explained 
by  the  appositive  clause  jit  .   .  .  experiantur .     203,  (4). 

53.  domo  :  130,  d.         §migreiit :  'migrate.' 

54.  quaecumque :  indefinite  relative ;  trans.  '  endure  whatever 
fortune  might  befall  them.'     60,  a. 

56-61.  Direct  form:  Haec  sT  envintiata  Ariovisto  erunt,  n5n  dubito,  quin 
de  omnibus  obsidibus,  qui  apud  eum  sint,  gravissinium  supplicium  sumat. 
Tii,  vel  auctoritate  tud  atque  exercitus,  vel  recenti  victoria,  vel  nomine  populi 
Roman!,  deterrere  potes,  ne  maior  multitudo  Germanorum  Rhenum  traduca- 
tur,  Galliamque  omnem  ab  Ariovisti  Iniuria  potes  defendere. 

56.  Haec :  the  utterances  at  the  conference,  and  appeal  to  Caesar, 
non  dubit&re :  sc.  se,  'he  (Diviciacus)  had  no  doubt.'  quia  .  .  . 
sumat:  '  that  he  (Ariovistus)  would  inflict.'  201,  c.  B.  298;  A.  558, 
rf;  H.  595,  I.         d6:  'upon.' 

58.  exercitus  :  '  (that)  of  his  army.'     157,  d. 

59.  deterrSre  nS,  etc. :  'prevent^ a  larger  host  of  Germans  from 
being  brought  across  the  Rhine.'     How  lit.?    201,  a. 

60.  RhSnum:  why  accusative?     114,t).     B.   179,3;  A.  395,  N.  2  ; 

H.413. 

61.  Galliam:  as  in  1.  10.         Ariovisti:  95. 


1. 32]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  79 

Tlie  lot  of  the  Sequanians,  showing  what  might  happen  to  all. 

32.  Hac  5rati5ne  ab  Diviciaco  habita,  omnes,  qui  ade- 
rant,  magn5  fletu  auxilium  a  Caesare  petere  coeperunt. 
Animadvertit  Caesar,  unos  ex  omnibus  Sequanos  nihil 
earum  rerum  facere,  quas  ceteri  facerent,  sed  tristes,  capite 
demisso,  terram  intueri.  Eius  rei  quae  causa  esset,  miratus,  5 
ex  ipsis  quaesiit.  Nihil  Sequani  respondere,  sed  in  eadem 
tristitia  taciti  permanere. 

Cum  ab  his  saepius  quaereret,  neque  ullam  ommn5  vocem 
exprimere  posset,  idem  Diviciacus  Aeduus  respondit : 

Hdc  esse  miseriorem  et  graviorem  fortunam  Sequanorunt  10 

32.  2.  fletu:  'weeping.'  Shedding  of  tears  by  men  was  much 
more  common  among  the  Gauls  and  Romans  than  among  us. 

3.  unos:  'alone.'     23^  a.         nihil:  'none.'     How  lit.? 

4.  ceteri:  171,  a.  facerent:  214,  a,  and  213,  a.  tristes: 
'disconsolately.'  151.  capite  demisso:  'with  bowed  heads.' 
How  lit.?     lU,  b,  (7). 

5.  intugri:  'looked  upon.'  quae:  J^S,  b.  esset:  201^,  (2). 
miratus:  226,  c. 

6.  quaesiit:  116,  c.  respondere,  permanere:  'answered,' 
'remained.'     182. 

7.  tristitia:   'state  of  dejection.'         taciti:  'silent.'     I48,  c, 

8.  saepius:  '  again  and  again.'  How  lit.  ?  153,  a:  quaereret: 
185,  c,  and  116,  c.  neque  :  =  et  non.  233,  a.  vocem  :  '  utter- 
ance.'    10,  c. 

9.  exprimere  :  '  to  force  out.'  Aeduus  :  an  Aeduan  is  now 
speaking  for  the  Sequanians,  who  were  formerly  bitter  enemies  of  the 
Aeduans. 

10-16.  Direct  form:  Yioz  est  miser ior  ^\.  gravior  fortuna  Sequanorum 
quam  reliquorum,  quod  soli  ne  in  occulto  quidem  querl  neque  auxilium  im- 
plSrare  audent,  absentisque  Ariovisti  crudelitatem,  velut  si  coram  adsU,  horrent^ 
propterea  quod  reliquls  tamen  fugae  facultas  datur,  Sequanis  vero,  qui 
Intra  fines  suos  Ariovistum  receperunt,  quorum  oppida  omnia  in  potestate  eius 
sunt,  omnes  cruciatus  sunt  perferendT. 

10.  Hoc  :  '  On  this  account,'  explained  by  the  following  quod-&3M%^. 
135,  a.         miseriorem:  '  more  wretched.'     22,  d. 


80  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

qiiam  reliquoriim,  quod  soli  ne  in  occulto  quidem  qiieri  neque 
auxilmm  implordre  auderent,  absentisque  Ariovisti  crudeli- 
tdUniy  velut  si  coram  adesset^  horrerent,  proptered  quod 
reliquis  tamen  fugae  facultds  daretur,  Sequanis  vero^  qui 
:s  intra  fines  suds  Ariovistum  recepissent,  quorum  oppida  omnia 
in  potestdte  eius  essenty  omnes  crucidtus  essent perferendi. 

Caesar,  for  reasons  of  state,  promises  his  help  against  Ariovistus. 

33.    His  rebus  cognitis,  Caesar  Gallorum  animos  verbis 

confirmavit  pollicitusque  est,  sibi  earn  rem  curae  f uturam ; 

magnam  se  habere  spem,  et  beneficid  sud  et  auctoritdtc  adduc- 

turn  Ariovistum  finem   iniiiriis  facturum.     Hac  oratione 

5  habita,  concilium  dimisit. 

Et  secundum  ea  multae  res  eum  hortabantur,  quare  sibi 

11.  nS  .  .  .  quidem:  237,  c.     B.  347;  H.  656,  2. 

12.  audSrent:  62.  absentis :  'in. his  absence.'  How  lit.? 
crudglitatem :  '  cruelty.' 

13.  velut:  'just  as.'  coram:  'in  person.'  adesset :  sub- 
junctive also  in  the  direct  form.  210.  B.  307,  i;  A.  524;  H.  584. 
horrSrent :  '  they  shuddered  at.' 

14.  reliquis:  'to  the  rest '  of  the  Celts.  Ill,  a.  tamen:  'at 
any  rate,'  as  a  last  resource.  Sequanis  .  .  .  essent  perferendi: 
Hhe  Sequanians  .  .  .  had  to  endure.'  How  lit.?  229,  c,  and  110.  B. 
189,  i;  A.  374;  H.  431. 

15.  oppida  omnia:  exaggeration;  for  the  Sequanians  still  held 
Vesontio  (^Besanqoti),  which  was  their  strongest  fortified  place  (chap.  38). 

16.  omnSs  :  as  we  say,  'all  possible.' 

33.  2.  sibi  .  .  .  futuram  [esse]  :  'that  this  matter  should  have 
his  attention.'     How  lit.  ?    112,  b. 

3.  magnam,  etc. :  213,  b.  beneficio  su6 :  Caesar's  kindness 
when  he  was  consul  (59  Bc),  in  helping  secure  a  recognition  of 
Ariovistus  by  the  Roman  senate  {255)  ;  Caesar  reminds  Ariovistus  of 
this  later  (chap.  35,  11.  3-8 ;  chap.  43,  11.  9-15). 

4.  iniuriis  :  104,  a.  facturum  [esse]  :  after  habere  spem,  used 
in  place  oi  sperdre.    213,  a. 

6.  secundum:  preposition;  '  besides  those  considerations.'  122,  ay 
and  160,  c.         qu&r6  :  trans,  as  if  propter  qtids.        sibi :  110. 


1. 33]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  81 

earn  rem  cogitandam  et  suscipiendam  putaret ;  in  primis, 
quod  Aeduos,  fratres  consanguineosque  saepe  numero  a 
senatu  appellatos,  in  servitute  atque  dicione  videbat  Ger- 
manorum  teneri,  eorumque  obsides  esse  apud  Ariovistum  lo 
ac  Sequanos  intellegebat ;  quod  in  tanto  imperio  popull 
Roman!  turpissimum  sibi  et  rei  publicae  esse  arbitrabatur. 
Paulatim  autem  Germanos  consuescere  Rhenum  transire, 
et  in  Galliam  magnam  eorum  multitudinem  venire,  populo 
Roman5  periculosum  videbat ;  neque  sibi  homines  feros  ac  15 
barbaros  temperatures  existimabat,  quin,  cum  omnem  Gal- 
liam occupavissent,  ut  ante  CimbrI  Teutonique  fecissent,  in 

7.  cogitandam  [esse]  :  '  ought  to  be  taken  into  consideration.' 
putaret:  194,  a.        in  primis  :  'first  of  all.'     How  lit.  ? 

8.  quod  .  .  .  videbat :  198,  b.  fratres  :  predicate  accusative 
after  appellatos.  88,  b.  o5nsanguineos :  '  kin,'  implying  blood- 
relationship,  while /r^/r/j,  like  our  "  brethren,"  might  be  used  as  a  title 
implying  intimacy  of  relations  without  kinship.  The  use  of  the  title  here 
may  imply  that  the  Aeduans  claimed  descent  from  the  Trojans,,  as  did  the 
Romans,  and  Caesar  himself.  ;^4-4>  and  Fig.  153.  numero:  with 
saepe,  '•  repeatedly.'     1^2,  «,  and  85. 

11.  quod  :  '  (a  state  of  affairs)  which  ' ;  the  antecedent  of  quod  is 
the  thought  expressed  by  the  infinitive  clauses  depending  on  videbat 
and  intellegebat .  in  .  .  .  Roman!  :  'in  view  of  the  greatness  of  the 
power  of  the  Roman  people.'     How  lit.? 

12.  turpissimum:  ' exceedingly  disgraceful.'  I48,  c,  a.nd  153,  a. 
sibi :  108j  a. 

13.  Paulatim,  etc. :  'for  the  Germans  gradually  to  become  accus- 
tomed ' ;  Gennanos  consuescere  and  multitudinem  ventre  are  the  sub- 
ject of  esse, '  was,'  understood  after  videbat.  213,  a.  autem  :  '  more- 
over.'    236,  a. 

15.  periculosum:  '  full  of  danger.'  I48,  d  \  75,/,  2ind  84.  sibi 
.  .  .  temperatures  [esse]  :  '  would  hold  back,'  lit.  '  restrain  them- 
selves.'   105. 

16.  quin  .  .  .  exirent :  'from  passing  over.'     201,  a. 

17.  ut :  '  as.'  188,  b,  and  214,  ^-  ut  .  .  .  fecissent :  related  in 
thought  with  exirent  and  contenderent.  Cimbri  Teutonique  :  the 
terrible  hordes  of  the  Cimbrians  and  Teutons  in  the  closing  years  of 
the  second  century  B.C.  swept  over  Celtic  Gaul  and  passed  into  the 


82  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

provinciam  exTrent  atque  inde  in  Italiam  contenderent,  prae- 

sertim  cum  Sequanos  a  provincia  nostra  Rhodanus  divi- 

aoderet ;  quibus  rebus  quam  maturrime  occurrendum  putabat. 

Ipse  autem  Ariovistus  tantos  sibi  splritus,  tantam  ar- 

rogantiam  sumpserat,  ut  ferendus  non  videretur. 

Caesar  invites  Ariovistus  to  a  conference ;  he  is  rebuffed. 

34.    Quam  ob  rem  placuit  ei,  ut  ad  Ariovistum  legates 
mitteret,  qui  ab  eo  postularent,  uti  aliquem  locum,  medium 
utriusque,  colloquio  deligeret :    Ve//e  sese  de  re  publicd  et 
suminls  titriHsqiie  rebus  aim  eo  agere. 
s      Ei  legationi  Ariovistus  respondit : 

Province,  whence  the  Cimbrians  made  their  way  into  Cisalpine  Gaul. 
Finally  the  Teutons  were  annihilated  in  a  fierce  battle  at  Aquae  Sextiae 
(now  Aix),  about  20  miles  north  of  Massilia,  by  Gains  Marius  in 
102  B.C. ;  and  a  year  later  the  Cimbrians  met  a  similar  fate  at  Vercellae, 
in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  northeast  of  Turin.     See  Map  Gallia. 

18.  Italiam:  here  including  Cisalpine  Gaul.  283^  b.  praeser- 
tim  cum  :  184i  b. 

19.  Sgquands  :  282.  Rhodanus  :  '  (only)  the  Rhone,'  a  slight 
protection  against  an  invading  host. 

20.  quibus  rebus:  'and  these  conditions.'  107.,  a.  quam 
mSturrimS:  'at  the  earliest  possible  moment.'  SI^.,  «,  and  15S,  c. 
occurrendum  [esse]  :  sc.  sibi.,  'that  he  ought  to  meet.'     How  lit.? 

21.  tantos  splritus:  'such  insolent  airs.'     20.,  b. 

22.  arrogantiam :  'arrogance.'  ferendus  non:  'unbearable.' 
How  lit.? 

34.    I.   placuit  ei:  'he  (Caesar)  resolved.'     How  lit.?  ut  .  .  . 

mitteret:  \\\i\\  p/acuit ;  'to  send.'     Ui!),a,{j). 

2.  postul&rent :  193.,  a.  aliquem:  49,a.  medium  utriuaque  : 
'midway  between  them.'     How  lit.?    ^/,  and /^^. 

3.  colloquiS  :  '  for  a  conference.'  112.,  a.  Velle  s6s6  :  '(stat- 
ing) that  he  wished.'     213^  b. 

4.  Bummis  utriusque  rSbus  :  'affairs  of  the  utmost  importance  to 
both.'     How  lit.? 

6-13.  Direct  form :  SI  quid  mihi  a  Caesare  opus  esset,  ad  eum  venissem  ; 
sT  quid  ille  m?  vult,  ilium  ad  vt?  venire  oportet. 


t,  34]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus 


83 


Si  quid  ipsi  a  Caesare  opus  esset^  sese  ad  eum  venturum 
fuisse ;   si   quid  ille  se  velit,  ilium  ad  se  venire  oportere, 

Praetered^  se  neque  sine  exercitt{   i^i  eds  partes    Galliae 
venire  audere^  quds  Caesar  possideret^  neque  exercituin  sine 
magno  conimedtu  atque  mdllniento  in  unum  locum  contrahere  lo 
posse. 


Figure  57.  —  Pottery  found  at  Bibracte  ;   Museum  of  St.  Germain. 


Praeterea,  neque  sine  exercitu  in  eas  partes  Galliae,  quas  Caesar  possidet, 
venire  audeo,  neque  exercitum  sine  magno  commeatu  atque  mollmento  in 
iinum  locum  contrahere /(Jwmw. 

Mihi  autem  mirum  videtur,  quid  in  nied  Gallia,  quam  bello  vict^  aut 
Caesari  aut  omnino  populo  Romano  negotil  sit. 

6.  Si  .  .  .  fuisse :  208,  c.  quid,  etc.  :  '  he  himself  had  wanted 
anything.'     How  lit.?     132,  b.         ipsi:^^. 

7.  quid  se  :  ^anything  of  himself,'  Ariovistus.     116,  d. 

8.  Praeterea:  'furthermore.'  Ariovistus  was  seemingly  over 
near  the  Rhine,  a  long  distance  from  Caesar,  who  was  probably  in  the 
vicinity  of  Bibracte. 

9.  possideret :  'was  occupying.' 

10.  commeatu:  '  store  of  supplies.'  molimento  :  'trouble 'in 


84  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  68 

Sibi  autem  mirum  videri,  quid  in  sua  Gallia,  qiiam  bellb 
viciissetf  aut  Caesari  aut  ommnd  populo  Romano  negotii  esset. 


Caesar  through  envoys  ynakes  demands  of  AriovistuSj  and 
threatens. 

35.  His  responsis  ad  Caesarem  relatis,  iterum  ad  eum 
Caesar  legat5s  cum  his  mandatis  mittit : 

Quoniam,  tanto  sud  popullque  Romdnl  beneficio  affectuSy 
cum  in  consiildtu  sud  rex  atque  amicus  a  sendtti  appelldtus 

accumulating  supplies  as  well  as  in  mobilizing  his  forces  ;  for  the  army 
of  Ariovistus,  so  long  as  it  was  scattered  in  small  detachments,  could 
live  off  the  country.         contrahere  :  <  bring  together.' 

12.  mirum:  'a  cause  for  wonder.'  i>^,  d.  bello :  ISi,  a. 
quid  .  .  .  esset :  subject  of  vidert,  '  what  business  either  Caesar  or,' 
etc.     20Jf,  (2). 

13.  aut  .  .  .  aut:  236,  a.  Caesari,  populo:  111.  negotii: 
97  yb, 

35.  2.  his  mandatis:  <this  message,'  lit.  'these  instructions' 
to  the  envoys,  which  were  to  be  presented  orally,  and  are  here  sum- 
marized.    212,  c,  (4). 

3-8.  Direct  form:  Quoniatn,  tanto  m^.o  popullque  Roman!  beneficio 
affectus,  cum  in  c<5nsulatu  meo  rex  atque  amicus  a  senatu  appellatus  est, 
(Ariovistus)  banc  mihi  populoque  Romano  gratiam  refert,  ut,  in  colloquium 
venire  invitatus,  gravetur,  neque  de  communi  re  dicendum  sibi  et  cognos- 
cendum  putet,  haec  sunt,  quae  ab  eo  postulo. 

3.  Quoniam  :  'Since.'  tantS,  etc. :  *  although  treated  with  so 
great  kindness  by  himself  and  the  Roman  people.'     How  lit.  ?     157,  d. 

4.  o5nsulata  su6 :  in  the  previous  year ;  see  N.  to  chap.  33,  1.  3. 
r6x  .  .  .  senatfl:  cf.  chap.  3, 11.  12-13,  and  Notes.  The  truth  seems 
to  be  that  in  the  strifes  between  the  Aeduans  and  Ariovistus  the  Roman 
Senate  thought  it  the  best  policy  to  stand  in  well  with  both  sides.  The 
Senate  therefore  continued  to  profess  friendship  for  the  Aeduans,  but 
after  they  sustained  a  crushing  defeat  at  AdmagStos's  stronghold  (chap. 
31,  11.  19-28  and  46)  it  courted  Ariovistus.  To  what  extent  Caesar  was 
responsible  for  the  conferring  of  the  titles  on  Ariovistus  in  59  B.C.,  wc 
do  not  know. 


I,  35]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  85 

esset,  hanc  sibi  popidoque  Romdno  gi'dtiam  referrety  ut,  in  s 
colloqidtim  venire  invitdtus,  gravdretiir^  neque  de  communl 
re  dicendum  sibi  et  cognoscendiim  putdret,  haec  esse,  quae 
ab  eo  postiddret  .- 

Prlmiim,  ne  qiiam  midtitudinem  hominum  amplius  trans 
Rheniim  in  Galliam  trdduceret ;  lo 

Deinde,  obsides^  quos  haberet  ab  AedtiiSy  redderet^  Sequams- 
que  permitteret,  tit,  quos  Hit  haberent^  voluntdte  eius  reddere 
nils  liceret ;  neve  Aediios  iniurid  laces seret^  neve  his  sociis- 
que  eorum  be  limn  In  ferret. 

Si  id  itafecisset,  sibi  popidoque  Romdno  perpetuam  grd-  is 

5.  referret:  183,  a,  3.nd  214,  ^'  ut  .  .  .  gravargtur  :  <that  he  .  .  . 
raised  objections' ;  explaining grdtia/n.     203^(4).         in:  'to.' 

6.  invitatus  :  '  when  he  had  been  invited.'  227,  a.  neque  .  .  . 
putaret :  '  and  did  not  consider  himself  under  obligation  to  discuss, 
and  take  under  advisement,  a  matter  of  mutual  interest.'     How  lit.  ? 

7.  dicendum  [esse]  sibi  :  13,  e,  and  110.     haec  :  161,  a,  and  160,  c. 

9-14.  Direct  form :  Primum,  (/^5/«/J)  ne  (^Ariovistus)  quam  multitudi- 
nem  hominum  amplius  trans  Rhenum  in  Galliam  trddUcat ; 

Deinde,  obsides,  quos  habet  ab  AeduTs,  reddat,  SequanTsque  permittaty  ut 
(obsides),  quos  h!  habent,  voluntate  eius  reddere  illls  lie  eat ;  neve  Aeduos 
iniuria  lacessat^  neve  his  sociisque  eorum  bellum  Inferat. 

9.  Primum  :  237,  b.  quam  :  1^9,  a,  and  168.  hominum : 
98,  a.         amplius  :  'in  addition.'     How  lit.? 

10.  traduceret,  lacesseret  (1.  13),  inferret  (1.  14)  :  199,  a. 

11.  redderet,  permitteret :  sc.  ?^/.     200,  a. 

12.  ut  .  .  .  liceret:  'to  have  his  (Ariovistus's)  approval  in  return- 
ing (to  the  Aeduans  the  hostages)  which,'  etc.  How  lit.  ?  199,  a,  and 
73,  a,  b.         voluntate  :  138.         reddere  :  67,  c,  and  222,  a. 

15-21.  Direct  form:  ST  id  ita  fecerit  (future  perfect),  mihi  {111)  popu- 
loque  Romano  perpetua  gratia  atque  amicitia  cum  eo  erit;  sT  non  impetrdbo, 
quoniara,  M.  Messala,  M.  Pisone  consulibus,  senatus  censuit,  utl,  quicumque 
Galliam  provinciam  obtineret,  quod  commodo  rel  publicae  facere  posset, 
Aedu5s  ceterosque  amicos  populi  Roman!  defenderet,  Aeduorum  iniurias  non 
neglegam. 

15.    fgcisset,   futuram    [esse]  :    218,    (i),   b.  perpetuam  : 

*  lasting.' 


86 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


(B.C.  58 


tiam  atque  amicitiam' cum  eo  futuram  ;  si  non  iinpetrarety 
sesiy  quonianiy  M.  Messdld,  M.  Plsone  consiilibiis,  sendtiis 
censuisset,  uti,  qulcumque  Galliam  provinciam  obtineret^ 
quod  commodo  ret  publicae  facere  posset^  A e duos  ceterosque 
20  amicds popult  Romdnl  defenderet^  se  Aeduorum  iniurids  non 
neglecturum. 

Ariovistus  replies^  claiming  prior  rights  in   Oaul  and  defying 

Caesar. 

36.   Ad  haec  Ariovistus  respondit  : 

Ills  esse  belli,  ut,  qui  vicissent,  eis,  qnos  vicissent,  quern 
ad  modum   vellent,   imperdrent ;   item  populum  Romdnum 


17.  M.  .  .  .  consulibus  :  61  B.C.     2/^0,  a,  and  2S8,  a. 

18.  c6nauisset:  'decreed.'     t83,  a,  and  214,  <^-         uti  .  . 

deret :  199,  a,  and  177,  b. 


Figure  58.  —  Aeduan  coin. 

Gold.  Obverse.  Apollo.  Reverse,  Vic- 
tory driving  a  chariot.  Copied  from  a  Greek 
coin  of  Macedonia ;  the  Greek  name,  '  Of 
Philip.'  is  retained  on  the  reverse. 

would  not   leave  unnoticed,' 
veiled. 


dSfen- 

qui- 

cumque  :  50,  a.        provinciam  : 

'  as  a  province.'    115,  a. 

19.  quod  :' so  far  as.'  19^,/. 
H.  283,  5  ;  A.  535,  d;  H.  591.  3. 
commodo  rei  publicae  :  '  con- 
sistently with  the  public  interest.' 
lS8,?iXidil02.      AeduoB  :  Fig.  58. 

20.  86 :  repeated  from  sese  in 
1.17. 

2  i .   neglecturum  [esse]  :  *  he 
a    threat   sufficiently   forceful,   although 


36.  2-7.  Direct  form:  lus  «/  belli,  ut,  qui  7'icerint  (220),  els,  quos 
vicerint  (220),  (juem  ad  modum  velint,  imperent  {20S,  4);  item  populus 
Komanus  victis  non  ad  alterius  praescriptum,  sed  ad  suum  arbitrium,  imperare 
cdnsu?vii.  Si  ego  populo  Romano  ndn  praescnho,  cjuem  ad  modum  su5  lure 
iitdtur  {204,  3),  non  oportet  {7.i,  a)  m?  a  populo  Romano  in  med  iure  im- 
pedirl. 

2.  qui :  the  antecedent  is  the  implied  subject  of  imperdrent ;  *  that 
those  who  had  conquered  should  rule  over,'  etc.  els :  after  /mpe- 
rilrent.  106.  quern  ad  modum:  'in  whatever  way,'  lit.  *  according 
to  which  manner':  in  full,  ad  {eum)  modum  ad  quern. 


1, 36]  The   Campaign  against  Ariovistus  87 

victls  tzon  ad  alterius  praescripttiniy  sed  ad  stium  arbitrium, 
imperdre  consuesse.      Si  ipse  populo  Romano  non  praescrl-  s 
beret,  queni  ad  modum  stco  iure  uteretuTy  non  oportere  se  a 
populo  Romano  in  siw  iure  impedirl. 

Aeduos  sibiy  quoniam  belli  foi^tunam  temptdssent  et  armzs 
congressi  ac  superdti  essent,  slipefididrios  esse  factos.  Mag- 
nam  Caesarem  iiiiuriam  facere^  qui  sud  adventu  vectigdlia  k 
sibi  deteriora  faceret.  Aeduis  se  ob sides  redditurum,  non 
esse ;  neque  his  neque  eornm  sociis  iniurid  be  Hum  illdturum, 
si.  in  eo  manerent,  quod  convenisset^  stipendiumque  quotan- 

4.  victis  :  227^a^{\).  ad  alterius  praescriptum  :  'according 
to  the  dictates  of  another/  How  Ht.?  2S,  b.  arbitrium  :  'judg- 
ment.' 

5.  non  praescriberet :  '  should  not  dictate.' 

6.  quem  ad  modum  :  '  in  what  way ' ;  quein  is  here  interrogative. 
45,  b.         8u6  :  '  its  own.'  uteretur  :  '  should  exercise.' 

7.  suo  :  '  his  own.' 

8-15.  Direct  form:  AeduT  mihi,  quoniam  belli  fortunam  tempidverunt 
et  armls  congressi  ac  superati  sunt,  stlpendidriT  facti  sunt.  Magnam  Caesar 
iniuriam  facit,  qui  suo  adventu  vectlgalia  mihi  deteriora  faciat.  AeduTs 
obsides  non  reddam  ;  neque  his  neque  e5rum  sociis  iniuria  bellum  inferam, 
si  in  eo  manebunt,  quod  conv?nit,  stipendiumque  quotannis  pendent;  si 
id  non  fecerint  (future  perfect),  longe  els  fraternum  nomen  popull  RomanI 
aherit. 

9.  congressi  [essent]  :  '  had  contended.'  57 ^c.  stipendiarios  : 
'  subject  to  the  payment  of  tribute.'  1J^8,  c.  Magnam  :  emphatic 
position.     35S^  d. 

10.  qui:  '  since  he.'  194,  c.  suo:  refers  to  Caesar.  vectl- 
galia: see  N.  to  chap.  18,  1.  10. 

11.  sibi:  refers  to  Ariovistus.  deteriora:  Mess  profitable'; 
with  Caesar's  backing  the  Aeduans  would  refuse  to  pay  tribute  to 
Ariovistus. 

12.  iniuria:    'wrongfully.'      136^  b.       B.  220,  2;     A.   412,^;     H. 

474'  I- 

13.  in  .  .  .  convenisset :  'they  should  abide  by'  (lit.  'in')  'that 
which  had  been  agreed  upon.'  stipendium  :  '  tribute.'  quotannis  : 
79,  b. 


88  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

fits  penderent ;    si  id  non  fecissent,   longe   els  frdternum 
IS  nomen  populi  Romdni  dfuturum. 

Quod  sibi  Caesar  denuntidret^  se  Aedudrtim  iniurids  non 

neglecturnm,  neminem  secum  sine  siid  pernicie  contendisse. 

Cum  vcllet,  congrederetiir ;  intcllecturum,  quid  invicti  Ger- 

tnani,  exercitdtissimi  in  annis,  qui  inter  anuos  xiiu  tectum 
20  non  subissent^  virtute  possent. 

Caesar  hears  further  complaints,  marches  toward  Ariovistus. 

37.  Haec  eodem  tempore  Caesarl  mandata  referebantur, 
et  legati  ab  Aeduis  et  a  Treveris  veniebant :  Aedui  ques- 
tutn,  quod    Harudes,   qui  nuper   in    Galliam   transportati 

14.  penderent:  < should  pay';  originally  'weigh  out,'  a  meaning 
appropriate  to  the  early  time  when  payments  were  made  in  uncoined 
metal.  There  is  a  similar  development  of  meaning  in  the  English 
"pound  sterling."  long§  eis  .  .  .  afuturum  [esse]:  *  would  be  far 
from  benefiting  them.'  eis  :  dative.     109,  b.         frSternum  .  .  . 

R6m5m  :  '  the  title  of  *<  Brethren  of  the  Roman  people." ' 

16-20.  Direct  form:  Quod  tnihi  Caesar  denuntiat,  se  Aeduorum  iniurias 
n5n  neglecturum,  nemo  mecwn  sine  sua  pernicie  contendit.  Cum  volet,  con- 
gredidtur!  Intelleget,  quid  invicti  German!,  exercitatissiml  in  armls,  qui 
inter  annos  xiiii  tectum  non  suhierunt,  virtute  possint. 

16.  Quod  .  .  .  dgnuntiaret :  <  As  for  Caesar's  warning  to  him,'  i.e. 
to  Ariovistus.     How  lit.  ?    198,  c.         b6  :  Caesar. 

17.  sua  :  '  his  own,'  referring  to  neminem.    . 

18.  oongredergtur :  Met  him  come  on  !'  216.  B.  316;  A.  588; 
H.  642.  intellgctarum :  eum  (=  Caesarem)  intellecturum  esse. 
215.  quid  German!  —  virtute  possent:  'what  valor  the  Ger- 
mans had.'     How  lit.?     llS,b.         invicti :< unconquered.' 

19.  exercitatissiml:  'most  thoroughly  trained.'  inter:  'dur- 
ing'; with  annos,  stronger  than  the  simple  accusative  of  time.  XIIII: 
86,  and  S8,  b.       tectum  :  'roof.' 

20.  sublssent :  US,  h.        virtiite  :  11^2,  a. 

37.     2.    AeduI :  sc.  7wm'/5tf ///.       questum  :  i?.^/.  ^7.  and  ^/.  <;,  (3). 
3.    Haradgs:  chap.  31,  II.   39-40.         transportati  esseut:  'had 
been  brought  over'  by  Ariovistus. 


I,  37]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  89 

essent,  fines  eorum  popularentur,  sese^  ne  obsidibus  quident 
datlSy  pdcein  Ariovistl  redimere  potuisse ;   Treverl  autem,  5 
pdgos   cenUim    Sueborum    ad  rlpds  Rhenl  consedisse,  qui 
Rhenum  trdnstre  condrentur ;  his  prae esse  Nasiiam  et  Cim- 
berium  frdtres. 

Quibus  rebus  Caesar  vehementer  commotus  maturandum 
sibi  existimavit,  ne,  si  nova  manus  Sueborum  cum  veteribus  to 


Figure  59.  —  The  Doubs  (Dubis)  below  Besancon  (Vesontio). 

4.  popularentur :  '  were  (as  they  said)  laying  waste.'  21J^^  b. 
sSsg :  '(reporting)  that  they/  213,  b.  ne  obsidibus  quidem 
datis  :  '  not  even  by  the  giving  of  hostages.'     IJ^J^^  b,  (6). 

5.  Treveri:  i.e.  Treverl  diceba?U. 

6.  Sueborum :  an  account  of  the  ancient  Swabians  is  given  in 
Book  IV,  chap.  i. 

7.  his:  101,  a.         praeesse  :  66,  a.         Nasuam  :  19,  d. 

9.  vehementer  commotus:  'greatly  disturbed,'  a  strong  ex- 
pression. Caesar  does  not  often  give  us  an  insight  into  his  feelings, 
but  the  situation  now  was  critical.  Why  .?  maturandum  [esse] 
sibi :  '  that  he  ought  to  make  haste.'     73,  e. 

10.  ne,  etc. :  '  that  it  might  not  be  more  difficult  to  cope  with  him.' 
How  lit.?     T3,c,2Md,196,a. 


90  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

copiis  Ariovisti  sese  coniunxisset,  minus  facile  resist!  pos- 
set. Itaque  re  frumentaria,  quam  celerrime  potuit,  com- 
parata,  magnis  itineribus  ad  Ariovistum  contendit. 


Hearing  that  Ariovistas  Iuih  designs  on  Vesontio,  Caesar  hastens 

thither. 

38.   Cum  tridui  viam  processisset,  nuntiatum  est  ei,  Ario- 
vistum cum  suls  omnibus  copiis  ad  occupandum  Vesontio- 
nem,  quod  est  oppidum  maximum  Sequanorum,  contendere, 
tridulque  viam  a  suls  ffnibus  processisse.     Id  ne  accideret, 
5  magnopere  sibi  praecavendum  Caesar  existimabat. 

Namque   omnium   rerum,  quae    ad    bellum   usui  erant, 


11.  sSsS  coniunxisset:  'should  have  united.'    218,  {i),h. 

12.  quam  celerrimS  potuit:  'as  quickly  as  possible.'  153,  c. 
comparata  :  i44?  ^j  (2). 

13.  magnis  itineribus:  'by  forced  marches.'  S29,  and  18,  c. 
Where  Caesar  was  when  the  negotiations  with  Ariovistus  were  begun, 
and  whence  he  started  to  meet  Ariovistus,  cannot  be  determined.  It 
seems  probable  that  he  overtook  the  survivors  of  the  Helvetians  near 
the  site  of  Dijon  (Map  i)  ;  that  thence  he  came  back  to  Bibracte  for 
the  Gallic  Council ;  and  that  from  some  point  near  Bibracte  '  the  forced 
marches '  eastward  began,  as  indicated  on  Map  i . 

38.  I.  trldui:  trans,  as  if /r/«/« ////rw;//.  Cf.  100,  a.  viam: 
US,  a. 

2.  occupandum:  gerundive;  the  gerund  in  the  accusative  would 
not  have  a  direct  object.     230,  (3). 

3.  quod  :  why  not  y///,  to  agree  in  gender  with  Vesonttonem  f  16^, 
c.     B.  250,3;  A.  306;  H.  396,2. 

4.  aula  flnibuB :  in  the  country  taken  from  the  Sequanians,  in 
Upper  Alsace.  But  the  report  was  unfounded ;  for  if  Ariovistus  had 
marched  as  the  report  indicated  he  must  have  reached  Vesontio  before 
Caesar.        Id :  the  seizure  of  Vesontio  by  Ariovistus. 

5.  sibi  praecavendum  [esse]:  'that  he  ought  to  take  every  pre- 
caution.'    110,  and  73,  e. 

6.  ad:  'for.'        aaui:  'useful.'     How  lit.?     ii^,  a. 


I,  38)  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus 


91 


summa  erat  in  eo  oppidd  facultas,  idque  natura  loci  sic 
muniebatur,  ut  magnam  ad  ducendum  bellum  daret  facul- 
tatem,  propterea  quod  flumen  Dubis,  ut  circino  circumduc- 
tum,  paene  totum  oppidum  cingit ;  reliquum  spatium,  quod  lo 
est  non  amplius  pedum  sescentorum,  qua  flumen  intermittit, 
m5ns  continet  magna  altitudine,  ita,  ut  radices  montis  ex 


7.  facultas:  'abundance.'  id:  oppidiifn.  natura  loci:  cf. 
chap.  2,  1.  7,  and  N. 

8.  ad  ducendum  bellum :  '  for  prolonging  the  war/  at  any  rate 
till  Ariovistus  could  bring  the  new  Swabian  hordes  (chap.  37,  11.  6-8)  to 
his  assistance. 

9.  ut  circino  circumductum :  '•  as  though  drawn  around  by  a 
pair  of  compasses.' 

10.  paene  cingit:  'almost  encircles.'  The  Dubis  (modern  Z>^7^/5j, 
'Black  River')  here  bends  into  the  form  of  a  loop,  leaving  only  one 
side  of  the  town  {reliquu7n  spatiuiri) 
not  surrounded  by  it  ;  and  this 
space  is  taken  up  by  a  high  hill, 
the  top  of  which  forms  an  irregular 
plateau  (Fig.  60) . 

11.  pedum  sezcentorum : 
'  than  six  hundred  feet '  in  breadth  ; 
a  genitive  of  measure  is  here  used 
instead  of  a  comparative  ablative, 
quam  being  omitted  after  amplius. 
100,  a,  and  129,  b.  sexcen- 
torum :  the  distance  across  the 
neck  of  the  loop  from  the  river 
to  the  river  again  is  about  1600 
Roman  feet ;  but  the  distance  which 
needed  to  be  fortified,  measured 
across  the  top  of  the  plateau,  was 
only  600  feet.  intermittit  : 
*  leaves  a  neck '  of  land.     How  lit.  ? 

12.   mons:    n.   to  chap.  2,  1.  10. 
above   the  river.      7^5,   a.      B.    224; 
ut  :    197,   b.  radlcea  :    object    of 

<base.' 


Figure  60. — The  loop  of  the  Dubis 

(Doubs)  at  Vesontio. 

The  high  hill  is  at  the  neck. 

altitudine  :    about  400  feet 
A.   415;     H.  473,  2.  ita, 

contingant  \    we    should    say 


92  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

utraque  parte  rlpae  fluminis  contingant.      Hunc  murus  cir- 
cumdatus  arcem  efficit  et  cum  oppido  coniungit. 
IS      Hue  Caesar  magnis  nocturnls  diurnlsque  itineribus  con- 
tendit,  occupatoque  oppido  ibi  praesidium  collocat. 

Panic  seizes  Caesar^  s  army  on  account  of  fear  of  the  Germans. 

39.    Dum  paucos  dies  ad  Vesontionem  rel  frumentariae 

commeatusque  causa  moratur,  ex  percontatione  nostrorum 

vocibusque  Gallorum  ac  mercat5rum,  qui  ingenti  magnitu- 

dine  corporum  Germanos,  incredibill  virtute  atque  exercita- 

stione  in  armis  esse  praedicabant  (saepe  numero  sese  cum 


13.  contingant:  Houch.'  Hunc:  i.o..  hunc  montem  ;  object  of 
efficit.  circumdatus :  '  extended  around  (it),'  at  the  edge  of  the 
small  plateau.         murus  :  indicated  by  a  black  line  in  Fig.  60. 

14.  arcem  efficit:  'converts  (into)  a  citadel.'  115^  a.  Vesontio 
was  an  important  city  in  Roman  times,  and  afterwards ;  and  Besan9on 
is  now  a  fortress  of  the  first  class. 

15.  nocturnls  diurnlsque  :  '  by  night  and  by  day.'  7^,  b.  Caesar 
probably  arrived  at  Vesontio  soon  after  the  middle  of  August. 

39.  I.  did.:  120,  a.  Only  a 'garrison  '  (/rrt^^/V///^///)  was  stationed 
in  the  citadel;  the  rest  of  the  army  were  encamped  'near'  the  town. 
rel  .  .  .  causa :  'in  order  to  secure  grain  and  (other)  supplies.'  How 
lit.?    136,  b. 

2.  moratur:  '(Caesar)  was  delaying.'  190,  a.  ex  perconta- 
tione :  'in  consequence  of  the  questioning.' 

3.  vocibus  :  here 'stories.'  10,  c.  mercatorum  :  many  traders 
accompanied  the  army,  to  trade  with  friendly  natives  as  well  as  to  pur- 
chase loot  from  the  soldiers  and  supply  them  with  extras  not  provided 
in  the  army  rations.  ingenti  magnitudine  :  '  of  huge  size.'  IJ^, 
b.     B.  224,  i;  A.  415;  H.  473,  2. 

4.  corporum:  5^, «,  and  13,f.  Caesar  elsewhere  (IV,  i)  speaks  of 
the  'huge  size'  of  the  Germans,  who,  by  contrast  in  stature,  seemed 
larger  to  the  Romans  than  they  would  have  seemed  to  us.  ezer- 
citatiSne:  'practiced  skill.' 

5.  praedicabant:  *  were  declaring.'  8^.  numer5 :  I42,  a. 
cum  his  congresses  :  'meeting  Germans.'    67,  c.     How  lit.? 


I,  39]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  93 

his  congressds  ne  vultum  quidem  atque  aciem  oculorum 
dicebant  ferre  potuisse),  tantus  subito  timor  omnem  exer- 
citum  occupavit,  ut  non  mediocriter  omnium  mentes  ani- 
mdsque  perturbaret. 

Hic    primum    ortus  est  a  tribunis   militum,   praefectis,  lo 
reliqulsque,  qui,  ex  urbe  amicitiae  causa  Caesarem  secuti, 
non  magnum  in  re  militari  usum  habebant ;  quorum  alius 
alia  causa  illata,  quam  sibi  ad  proficiscendum  necessariam 
esse  diceret,  petebat,  ut  eius  voluntate  discedere  liceret; 


6.  vultum  —  ferre:  Uo  endure  the  sight  of  their  faces.'  How 
lit.  ?  Our  corresponding  phrase  is,  "  to  look  them  in  the  face."  aciem  : 
'fierce  look.' 

7.  tantus  .  .  .ut:  197,  b.  subito:  'suddenly.'  timor:  'panic'; 
used  of  a  groundless,  cowardly  fear. 

8.  non  mediocriter:  'in  no  slight  degree';  litotes.  239,  g. 
mentes  animosque  :  as  we  say,  '  minds  and  hearts.' 

9.  perturbaret :  '  disturbed.' 

10.  ortus  est  a:  'started  with.'  61,  b.  tribunis  militum: 
'  military  tribunes.'  5i4-  praefectis  :  not  the  '  cavalry  prefects  ' 
{S09,  c),  but  'subsidiary  officials'  in  various  positions  of  slight  respon- 
sibility, chiefly,  we  may  assume,  in  connection  with  the  light-armed 
troops.  Caesar's  financial  and  political  relations  (^251')  made  it  expedient 
for  him  to  furnish  military  appointments  for  a  number  of  aristocratic 
young  mollycoddles,  who  had  had  no  military  experience,  but  wanted  a 
taste  of  it  because  that  was  considered  the  proper  thing.  These  were 
in  a  different  class  from  Publius  Crassus,  for  example,  and  other  young 
Romans  of  high  social  position  with  Caesar,  who  attacked  their  work 
seriously  and  became  excellent  officers. 

11.  urbe:  Rome.  17,  b.  amicitiae  causa:  135,  b.  Caesar  is 
politic  as  well  as  polite  in  ascribing  to  personal  attachment  to  himself 
the  presence  of  these  milksops  in  his  army. 

12.  non  magnum:  239,  g.  re  militari:  'warfare.'  alius 
alia  causa  illata:  '(each)  one  offering  a  different  excuse.'     171,  c. 

13.  causa:  1J,4,  b,  (2).  quam  .  .  .  diceret:  'which,  as  he 
said,  made  it  imperative  for  him  to  leave.'     How  lit.  ?     214,  b. 

14.  petgbat,ut  ...  liceret: 'begged permission.'  199, a.  volun- 
tate; 13^, 


94 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


tB.C.  68 


isnon  nulli  pud5re  adducti,  ut  timoris  susplcionem  vitarent, 
remanebant.  Hi  neqiie  vultum  fingere  neque  interdum 
lacrimas  tenere  poterant ;  abditi  in  tabernaculis,  aut  suum 
fatum  querebantur  aut  cum  familiaribus  suis  commune 
perlculum   miscrabantur.     Vulgo  totis  castris   tcstamenta 

2oobsignabantur. 


Figure  61. — The  Doubs  River  above  Besancon  (Vesontio). 


15.  puddre  :  *by  a  sense  of  shame.' 

16.  remanebant:  'remained'  in  camp,  after  the  .exodus  of  the 
others.         vultum  fingere  :  '  to  look  unconcerned.'     How  lit.  ? 

17.  abditi:  'shutting  themselves  up.'  174,  and  67,  c.  taberna- 
culis :  '  their  tents  '     i3f)5,  a. 

18.  fatum  querfibantur:  'they  were  bewailing  their  fate.'  fa- 
miliaribus: 'intimate  friends.' 

19.  miserabantur :  'were  despairingly  discussing.'  Vulg6 : 
adverb, 'generally.'  tStIs  castris  :  '  throughout  the  camp.'  I46,  c. 
testamenta  :  '  wills.' 

20.  obsignabantur :  '  were  being  made,'  as  we  say ;  lit.  '  were 
being  .sealed,'  referring  to  the  process  by  which  wax  tablets  (Fig.  53), 
on  which  wills  were  ordinarily  written,  were  sealed  up  (Fig.  203). 


I,  40]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  95 

Horum  vocibus  ac  timore  paulatim  etiam  ei,  qui  magnum 
in  castris  usum  habebant,  milites  centurionesque,  quique 
equitatui  praeerant,  perturbabantur.  Qui  se  ex  his  minus 
timidos  existimari  volebant;  non  se  hostem  vereri,  sed 
angustias  itineris  at  magnitudinem  silvarum,  quae  inter-  25 
cederent  inter  ipsos  atque  Ariovistum,  aut  rem  friimenta- 
riam,  ut  satis  commode  supportari  posset,  timere  dicebant. 

Non  null!  etiam  Caesari  nuntiabant,  cum  castra  moveriac 
signa  ferri  iussisset,  non  fore  dicto  audientes  milites  neque 
propter  timorem  signa  laturos.  30 

Caesar  deals  with  the  situation  in  a  persuasive  address. 

40.  Haec  cum  animadvertisset,  convocato  consilio,  omni- 
umque  ordinum  ad   id   c5nsilium   adhibitis   centurionibus, 

22.  in  castris  :  ^  in  the  army  '  is  our  corresponding  phrase.  cen- 
turiones:  '  the  centurions.'  315,  a.  quique:  et  {el)  qui ;  cavalry 
prefects  and  decurions  are  meant.     S09,  c. 

23.  Qui  ex  his:  {el)  ex  his,  qui.  97,  d.  se  .  .  .  existimari: 
22s,  a. 

24.  timidos  :  '  cowardly.'  non  se  vereri :  '  that  they  were  not 
afraid  of.' 

25.  angustias:  the  gorges  in  the  valley  of  the  Dubis  {Doubs)^ 
through  which  the  most  direct  route  led  northeast  to  the  region  where 
Ariovistus  was  (Fig.  61).  silvarum  :  there  are  still  extensive  forests 
on  both  sides  of  the  upper  Doubs. 

26.  rem  :  object  of  timere,  where  a  nominative,  subject  of  posset, 
might  have  been  expected ;  prolepsis.     238,  g.     B.  374,  5. 

27.  ut:  '  that  not.'     202.         supportari:  '  be  brought  up.' 

29.  signa  ferrI:  'go  forward.'  How  lit.?  324,325.  iussisset: 
'should  give  the  order';  future  perfect  indicative  in  the  direct  form. 
214,  a.  non  fore  dicto  audientes  :  '  would  not  obey  the  com- 
mand ; '  like  the  Scriptural.  "  Ye  will  not  hearken  unto  me.''  How  lit.  ? 
dicto:  105. 

40.  2.  ordinum:  'companies.'  12,  d.  How  many  in  the  six 
legions  which  Caesar  now  had?  307,  c.  centurionibus:  ordina- 
rily only  the  centurions  of  first  rank,  the  six  centurions  of  the  first  cohort 


96 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  58 


vehementer  eos  incusavit;    primum,   quod,   aut.  quam  in 
partem,  aut  quo  c5nsili6  ducerentur,  sibi  quaerendum  aut 
5  cogitandum  putarent : 

Ariovistum,  se  cdnsuie,  cupidissime  popull  Romdnl  amici- 


jfc 


of  each  legion,  were  invited  to  a  war-council.     On  this  occasion  all  the 
centurions  of  the  six  legions  (360  in  number)  were  brought  together, 

doubtless  with  tl.c  lieutenants 
and  other  higher  officers,  not 
for  deliberation,  but  for  an 
address  by  the  commander  in 
chief  (Fig.  62). 

3.  vehementer  eos  in- 
cusavit :  *■  he  severely  repri- 
manded them.'  quod  .  .  . 
putarent:  'because  (as  he 
told  them)  they  thought.' 
21Ji^  b.  quam,  quo  :  201^^ 
(2),  and  45,  b, 

4.  consilio  :  'plan.' 
quaerendum  [esse]  aut  co- 
gitandum [esse]  :  the  sub- 
ject is  the  precedix^g  indirect 
(luestion ;  '  that  it  was  their 
business  to  inquire  or  con- 
sider.'    How  lit.  ?     73,  e. 


Figure  62.  —  Centurion. 
With  a  staff,  symbol  of  authority ;  unhelmeted, 
but  with  ornamented  greaves  and  with  military 
decorations  attached  to  the  cuirass. 


6.    Ariovistum,  etc. :  280. 
266,  and  144,  ^^  (2). 


6-10.  Direct  form:  Ariovis- 
tus,  me  cr)nsule,  cupidissime 
populT  Roman!  amicitiam  appe- 
tiit ;  cur  hunc  tarn  temere 
(|uisquam  ah  officio  discessurum 
(esse)  iudicet?  Mihi  quidem 
perstuldi'tury  cognitls  meis  pos- 
tuliitTs  atque  aequitate  condici- 
onum  porspecta,  eum  neque 
meam  neque  populi  Romani 
gratiam  repudiaturum  (esse). 

86  conaule :  only  a  year  previously. 


1,  40]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  97 

tiam  appetisse ;  cur  hunc  tarn  temere  qiiisquam  ab  officio 
discessurinn  iudicdret?  Sibi  quidem  per  sudden,  cognitls 
suis  postuldtls  atque  aeqnitdte  condicionmn  perspectd,  eiim 
neque  suam  neque  popiill  Romdnl  grdtiam  repiididturum.       lo 

Quod  St,  furore  atque  dnientid  impulsus,  bellum  intulisset, 
quid  tandem  vererenturf  aut  cur  de  sua  virtute  aut  de 
ipsius  diligentid  dcsperdrent  ?  Factum  ei?is  hostis  perlcu- 
lum  patrum  nostrorum  memorid,  cum,  Cimbris  et  Teutonls 
d  Gdio  Mario  pulsls,  non  m,indrem  laudem  exercitus,  quam  is 

7.  app'='*-isse :  ^strove  to  secure';  a  rhetorical  exaggeration.  See 
chap.  33,  1.  3,  and  chap.  35,  1.  4,  and  Notes.  temere  :  'recklessly.' 
quisquam :  168,  and  49,  a.  ab  officio  :  '  from  his  obligation  '  of 
allegiance. 

8.  iudicaret :  179,  b,  (2).  Sibi  quidem  persuadSri:  '  he  at  least 
was  persuaded.'  How  lit.  ?  106,  b.  cognitis  .  .  .  perspecta : 
trans,  by  a  clause  commencing  with  'after.'     2S9,  c.     Why  ablative? 

9.  postulatis  :  '  demands.'  aequitate  :  '  fairness.'  perspecta : 
'■  should  have  been  clearly  understood.'  How  lit.  ?  eum  :  trans,  as 
'"d  Ariovistum. 

10.  suam:  157,  d.         repudiaturum  [esse]:  '  would  reject.' 

1 1-2 1.  Direct  form :  Quod  si  (^Ariovistus),  furore  atque  amentia  impulsus, 
bellum  intulerit,  quid  tandem  veredmim  {179,  b,  2)  ?  aut  cur  de  vestrd  virtute 
aut  de  med  dlligentia  desperetis  {179,  b,  2)  ?  Factum  {est)  eius  hostis  pericu- 
lum  patrum  nostrorum  memoria,  cum,  Cimbris  et  Teutonls  a  Gaio  Mario  pulsis, 
non  minorem  laudem  exercitus,  quam  ipse  imperator,  meritus  videbatur;  fac- 
tum {est  pericuhim)  etiam  nuper  in  Italia,  servTli  tumultu,  quos  tamen  aliquid 
usus  ac  disciplina,  quae  a  nobis  acceperant,  sublevdbant.  Ex  qu5  iudicari 
potest,  quantum  habeat  {204,  3)  i"  se  boni  constantia,  propterea  quod,  quos 
aliquamdiu  inermos  sine  causa  timuistis,  hos  postea  armatos  ac  victores 
superdvistis. 

11.  Quod:  'But.'  118,  d.  furore  ...  impulsus :  'carried 
away  by  rage  and  madness.' 

12.  quid  tandem:  '  what,  pray.'        vererentur  :  61,  a,  {1). 

13.  dlligentia;  'careful  leadership.'  Factum  [esse]  .  .  .  peri- 
culum:  'trial  had  been  made  of  that  enemy,'  i.e.  of  the  Germans. 

14.  memoria:  147,b.      Cimbris,  Teutoais :  n.  to  chap.  33,1.  17. 

15.  laudem:  'praise.'    17,  c. 


98  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

ipse  imperdtor^  meritus  videbdtur ;  factum  etiam  nuper  in 

Italia,  sennll  ttimtiitu,  qtios  tamen  aliquid  usus  ac  disciplina, 
"  quae   a    nobis  accepissent,     ublevdrent.      Ex   quo    iudicdri 

posse,   quantum   haberet   in   se   bom   constantia,  proptered 
20  quod  J  quos  aliquamdiu  inermos  sine  causd  timuissent,  hos 

posted  armdtos  ac  victores    iiperdssent. 

Denique  hos   esse  eosd  m    Germdnos,    quibuscum    saepe 

16.  meritus:  for  meritus  esse;  with  videbdtur,  'clearly  earned.' 
How  lit.?  14s,  e.  vidSbatur:  indicative  retained  from  the  direct 
form.  185,  b.  ndper :  fourteen  years  previously;  among  the  centu- 
rions present  there  were  probably  a  number  who  had  served  as  soldiers 
in  the  war  with  Spartacus,  the  term  of  military  service  being  twenty 
years.     S07,  a. 

17.  servlli  tumultil :  =  tumtdtu  servorum, '  at  the  time  of  the  upris- 
ing of  the  slaves,'  73-71  B.C. ;  referring  to  the  insurrection  led  by  Spar- 
tacus, the  gladiator,  who  had  a  succession  of  victories  for  two  years,  but 
in  71  B.C.  was  completely  crushed.  Caesar  implies  that  among  the  glad- 
iators and  other  slaves  serving  under  Spartacus  there  were  many  of 
Germanic  origin.  tuinultu  :  used  for  bellum  in  case  of  a  sudden  war 
in  Italy.  Why  ablative?  lJt7,b.  quos:  16J^,  b.  B.  251,  2;  A. 
306,  b\  H.  399,4.  quos  tamen,  etc:  'notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  the  experience  and  training,  which  they  had  gained  from  us,  to 
some  extent  aided  them,'  lit.  'whom  nevertheless,'  etc.  aliquid: 
118,  b. 

18.  quae  :  neuter.     16S,  c.     B.  250,  2  ;  A.  305,  <z ;  H.  398,  i. 

19.  quantum,  etc. :  'how  great  an  advantage  there  is  in  steadfast- 
ness,' lit.  'how  much  of  good  steadfastness  has  in  itself.'  boni: 
91,  b. 

20.  aliquamdid:  'for  a  longtime.'  inermos:  'without  arms,' 
referring  to  the  slaves  in  the  earlier  stages  of  the  insurrection,  before 
they  were  able  to  supply  themselves  with  weapons.  hos  :  antecedent 
oi  quds. 

21.  armat^s  :  'equipped  with  arms.' 

22-25.  Direct  form :  Denique  hi  sunt  idem  Germdni,  quibuscum  saepe 
numero  Helvetil  congress!,  non  solum  in  suTs,  sed  etiam  in  illorum  finibus, 
plerumque  superdverunt ;  qui  tamen  pares  esse  nostro  exercituT  nbrv  potu?runt. 

22.  Dfinique:  'Finally,'  closing  the  argument  about  the  Germans, 
quibuscum,  etc.:  cf.  chap,  i,  11.  12-15.     l^^c. 


1, 40]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  99 

numerd  Helvetil  congressi^  non  solum  in  suls,  sed  etiam  in 
illdrum  flnibiis ^  plernmqiie  snperdrint ;  qui  tauten  pares  esse 
nostro  exercitm  non  potuerint.  25 

St  quds  adversnm  p  roe  Hum  et  fuga  Gal/drum  commove- 
ret^  hoSy  si  quaererent,  reperlre  posse ^  diuturnitdte  belli  defati- 
gdtls  GalllSy  Ariovistum,  cum  m.ultds  menses  castrls  se  ac 
paludibus  tenuis  set  neque  sui  potestdtem^fecisset^  desperantes 
iam  de  pugnd  et  dispersos  sub  ltd  adortum,  magis  ratione  et  s<^ 
consilio  quam  virtute  vicisse.  Cui  rationi  contrd  Jiomines 
barbards  atque  imperttds  locus  fuissety  hdc  ne  ipsum  quidem 
sperdre  nostros  exercitus  capl  posse. 

23.  congress!:  228,  a. 

24.  illorum  :  tra.ns.  ^.s  if  Germanoriim.  plerumque  superarint: 
superdverint ;  'generally  defeated  (them).'  quitamen:  'and  they 
(the  Helvetians)  nevertheless.'    236,  a. 

26-33.  Direct  form:  Si  quos  adversum  proelium  et  fuga  Gallorum  com- 
movet^  hi,  st  quaerent  {206),  reperlre  poterunt,  diuturnitate  belli  defatlgatls 
GallTs,  Ariovistum,  cum  multos  menses  {118,  a)  castrls  {131,  a)  se  ac  paludi- 
bus tenuisset  neque  suT  potestatem  fecisset>  {eos,  =  Guilds)  desperantes  iam 
de  pugna  et  dispersos  subito  adortum  {226,  c),  magis  ratione  et  consilio  quam 
virtute  vicisse.  Cui  rationi  contra  homines  barbaros  atque  imperltos  locus 
fuit,  hac  ne  ipse  quidem  sperat  nostros  exercitus  capl  posse. 

26.  quos  :  168,  and  4^,  a.  adversum  proelium  :  '  defeat '  at 
Admagetos's  stronghold  ;  see  chap.  31, 11. 45-46.      commoveret :  112,  b. 

27.  diuturnitate,  etc. :  'when  the  Gauls  had  become  exhausted  by 
the  length  of  the  War.'     lU,  b,  (2). 

29.  paludibus :  '  marshes,'  added  to  explain  how  the  encampments 
were  shut  off  from  approach.  131,  a,  se  tenuisset:  'had  kept 
himself  secluded.'  neque  sui,  etc.:  'and  had  given  (them)  no 
chance  to  attack  him,'  lit.  <no  power  of  himself.'  sui:  iO^. 
dgspSrantes  .  .  .  vicisse :  i.e.  Ariovistum  .  .  .  subito  adortjim 
{eos  —  Gallos)  desperantes  iam  de  pug?ia  ('  giving  up  hope  of  battle ') 
et  dispersos  ('scattered'),  vicisse  {eos)  ratione  et  consilio  ('by  cunning 
and  strategy ')  magis  quam  virtute. 

31.  Cui  rationi  —  hac:  i.e.  hdc  ratione,  cui,  'by  such  cunning'  — 
<  for  which.'     165,  c. 

32.  imperitos:  'unskilled.'         ipsum:   Ariovistus. 

33.  capl:  'be  caught.'     56. 


100 


Caesar*s  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  58 


Qui   siium    timorem    in    rei  frumentdriae  simiildtionem 
zsangustidsque  itineris  cdiifcrrent,facere  arroganter,  cum  aid 

de  officio  imperdtoris  desperdre  aut  prcLescribere  viderentur. 

Haec  sibi  esse  curae ;  frumcntiim    Sequanos,  Leucos,   Lin- 

gones  sumministrdre,  iamque  esse  in  agris  frumeitta  mdtura  ; 

de  itinere  ipsos  brevi  tempore  iudicdturps. 
43      Quod  non  fore   dicto   audientes   neque   signa   Idturt  dl- 

cantiir^  nihil  se  ed  re  commoven  ;  scire  enim,  quibuscumqtie 

34-39-  Direct  form:  Qui  suum  timorem  in  rei  frumentariae  simulatidnem 
angustiasque  itineris  conferunt,  faciunt  arroganter,  cum  aut  de  officio  impera- 
toris  desperare  aut  praescrlbere  videantur  {184,  ^)-  Haec  mihi  sunt  curae; 
frumentum  Sequant,  Leucl,  Lingones  sumministrant,  iamque  sunt  in  agrls 
frumenta  matura;   de  itinere  ipsi\ix&\\  tempore  iudicdbitis. 

34.  Qui  :  i.e.  <?/,  qui;  see  chap.  39, 
11.  23-27.  suum,  etc.:  'assigned  their 
fear  to  a  pretended  anxiety  about  supplies.' 
How  lit.? 

35.  arroganter:  'presumptuously.' 

37.  sibi  curae:  112,  b.  B.  191,  2,  a\ 
A.  382,  I  ;    H.  433.         Leucos:  Fig.  63. 

38.  sumministrtre  :  '  were  supplying.' 
frumenta  :  how  different  irom  frumentum  f 
Cf.  chap.  16,  1.  3  and  n. 

40-45.  Direct  form:  Quod  (mllites)  non  fore  dicto  audientes  neque  signa 
laturi  dicuntur,  nihil  ea  re  commoveor;  scio  enim,  quibuscumque  exercitus  dicto 
audiens  non  fuerit,  aut,  male  re  gesta,  fortunam  defuisse,  aut,  aliquo  facinore 
comperto,  avaritiam  esse  convictam :  mea  innocentia  perpetua  vita,  fillcitds 
Helvetiorum  hello  est  perspecta. 

40.  Quod  .  .  .  dicantur:  sc.  mllites;  cf.  chap.  39,  1.  29.  198^0. 
B.  299,  2.  signa:  S25.  15turl  [esse]  dicantur:  trans.  *it  was 
said  that  the  soldiers  would,'  etc.     lltS^  e;  172,  d,  and  224,  a- 

41.  nihil: 'not  at  all.'  118,c.  scire:  %z.si.  S16.  quibuscum- 
que :  after  d/ctd  audiens ;  these  two  words  express  a  single  concept, 
'obedient,'  and  hence  are  followed  by  the  dative.  60,  a,  and  108,  a. 
For  an  antecedent  supply  els  after  defuisse ;  trans.  '  that  in  the  case  of 
any  (commanders)  whatever  who  had  found  their  armies  mutinous, 
either  their  luck  had  failed  them  in  consequence  of  the  bad  handling  of 
some  enterprise,  or,'  etc.     Hqw  lit.? 


Figure  63.  —  Coin    attrib- 
uted to  the  Leuci. 

Cold.    Reverse,  a  winged  genius 
riding  on  an  arrow. 


1,40]  The  Campaign   against  Arlovistus  .^         101.. 

exercitiis  dicto  audiens  non  fuerit,  aiit^  male  re  gestd,  for- 
tunam  defuisse^  aut,  aliqud  facinore  comperto,  avdritiam 
esse  convictam ;  suam  innocentiam  perpetud  vttd,  fellcitd- 
tem  Helvetiorian  bello  esse  perspectam^  45 

Itaqiie  se,  quod  in  longiorem  diem  colldturiis  fnisset^ 
repraesentdturum,  et  proximd  node  de  qudrtd  vigilid  castra 
moturimty  iit  quant  primum  intellegere  posset^  utrnm,  apud 
eos  pudor  atqice  offieium,  an  timoVy  plus  valeret.  Quod  si 
praetered  nemo  sequdtur,  tamen  se  cum  sold  decim,d  legione  50 
iturum,  de  qua  non  dubitdret,  sibique  earn  praetoriam,  co- 
hortem  futurain. 

42.  re  gesta :  i44»  ^?  (3)-  fortunam :  the  Romans  were  supersti- 
tious in  avoiding  anything  that  seemed  unlucky. 

43.  defuisse  :  6d,  a.  aliquo  :  from  aliqui.  49,  a.  facinore  : 
^  crime.'  i5,/*,  and  7^4?  ^»  (3)-  avaritiam  ;  'greed,' the  underlying 
cause  of  the  crimes  comm*itted  by  generals,  according  to  Caesar. 

44.  esse  convictam:  'had  been  clearly  proved'  against  them. 
suam:  emphatic  position.  157,  b.  innocentiam:  'integrity,' 
freedom  from  the  corruption  implied  in  avdritiam.  perpetua 
vita:  'during  his  entire  life.'  lJf7,c.  B.  231,  i  ;  A.424,<^;  H. 417,2. 
felicitatem ;  'good  fortune.' 

45.  Helvetiorum  bello:  we  say  'war  with  the  Helvetians,'  or 
'  Helvetian  campaign.'     147,  b. 

46-52.  Direct  form:  Itaque,  quod  in  longiorem  diem  collaturus  y^f, 
repraesentdbo  ;  et  hdc  nocte  de  quarta  vigilia  castra  movebo,  ut  quam  primum 
intellegere /<7Jj/w  {196,  a),  utrum  apud  milites  pudor  atque  ofiicium,  an  timor, 
plus  valeat  (^04)  •  Quod  sT  praeterea  nem5  sequetur  {218,  i,  a),  tamen  ego  cum 
sola  decima  legione  ibo,  de  qua  non  dubito,  mihique  ea  praetoria  cohors  erit. 

46.  longiorem  :  '  more  distant.'  collaturus  fuisset :  '  he  had 
intended  to  put  off.'     63,  and  69,  b. 

47.  repraesentaturum  [esse]  :  sc.  id^  antecedent  of  q^iod ; '  he  would 
at  once  do  (that) .'         de  quarta  vigilia  :  24£,  d. 

48.  quam  primum:  153, c.  utrum  ...  an  :  204,  (i)-  B.  300, 
\\  A.  335;  H.  380. 

49.  plus  valeret:  'should  have  the  stronger  influence'  with  them, 
118,  b.         Quod  :  118,  d. 

51.   non  dubitaret :    'he  entertained  no  doubts.'         praetoriam 


:;19?:.*.-: :    :   •.  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [b.c.58 

Huic  legiani  Caesar  et  indulserat  praecipue  et  propter 
virtutem  confidebat  maxime. 

Fear  and  mutiny  give  place  to  enthusiasm.     Caesar  advances. 

41.  Hac  orati5ne  habita,  mlrum  in  modum  conversae 
sunt  omnium  mentes,  summaque  alacritas  et  cupiditas  belli 
gerendi  innata  est ;  prlncepsque  decima  legio  per  tribunos 
militum  ei  gratias  egit,  quod  de  se  optimum  iudicium  fecis- 

5  set,  seque  esse  ad  bellum  gerendum  paratissimam  confir- 
mavit.  Deinde  reliquae  legiones  cum  tribunis  militum 
et  prim5rum  ordinum  centurionibus  egerunt,  uti  Caesari 
satisfacerent ;  Se  ncque  umqiiam  diibitdsse  neqiie  timuisse, 
neque  de  suimnd  belli  siium  iudicium,  sed  imperdtoris  esse 

\o  existimdvisse. 

cohortem  :  '  bodyguard.'  to  which  a  general  (originally  called  praetor^ 
see  Vocab.)  was  entitled. 

53.  legionl:  105,  and  307,  e.  indulserat:  *  had  favored/ 
praecipuS  :  'especially';  emphatic  position.     352,  a. 

54.  cSnfidgbat  maxim6  :  '  had  the  fullest  confidence.' 

41.  I.  Hac  orStione  habits  :  'After  this  address.'  How  lit.? 
lJ^4i  b,  (2).         mlrum  in  modum  :  Mn  a  wonderful  way.' 

2.  omnium:  including  not  only  the  officers  but  also  the  soldiers, 
to  whom  the  speech  was  promptly  reported  by  the  centurions. 
Bumma  alacritas:  <the  utmost  enthusiasm.' 

3.  innata  est:  <  arose.'  princeps  :  adj.,  <  taking  the  lead.'  How 
lit.?     152,  b.        per:  123,  a.         tribunos  militum:  311^. 

4.  el  gratias  6git:  'conveyed  thanks  to  him.'  fgcisset :  'had 
passed.'        Why  subjunctive?     183,  a. 

7.  prImSrum  ordinum  centurionibus:  'the  centurions  of  first 
rank,'  apparently  the  six  centurions  of  the  first  cohort  in  each  legion. 
Sgfirunt:  'arranged.'  utI  —  satisfacerent :  'to  apologize.' 
199,  a. 

8.  se  :  '(declaring)  that  they.'    213,  b.        dubitasse  :  (?4,  <z,  (i). 

9.  neque:  trans,  as  if  et  nan.  d6  summa  belli  ifldicium : 
'the  determination  of  the  general  plan  of  campaign.'  How  lit.? 
suum,  imperatSrls  :  in  predicate  after  esse\  *  was  not  their  (business), 
but  the  commander's.'    ^^  d,  and  157,  d. 


1,41]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  103 

Eorum  satisfactione  accepta,  et  itinere  exquisito  per 
DiviciacLim,  quod  ex  Gallis  ei  maximam  fidem  habebat,  ut 
milium  amplius  quinquaginta  circuitO  locis  apertis  exer- 
citum  duceret,  de  quarta  vigilia,  ut  dixerat,  profectus  est. 
Septimo  die,  cum  iter  non  inter mitteret,  ab  exploratoribus  is 


Figure  64  —  Modern  canal  in  the  plain  of  Alsace  near  Strassburg. 

11.  satisfactione:  'apology.'  exquisito:  'sought  out.'  per: 
'with  the  help  of.' 

12.  ei:  'in  him.'  109,  a.  maximam  fidem:  'the  fullest  con- 
fidence.' ut  .  .  .  duceret:  'so  that  he  could  lead';  explains  iti- 
nere.    203,  (4). 

13.  m.ilium  .  .  .  circuitu :  'although  with  a  detour  of  more  than 
fifty  miles ',  in  order  to  avoid  the  dangerous  defiles  of  the  Doubs  valley  ; 
see  chap.  39,  11.  23-26  and  n.  (Fig.  61).  milium  quinquaginta: 
sc.  passimm.  Why  genitive?  100,  a,  and  129,  b.  locis  apertis: 
'through  open  country,'  marching  first  north,  and  then  northeast, 
between  the  Jura  and  the  Vosegus  mountains  ;  see  Map  i.     11^5,  c. 

15.  Septimo  dig:  Caesar  had  probably  covered  about  120  miles 
since  leaving  Vesontio.  He  was  now  in  the  valley  of  the  Rhine,  never 
previously  entered  by  a  Roman  general  with  an  army.  exploratori- 
bus :  327. 


104  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

certior  factus  est,  Ariovisti  copias  a  nostris  milibus  passuum 
quattuor  et  xx  abesse. 

Arioviatus  suggests  a  conference^  which  is  arranged. 

42.  Cognito  Caesaris  adventu,  Ariovistus  legates  ad 
eum  mittit :  Quod  anted  de  colloqiiio  postuldsset^  id  per  se 
fieri  licere^  quoniam  propius  accessisset,  seque  id  sine  pcri- 
culo  facere  posse  exlstimdre. 

s  Non  respuit  condicionem  Caesar,  iamque  eum  ad  sanita- 
tem  reverti  arbitrabatur,  cum  id,  quod  antea  petenti  de- 
negasset,  ultro  polliceretur ;  magnamque  inspem  veniebat, 
pro  suis  tantis  populique  Roman!  in  eum  beneficiis,  cognitis 
suis  postulatis,  fore,  uti  pertinacia  desisteret.     Dies  collo- 

ic  quio  dictus  est  ex  eo  die  quintus. 

Interim  saepe  cum  legatT  ultro  citr5que  inter  eos  mitte- 
rentur,  Ariovistus  postulavit,  ne  quem  peditem  ad  coUo- 


i6.   nostris  :  sc  copits.        milibus  :  7^7,  c. 

17.   XX:  read  as  vlgintt.     36,  and  38,  b. 

42.  2.  Quod:  the  antecedent  is  id.  212,  e.  postul^sset  (  = 
postuldvissei),  accessisset:  in  translating  supply  'Caesar'  in  order 
to  avoid  using  'he'  with  reference  to  two  persons.  per  s6 :  'so  far 
as  he  was  concerned.' 

5.  n6n  respuit:  'did  not  reject.'  ad  sanitatem :  'to  his 
senses.'    151,  a. 

6.  petenti:  sc  sibi.       dfinegasset :  'he  (Ariovistus)  had  refused.' 

7.  ultro:  '  of  his  own  initiative.'  magnam  .  .  .  veniSbat :  'he 
was  coming  to  have  great  hopes,'  we  should  say. 

8.  pr6  :  'in  return  for.'  suis  populique:  157,  d.  Cf.  chap.  35, 
11.  3-4,  and  Notes. 

9.  fore :  after  spem,  as  if  Caesar  had  written  sperabat ;  the  subject 
is  utl  .  .  .  disisteret.  225,  and  203,  (i).  pertinScia :  'obstinate 
course.'     127,  a.         colloquiS  :  112,  a. 

1 1 .  ultrO  citrSque  :  '  back  and  forth '  between  the  headquarters  of 
the  two  commanders.  mitterentur  :  185,  c. 

12.  quem  peditem  :  '  any  foot  soldier.'    1^9,  a,  and  10,  d. 


I,  42]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  105 

quium  Caesar  adduceret :  Vererl  se,  ne  per  Insidids  ab  eo 
circumveniretiir ;  uterque  cum  equitdtu  venlret ;  alia  rati- 
one  sese  non  esse  vetttunim.  '5 

Caesar,  quod  neque  colloquium  interposita  causa  tolli 
volebat,  neque  salutem  suam  Gallorum  equitatui  committere 
audebat,  commodissimum  esse  statuit,  omnibus  equis  Gallis 
equitibus  detractis,  eo  legionarios  milites  legionis  decimae, 
cui  quam  maxime  confidebat,  imponere,  ut  praesidium  20 
quam  amicissimum,  si  quid  opus  facto  esset,  haberet. 

Quod  cum  fieret,  non  irridicule  quidam  ex  militibus  deci- 
mae legionis  dixit :  Plus^  quam  pollicitus  esset,  Caesarem 
facere ;  pollicitunty  se  in  cohortis  praetoriae  loco  deciniam 
legionem  habiturum,  ad  equunt  rescribere.  25 

13.  VerSri  s§  :  <  (saying)  that  he  was  afraid.'  213,  b.  nS  :  <  that.' 
202. 

14.  veniret:  'should  come';  veniat  in  the  direct  form.  216. 
alia  ratione  :  '^  on  any  other  condition.'     1S6,  c. 

16.  colloquium  .  .  .  tolli:  22S,  a.  interposita.  causa:  'by 
putting  forward  a  pretext.'     ^44>  b,  (6). 

17.  Galloruin  equitatui:  see  chap.  15,  11.  1-4. 

18.  esse:  the  subject  is  imponere,  with  commodissimum,  'the  most 
expedient  (thing),'  in  predicate.  222,  b,  and  11^8,  d.  Gallis  equi- 
tibus :  '  from  the  Gallic  horsemen.'     109,  b. 

19.  dgtractis  :  II^J^,  b,  (2).         eo  :   =  in  eos,  'on  them.' 

20.  cui:  'in  which.'  105.  quam:  153,  c.  imponere:  *to 
mount.' 

21.  SI  .  .  .  esset:  'if  there  should  be  any  need  of  action.'  quid: 
118,  b.         facto:  132,  a.     B.  218,  i,c\  A.  411,  ^;  H.  477,  III. 

22.  Quod  cum  fieret:  'While  this  was  being  done.'  185,  c. 
non  irridicule  :  '  not  without  wit.'     239,  g.         quidam:  168. 

23.  Plus  :  object  Qi facere;   'was  doing  more'  for  the  legion. 

24.  poUicitum  :  '  having  promised ' ;  sc.  eum,  referring  to  Caesar, 
subject  of  rescribere.  in,  etc  :  '  that  he  would  consider  ...  as  a 
body  guard.' 

25  ad  equum  rescribere :  the  phrase  has  a  double  meaning, 
'enroll  as  cavalrymen,'  "demotion"  for  a  legionary,  or  'enroll  as 
knights,'  a  rank  of  nobility  ;  in  the  contrast  lies  the  point  of  the  joke. 


106  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  5a 

Caesar  and  Ariovlstus  meet.     Caesar  justifies  his  demands. 

43.  Planities  erat  magna  et  in  ea  tumulus  terrenus  satis 
grandis.  Hie  locus  aequo  fere  spati5  a  castris  Ariovisti  et 
Caesaris  aberat.  Eo,  ut  erat  dictum,  ad  colloquium  vene- 
runt.  Legi5nem  Caesar,  quam  equis  devexerat,  passibus 
sducentis  ab  eo  tumulo  constituit.  Item  equites  Ariovisti 
pari  intervallo  constiterunt.  Ariovistus,  ex  equis  ut  collo- 
querentur  et  praeter  se  denos  ut  ad  colloquium  adducerent, 
postulavit. 


Figure  65.  — Hill  of  Plettig. 

Here  the  conference  between  Caesar  and  Ariovistus  probably  took  place.     In  the  distance 

are  the  Vosges  mountains. 

43.  I .  PlanitiSs  :  *  plain  '  of  Alsace,  between  the  Vosges  (  Vosegus) 
mountains  and  the  Rhine  (Fi<;.  64).  21.  a.  erat :  90,  a.  tumulus 
terrSnus  :  'an  earthy  mound/  whose  sides,  free  from  rocks  and  ledges, 
furnished  an  easy  ascent  for  horsemen.  This  is  identified  by  Colonel 
StoflFel  with  the  hill  of  Plettig,  an  elevation  of  oval  shape  about  24  miles 
southwest  of  Strassburg,  between  the  villages  of  Epfig  and  Dambach  ; 
it  rises  in  isolation  more  than  160  feet  above  the  surrounding  plain 
(Fig.  65). 

2.  aequ5  ferS  spatio  aberat:  '  was  about  equally  distant.'  How 
lit.?     147y€. 

3.  ut  erat  dictum  :  'as  agreed.'     How  lit.? 

4.  equis  dgvexerat:  *  had  brought  on  horseback,'  lit.  'by  means 
of  horses.'     IHl.a.         passibus:   1Jt7,c. 

5.  duoentis  :  ,%\  and  S7,  d.     How  many  feet  in  200  paces  ?    ;?45,  b. 

6.  intervailS  :  IHS.         ez  equis  :  'on  horseback.'     126^  c. 

7.  dfinSs  :  '  ten  men  each.'    .^6",  and  ^5.  adddcerent :  199,  a. 


I,  43]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  107 

Ubi  e5  ventum  est,  Caesar  initio  orationis  sua  senatus-^^ 
que  in  eum  beneficia  commemoravit,  quod  rex  appellatus  lo 
esset  a  senatu,  quod  amicus,  quod  munera  amplissime 
missa;  quam  rem  et  paucTs  contigisse  et  pro  rnagnis  homi- 
num  officiis  c5nsuesse  tribui  docebat :  ilium,  cum  neque 
aditum  neque  causam  postulandl  iustain  haberet,  beneficio 
ac  llberdlitdte  sua  ac  sendtus  ea  praemia  consecutum.  15 

Docebat  etiam,  quam  veteres  quamque  iustae  causae  ne- 
cessitudinis  ipsis  cum  Aeduis  intercederent,  quae  senatus 
consulta,  quotiens  quamque  honorifica,  in  eos  facta  essent, 
ut  omni  tempore  totius  Galliae  principatum  Aedui  tenuis- 

9.  Ubi  eo  ventum  est :  '  when  they  (had)  come  thither.'  73,  d. 
initio  :  1^7,  b.         sua  senatusque  :  157^  d. 

10.  beneficia:  explained  by  the  appositional  ^//(7<^-clauses  follow 
ing ;  see  chap.  35,  11.  3-5  and  Notes.         rex :  88,  a. 

11.  amicus:  89,  a.  munera:  what  these  '  presents  *  were,  we  do 
not  know.  Gifts  considered  suitable  for  a  '  king '  were  a  golden  crown, 
an  ivory  scepter,  a  chair  of  state,  and  embroidered  robes.  am- 
plissime:  *  in  richest  measure.'     2 If.,  a. 

12.  missa  [essent]:  214,  b.  quam  rem :  'and  that  this  recog- 
nition.' 167.  et  .  .  .  et:  233,  a.  panels:  105,  154,  «•  pro 
magnis  officiis  :  'in  return  for  great  services.' 

13.  docebat:  'he  stated.'  ilium  .  .  .  consecutum  [esse]: 
213,  b. 

14.  aditum:  '(way  of)  approach'  to  the  Senate. 

15.  sua:  157,  b.  praemia:  'distinctions.'  No  special  reason 
is  known  why  Ariovistus,  as  implied  by  Caesar,  should  have  sought  the 
recognition  of  Rome. 

16.  veteres:  26,  a.  necessitudinis :  'of  close  relationship.' 
12,  d. 

17.  ipsis :  i.e.  Rdmdnis ;  we  should  say  'existed  between  the 
Romans  and  the  Aeduans.'       intercederent :  204,  (3)  •       quae  :  48,  b. 

18.  consulta:  'decrees.'  quamque  :=  ^/ ^?/«;//.  honorifica: 
'  compHmentary.'  31.  in  eos  facta  essent:  'had  been  passed 
in  their  behalf.'     204,  (2). 

19.  ut:  'how.'  204^  (3).  omni  tempore;  see  n.  to  chap.  11, 
1.6. 


108  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  68 

20  sent,  prius  etiam  quam  nostram  amicitiam  appetissent : 
Popull  Rontdni  lianc  esse  constietudinem^  nt  socios  atque 
anticos  non  modo  sul  nihil  deperdere,  sed  gratia,  dignitdte, 
honore  audio  res  velit  esse ;  quod  vero  ad  amicitiam  popult 
Romdnl  attiilissent,  id  ets  eripi  quis  patl  posset  f 

25  Postulavit  deinde  eadem,  quae  legatis  in  mandatis  dede- 
rat:  ne  aut  Aeduls  aut  eorum  socils  belluin  inferret ;  ob- 
sides  redderet ;  si  nullam  partem  Germdnonim  domum 
remitter e  posset,  at  ne  quos  amp  litis  Rhenum  trdnslre 
pateretur. 

The  attitude  of  Ariovlstus  is  uncompromising  and  defiant. 

44.  Ariovistus  ad  postulata  Caesaris  pauca  respondit, 
de  suis  virtutibus  multa  praedicavit  : 

20.  prluB  etiam  quam :  '  even  before.'  189,  a,  and  2W. 
nostram :  167,  c. 

21.  banc:  iox  hoc.  164,  c.  ut  .  .  .  velit:  ^  to  desire  ;'  explain- 
ing hanc.     203,  (4) . 

22.  n6n  modo  — Bed:  236,  d.  sul  nihil  dSperdere :  ^should 
lose  nothing  of  what  they  had,'  lit.  •<  of  their  own.'  97,  a,  and  154,  a. 
dignitate  :  '  in  prestige.'    I42,  a. 

23.  auctiorgs :  'the  more  abounding.'  quod  .  .  .  posset:  i.e. 
quis  posset  patl  id,  quod  .  .  .  attulissent,  els  eripl  f  The  reference  is 
to  the  power  and  independence  of  the  Aeduans  in  former  times. 

24.  attulissent :  *  had  brought.'  69,  b.  eis  :  dative,  '  from 
them.'  109,  b.  B.  188,  2,  d  \  A.  381 ;  H.  427.  posset:  possit 
in  the  direct  form.     179,  b,  (2). 

25.  Postulavit  eadem:  'he  made  the  same  demands.'  117,  a. 
dederat :  '  he  had  intrusted  ' ;  see  chap.  35.     67,  a. 

26.  N6  .  .  .  Inferret,  redderet,  paterfitur :  explaining  eadem. 
ei6.     B.  316;  A.  588;  H.  642. 

28.   remittere:  '  send  back.'  posset:  218,  (i),  Si.  at:  'at 

any  rate.'    236,  a.         qu6s  :  168. 

44.     I.   postulata:   'demands.'  pauca:    object  of  respondit. 

164,  a. 

2.  suls  :  emphatic.     167,  b.  virtfltibus:  'merits.'  multa 

praedioAvit:  'had  much  to  say.'    84.     How  lit..^ 


I,  44]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  109 

Trdnsisse  Rhemim  sese  non  sua  spout e,  sed  rogdtum  et 
arcessltum  a  Gallis  ;  non  sine  magna  spe  magmsque  prae- 
mils  domum  propinquosque  reliquisse ;  sedes  habere  ins 
Gallia  ab  ipsls  concessds,  obsides  ipsorum  voluntdte  datos  ; 
stlpendiutn  capere  iure  belltj  quod  victores  victls  imponere 
consuerint. 

Ndn  sese  Gallis ^  sed  Gallos  sibi  bellum  intiilisse  ;  omnes 
Galliae  civitdtes  ad  se  oppugna^idtim  venisse  ac  contrd  se  \o 
castra  habiiisse  ;  eds  omnes  copids  d  se  uno  proelio  pulsds 
ac  superdtds  esse.  Si  iterurn  experlrl  velint^  se  iteruTU  pard- 
tum  esse  deccrtdre  ;  si  pdce  utl  velint,  inlquum  esse  de  s  tip  en- 
did  recusdre^  quod  sud  voluntdte  ad  id  tempus  pependerint. 

3-8.  Direct  form:  Trdnsil  Rhenum  non  med  sponte,  sed  rogdtus  et  ar- 
cessitus  a  GallTs;  non  sine  magna  spe  magmsque  praemiis  domum  propin- 
quosque retiqui ;  sedes  habed  in  Gallia  ab  ipsTs  concessas,  obsides  ipsorum 
voluntate  datos;  stlpendium  capio  iure  belli,  quod  victores  victls  imp5nere 
consuerunt. 

3.  rogatum  et  arcessitum:  'because  he  had  been  asked,'  etc. 
227,  a,  (I).     B.  337,  2,/;  A.  496;  H.  638,  i. 

4.  non  sine  :  239,  g. 

6.  ipais :  the  Gauls.  concessas:  'which  had  been  ceded.' 
227,  a,  (4).  obsidSs :  i.e.  se  habere  sedes  et  obsides.  238,  a. 
voluntate:  138. 

7.  iure  :  'in  accordance  with  the  rights  '  (lit.  'right')  '  of  war.'  13, 
g,  and  136,  c.  quod  :  the  antecedent  is  stlpendiutn.  victia  :  'the 
vanquished.'        227,  a,  (4). 

9-14.  Direct  form:  Non  ego  GallTs,  sed  Galll  niihi  bellum  intulerunt ; 
omnes  Galliae  civitates  ad  me  oppugnandum  venerunt  ac  contra  me  castra' 
habuerunt;  eae  omnes  copiae  a  me  uno  proelio  pulsae  ac  superdtae  sunt.  Si 
{Galll)  iterum  experlrl  volunt,  iterum  pardtus  sum  decertare;  si  pace  uti 
volunt,  iniquum  est  de  stlpendi5  recusare,  quod  sua  voluntate  adhuc  pepen- 
derunt. 

9.   sSsg  GallTs  .  .  .  Gallos  sibi :  239,  b. 

11.  castra  habuisse  :  'had  fought.'  How  lit.?  uno  proelio  : 
see  chap.  31,  1.  46,  and  n. 

12.  paratum  decertare  :  'ready  to  fight  it  out.'     IIS^  c,  and  221,  c. 

13.  uti:  'to  enjoy';  followed  by  what  case  ?     131,  c.        iniquum: 


110  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

IS  Amicitiam  populi  Romdnt  sibi  drndmento  et  praesididy 
noil  detrlmento,  esse  oportere,  atque  se  lidc  spe  petlsse.  Si 
per  popiilum  Rdmdn?im  stlpeiidmm  remittdtur  et  dediticii 
stibtrahantur,  non  minus  lib  enter  sese  recusdiurum  populi 
Romdni  amicitiam,  quain  appetierit. 

20       Quod  multitudinem  Germdnorum,    in   Galliam  trddticat, 
id  se  sui  muniendi,  non  Galliae  impugnandae  causa,  facere  ; 
eius  rei  testimonium  esse,  quod  nisi   rogdtus    non  venerit,  * 
et  quod  bellum  non  intulerit,  sed  defenderit. 

'  unfair.'     Why  neuter  ?     lltS,  d.         dS  stipendio  rectlaare  :  '  to  re- 
fuse to  pay  the  tribute.'     How  lit.  ? 

14.  su5:  i.e.  of  the  Gauls;  they,  however,  told  a  different  story,  as 
we  learn  from  chap.  31,  11.  34-40. 

15-19.  Direct  form:  Amicitiam  populi  Romanl  mihi  umamento  et  prae- 
siclio,  non  detrTmentn,  esse  oportet,  atque  {earn)  hac  spe  petit.  SI  per  popu- 
lum  Romanum  stipendium  remiUetur  et  dediticii  subtrahentur,  non  minus 
libenter  recusdbo  {206)  populi  Romanl  amicitiam,  quam  appetii. 

15.  sibi  orn&mentS:  112,  b.  B.  191,  2.,  a\  A.  382,  i;  H.  433. 
5rnameuto,  etc. :  '  ought  to  be  a  source  of  prestige  and  a  protection, 
not  a  loss.' 

16.  oportfire  :  the  subject  is  amicitiam  .  .  .  esse. 

17.  per:  123,  a. 

18.  subtrahantur  :  'should  be  taken  from  under' his  control.  The 
dediticii  were  '  prisoners  of  war,'  held  as  hostages  to  force  the  payment 
of  tribute. 

20-23.    Direct  form :  Quoil  multitudinem  Germiinorum  in  Galliam  trdduco, 
id  tnei  (3U)  muniendl  (causa),  non  Galliae  impugnandae  causa,  facio  ;  eius 
.  rei  testimonium  est^  (juod  nisi  rogatus  non  veni,  et  quod  bellum  non  intuli, 
sell  defendi. 

20.  Quod,  etc.:  'In  regard  to  his  bringing  over,'  etc.  198^  c. 
multitvldinem :   120,000,  according  to  chap.  31,  1.  17. 

2 1 .  Bul  maniendi  [causa]  :  '  in  order  to  protect  himself.'     230,  ( i ). 

22.  teBtimSnium:  'proof;  in  predicate  with  esse,  to  which  the 
^w^;f/-clauses  stand  as  subject,  quod  :  'the  fact  that.'  19S,  b.  nisi 
rogStus  :  '  without  being  asked.' 

23.  defenderit:  'had  acted  on  the  defensive,'  lit.  'warded  off 
(wai;.' 


1,44]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  111 

Se  prills  in  Galliam  venisse  qtiain  popiilum  Romdnum. 
Ninnqtiam  ante  hoc  tempus  exerciticm populi  Romdni  Galliae  25 
prdvinciae  finibiis  egressnm.  Quid  sibi  vellet  f  Cur  in 
suds  possessiones  veniretf  Provinciam  suam  hanc  esse 
Galliam^  slcut  illam  nostram.  Ut  ipsl  concedi  non  oporteret, 
SI  in  nostras  fines  impetuin  faceret^  sic  item  nos  esse  iniquos^ 
quod  in  suo  iure  se  interpelldremus.  30 

Quod  frdtres  a  sendtu  A  e  duos  dppelldtos  dice  re  t^  non  se  tarn 
barbarum  neque  tarn  imperitum  esse  rerunt^  ut  non  sciret, 
neque  be  lid  A  Hob  rogum  proximo  A  e  duds  Romdnis  auxilium 
tulisse,  neque  ipsos  in  his  contentionibus^  quds  Aedui  secum 

24-30.  Direct  form:  Ego  prius  in  Galliam  vent  quam  populus  Romdnus. 
Numquam  ante  h5c  tempus  exercitus  populi  Roman!  Galliae  provinciae 
flnibus  egi-essus  est.  Quid  tibi  vis?  Cur  in  meds  possessidnes  vents? 
Provincia  mea  est  haec  Gallia,  sTcut  ilia  (^Gallia)  vestra  {provincia  esi).  Ut 
mihi  concedi  non  oporteat,  sT  in  vestros  fines  \vcvi^^\.\xvs\  faciam  {207,  l),  sic 
item  vos  estis  iniqui,  quod  me  in  nud  iure  interpelldtis. 

24.  Galliam:  Celtic  Gaul  {287^  b),  as  in  1.  28;  the  Province,  men- 
tioned in  1.  26,  as  stated  elsewhere,  had  been  under  Roman  control 
since  121  B.C.     290. 

26.  finibus  :  127,  a.  Quid  sibi  vellet :  ^  what  did  Caesar  mean?' 
How  lit.?    217,  a. 

27.  hanc  Galliam  :  '  this  (part  of)  Gaul,'  toward  the  Rhine. 

28.  Ut:  'As.'  ipsi:  Ariovisto.  concedi  non  oporteret : 
'  no  concession  ought  to  be  made.'     How  lit.? 

30.  se  interpellaremus  :  'we  were  interfering  with  him.' 

31-36.  Direct  form  :  Quod  fratres  a  senatu  Aeduos  appellatos  {esse)  dicis, 
non  tam  barbarus  neque  tam  imperitus  rerum  sum,  ut  non  sciam,  neque  hello 
Allobrogum  proximo  AeHuos  Romanis  auxilium  tulisse,  neque  ipsos  in  his 
contentionibus,  quas  AeduI  mecum  et  cum  Sequanis  habuirunt,  auxilio  populi 
Roman!  usos  esse. 

31.  Quod  —  diceret:  *  with  reference  to  his  saying.'  fratres: 
88,  a.     Cf.  chap.  33,  1.  8. 

32.  imperitum  rerum:  ^unversed  in  affairs.'  102.  B.204,  i  ;  A. 
349,  «;  H.  451,  I.         vX\  197,b. 

33.  bello  :  only  three  years  before,  in  61  B.C.     1J^7,  b. 

34.  ips5s,  Aedui :    trans,  as  if  Aeduos,  ei,         contentionibus  ° 
struggles.' 


112  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

35  et  cum  Sequanls  hahuissent,  auxilio  popull  Romdnl  usos 
esse. 

Debere  se  suspicdrty  simuldtd  Caesarem  amlcitid^  quod 
exercitiim  in  Gallid  habeat^  sui  opprime7tdl  causd  habere. 
Qui  nisi  decedat^  atque  exercitum  deducat  ex  his  regidnibus^ 

40  sese  ilium  non  pro  amlcd,  sed pro  hoste^  habituriim.  Quod  si 
eum  interfecerity  multls  sese  nobilibus  prlncipibusque  popull 
Romdnl  grdtum  esse  facturum  {id  se  ab  ipsls,  per  eorum 
nuntids,  compertum  habere),  quorum  omnium  gi'dtiatn  atque 
amlcitiam  eius  morte  redimere  posset.     Quod  si  dicessisset 

45  et  llberam  possessionem  Galliae  sibi  trddidissety  magno  se 

37-47.  Direct  form :  Debed  suspicarT,  simulata  te  amlcitia,  quod  exercitum 
in  Gallia  habes,  inel  opprimendi  habere.  Nisi  decedes,  atque  exercitum  de- 
duces ex  his  regionihus,  te  non  pro  amlco,  sed  pro  hoste,  habeho.  Quod  sT  te 
interfecerOy  multis  nobilibus  prlncipibusque  popull  Romani  gratum  faciam 
(id  ab  ipsTs,  per  eorum  nuntios,  compertum  habed)^  quorum  omnium  gratiam 
atque  amlcitiam  iud  morte  redimere  possum.  Quod  si  decesseris  et  llberam 
possessionem  CJalliae  mihi  trddideris,  magno  te  praemio  remunerdbor  et, 
quaecumque  bella  gerl  voles,  sine  ullo  tuo  labore  et  periculo  conficiam. 

37.  DSb5re  s5  suspicSri:  'that  he  had  good  reason  to  suspect.' 
How  lit..?  simulata  amlcitia:  'under  the  guise  of  friendship.' 
W,  b,  (5). 

38.  Bul  opprimendi  causa:  'in  order  to  crush  him.'  230,  (i). 
habSre  :  sc.  euni,  '  was  keeping  (it  there).' 

39.  Qui:  Caesar.  167.  dfiducat :  'withdraw.'  regiSnibus  : 
'regions.'     81. 

40.  habitilrum  :  sc.  esse.         Quod  :  '  Moreover.'     118,  d. 

42.  gratum:  'a  kindness.'        id:  'that  fact.'    IGO^c. 

43.  niintids:  'agents'  rather  than  'messengers.'  compertum 
habere:  trans,  as  if  compcrisse.  229,  a.  B.  337,  7;  A.  497,  b\  W. 
431,  3.         quSrum  omnium:  'of  all  of  whom.'    97,  c. 

44.  eius :  Caesar's.  It  is  not  impossible  that  Ariovistus  had  been 
in  communication  with  Caesar's  enemies  ;  but  whether  he  spoke  the  truth 
or  not,  he  was  evidently  familiar  with  the  party  strifes  and  jealousies  at 
this  time  in  Roman  politics.         Quod  :  'On  the  other  hand.'    118,  d. 

45.  llberam:  i.e. 'without  interference.'  Galliae:  Celtic  Gaul. 
a3  in  1.  24. 


I,  45J  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus 


113 


ilium  praeniio   reniuneraturum  et,  quaecumqiie  bella  gen 
vellet,  sine  fillo  eius  labore  et  periculo  cdnfecturiim. 

Caesar  declines  to  make  any  concessions. 

45.    Multa   a   Caesare   in    earn    sententiam    dicta   sunt, 
quare  neg6ti5  desistere  non  posset : 


Figure  66. — The  conference  between  Caesar  and  Ariovistus. 

46.  ilium  :  trans,  as  if  Caesarem.  remuneraturum  [esse]  :  *  he 
would  compensate.''     61,  a,  {\).         quaecumque  :  50,  a. 

47.  eius:  'on  the  part  of  Caesar.'  How  lit.?  confectiiruin 
[esse]  :  if  Caesar  will  withdraw,  Ariovistus  will  fight  his  battles  for  him. 
The  attitude  of  Ariovistus  seems  somewhat  less  defiant  than  in  his 
former  reply,  sent  by  messengers  and  summarized  in  chap.  36.  The 
conference  between  Caesar  and  Ariovistus,  as  conceived  by  a  German 
designer,  is  shown  in  Fig.  66. 

45.  I.  in  earn  sententiam:  lit.  'to  this  purport';  we  should  say 
'  to  show.' 

2.  negotio:  12^,  a.  posset:  20Jt.  (3).  B,  300,  i;  A.  574; 
H.  649,  II. 

3-8.  Direct  form :  Neque  mea  neque  populT  Roman!  consuetudo  patitur.^ 
utl  optime  meritSs  socios  deseram,  neque  iiidico,  Galliam  potius  esse  tuam 


114  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

Neqiie  suam  neqtie  poptill  Romdnl  consuetudinem  patl, 
uti  optime  meritos  socios  desereret,  neque  se  mdicdre, 
s  Galliam  potius  esse  Ariovisti  quam  populi  Romdnl.  Bello 
superdtos  esse  Arvernos  et  Rutenos  d  Qtimto  Fabio  Maximo^ 
quibus  popidus  Romdnus  ignovisset  neque  in  provinciam 
redegisset  neqiie  stlpendhmt  imposuisset. 

Quod  si  antiquisstmum  quodque  tempus  spectdri  oporteret^ 
lopopuli  Rdmdni  iustissimum    esse   in   Gallid  imperium  ;  si 
indicium   sendtus   observdri  oporterety  liberam    debere   esse 
Galliam^  quam,  bello  victam,  suis  legibus  uti  voluisset. 

quam  populi  Roman!.  Bell5  superdtl  sunt  Arverni  et  Ruteni  a  Quinto 
P'abio  Maximo,  quibus  populus  Romanus  ignovit,  neque  (<r<7j)  in  pro- 
vinciam reJegii,  neque  (m)  stlpendium  imposuit. 

3.  Neque,  etc. :  21S,  b.         suam,  populi:  157,  d. 

4.  uti  .  .  .  dgsereret:  ^iiQv  pati.  199,  a,  (6).  neque:  'and 
not.' 

5.  esse  Ariovisti:  'belonged  to  Ariovistus.' .  94,  d.  B.  198,  3, 
A.  343,  ^ ;  H.  447.         Bello  :  131,  a. 

6.  Arvernos,  Rutgnos :  conquered  in  121  B.C.,  but  not  included 
in  the  Province  excepting  a  small  division  of  the  Ruteni,  called  Ruteni 
provinciates  (VII.  7)  ;  see  Map  Gallia. 

7.  quibus:  105.  ignovisset:  the  Romans  with  good  reason 
had  'pardoned'  them  —  their  country,  lying  beyond  the  Cdvennes 
mountains,  could  have  been  held  only  with  the  greatest  difficulty, 
neque  .  .  .  redggisset:  'and  (whom)  it  had  not  reduced.' 

9-12.  Direct  Form :  Quod  si  antlquissimum  quodque  tempus  spectarT 
oportet,  populi  Roman!  iustissimum  est  in  Gallia  imperium;  s!  iudicium  sena- 
tus  observari  oportet,  libera  debet  esse  Gallia,  quam,  bello  victam,  su!s  legibus 
ut!  voluit. 

9.  antlquissimum  quodque  tempus  :  '  priority  of  time,'  lit. 
'each  earliest  time.'  170,  «,  and  49,  a.  B.  252,  $,  c,  A.  313,  b\ 
H.  515,  2. 

11.  observari:  'to  be  regarded.'    857,  b. 

12.  victam:  'although  it  had  been  conquered.'  227,  a,  (3). 
•ul«:  'its  own,'  referring  to  the  subject  of  ////.  voluisset:  i.e. 
scntltus  voluisset. 


I,  46]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  115 

The  conference  is  abruptly  ended  by  an  attack  of  German 
cavalry. 

46.  Dum  haec  in  colloquio  geruntur,  Caesari  nuntiatum 
est,  equites  Ariovisti  propius  tumulum  accedere  et  ad 
nostros  adequitare,  lapides  telaque  in  nostros  conicere. 
Caesar  loquendi  finem  facit  seque  ad  suos  recepit  suisque 
imperavit,  ne  quod  omnino  telum  in  hostes  reicerent.  s 
Nam  etsl  sine  ullo  periculo  legionis  delectae  cum  equitatu 
proelium  fore  videbat,  tamen  committendum  non  putabat, 
ut,  pulsis  hostibus,  dici  posset,  eos  ab  se  per  fidem  in  collo- 
quio circumventos. 

Postea  quam  in  vulgus  militum  elatum  est,  qua  arrogantia  lo 
in  colloquio  Ariovistus  usus  omni  Gallia  Romanis  inter- 
dixisset,  impetumque  ut  in  nostros  eius  equites  fecissent, 
eaque  res  colloquium  ut  diremisset,  multo  maior  alacritas 
studiumque  pugnandl  mains  exercitui  iniectum  est. 

46.    I.    geruntur:  trans,  by  a  past  tense.     190,  a. 

2.  tumulum:  referred  to  in  chap.  43,  1.  i.  123,  b.  B.  141,  3;  A. 
432,  ^  ;  H.  420,  5.  The  German  cavalry  were  about  a  thousand  Roman 
feet  from  the  hill  (chap.  43,  1.  5),  the  tenth  legion  at  an  equal  distance. 

3.  adequitare:  ^ were  riding  up  (to).' 

5.  ne  quod  omnino  telum  :  '•  any  missile  at  all.'     168. 

6.  legionis  delectae :  mounted  on  horseback  (chap.  42,  11.  16- 
25)  ;  *■  to  the  legion,'  we  should  say.     102. 

7.  committendum  [esse]  .  .  .  eos:  '  he  thought  that  he  ought  not 
to  allow  it  to  be  said  that,  if  the  enemy  were  routed,  they.'     How  lit.? 

8.  hostibus:  11^1^.,  b,  (6).  per  fidem:  'through  a  pledge  of 
good  faith,'  used  to  entrap  them. 

10.  Posted  quam:  188,  a.  vulgus:  <rank  and  file.'  6,  b. 
elatum  est:  69,  b.  qua  arrogantia  usus  :  "with  what  arrogance.' 
How  lit.?     1S1,C. 

11.  Gallia :  127,  a.  Romanis:  why  dative?  109,  c.  inter- 
dixisset,  etc. :  *  had  denied  to  the  Romans  all  right  to  be  in  Gaul,'  lit. 
'from  all  Gaul.'     201^,  (2). 

12.  ut:  'how.'         fecissent,  diremisset :  ^0.^,(3). 

14.  pugnandl:  'for  fighting,'  we  should  say.  2S0,  (i).  exer- 
citui: i07,^.        iniectum  est:  'were' (lit  'was') 'infused.'    n2,b. 


116  Caesar's  Gallic   War  [B.C.  68 

Ariovistus  reopens  negotiations^  but  throws  Caesar's  envoys 
into  chains. 

47.   Biduo  post  Ariovistus  ad  Caesarem  legat5s  mittit: 

Ve//e  se  de  his  rebus,  quae  inter  eos  agl  coeptae  ncque  per- 

fectae  essent,  agere  cum  eo ;  uti  aut  iterum  colloquid  diem 

constitueret  aut,  si  id  minus  vellet,  e  suis  legdtis  aliquem, 

sad  se  mitteret. 

Colloquendi  Caesari  causa  visa  non  est,  et  eo  magis, 

quod  pridie  eius  diei  Germani  retineri  non  potuerant,  quin 

in  nostros  tela  conicerent.      Legatum  e  suIs  sese  magno 

cum  perTculo  ad  eum  missurum  et  hominibus  feris  obiec- 

loturum   existimabat.      Commodissimum  visum   est   Gaium 

47.    I.    Bidtio:  IJiO.        post:  here  an  adverb. 

2-5.  Direct  form:  Void  de  his  rebus,  quae  inter  nos  agi  coeptae  neque 
perfectae  sunt,  tecum  agere;  {rogo')  utI  aut  iterum  coUoquio  diem  constituds, 
aut,  sT  id  minus  vetis,  e  tuts  legatls  aliquem  ad  me  mittds. 

2.  Velle,  etc. :  212,  c,  (4),  and  213,  b.        coeptae  [essent]  :  12,  b,  c. 

3.  utI,  etc. :  \.t.  se  rogdre,  utt  {Caesar)  .  .  .  constitueret;  the  idea 
of  asking  is  implied  in  Velle,  etc.     199,  a. 

4.  minus  :  trans,  as  if  non.  6  ISgatis :  97,  d.  suis :  Cae- 
saris.  aliquem:  Jf9,a.  Ariovistus  wanted  Caesar  to  send  not  a 
messenger  but  one  of  his  highest  officers,  probably  in  order  to  hold 
him  as  a  hostage. 

6.  causa  visa  n6n  est :  <  there  did  not  seem  (to  be  any)  reason.' 
90,  b,  et  eo  magis  :  '  especially  ' ;  lit.  '  and  on  this  account  the 
more,'  ed  being  explained  by  the  following  quod-f:^2^x&^,     135,  a. 

7.  diei:  54,  c.  B.  201,  3,  <z;  A.  359,  ^,  N.  2  ;  H.  446,  5.  quIn 
.  .  .  conicerent :  ♦  from  hurling.'  201,  a.  B.  295,  3 ;  A.  558 ;  H. 
595.  2. 

8.  Lfigfttum  6  suls:  *an  envoy  from  his  staff';  one  of  his  officers. 
86s6  .  .  .  missArum  [esse]  :  *  that  it  would  be  exceedingly  hazardous 
for  him  to  send  to  Ariovistus';  how  Ht.?  magnS  cum  periculS : 
136,  a. 

10.  visum  est,  etc. :  visum  est  mittere  (1.  16)  Gdium  Valerium 
Procillum,  etc.    222,  a. 


I,  47]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  117 

Valerium  Procillum,  C.  Valerii  CaburT  f ilium,  sumtna  vir- 
tute  et  humanitate  adulescentem,  cuius  pater  a  C.  Valerio 
Flacco  clvitate  donatus  erat,  et  propter  fidem  et  prcpter 
linguae  Gallicae  scientiam,  qua  multa  iam  Ariwistus 
longinqua  c5nsuetudine  utebatur,  et  quod  in  eo  peccandi  15 
Germanis  causa  non  esset,  ad  eum  mittere,  et  una  M. 
Metium,  qui  hospitio  Ariovisti  utebatur.  His  mandavit, 
ut,  quae  diceret  Ariovistus,  cognoscerent  et  ad  se  referrent. 
Quos  cum  apud  se  in  castris  Ariovistus  conspexisset, 
exercitii  suo  praesente  conclamavit :  Quid  ad  se  venirent  ?  2c 
an  speculandi  causa  f  Conantes  dicere  prohibuit  et  in 
catenas  coniecit. 

ir.    C.  =  Gdf.     19,  a.         Valerii:  8,  a.         virtute  :  IJfS,  a. 

12.  humSnitate  :  'refinement.'  adulescentem:  'a  young  man.'' 
C.  Valerio  Flacco  :  governor  of  the  Province  of  Gaul  in  83  B.C. 

13.  clvitate:  Roman  'citizenship'  was  often  conferred  upon  for- 
eigners who  had  rendered  some  service.  In  this  case  the  Gaul  Cabiirus 
took  the  First  Name  and  Clan  Name  of  C.  Valerius  Flaccus,  to  whom  he 
was  indebted  for  the  distinction,  and  was  known  as  C.  Valerius  Ca- 
burus.     19,  a,  and  b.         donatus  erat :  '  had  been  presented.' 

14.  qua  multa  Ariovistus  utebatur:  'which  Ariovistus  spoke 
fluently ' ;  how  lit.  ? 

15.  consuetudine :  *  practice.'  135,  a.  in  eo:  *in  his  case.' 
peccandi  causa:  '(any)  reason  for  offering  violence,'  lit.  *of  doing 
wrong';  for  Procillus  was  a  Gaul. 

16.  non  esset:  'because  (as  he  thought)  there  was  not.'     183,  a. 

17.  utebatur:  'enjoyed.'  Metius  may  have  been  received  and 
entertained  by  Ariovistus  in  the  course  of  the  negotiations  which  in 
59  B.C.  culminated  in  the  recognition  of  the  German  ruler  by  the  Roman 
Senate  (chap.  35,  11. 3-4). 

20.  conclamavit :' he  called  out  loudly.'  Quid:  <  why.'  118,  e. 
venirent :  217,  a. 

21.  an  speculandi  causa:  *(was  it)  in  order  to  act  as  spies.' 
179,  a,  (2).  How  lit?  Conantes  [eos],  etc. :  'when  they  tried  to 
speak  he  stopped  them,'  preventing  explanation  because  he  wished  his 
army  to  believe  that  they  were  spies.     227,  a,  (5). 

22.  catenas:  'chains.' 


118  Caesar's  Gallic  War  (B.C.  58 

Arioviatus  moves  camp  so  as  to  cut  off  Caesar^s  supplies. 

48.  Eodem  die  castra  promovit  et  milibus  passuum  sex 
a  Caesaris  castris  sub  monte  consedit.  Postridie  eius  diei 
praeter  castra  Caesaris  suas  c5pias  traduxit  et  milibus 
passuum  du5bus  ultra  eum  castra  fecit  eo  consilio,  uti  fru- 
5  mento  commeatuque,  qui  ex  Sequanis  et  Aeduis  supporta- 
retur,  Caesarem  intercluderet. 

Ex  eo  die  dies  continues  quinque  Caesar  pro  castris  suas 

copias  pr5duxit  et  aciem  instructam  habuit,  ut,  si  vellet 

Ariovistus    proelio    contendere,  ei    potestas    non   deesset. 

loAriovistus  his  omnibus  diebus  exercitum  castris  continuit, 

equestri  proeli5  cotidie  contendit. 

48.     I.   pr6m6vit:    *(Ariovistus)    moved  forward.'  milibus: 

147,  c.     How  far  by  our  measurement  ?    21^3^  a,  b. 

2.  Caesaris  castris :  Caesar's  camp  is  located  by  Colonel  Stofftl 
between  Gemar  and  Ostheim,  about  35  miles  southwest  of  Strassburg. 
See  Map  4,  Large  Camp.        di6i.     ,94,  c, 

3.  praeter  .  .  .  trftduzit:  Ariovistus's  line  of  march,  as  suggested  on 
Map  4,  probably  skirted  or  traversed  the  foothills  of  the  Vosges  in  such 
away  that  Caesar  could  not  attack  him  while  executing  this  movement. 

4.  castra  :  the  camp  of  Ariovistus,  probably  at  the  place  so  marked 
on  Map  4,  was  favorably  located  for  defense.  uti  .  .  .  intercluderet : 
explains  i^rwj7//V?.  196,  a.  frumento :  127^  a.  B.  214,2;  A.  401; 
H .  464.  Ariovistus  thought  that  by  cutting  off  Caesar's  supplies  he  could 
force  Caesar  to  retire,  or  else  to  fight  on  ground  of  his  own  choosing. 

5.  qui:  163,  c.  supportSrStur :  subjunctive  by  attraction. 
220.     B.  324,  i;  A.  593;   H.  652. 

8.  aciem  Instructam:  'his  army  drawn  up'  in  triple  line,  as  indi- 
cated on  Map  4,  Caesar'.s  First  Position.  337,  a.  ut:  'so  that.' 
vellet:  220. 

9.  el  .  .  .  deesaet:  Mie  did  not  lack  opportunity.'  How  lit.? 
197,  a,  and  239,  g. 

10.  difibus :  11^7,  c.  exercitum :  the  German  infantry,  as  we 
see  from  the  next  line.  castris:  'within  the  camp.'  13U  a.  B. 
218;  A.  409;   H.  476. 

11.  equestri  proeliS  :  'with  cavalry  skirmishing.'  contendit: 
238,  a. 


I,  4u]  The   Campaign  against  Ariovistus  119 

Genus  hoc  erat  pugnae,  qu5  se  GermanI  exercuerant. 
Equitum  milia  erant  sex,  totidem  numero  pedites  velocissimi 
ac  fortissimi,  quos  ex  omni  copia  singuli  singulos  suae 
salutis  causa  delegerant;  cum  his  in  proeliis  versabantur.  is 
Ad  eos  se  equites  recipiebant ;  hi,  si  quid  erat  durius,  con- 
currebant,  si  qui,  graviore  vulnere  accepto,  equo  deciderat, 
circumsistebant ;  si  quo  erat  longius  prodeundum  aut  cele- 
rius  recipiendum,  tanta  erat  horum  exercitatione  celeritas, 
ut  iubis  equorum  sublevati  cursum  adaequarent.  ^^ 

Caesar  fortifies  a  camp  beyond  Ariovistus^  reopening  the  road. 

49.  Ubi  eum  castris  se  tenere  Caesar  intellexit,  ne  diu- 
tius  commeatii  prohiberetur,  ultra  eum  locum,  quo  in  loco 

12.  Genus  pugnae:    '  The  method  of  fighting.'        hoc:  161,  a. 

13.  erant:  90,  a.  numero:  1^2,  a,  and  85.  pedites:  sc. 
erant.     10,  d.         vSlocissimI:  Uhe  fastest.' 

14.  quos,  etc. :  '  whom  they '  (the  horsemen)  '  had  chosen  from  the 
entire  force,  each  one  (selecting)  a  foot-soldier.'  How  lit.?  singu- 
los :  agrees  with  quos.     36. 

15.  versabantur:  '(the  horsemen)  associated  themselves.' 

16.  eos,  hi:  the  foot-soldiers.  si  .  .  .  erat,  concurrebant : 
general  condition  of  fact.  205,  (2).  quid  durius:  'unusually 
serious  difficulty.'  153,  a.  How  lit.  ?  concurrebant :  '  they  would 
rush  to  the  rescue.' 

17.  qui:  'any  one.'  49,  a  and  b.  vulnere:  13,  e.  equo: 
m,  a.       deciderat  :  '  had  fallen.'     205,  (4). 

18.  circumsistebant:  '  they  would  gather  round  him.'  si  quo, 
etc. :  '  if  it  was  necessary  to  advance  in  any  direction  unusually  far,  or 
to  retreat  with  special  swiftness.'     73,  e,  and  153,  a. 

19.  celeritas:  'swiftness.' 

20.  iubis:  'by  the  manes.'  sublevati:  '  supporting  themselves.' 
17 If..  cursum:  'they  kept  up  with  the  running'  of  the  horses. 
Caesar  afterwards  employed  German  horsemen  as  mercenaries,  and  they 
rendered  him  very  effective  service,  as  at  the  siege  of  Alesia  (VII.  80). 

49.  I.  eum:  Ariovistus.  se :  object  oi  tetter  e.  ne  .  .  .  pro- 
hiberetur: see  chap.  48,  11.  4-6,  and  Notes.     196,  a. 

2.   eum  locum  :  Map  4,  Camp  of  Ariovistus.        loco  :  165,  a. 


120  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

Germani  consederant,  circiter  passus  sexcentos  ab  his,  cas- 
tris  iddneum  locum  delegit  acieque  triplici  Instructa  ad  eum 

5  locum  venit.  Primam  et  secundam  aciem  in  armls  esse, 
tertiam  castra  munire  iussit.  Hie  locus  ab  hoste  circiter 
passus  sexcentos,  uti  dictum  est,  aberat. 

Eo  circiter  hominum  numero  sedecim  milia  expedlta  cum 
omni  equitatu   Ariovistus  misit,  quae  copiae  nostros  ter- 

lorerent  et  munitione  prohiberent.  Nihilo  setius  Caesar,  ut 
ante  c5nstituerat,  duas  acies  hostem  propulsare,  tertiam 
opus  perficere  iussit.  Munitis  castris,  duas  ibi  legiones 
reliquit  et  partem  auxiliorum ;  quattuor  reliquas  in  castra 
maiora  reduxit. 

Hie  Germans  J  Caesar  hears,  dare  not  fight  before  the  new  moon. 

50.    Proximo  die,  institute  suo,  Caesar  e  castris  utrisque 

copias  suas   eduxit,  paulumque  a   maioribus   castris  pr5- 

gressus    aciem    Instruxit,    hostibus    pugnandi    potestatem 

fecit. 

4.   oastrls:  108,  a.      idSneum  :  < suitable.'       acig  triplici:  837, a. 

6.  castra :  332.  This  camp  on  Map  4  is  called  the  '  Small  Camp,' 
castra  minora,  in  order  to  distinguish  it  from  the  '  Large  Camp,'  castra 
maiora.  The  two  camps  were  not  far  from  two  miles  apart ;  both  were 
on  somewhat  higher  ground.  Caesar's  object  in  establishing  the 
smaller  camp,  which  was  a  little  more  than  half  a  mile  from  the  Ger- 
mans, was  to  keep  open  the  road  to  Vesontio,  and  so  maintain  com- 
munication with  his  base  of  supplies.         munire  :   '  fortify.'    333. 

8.  hominum  .  .  .  expedlta :  trans,  as  if  sedecim  milia  hominum 
expedltorum.       expedlta:  'light-armed.' 

9.  quae  c6piae  :  '  in  order  that  these  forces.'     193,  a. 

10.  NihilS  sStius:  'Nevertheless,'  lit.  'by  nothing  the  less.'      IJ^O. 

11.  duSs  :  i.e.  prlmatn  et  secundam.        pr5puls&re  :  'to  ward  off.' 
13.   reliqufts:  sc.  legiones.     How  many  men,  probably,  in  the  six 

legions  ?    507,  b  and  e. 

50.  I.  Inatitfltd  su5  :  '  in  accordance  with  his  usual  practice' (chap. 
48,11.7-8).       13G,c.         utrisque:  57. 

3.  aciem:  Map  4,  Caesar's  Second  Position.  potestatem 
fecit :  '  gave  an  opportunity.' 


MAP  4 

The  Battle  with  Ariovistus 


Book  I,  49-53 


To  face  page  120 


SCALE  OF  ENGLISH  MILES 


SCALE  OF  ROMAN   MILES 


EXPLANATION 

Caesar,  marching  from  the  south,  encamped  north  of  Modern  Ostheim  (chap. 
48,  1.  2).     Ariovistus,  marching  from  the  north,  encamped  on  Zellenberg. 


I,  50]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  121 

Ubi  ne  turn  quidem  eos  prodire  intellexit,  circiter  men- 5 
diem  exercitum  in  castra  reduxit.  Turn  demum  Ariovistus 
partem  suarum  copiarum,  quae  castra  minora  oppugnaret, 
misit.  Acriter  utrimque  usque  ad  vesperum  pugnatum  est. 
Solis  occasu  suas  c5pias  Ariovistus,  multls  et  illatis  et 
acceptis  vulneribus,  in  castra  reduxit.  i< 

Cum  ex  captivis  quaereret  Caesar,  quam  ob  rem  Ario- 
vistus proelio  non  decertaret,  banc  reperiebat  causam,  quod 
apud  Germanos  ea  consuetudo  esset,  ut  matres  familiae 
eorum  sortibus  et  vaticinationibus  declararent,  utrum  proe- 
lium  committi  ex  usu  esset  necne ;  eds  ita  dicere^  i 

Non  esse  fas  Germanos  superdre^  si  ante  novant  lunam 
proelio  contendissent. 

5.    n5  .  .  .  quidem:   237^  c.  prodire:   68,  b.  meridiem: 

'  midday.' 

7.  quae  :   trans,  as  if  ut  ea.     193,  a. 

8.  Acriter  —  pugnatum  est:  'Fiercely  the  battle  raged.'  73,  d. 
utrimque:  'on  both  sides.' 

9.  Solis  occasu:   'At  sunset.'     lift ^  a. 

11.  ex:  116,  c.  quam  ob  rem:  'for  what  reason.'  20J^,  (2). 
How  lit.  ? 

12.  proelio  non  dScertaret:  'would  not  fight  a  decisive  battle.' 
131^  a.  How  lit.  ?  Ariovistus  had  used  only  a  part  of  his  forces  (1.  7). 
causam  :  explained  by  the  following  appositional  ^«<7^-clause.     198,  b. 

13.  esset:  214,  b.  matres  familiae:  'matrons,'  married  women 
who  were  believed  to  have  prophetic  powers. 

14.  sortibus  :  '  by  means  of  lots,'  consisting  of  bits  of  wood  from  a 
branch  of  a  fruit-bearing  tree,  which  were  scattered  at  random  over  a 
white  cloth  and  then  picked  up.  17,  c.  vaticinationibus  ;  '  prophetic 
utterances,'  inspired  by  "  eddies  of  rivers  and  whirlings  and  noises  of 
currents."  declararent:  203,(2).  utrum  .  .  .  necne:  'whether 
.  .  .  or  not.'    204,  (i).     B.  300,  4,  «;  A.  335,  n;  H.  650,  i. 

15.  ex  usu:  'expedient.'     How  lit.?        ea.s,  eic.  :  213,  b. 

16.  Non,  etc.:  indirect  discourse,  depending  on  dicer e.  fas: 
'predestined.'  superare  :  'should  be  victorious.'  novam  lunam: 
'  the  new  moon'  of  September  18,  58  B.C.,  according  to  modern  compu- 
tations     The  ancient  German  superstition  about  the  influence  ot  the 


122  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  68 

Taking  advantage  of  their  superstition,  Caesar  forces  an 
engagement, 

51.  Postridic  eius  die!  Caesar  praesidio  utrisque  castris, 
quod  satis  esse  visum  est,  reliquit ;  omnes  alarios  in  c5n- 
spectu  hostium  pr5  castris  min5ribus  constituit,  quod 
minus  multitudine  militum  legionariorum  pro  hostium 
snumero  valebat,  ut  ad  speciem  alariis  uteretur ;  ipse,  tri- 
plici  Instructa  acie,  usque  ad  castra  hostium  accessit. 

Tum   demum    necessario   Germani    suas   copias  castris 

eduxerunt  generatimque  constituerunt  paribus  intervallls, 

Harudes,    Marcomanos,    Tribocos,    Vangiones,    Nemetes, 

loSedusios,  Suebos,  omnemque  aciem  suam  raedis  et  carris 

circumdederunt,  ne  qua  spes  in  fuga  relinqueretur.      Eo 

moon  still  lingers  in  many  places,  particularly  in  respect  to  commencing 
certain  farming  operations  "  in  the  old  of  the  moon." 

51.  I.  digi :  ,94,^.  The  date  was  about  September  14.  praesidio 
utrisque  castris  :  a  dative  of  purpose  and  a  dative  of  indirect  object ; 
<as  a  garrison  for  each  camp,'  we  should  say.  How  lit.?  112,  «,  and 
104,  a. 

2.   quod :    as   antecedent  sc.    id,   object   of  reliquit.  alSrios : 

*  auxiliaries';  the  light-armed  troops,  called  dldril  because  usually 
stationed  on  the  wings  {dlae)  of  an  army.     308. 

4.  minus  multitudine  valSbat :  '  was  weaker  in  respect  to  his 
force.'     How  lit.  ?      pro  :  '  in  comparison  with.' 

5.  ad  speciem:  'for  show,'  in  order  to  hide  from  the  enemy  his 
weakness  in  heavy  infantry;  Ariovistus  would  take  the  dldrids  for 
legidndrids. 

6.  triplici  acig :  the  front  formed  by  the  legions  must  have  been 
at  least  a  mile  long.  The  probable  arrangement  of  the  legions  in 
order  of  battle  is  indicated  in  Map  4 ;  in  the  rear  line  only  two  cohorts 
to  each  legion  are  shown,  for  the  reason  that  one  cohort  was  probably 
drawn  off  for  the  guard  duty  indicated  in  1.  i,  praesidio  castris.    337,  a. 

7.  necessSriS  :  <  of  necessity.'        castris  :  127,  a. 

8.  generStim:  <by  tribes,'  the  soldiers  of  each  tribe  being  formed 
into  a  body  by  themselves.         Intervailis  :  138. 

10.  raedis  :  <  with  wagons,'  probably  covered,  like  gypsy  wagons. 

11.  ciroumdedSrunt :  *  hemmed  in,' on  the  rear  and  wings,  as  indi* 


1, 52]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  123 

mulieres  imposuerunt,  quae  in  proelium  proficiscentes 
passis  manibus  flentes  impl5rabant,  ne  se  in  servitutem 
Romanis  traderent. 

Desperate  Jighting,  haiid-to-liand ;  the  Roman  left,  wavering, 
is  reenforced. 

52.  Caesar  singulis  legi5nibus  singulos  legat5s  et  quaes- 
torem  praefecit,  uti  eos  testes  suae  quisque  virtutis  habe- 
ret ;  ipse  a  dextro  cornu,  quod  earn  partem  minime  firmam 
hostium  esse  animadverterat,  proelium  commisit. 

Ita  nostri  acriter  in  hostes,  signo  dato,  impetum  fecerunt,  5 
itaque  hostes  repente  celeriterque  procurrerunt,  ut  spatium 
pila  in  hostes  coniciendl  non  daretur.     Reiectis  pilis,  com- 
minus   gladils    pugnatum    est.      At  GermanI,  celeriter  ex 
c5nsuetudine    sua    phalange    facta,    impetus    gladiorum 

cated  in  Map  4.  qua  :  168.  E6  :  ^  thereon,'  upon  the  wagons  and 
carts. 

12.  mulieres:  11,  c.         proficiscentes:  sc.  eos.     227, -a,  (4). 

13.  passis  manibus:  ''with  outstretched  hands.'  lJi4,  b,  (2). 
flentes  :  227,  b. 

52.  I.  singulis,  etc. :  Caesar  had  six  legions  {S07,  e).  Over  each  of 
five  legions  he  put  a  lieutenant,  and  over  the  sixth  he  placed  the  quaestor. 
What  were  the  quaestor's  ordinary  duties  ?     313,  b,  and  251,  b. 

2.  testes  :  ^  as  witnesses.'     115,  a.         quisque  :  170,  b. 

3.  a  dextro  cornu  :  'on  the  right  wing.'  126,  c.  eam  partem 
hostium  :  the  German  left  wing,  opposite  the  Roman  right.  minime 
firmam:  *  the  weakest.' 

5.  Ita:  modifies  acriter.  34,  a.  signo:  given  on  the  trumpet. 
326,  a,  (i). 

6.  itaque  :=^/  ita.  repente:  'suddenly.'  procurrerunt: 
'ran  forward.'        spatium:  trans,  as  if /^^//^.y. 

7.  pila:  object  oi  coniciendt.  322,  d,  and  230,  (i).  Reiectis 
pilis  —  pugnatum  est:  'they  threw  aside  their  pikes  and  fought.' 
How  lit?     144,  b,  (2)  and  73,  d.         comminus  :  'at  close  quarters.' 

8.  gladiis:  322,  e.       ex:  '  in  accordance  with.' 

9.  phalange:  'a  compact  mass,'  like  the  formation  adopted  by  the 
Helvetians ;  see  chap.  24,  1.  13,  and  n. 


124 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  68 


lo  exceperunt.     Reperti  sunt  complures  nostri,  qui  in   pha- 

langa  insilirent  et  scuta  manibus  revellerent  et  desuper 

vulnerarent. 

Cum  hostium  acies  a  sinistro  cornu  pulsa  atque  in  f  ugam 

conversa  esset,  a   dextro   cornu    vehementer   multitudine 
15  suorum  nostram  aciem  premebant.    Id  cum  animadvertisset 

P.  Crassus  adulescens,  qui  equitatui  praeerat,  quod  expedi- 


10.   ezc6p6runt :  the  Germans  apparently  did  not  hurl  their  javelins 
(361)  hut  relied  upon  their  shields  and  swords;    the  German  sword 

was  longer  than  the  Roman,  and  single- 
edged  (Fig,  67).  complurSs  nos- 
tri :  '  many  men  on  our  side.'  How 
lit.?  97,  c.  B.  201,  \,b\  A.  81^6,  e\ 
H.  442,2. 

1 1 .  phalanga  :  18,  f.  Insilirent : 
'leaped  (upon).''  19 J^,  a.  revel- 
lerent: 'pulled  back.'  dgsuper : 
'from  above.'  In  hand-to-hand  fight- 
ing the  Roman  soldier,  parrying  blows 
with  his  own  shield,  generally  tried  to 
strike  with  his  sword  under  or  around 
the  shield  of  the  enemy.  In  this  case 
the  shields  of  the  Germans  were  inter- 
locked in  the  close  formation,  and 
Caesar's  men  in  their  eagerness,  as 
they  rushed  on  the  foe,  sprang  up, 
pulled  back  the  enemy's  shields  from 
the  top,  and  stabbed  with  their  short 
swords  from  above. 

13.  a  sinistro  cornii :  'on  their 
left  wing,'  facing  the  Roman  right, 
where  Caesar  was.     126,  c. 

14.  conversa  esset:  why  subjunc- 
tive ?  a  dextro  cornd :  opposite 
the  Roman  left. 

See  Vocab.  wn^^x  Crassus,  {z).         adul6scSns  : 


Figure  67.  — Ancient    German 
sword  with  its  wooden  scabbard. 


16.    P.  Crassus 

'young,'  so  called  to  distinguish  him  from  his  father  and  from  his  older 
brother,  who  was  afterwards  with  Caesar  in  Gaul :  see  Vocab.  under 


1,53]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  125 

tior  erat  quam  ei,  qui  inter  aciem  versabantur,  tertiam  aciem 
laborantibus  nostris  subsidi5  misit. 


Caesar  is  victorious.     The  captive  envoys  are  rescued. 

53.  Ita  proelium  restitutum  est,  atque  omnes  hostes 
terga  verterunt  neque  prius  fugere  destiterunt,  quam  ad 
flumen  Rhenum,  milia  passuum  ex  eo  loco  circiter  quin- 
quaginta,  pervenerunt.  Ibi  perpauci  aut,  viribus  confisi, 
tranare  contenderunt  aut,  lintribus  inventis,  sibi  salutem  s 
reppererunt.  In  his  fuit  Ariovistus,  qui,  naviculam  deli- 
gatam  ad  ripam  nactus,  ea  profugit;  reliquos  omnes  con- 
secuti  equites  nostri  interfecerunt. 

Crassus,  (3).  equitatui:  107.  expeditior :  'more  disengaged,' 
so  that  he  had  an  opportunity  to  look  about  and  see  where  help  was 
most  needed  ;  the  cavalry,  which  Crassus  commanded,  was  not 
fighting. 

17.  ei,  etc.:  the  officers  of  the  legions.  inter  aciem  :  'inaction.' 
How  lit.  ?  tertiam  aciem  :  the  '  third  line '  was  usually  kept  as  a 
reserve  force  till  needed.     337,  b. 

18.  laborantibus  :  'who  were  hard  pressed.'  ^^7,<2!,  (4).  nos- 
tris, subsidio :  112,  b. 

53.  1.  restitutum  est:  the  language  implies  that  the  Roman  left 
wing  was  ceasing  to  fight  when  the  reserves  were  sent  to  its  aid. 

2.  prius  quam:  189,  a.  ad  flumen  Rhenum:  possibly  the 
fleeing  Germans  followed  the  valley  of  the  river  111  and  came  to  the 
Rhine  about  '50  miles'  northeast  of  the  scene  of  battle.  On  the  other 
hand  a  flight  and  pursuit  of  50  miles  seem  improbable,  and  it  has  been 
suggested  that  Caesar  wrote  qiimdecim, '  fifteen,'  instead  o^ qutnqudgijttd ; 
for  the  Rhine  is  about  15  miles  east  of  the  supposed  battlefield. 

4.  viribus:  135,  a.     B.  219,  i  ;  A.  431  ;  H.  476,  3.         confisi:  62. 

5.  trtnare  :  'to  swim  across.'         lintribus:  15,  a. 

6.  naviculam:  'a  small  boat.'         deligatam :  'tied.' 

7.  nactus:  'coming  upon.'  61,  a,  (2),  2Lnd  226,  c.  ea  :  'in  it.' 
131,  a.     Ariovistus  seems  to  have  died  not  long  afterwards  (V.  29). 

8.  equites:  what  were  the  uses  of  the  cavalry?  339.  interfecS- 
runt :  the  slain  numbered  80,000,  according  to  Plutarch. 


126  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

Duae  fuerunt  Ariovisti  uxores,  una  Sueba  nati5ne,  quam 

lodomo  secum  eduxerat,  altera  Norica,  regis  Voccionis  soror, 

quam  in  Gallia  duxerat,  a  fratre  missam ;  utraeque  in  ea 

f uga  perierunt.     Duae  filiae ;  harum  altera  occisa,  altera 

capta  est. 

C.  Valerius  Procillus,  cum  a  custodibus  in  fuga,  trinis 
IS  catenis  vinctus,  traheretur,  in  ipsum  Caesarem  hostes  equi- 
tatu  insequentem  incidit.  Quae  quidem  res  Caesar!  non 
minorem  quam  ipsa  victoria  voluptatem  attulit,  quod  homi- 
nem  honestissimum  provinciae  Galliae,  suum  familiarem 
et  hospitem,  ereptum  e  manibus  hostium,  sibi  restitutum 
20  videbat,  neque  eius  calamitate  de  tanta  voluptate  et  gratu- 
lati5ne  quicquam  fortuna  deminuerat.  Is,  se  praesente,  de 
se  ter  sortibus  consultum  dlcebat,  utrum  ignl  statim  neca- 

9.  Duae  uzorSs  :  the  Germans  ordinarily  had  but  one  wife.  flna 
[uxor],  altera:  .97,  ^.         nStione  :< by  birth.'     How  lit.?     11^2,  a. 

11.  duxerat:  \.q.  in  mdtrimdnium  diixerat, 'hTxd.  m^ivrieA.''  utrae- 
que: 61. 

12.  filiae:  sc.  fuertmt.  89,  a.  altera,  altera :  171,  b.  oc- 
cisa :  sc.  est.     89,  b. 

14.  Procillus  :  see  chap.  47, 11.  10-22,  and  Notes.  trinia  :  dis- 
tributive;  'with  three  chains.'    S7,e. 

15.  vinctus  :  '  bound.'  Principal  parts  of  vincio,  vhico,  and  vivo? 
trahergtur:  <  was  being  dragged  along.'  in  .  .  .  incidit:  'fell  in 
the  way  of        hoatSs  :  object  of  insequentem. 

16.  Quae  rga  :' And  this  circumstance.'     167. 

17.  voluptatem:  <  pleasure.'        attulit:  Q9,b. 

18.  honestissimum:  <Very  honorable';  honestus,  from  honor,  is 
never  our  "  honest." 

19.  hospitem  :  <guest-friend.'  10,  d.  Sreptum  [esse],  restitfi- 
tum  [esse]  :  21S,  a. 

20.  neque  :  =  et  ndn.  eius  calamitate  :  *  by  his  '  (Procillus's) 
'destruction.'         gratulatiSne  :  '  (reason  for)  thankfulness.' 

21.  quicquam  dfiminuerat:  with  the  negative  in  neque,  *had  not 
detracted,'  lit.  'had  not  lessened  anything  at  all.'  168,  and  lt7,  a. 
sS  praesente:    <  in  his  presence.'     How  lit.? 

22.  ter:  considered  among  primitive  peoples  a  sacred  number;  the 


r.  54]  The  Campaign  against  Ariovistus  127 

retur  an  in  aliud  tempus  reservaretur :  sortiiim  beneficio  se 
esse  incohimem. 

Item  M.  Metius  repertus  et  ad  eum  reductus  est.  25 

His  army  in  luinter  quarters,  Caesar  goes  to  North  Italy. 

54.  Hoc  proelio  trans  Rhenum  nuntiato,  Suebi,  qui  ad 
rlpas  RhenI  venerant,  domum  reverti  coeperunt ;  quos  ubi, 
qui  proximi  Rhenum  incolunt,  perterritos  senserunt,  inse- 
cut!  magnum  ex  his  numerum  occiderunt. 

Caesar,   una   aestate    du5bus   maximTs   beUis    confectis,  s 
maturius  paulo,  quam  tempus  anni  postulabat,  in  hiberna 
in  Sequanos  exercitum  deduxit ;  hibernis  Labienum  prae- 

notion  survives  in  our  "  three  times  and  out."  sortibaa  consultum 
[esse]  :  'the  lots  were  consulted';  see  chao.  50,  1.  14  and  n.  How 
lit.?     75,  dy  and  131,  a.  utrum  ...  an  :  20:,,  (i).  ignl:  U,  b. 

statim  :  77.         necaretur  :  'should  be  killed.' 

23.  reservaretur:  '  should  be  saved  up.'  se,  etc.  :  'that  he  was 
unharmed.' 

25.    M.  Metius  :  chap.  47,  1.  16.         eum:   Caesarem. 

54.      I.    Suebi  .  .  .  venerant:  see  chap.  37,  11.  5-8.  . 

2.  quos  .  .  .  senserunt:  trans,  as  Met  ubi  ei,  qui  proximi  Rhemun 
ijtcolunt,  eos  (i.e.  Suebos)  perterritos  {esse)  senserunt. 

3.  Rhenum:  123,  b.     B.  141,  3;  A.  432,  a;  H.  435,  2. 

4.  insecuti :  226,  c.         ex   his  :  97,  d. 

5.  aestate:  'summer.'  147,  a.  The  defeat  of  the  Helvetians  took 
place  near  the  end  of  June,  that  of  Ariovistus  the  second  week  in  Sep- 
tember. With  not  more  than  35,000  soldiers,  including  cavalry  and 
light-armed  troops,  Caesar  in  two  campaigns  completed  in  a  single 
season,  had  practically  annihilated  fighting  forces  several  times  as  large 
as  his  own,  and  had  destroyed,  or  rendered  docile,  two  hostile  popula- 
tions aggregating  several  hundred  thousand  persons.  History  affords 
no  more  striking  instance  of  a  victory  of  military  organization,  dis- 
cipline, and  generalship  over  numbers,  barbaric  courage,  and  brute  force. 

6.  maturius:  3^,  a.       hiberna:  ' winter  quarters.'     335,  a,2indb. 

7.  Sequanos :  282.  The  region  in  which  the  battle  was  fought  had 
probably  formed  a  part  of  the  Sequanian  territory  but  had  been  ceded 
to  Ariovistus.         hibernis :   probably  at   Vesontio,  which   possessed 


128  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  58 

posuit;  ipse  in  citeriorem  Galliam  ad  conventus  agendos 
profectus  est. 

great  advantages  as  a  military  base,  as  explained  in  chap.  38.         prae- 
poauit :  '  put  in  charge  of.'    107^  b. 

8.  citeriorem  Galliam :  28^-  ad  conventus  agendos  :  '  to 
hold  court.'  How  lit.  ?  The  governor  of  a  province  from  time  to  time 
visited  the  principal  cities  in  order  to  preside  over  provincial  courts  for 
the  administration  of  justice.  In  Cisalpine  Gaul,  moreover,  Caesar 
would  be  nearer  Rome  and  so  enabled  to  keep  in  touch  with  political 
conditions  there. 


Plate  HI  Roman  Soldiers,  Infantry  and  Cavalry 


I.    SMnger, /undi^or.  2-3.    Legionaries,  with  different  types  of  equipment. 

4.    Pack,  sarcinae,  5.   Cavalry. 


COMMENTARIUS   SECUNDUS 


Campaign  against  the  Belgians.     1-28 

The  Belgians  form  a  league  against  Caesar. 

1.  Cum  esset  Caesar  in  citeri5re  Gallia,  ita  uti  supra 
demonstravimus,  crebri  ad  eum  rum5res  afferebantur,  lit- 
terisque  item  Labienl  certior  fiebat,  omnes  Belgas,  quam 
tertiam  esse  Galiiae  partem  dixeramus,  contra  populum 
Romanum  coniurare  obsidesque  inter  se  dare :  s 

Coniitrandl  has  esse  cans  as :  prtmum,  quod  vererentur^ 

1.  I.  esset:  185, c.  B.288,  i,b;  A.  546;  H.  600, 11.  citeriore 
Gallia:  124,  a,  2in6.  284-  ita  utI:  'just  as.'  supra:  'above,' in 
the  last  chapter  of  Book  I.  We  use  the  word  "above"  similarly  in 
referring  to  the  preceding  part  of  a  work. 

2.  demonstravimus:  156.  B.  242,  3;  A.  143,  a\  H.  500,  2. 
Caesar  the  writer  sometimes  speaks  in  the  first  person,  but  always 
presents  Caesar  the  doer  in  the  third.  crebri :  '  frequently ' ;  agrees 
with  rumores,  '  reports,'  but  has  the  force  of  an  adverb.     151.     B.  239 ; 

A.  290;   H.  497.         affergbantur :    force  of  the  imperfect?     175,  a. 

B.  260,  2;  A.  470;  H.  534,  3.         litteris:  131,  a.     B.  218;  H.  476. 

3.  certior  figbat:  ' he  was  informed.'  How  lit.?  omnes  .  .  . 
dare  :  213,  a,  and  214,  ^-  Belgas  :  19,  e,  and  287,  a.  quam  : 
subject  accusative  with  esse,  —  quds,  '  who ' ;  attracted  to  the  feminine 
singular  to  agree  with  partem  in  the  predicate.     164,  c,  and  282. 

4.  Galiiae:  here  Transalpine  Gaul,  as  in  I,  i,  1.  i,  referred  to  in 
dixeramus.         dixeramus  :  214,  c. 

5.  coniurSre  :  'were  conspiring,'  according  to  the  Roman  point  of 
view.         inter  sS  dare:  'were  exchanging.'     159. 

6-8.  Direct  form :  Coniurandl  hae  sunt  causae  :  prlmum,  quod  verentur^ 
ne,  omnI  pacata  Gallia,  ad  eos  exercitus  noster  adducdtur ;  deinde,  quod  ab 
non  nullls  GallTs  sollicitantur. 

6.  Coniurandl,  etc. :  summary  of  a  statement  made  in  a  dispatch 
from  Labienus  (1.  2,  litteris').    212,  c,  (3),  and  214^  a,        hSs :  'as  fol- 

129 


130  Caesar's  Gallic   War  [B.C.  57 

ne^  ODini  pacdtd  Gallia,  ad  cos  cxercitus  nostcr  adduceretur ; 
dcijidc,  quod  ab  7idn  nullis  Gallts  sollicitdrentur,  partim  qui, 
ut  Germanos  diutius  in  Gallia  versari  noluerant,  ita  populi 

o  Roman!  exercitum  hiemare  atque  inveterascere  in  Gallia 
moleste  ferebant,  partim  qui  mobilitate  et  levitate  animi 
novis  imperils  studebant;  ab  non  nullis  etiam,  quod  in 
Gallia  a  potenti5ribus  atque  eis,  qui  ad  conducend5s  homi- 
nes facultates   habebant,  vulgo  regna    occupabantur,   qui 

ts  minus  facile  cam  rem  imperi5  nostro  c5nsequi  poterant. 

lows.'  16U  a.  Coniarandi  causas  :  explained  by  the  appositional 
^w^^-clauses  following.    280^  (i ),  and  198,  b.      primum,  deinde  :  237,  b, 

7.  116:  'that.'  202.  omni  pacata  Gallia:  =  si  Gallia  omnis 
pdcdta  esset.  lU,  b,  (4).  Gallia:  Celtic  Gaul,  bordering  the  Bel- 
gian country  on  the  south  ;  the  Romans  remained  in  possession  of  a 
considerable  portion  of  Celtic  Gaul  after  the  defeat  of  the  Helvetians 
and  Ariovistus.  287,  b.  ad  eos,  etc  :  the  fear  of  a  Roman  inva- 
sion was  justified,  as  the  event  proved.  The  "  conspiracy  "  of  the  Bel- 
gians was  the  natural  effort  of  a  spirited  people  to  defend  their  liberties 
against  anticipated  encroachment.     158,  b.        noster  :  157,  c. 

8.  sollicitarentur :  ^  were  being  stirred  up.'  partim  qui:  'partly 
(by  those)  who.'  Caesar  here  passes  to  the  direct  form  of  statement, 
presenting  as'  facts,  on  his  own  authority,  details  reported  by  Labienus. 

9.  ut:  'as.'  188,  b.  diutius:  153,  a.  GermSnos  versiri: 
223,  a. 

10.  inveterascere  :  <  should  become  established.' 

11.  molests  ferSbant:  'were  seriously  objecting.'  mdbilitate 
et  levitate  animI :  '  by  reason  of  temperamental  instability  and  fickle- 
ness.'    How  lit.? 

12.  novis  imperils  :  '  a  change  of  rulers.'  105.  How  lit. .?  non 
nilllls  :  i.e.  powerful  nobles  ;  sc.  sollicitdbantur . 

13.  a  potentioribus :  'by  the  more  powerful.'  151^,  a.  ad 
oonducendos  homings :  '  for  hiring  men,'  i.e.  mercenary  soldiers. 
^50,(3). 

14.  rggna  occupabantur  :  '  the  supreme  power  was  seized.'  92,  a, 
and  289,  c.         qui:  'and  they.' 

15.  earn  rem:  'that  object,'  the  obtaining  of  supreme  power. 
imperia  nostrS :  <  under  our  sovereignty.'  138,  B.  221;  A.  412; 
H.  473>  3-        poterant ;  '  would  be  able.' 


II,  2]  Campaign  against  the  Belgians  131 

He  raises  two  7ieiv  legions,  marches  to  their  territory. 
2.  His  nuntiis  litterisque  commotus,  Caesar  duas  legi- 
ones  in  citeri5re  Gallia  novas  conscripsit  et  inita  aestate, 
in  ulteri5rem  Galliam  qui  deduceret,  Q.  Pedium  legatum 
misit.  Ipse,  cum  primum  pabuli  copia  esse  inciperet,  ad 
exercitum   venit.       Dat    negotium    Senonibus    reliquisque  s 


wm% 


Figure  68.  —  Scene  in  Belgium:  the  Meuse,  below  Nannur. 

2.  I.  nuntiis  litterisque:  cf.  I,  26,  1.  20,  and  N.  duSs  le- 
giones  :  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth.  Caesar  now  had  eight  legions, 
numbered  vii  to  xiv.     307,  a,  e,  f. 

2.  inita  aestate  :  *at  the  beginning  of  the  warm  season,'  probably 
the  latter  part  of  May.     How  lit.  ?     68,  b,  and  IJ^Jf,  b,  (i). 

3.  ulteriorem  Galliam:  286.  qui  [eas]  deduceret:  'to  lead 
them,'  probably  over  the  Great  Saint  Bernard  pass.  193,  a.  B.  282,  2  ; 
A.  531,  2;  H.  590.  legatum:  313,  a.  Pedius  was  a  son  of 
Caesar's  sister  Julia  ;  see  Vocab. 

4.  pabuli  copia  :  forage  was  needed  for  the  numerous  draft  animals 
used  for  the  transportation  of  military  stores,  as  well  as  for  the  horses 
of  the  cavalry  and  the  officers.         inciperet :  185,  c. 

5.  exercitum  :  probably  stationed  at  or  near  Vesontio  ;  see  Map  i, 
Dat  negotium:   'Redirected.'     175,  b.         reliquis  :  171,  a. 


132  Caesar's  Gallic  War  (B.C.  57 

Gallis,  qui  finitimi  Belgis  erant,  uti  ea,  quae  apud  eos 
gerantur,  cognoscaiit  seque  de  his  rebus  certiorem  faciant. 
Hi  constanter  omnes  nuntiaverunt,  maiius  cogi,  exer- 
citum  in  unum  locum  conduci.  Turn  vero  dubitandum  non 
loexistimavit,  quin  ad  eos  proficisceretur.  Re  frumentaria 
comparata,  castra  movet  diebusque  circiter  quindecim  ad 
fines  Belgarum  pervenit. 

The  Remi  submit^  and  give  information  about  the  other  Belgians. 

3.  Eo  cum  de  improviso  celeriusque  omni  opinione 
venisset,  Rem!,  qui  proximi  Galliae  ex  Belgis  sunt,  ad  eum 

6.    Belgis:  108,  a.        uti  .  .  .  faciant:  199,  a. 

y.    gerantur:  220.     B.  324;  A.  593 ;   H.  652.         86:  158,  a. 

8.  constanter:  ^uniformly,'  with  perfect  agreement  between  the 
reports.         manus  :  '  bodies  of  troops '  among  the  Belgians. 

9.  locum  :  why  not  ablative  ?  124^  a.  dubitandum  non  [esse]  : 
sc.  sibi,  '  that  he  ought  not  to  hesitate.'     73,  e. 

10.  ad:  *  against.'  eos:  Belgds.  proficiscerStur  :  201^  c. 
R6  frilmentaria  comparSt^ :  '  Having  provided  for  a  supply  of 
grain.'     l^,b,{2).     How  lit.? 

11.  castra  movet:  '  he  broke  camp.'  175,  b.  diSbus  :  1^7,  a. 
circiter  :  adverb  with  quindecim.  ad 
finSs  pervenit :  *■  he  reached  the  terri- 
tories.' The  probable  route  is  indicated 
on  Map  I. 

3.    I.    E6 :    =  ad   fines   Belgarum. 

improvisd :  ablative  singular  neuter  of 

Figure  69.  —  Coin  of  the  Remi.      ^,         ,.     ,.  ,  r       • 

*•  the  adjective  used   as  a  noun,  forming 

Bronze.    The  three  heads  of  the  •  1      a-  1        1  •   1       1  im       x« 

obverse  perhaps  belong  to  a  three-  ^^^^  d6  an  adverbial  phrase  like  the 
headed  divinity  :  inscription,  remo.  English  colloquial  phrase  "  of  a  sudden," 
Reverse,  horses  and  chariot,  copied  u  ^H  of  a  sudden,"  i.e.  'unexpectedly.' 
fronn  a  Greek  coin.  ,      .  ,       •   i-  .  •  11 

celerius  omnI  opinione  :  '  more  quickly 

than  any  one  had  expected,'  lit.,  *  than  every  expectation.'  129,  a.  B. 
217,  4;  A.  406;  H.  471. 

2.    vSnisset:    185,   c.  RSmI :    the   name   survives   in    Reims, 

modern  name  of  the  city  occupying  the  site  of  the  ancient  capital  of  the 
Remi,  Durocortorum.  Galliae :  Celtic  Gaul.  287yb.  Why  dative? 
108,  a.         ex  Belgis  :    trans,  as  \(  inter  Belgds. 


II,  3]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  133 

legates  Iccium  et  Andecumborium,  prim5s  civitatis,  misc- 
runt,  qui  dicerent : 

Se  suaque    omnia    in   fidem    atque   potestdtem   populls 
Romdnl permittei'e,  neque  se  cum  reliquls  Belgis  consensisse^ 
neque  contra  populiim  Romdmim  coniurdsse,  pardtosqiie  esse 
et  obsides  dare  et  imperdta  facere  et  oppidls  recipere  et  fru- 
mento  ceteris  que  rebus  iuvdre. 

Reliquos  omnes  Belgds  in  armts  esse,  Germdndsque^  quixo 
cis  Rhenum  incolant,  sese  cum  his  coniunxisse,  tantumque  esse 
eorum  omnium  furdrem,  ut  ne  Suessiones  quidem,  frdtres 

3.  Iggatos  :  'as  envoys.'  115,  a.  primes:  'the  leading  men.' 
154,  a.         civitatis  :  of  the  Remi. 

4.  qui  dicerent:  'to  say.'     193,  a.     B.  282,  2;  A.  531,  2  ;  H.  590. 

5-9.  Direct  form :  Nos  nostraque  omnia  in  fidem  atque  potestatem  populi 
Roman!  permittimus ;  neque  cum  reliquls  Belgis  consensitnus,  neque  contra 
populum  Romanum  coniiirdvimus,  pardtlqne:  sumus  et  obsides  dare  et  impe- 
rata  facere  et  (/(?)  oppidls  recipere  et  (^<?)  frument5  ceterlsque  rebus  iuvare. 

5.  SS,  etc.:  212,  c,  (3).  SS  suaque  omnia:  'themselves  and 
all  that  they  had.'     How  lit.  ?         in  fidem:   '  to  the  protection.' 

6.  permittere:  sc.  i'^  as  subject.     214,  a.         neque:  'and  not.' 

7.  coniurasse :  —  coniilrdvisse.  64,a,{\).  paratos :  adjective, 
in  predicate. 

8.  et,  et :  234,  ^-  dare,  facere,  [eum]  recipere,  [eum]  iuvare  : 
2S.\.^x paratos.  221,  c.  B.  328,  i  ;  A.  460,  b;  H.  608,  4.  imperata 
facere:  'to  obey  (his)  orders.'  157,  a.  oppidis :  'in  (their) 
towns.'     How  lit.  ?     131,  a.         frumento  :  131,  a. 

10-15.  Direct  form:  Reliqui  omnes  Belgae  in  armis  sunt,  Germdni<\\xe, 
qui  cis  Rhenum  incolunt,  sese  cum  his  coniunxerunt ;  tantuso^o.  est  eorum 
omnium  yi/ror,  ut  ne  Suessiones  quidem,  fratres  consanguine5sque  nostrds,(^ 
eodem  iure  et  Isdem  legibus  utuntur,  unum  imperium  unumque  magistratum 
nobiscum  habent,  dGitxrexQ  potuerlmus,  quin  cum  his  consentirent. 

11.  cis  Rhenum:  on  the  west  side  of  the  Rhine;  Caesar  writes 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  Province. 

12.  e6TViVQ.OTQm.xxxa.:  Belgdnmi  et  Germdnorum.  ng  —  quidem: 
237,  c.  Suessiones :  object  of  deterrere.  The  name  survives  in 
Soissons. 


134  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  si 

consanguineosque   sudSy    qui  eddem    iure   et   is  dent   legibus 
utantuVy  iinum  imperiiim  unnmque  magistrdtnm  cum  ipsis 
ishabeant,  deterrere  potuer'inty  quin  cum  his  consentirent. 

Meport  of  the  Remi  on  the  history  and  forces  of  the  Belgians. 

4.  Cum  ab  eis  quaereret,  quae  cTvitates  quantaeque  in 
armis  essent  et  quid  in  bello  possent,  sic  reperiebat : 

Plerosqtie    Bclgds   esse    ortos   a    Germdnis,    Rlienumque 

antiquitus  trdductos,  propter  loci  fertilitdtem ,  ibi  cdnsedisscy 

5  GallosquCy   qui  ea  loca  incolerenty   expulissc,  solosque  esse, 

qui  patrum  nostrorum  memorid,  omni  Gallid  vexdtd,  Tcu- 

13.  BuSs  :  'their  own,'  referring  to  the  Remi.  iure  :  *  (body  of) 
rights.'    lS,g,  and  ISl^  c.        isdem  :  /^S. 

15,  potuerint:  197,  a,  b.  B.  268,  6;  A.  485,  ^;  H.  550.  quiii 
—  consentirent:  'from  uniting.'  201,  a.  B.  295,  3,  « ;  A.  558;  H. 
595.  2. 

4.  I.  ab  eia  :  116,  c.  quaereret:  why  subjunctive?  quae: 
48,  b. 

2.  essent:  20Jf,  (2).  B.  300;  A.  574;  H.  649,  11.  quid — 
possent:  'what  strength  they  had,'  lit.  'to  what  degree  they  were 
able.'     118,  b.     B.  176,  3;  A.  390,  c,  H.  409,  i.         sic:  'as  follows.' 

3-9.  Direct  form :  Plerique  Belgae  suntorttl.  GermanTs,  Rhenumque  anti- 
quitus/r^^/«r//',  propterlocTfertilitatem,  Aff  r<?«.v?r/<?r««/,  Gallosque,  qui  //rt<rf  loca 
incolehant,  expulcrunt ;  sd//que  sunt,  qui  patrum  nostrorum  memoria,  omnI 
Gallia  vexata,  Teutonds  Cimbrosque  intra  suos  fines  ingredi  prohibuerint 
{104,  a);  qua  ex  rey?/,  uti  earum  rerum  memoria  magnam  sibi  auctoritatem 
magndsque  spiritus  in  re  militari  sumant. 

3.  PlSrSsque  BelgSs :  'That  most  of  the  Belgians.'  07,  c.  a 
Oermanis :  128,  b.  The  Belgians  were  of  Celtic  stock,  but  had  for- 
merly hved  on  the  east  side  of  the  Rhine;  hence  probably  arose  the 
belief  that  they  were  of  Germanic  origin.  RhSnum  :  accusative  after 
trd{ns)  in  irddttctos.     11 4,  a. 

4.  antiquitus  :  '  in  ancient  times.'  fertilitatem  :  '  productive- 
ness.'        ibi :  in  (laul. 

5.  s615a  :  in  predicate;  <were  the  only  (people  of  Gaul)  who.' 

6.  memoria:  I47,  b.         omnI  Gallia  vexata:  'when  Gaul  as  a 


II,  4]  Campaign  against  the  Belgians  135 

tonds  Chnbrdsqiie  intra  suds  fines  ingredl  prohibiierint ;  qua 
ex  re  fieri,  utl  emiun  rerum  inemorid  magnam  sibi  auctori- 
tdtem  magnosque  sptritus  in  re  militdri  sumerent. 

De  numero  eorum  omnia  se  habere  explorata  RemI  dice-  lo 
bant,    propterea    quod,    propinquitatibus    afflnitatibusque 
coniunctl,  quantam  quisque  multitudinem  in  communi  Bel- 
garum  concilia  ad  id  bellum  pollicitus  sit,  cognoverint : 

Plurimum  inter  eos  Bellovacos  et  virtute  et  auctoritdte  et 
hominum  numero^valere ;  hos posse  cdnficere  armdta  miliais 

whole  was  ravaged '  by  the  Cimbrians  and  Teutons ;  see  N.  to  I,  33, 
1.  17.     lU,  b,  (2),  and  286. 

7.  ingredl:  '  from  entering ' ;  Caesar  uses  the  infinitive  with  subject- 
accusative  ?S.\.QX prohibed.  223,  a,  (3).  qua  ex  re:  'and  in  conse- 
quence of  this  achievement.'     167. 

8.  fieri,  utl  .  .  .  sumerent:  203,  (i).         memoria :  135,  a. 

9.  in  re  militari:  < in  respect  to  the  art  of  war.'  sumerent: 
why  imperfect?     177,  a. 

10.  eorum:  Belgdrum.  omnia  se  habere  explorata:  'that 
they  possessed  complete  information.'  How  lit.  ?  229,  a.  B.  337,  7  ; 
A.  497,  <^;  H.  431,3. 

11.  propterea  quod:  n.  to  I,  chap,  i,  1.  6.  propinquitatibus 
afflnitatibusque  :   '  by  blood  relationships  and  intermarriages.'     76,  a. 

12.  quisque  :  'each  '  representative,  speaking  for  his  state  or  tribe. 
multitudinem:   'host.' 

13.  pollicitus  sit :  ^%  (3).         cognoverint:  211^,  a 

14-17.  Direct  form:  Plurimum  in- 
ter COS  Bellovact  et  virtute  et  auctdri- 
tate  et  hominum  numerS  valent ;  hi 
possuni  cbn^cQxe  armata  milia  centum; 
pollicitt  {sunt)  ex  eo  numero  electa 
sexaginta,    totlusque    belli     imperium 

pos  u  an  .  Figure  70.  —  Coin  of  the  Bellovaci. 

14.  Plurimum,  etc.  :  212,  .,  (3) .  Gold  ;  fanciful  designs. 
Pliirimum    Bellovacos    valSre  : 

'that  the  Bellovaci  were  the  most  powerful'  (Fig.  70).  118,  b. 
virtute :  135,  a. 

15.  conficere:  'muster.'  57,  b.  armata  milia :  trans,  as  if 
milia  hominum  armdtorutn. 


136  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  57 

centum^  pollicitos  ex  eo  numero  electa  sexdgintd,  totiusque 
belli  imperium  sibi  postuldre. 

Suessiones  suds  esse  flnitimos  ;  fines  Idtissimos  ferdcissi- 
mosqiie  ogros  possidere.  Apud  eos  fuisse  regent  nostrd 
20  etiam  memorid  Divicidcum^  totlus  Galliae  potentissimum, 
qui  cum  magnae  partis  hdrum  regiofium^  ttim  etiam  Bri- 
tanniae,  imperium  obtinuerit ;  nunc  esse  regem  Galbam ;  ad 
hunc  propter  iustitiani  prudentiamque  summam  totius  belli 
omnium  voluntdte  deferri ;  oppida  habere  numero  xii^  pol- 

16.  poUicitSa  :  89^  b.  516cta  sexagintS  :  sc.  mllia, '  sixty  (thou- 
sand) picked  men.'         totlus  :  2S^  a. 

18-31.  Direct  form:  Suessiones  iwstri  sunt  finitimi ;  fines  latissimos 
feracissimdsque  agros  possuieni.  Apud  eos  fuii  rex  nostra  etiam  memoria 
Divicidcus^  totTus  Galliae /o/^;; /mm //j,  qui  cum  magnae  partis  harum  regio- 
num,  tum  etiam  Britanniae,  imperium  obtinuit ;  nunc  est  rex  Galba;  ad  hunc 
propter  iustitiam  prudentiamque  summa  totlus  belli  omnium  voluntate  defer- 
tur;  oppida  ^rt^^«/ numero  ya\^ pollicentur  milia  armata  L;  \.o\\At.vci  Nervii^ 
qui  maxime  ferl  inter  ipsos  habentur  longissimeque  absunt ;  xv  milia  Atre- 
batesj  Ambidnl  X  milia,  MorinT  xxv  milia,  Mendpil  vii  milia,  Calefi  x  milia, 
Veliocasses  et  Viromandui  totidem,  Atuatuci  xviiii  milia;  Condrusos,  Ebu- 
rones,  Caerosos,  Paemanos,  qui  uno  nomine  German!  appellant ur,  arbitrdmur 
posse  armare  ad  XL  milia. 

18.  suoB  finitimos :  *  their  neighbors,'  neighbors  of  the  Remi. 
feracissimos  :  <  very  productive.'     27^  a,  and  163,  a. 

19.  posaidSre :  as  subject-accusative  supply  eos,  i.e.  Suessionis. 
fuisse  '  that  there  had  been.'     90,  a. 

20.  Diviciacum:  not  to  be  confused  with  Diviciacus  the  Aeduan 
druid,  who  is  mentioned  in  the  next  chapter. 

21.  cum  .  .  .  tum:  'not  only  .  .  .  but  also,'  186,  b.  regiSnum  : 
dependent  on /rt:r//>,  which  \\vci\X.s>  imperium.  Britanniae:  not  the 
whole  of  Britain  —  probably  only  a  portion  of  the  island  along  the 
southeast  coast.     29J^. 

22.  esse,  etc. :  trans,  as  if  Galbam  esse  regem.  19,  d.  ad  huno 
—  dfiferrl :  *  that  upon  him  —  was  conferred.'     69,  b. 

23.  prfldentiam :  *  good  judgment.'  summam  :  *  the  .supreme 
command.' 

24  voluntate:  1S8.  habfire,  pollic6rI:  sc.  eos  {Suessidnis). 
numerd  :  U2,  a,  and  85.         Xll,  L,  etc. :  38,  A  and  36. 


II,  51  Campaign   against  the   Belgians  137 

licetl  mtlia  armdta  l;  totidem  Nervios,  qui  maxime  feri^i 
inter  ipsos  habeantur  longissimeque  absint ;  xv  milia  Atre- ^ 
bates,  Ambidnos  x  mtlia ,  Morinos  xxv  mtlia,  Menapios  vii 
milia,  Caletos  x  milia,  Veliocasses  et  Viromanduos  totidem, 
Atuatucos   XV nil  milia ;     CondrUsos,    Ebnrones,     Caerosos, 
Paemdnos,  qui  uno  nomine  Germani  appellantur,  arbitrdri^a 
se  posse  arrndre  ad  xl  milia. 

Caesar,  taking  hostages  from  the  Remi,  crosses  the  Aisne,  and 

encamps. 

5.  Caesar,  Remos  cohortatus  liberaliterque  oratione  pro- 
secutus,  omnem  senatum  ad  se  convenire  principumque 
liberos  obsides  ad  se  adduci  iussit.  Quae  omnia  ab  his 
diligenter  ad  diem  facta  sunt.  35 

25.  milia  armata :  n.  to  1.  15.  totidem:  sc.  miti'a  armdta  pol- 
licerl.  Nervios  :  locate  the  Nervians,  and  the  other  peoples  named, 
upon  Map  i .     maxime  feri :  in  predicate.     SO. 

26.  ipsoa  :  the  Belgians  in  general,  not  the  Nervians.  habean- 
tur, absint :  vivid  use  of  the  present  tense  where  the  imperfect,  after 
co^noverint,  in  1.  13,  might  have  been 
expected.  absint :  from  the  country 
of  the  Remi.     Atrebates  :  sc.  polliceri. 

27.  Ambianos :    in    the    region    of 
modern  Amiens  (Fig.  71). 

29.  XVIIII:   Mndeviginti.     36.  Figure  71.— Coin  of  the 

30.  qui  .   .   .   appellantur:    214,  c.  Ambiani. 

German!:    perhaps  so   called    because,        Bronze.     Obverse,   figure  with 

although  of  Celtic  stock,  they  had  been     "P''"«^  hands,  wearing:  a  necklace 
,      ,    °     .    ,       ^   ,    .  -^  .  and  bracelets ;  perhaps  a  divinity 

the  last  of  the  Belgians  to  remove  from 

the  east  side  of  the  Rhine  to  the  Belgian  country,      uno  :  '  a  common.' 

31.  se:   158,  a.     ad:  adverb, 'about.' 

5.  I .  Remos  .  .  .  prosecutus :  '  encouraging  the  Remi  and  ad- 
dressing (them)  in  gracious  words.'     How  lit.?     226,  c. 

2.  senatum  :  289,  b,  and  75,  b.     principum  :   10,  b. 

3.  obsides:  'as  hostages.'  88,  a.  iussit:  ' gave  orders  (that) .' 
Quae   .   .   .  facta  sunt:    'these  instructions   .  .   .    were  carried  out.' 

4.  diligenter  :  '  carefully.'     S^,  a.       ad  diem  :  '  promptly.' 


13S  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [B.C.  67 

5  Ipse,  Diviciacum  Aeduum  magnopere  cohortatus,  docet, 
quanto  opere  rel  publicae  communisquc  salutis  intersit, 
manus  hostium  distineri,  ne  cum  tanta  multitudine  uno 
tempore  confligendum  sit:  Id  fieri  posse ^  si  suds  copids 
Aedul  in  fines  Bellovacorum  introdtixerint  et  eorum  agros 

xopopnldri  coeperint.     His  mandatis  eum  ab  se  dimittit. 

Postquam  omnes  Belgarum  copias  in  unum  locum  coactas 
ad  se  venire  vidit,  neque  iam  longe  abesse,  ab  els,  quos 
miserat,  exploratoribus  et  ab  Remis  cognovit,  flumen  Axo- 
nam,  quod    est  in   extremis    Remorum  finibus,  exercitum 

IS  traducere  maturavit  atque  ibi  castra  posuit.     Quae  res  et 

5.  Diviciacum  :  n.  to  chap.  4,  1.  20,  and  Book  I,  chapters 
18,  20,  31,  etc. 

6.  quanto  opere,  etc. :  ^  how  important  it  was  for  the  State  and  for 
their  mutual  welfare.'  How  lit.?  lOS,  e.  B.  21 1,  i  ;  A.  355  ;  H.  449. 
rel  publicae  :  Romanorum.  commdnis  :  of  Romans  and  Aeduans. 
intersit:  20/^,  (3). 

7.  manfls  distinSrl:  subject  oi  intersit ]  'that  the  enemy's  forces 
he  kept  apart.'  222^  c,  and  79,  d.  n6  .  .  .  confligendum  sit :  '  that 
it  might  not  be  necessary  to  fight.'     75,  e. 

8.  Id:  refers  to  mantis  distineri^  'that  (object).'  213y  b,  and 
160,  c. 

9.  in -^ intrSdaxerint :  'should  have  led  — into';  future  perfect 
indicative  in  the  direct  form.     218,  (i),  b. 

11.  coactas  .  .  .  venire:  'had  been  brought  together  and  were 
coming.'    228,  a. 

12.  vIdit :  more  vivid  than  intellexit ;  so  we  use  the  word  ''  see  "  of 
things  understood  but  not  perceived  with  the  eyes.  188,  a.  neque  : 
trans,  as  if  et  non.  abesse:  sc.  eds  (=  cdpids)  ;  dependent  on  cog- 
noifit,         els  :  with  exploratoribus. 

13.  expl6rat6ribus :  S2ni .  flttmen,  exercitum:  //^  a.  B. 
»79'  I  ;  A.  395  ;  H.  413.         Axonam:  now  Aisne.     See  Map  i. 

14.  quod:  the  antecedent  \s>  flumen.  extrCmls  finibus:  'the 
most  remote  part  of  the  country.'     152,  a. 

15.  ibi  castra  posuit :  Caesar  '  encamped  '  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Axona,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  northeast  of  the  present  village  of 
Berry-au-Bac.  See  Map  5.  Quae  rfis  :' Now  this  movement.'  l&T, 
et  .  .  .  et :  2SS,  d. 


11,51  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  139 

latiis  uuuni  castrorum  ripis  fluminis  muniebat  et,  post  cum 
quae  erant,  tuta  ab  hostibus  reddebat  et,  commeatus  ab 
Remis  reliqulsque  civitatibus  ut  sine  periculo  ad  eum  por- 
tari  possent,  cfficiebat. 

In  eo  flumine  pons  erat.     Ibi   praesidium   ponit  et  in  20 


1 

■ 

1 

1 

1 

I"" 

Figure  72  — View  across  the  Aisne  from  the  site  of  Caesar's  camp. 
The  present  course  of  the  Aisne  is  marked  by  the  nearer  line  of  trees. 

16.  rIplB  :  131^  a.  poat  .  .  .  reddBbat :  *  made  the  rear  secure 
against  the  enemy.'    331,  b.     How  lit.  ? 

17.  quae:  i.e.  ea  {loco)  quae.  ttlta:  115,  b.  commeStuB 
.  .  .  efficigbat:  <made  it  possible  for  supplies  to  be  brought/  etc. 
203,  (3).  B.  297,  i;  A.  568;  H.  571,  3.  commeatfls :  plural 
because  the  supplies  were  furnished  by  more  than  one  state. 

20.  In:  'across.'  pons:  17,  c.  erat:  .90, rt-.  praesidium: 
at  D  on  Map  5.  in  altera  parte:  on  the  south  side  of  the  Aisne, 
opposite  Berry-au-Bac ;  see  Map  5,  C.  Caesar  now  had  both  ends  of 
the  bridge  well  guarded.  In  consequence  he  was  able  to  get  provisions 
from  his  allies  across  the  river;  to  set  a  watch  on  the  Remi,  the  sincerity 
of  whose  professions  of  loyalty  was  not  beyond  question ;  and,  finally, 
to  keep  open  an  avenue  of  retreat  in  case  of  disaster  (Fig.  72). 


140  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  57 

altera  parte  fluminis  Q.  Titurium  Sabinum  legatum  cum 
sex  cohortibus  relinquit;  castra  in  altitudinem  pedum  duo 
decim  vall5  fossaque  duodevigintl  pedum  munire  iubet. 

The  Belgians  attack  Bihrax,  a  town  of  the  Remi. 

6.  Ab  his  castris  oppidum  Remorum,  nomine  Bibrax, 
aberat  milia  passuum  viii.  Id  ex  itinere  magno  impetu 
Belgae  oppugnare  coeperunt.  Aegre  eo  die  sustentatum 
est. 
s  Gallorum  eadem  atque  Belgarum  oppugnati5  est  haec. 
Ubi,  circumiecta  multitudine  hominum  totis  moenibus,  un- 
dique  in  murum  lapides  iaci  coepti  sunt,  murusque  defen- 
soribus   nudatus    est,    testudine    facta    portas   succendunt 

22.  sex  cohortibus:  about  how  many  men?  307,  c.  castra: 
Map  5,  A.  pedum  :  100,  a.  The  measurement  of  twelve  feet  in- 
cluded both  the  height  of  the  bank  formed  by  the  earth  thrown  out  of 
the  trench  and  that  of  the  row  of  palisades  along  the  outer  edge.     333. 

23.  v5116  :  why  ablative?  duodSviginti  pedum  :  eighteen  Ro- 
man feet  broad,  measured  across  the  top  ;  the  trench,  with  sloping  sides, 
was  probably  about  ten  feet  deep.  Excavations,  made  in  1862,  brought 
to  light  traces  of  this  rampart  and  trench. 

6.  I.  nomine:  'called.'  How  lit.  ?  142,a.  B.  226;  A.  418;  H. 
480.         Bibrax  :  the  name  in  Celtic  meant '  Beavertown.' 

2.  milia  passuum  vm  :  118,  a  ;  100,  a,  and  243,  b.  ex  itinere  ; 
'  from  the  line  of  march,'  attacking  the  town  as  soon  as  they  reached  it ; 
see  Vocab.  under  iter. 

3.  Aegre  sustentatum  est:  <  With  difficulty  the  defense  was  main- 
tained.' 

5.  eadem  atque  Belgftrum :  'the  same  as  (that)  of  the  Belgians.' 
233,  c.  oppugnatiS  :  '  the  (method  of)  storming  (fortified  places).' 
haec :  161,  a. 

6.  Ubi,  etc. :  '  When  a  host  of  men  has  been  thrown  around  the 
entire  (circuit  of)  fortificadons  and.'  How  lit.?  IH^b,  (2).  moe- 
nibus :  104^  a. 

7.  iacI:  57,  b.  coepti  sunt:  72,  c.  d6f6ns6ribu8  :  'of  its 
defenders.'    121,  a,  and  74,  a. 

8.  nQdatus  est:  'has  been  cleared.'      testttdine  facta:  'having 


II,  7]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  141 

murumque  subruunt.     Quod  turn  facile  fiebat     Nam  cum 
tanta  multitudo  lapides  ac  tela  conicerent,  in  muro  consis-  lo 
tendi  potestas  erat  nulli. 

Cum    finem    oppugnandi    nox   fecisset,    Iccius    Remus, 
summa  nobilitate  et  gratia  inter  suos,  qui  turn  oppid5  prae- 
f  uerat,  Onus  ex  eis,  qui  legati  de  pace  ad  Caesarem  venerant, 
nOntium  ad  eum  mittit,  nisi  subsidium  sibi  sinnmittdtur,  sese  is 
diutius  sustinere  non  posse, 

Caesar  relieves  the  toivn;  the  Belgians  march  toward  his  camp. 

7.  Eo  dc  media  nocte  Caesar,  isdem  ducibus  Osus,  qui 
nuntii  ab  Iccio  venerant,  Numidas  et  Cretas  sagittarios  et 

made  a  tortoise  roof,'  in  the  Roman  fashion.  34^.  testudine  :  12,  d, 
and  144,  d,  (2).  succendunt:  'they,'  the  attacking  host,  'set  on 
fire.'     175,  c. 

9.  subruunt:  'undermine/  Quod  turn:  '  Now  this,  in  the  pres- 
ent instance,'  referring  to  the  burning  of  the  gates,  and  undermining  of 
the  walls,  of  Bibrax. 

10.  conicerent:  i75,  <$,  and  i54,  «•  B.  254, 4;  A.  317,  ^;  H.  389,  i. 
consistendi:  2S0,  (i). 

11.  null! :  trans,  as  if  nemini  {12,  d,  and  111^,  '  no  one  was  able  to 
stand.'     How  lit.  ? 

12.  finem  oppugnandi  fecisset :  'had  checked  the  assault.'  185, c. 
How  lit.?         Iccius:  chap.  3,  1.  3. 

13.  summa  nobilitate  :  I42,  a.  inter  suos  :  'among  his  coun- 
trymen.' 154',  ^-  oppido  :  107,  a.  tum  praefuerat :  i.e.  prae- 
positus  erat  et  tum  praeerat. 

14.  ex  eis:  97,  d.      legati:  in  predic2i.te  after  venerant)  'as  envoys.' 

15.  nuntium:  here  *a  message.'  nisi:  '(saying)  that  unless,' 
etc.  213,  b.  sibi :  '  to  them,'  the  beleaguered  inhabitants  of  Bibrax. 
summittatur:  'should  be  sent  to  their  relief     218,  (i),  a. 

16.  sustinere:  intransitive, 'hold  out.' 

7.  I.  E6:  toward  Bibrax.  de :  242,  d.  isdem:  'the  same 
men.'  45,  znd  131,  c.  ducibus  :' as  guides,'  predicative.  131,/. 
usus  :  226,  c. 

2.  nuntii:  construed  as  legati  in  chap.  6,  1.  14.  Numidas,  etc.: 
308.         Cretas:   19, f.         sagittarios:  'bowmen.' 


142 


Caesar*s  Gallic   War 


fB.C.  57 


funditores  Baleares  subsidio  oppidanis  mittit  ;  quorum  ad- 
ventu  et  Rcmis  cum  spe  defensionis  studium  propugnandi 

5  accessit,  et  hostibus,  eadem  de  causa,  spes  potiundi  oppidi 
discessit. 

Itaque  paulisper  apud  oppidum  morati  agrosque  Remo- 
rum  depopulati,  omnibus  vicis  aedificiisque,  quo  adire 
potuerant,  incensTs,  ad  castra  Caesaris  omnibus  copiis  con- 

lotenderunt  et  a  mllibus  passuum  minus  duobus  castra  posu- 


3.    funditores:  'slingers.'     74,  a. 
Bidio,  oppidanis:  112,  b.     B.   191,  2 


Fig.  73  and  Fig.  76.         sub- 
;  A.  382,  I  ;  H.  433.         oppi- 
danis:    'the   inhabitants  of 
the  town.'        mittit :  17 5 ^  b. 

4.  et  .  .  .  et  :  2S3,  a. 
spg  dgfgnsionis  :  '  hope  of 
repelling  the  assault.'  How 
lit.  ?  74,  b.  studium  pro- 
pugnandi: 'eager  desire  to 
take  the  offensive.'  How 
lit.? 

5.  hostibus:  dative,  but 
trans.  '  from  the  enemy.' 
109,  b.  potiundi  oppidi : 
GIt,b,7in^230,  (i). 

7.  paulisper  :  '  for  a  short 
time.'  morSti,  etc. :  sc. 
Jiostes  as  subject  of  conten- 
derunt.     61,  a,  (i). 

8.  viols,  aedificiis :  cf. 
Book  I,  5,  11.  4,  5  and  Notes. 
lU,  b,  (2).  qu6:  adverb; 
trans,  as  \{  ad  quae. 

9.  omnibus  copiis  :  IS6^ 

b.     B.  220,    I  ;    A.   412 ;    H. 

473,  3- 

t-..  -7T       01  1    J     •  ,       ,,  ,  10.    a  .  .  .  duobus:  'less 

Figure  73.  —  Slinger,  supplied  with  pebbles. 

than  two  miles  away,'  i.e.  *at' 

(lit.  'from')  'a  distance  of  thou.sands  of  paces  less  than  two  (thou- 
sands).'    The  Roman  point  of  view  differs  from  ours  in  such  phrases. 


II,  8]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  143 

erunt;  quae  castra,  ut  fumo  atque  ignibus   significabatur, 
amplius  milibus  passuum  viii  in  latitudinem  patebant. 

Caesar  adds  to  the  fortifications  of  his  camp,  awaits  attack. 

8.  Caesar  prim5  et  propter  multitudinem  hostiam  et 
propter  eximiam  opinionem  virtutis  proelio  supersedere  sta- 
tuit ;  cotidie  tamen  equestribus  proeliis,  quid  hostis  virtute 
posset  et  quid  nostri  auderent,  periclitabatur. 

Ubi  nostros  non  esse  inferidres  intellexit,  loco  pro  castris  s 
ad    aciem   instruendam    natura   opportune    atque    idoneo, 
quod  is  collis,  ubi  castra  posita  erant,  paululum  ex  planitie 
editus,  tantum  adversus  in  latitudinem  patebat,  quantum 

1 1 .  quae  castra  :  ^  and  this  camp,'  marked  Camp  of  the  Belgians 
on  Map  5,  while  Caesar's  camp  is  at  A.  167.  fumo:  <by  the 
smoke.'         significabatur :  '  was  indicated.'     73,  d. 

12.  milibus:  whyablative?  129, a.  B.  217,  i  ;  A. 407,^;  H.471. 
VIII :  S8,  b,  and  36. 

8.  2.  eximiam  opinionem  virtutis:  '  their  extraordinary  reputa- 
tion for  bravery.'  102.  proelio  supersedere  :  '  to  refrain  from 
battle.'    127,  a. 

3.  equestribus  proeliis:  'cavalry  skirmishes,'  as  distinguished 
from  a  regular  engagement,  with  infantry.  quid  .  .  .  posset :  '  what 
mettle  the  enemy  had.'     How  lit.?     118,  b.         virtute  :  11^2,  a. 

4.  periclitabatur  :  '  kept  trying  to  find  out.'     175,  d.     B.  260,  2  ; 

A.  470;  H.  534,3- 

5.  loco  .  .  .  idoneo:  trans,  as  if  aim  locus  ('since  the  space') 
.  .  .  opportunus  atque  iddneus  esset.     144i  b,  (3). 

6.  ad,  etc.  :  230,  {2>)-  natura:  'naturally.'  How  lit.?  atque: 
233,  a. 

7.  quod  .  .  .  redibat :  explains  why  the  ground  in  front  of  the 
camp  was  well  adapted  for  forming  a  line  of  battle.  ubi  :  '  on  which.' 
castra :  Map  5,  A.        paululum  editus  :  'gradually  rising.'    How  lit.  ? 

8.  tantum,  etc. :  'on  the  side  toward  the  enemy  extended  in  width 
(far  enough  to  provide)  just  the  amount  of  space  that  a  line  of  battle 
would  require.'^  How  lit.  ?  tantum:  118,  a.  adversus:  adjec- 
tive, agreeing  with  col/is.  quantum :  correlative  with  tantum,  and 
object  oi  occupdre,  having  loci  dependent  on  it. 


144  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  57 

loci  acies  fnstructa  occupare  poterat,  atque  ex  utraque 
10  parte  lateris  delectus  habebat,  et  in  f rontem  Teniter  fastiga- 
tus  paulatim  ad  planitiem  redibat,  ab  utr5que  latere  eius 
collis  transversam  fossam  obduxit  circiter  passuum  quad- 
ringentorum  et  ad  extremas  fossas  castella  c5nstituit  ibique 
tormenta  collocavit,  ne,  cum  aciem  instruxisset,  hostes,  quod 
istantum  multitudine  poterant,  ab  lateribus  pugnantes,  suos 
circumvenire  possent. 

9.  loci:  trans,  as  if  dependent  on  tantum.  97,  a.  The  long, 
gently  sloping  hillside,  broad  enough  to  afford  room  for  a  Roman  triple 
line,  is  shown  on  Map  5,  between  the  Miette  brook  and  the  narrowing 
crest  of  the  hill  southwest  of  Caesar's  camp;  six  legions  are  there 
shown  in  order  of  battle.  ex  utr§que  parte  :  =  '  on  either  side,' 
the  side  of  the  camp  toward  the  river,  and  the  opposite  side. 

10.  lateris  dSiectus :  'steep  slopes.'  How  lit.?  13,  e.  in 
frontem:  'in'  (lit.  'into')  'front'  of  the  camp,  on  the  southwest 
side.         Igniter  fastigatua  :    'with  gentle  slope.'     How  lit.? 

11.  planitiem:  the  level  ground  between  the  hill  and  the  river 
above  and  below  Berry-au-Bac.         redibat:  here 'descended.' 

12.  transversam  fossam  obduxit:  'he  extended  a  trench  cross- 
wise,' that  is,  at  right  angles  with  the  length  of  the  hill.  Starting  from 
opposite  corners  of  the  camp,  Caesar  prolonged  two  lines  of  intrench- 
ments  at  right  angles  to  the  sides,  each  about  a  third  of  a  mile  in 
length.  One  ran  down  the  south  slope  of  the  hill,  toward  the  Aisne, 
the  bed  of  which  in  Caesar's  time  is  indicated  on  the  plan  by  the 
broken  line.  The  other  ran  down  the  north  slope,  toward  the  Miette 
brook;  both  are  indicated  on  Map  5  by  red  lines  (a,  b).  At  the 
ends  of  these  intrenchments  he  constructed  '  redoubts '  (B  B),  where 
he  stationed  troops,  with  military  engines.  His  purpose  was  to  guard 
against  a  flank  movement  on  the  part  of  the  enemy,  by  which  they  might 
reach  the  rear  of  the  camp,  and  attack  from  behind  while  his  forces  were 
engaged  in  front,  passuum  quadringentorum  :  '  four  hundred  paces ' 
in  length.     How  lit.  ?     100,  a.     How  far  by  our  measurement?     21^3,  b. 

13.  ad  extrSmSs  fossfts :  <at  the  ends  of  the  trenches.'  152,  a. 
B.  241,  I  ;  A.  293  ;  H.  497,  4.         castella:  Map  5,  B  B. 

14.  tormenta:  ' torsioners,'  such  as  were  used  in  siege  operations. 
545.  Instriixisset :  220.  quod  .  .  .  poterant:  'because  they 
were  so  strong  in  numbers.'     Why  indicative? 

15.  tantum:    US,  b.        ab  lateribus:    'on  the  flanks.'     126^  c. 


MAP   5 
The  Battle  at  the  Aisne  (Axona) 


Book  II,  7-10 


To  face  page  144 


SCALE  OF  ENGLISH  MILES 


SCALE  OF  ROMAN  MILES 


EXPLANATION 

Caesar,  inarching  from  the  South,  encamped  on  the  north  or  right  bank  of  the 
i^sne,  on  a  long  hill.  As  the  camp  was  well  protected  by  the  streams  and  the 
low  ground  on  the  west,  in  order  to  secure  the  east  side,  he  ran  intrenchments 
from  the  corners  to  both  the  Aisne  and  the  Miette.  The  widely  extended  Bel- 
gian camp  was  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Miette  (chap.  7,  11.  11-12). 

A.  Caesar's  camp  (chap.  5,  1.  15  ;   chap.  7,  1.  9  ;  chap.  8,  1.  7). 
a,  b.    Trenches, /oj^a^  (chap.  8,  11.  11-13). 

B.  B.    Redoubts,  castella  (chap.  8,  1.  13). 

C.  Redoubt  at  the  south  end  of  the  bridge,  casiellum,  held  by  Q.  Titurius 
Sabinus  (chap.  5,  11.  20-22  ;   chap.  9,  1.  11). 

D.  Guard  at  the  north  end  of  the  bridge,  praesidimn  (chap.  5,  1.  20). 
E-E.    The  Belgians  in  battle  order  (chap.  8,  1.  20). 

F-F.   The  six  legions  in  battle  order  (chap.  8, 1.  19). 

H-H.  Probable  routes  taken  by  the  Belgians  to  the  fords  at  the  Aisne,  where 
they  were  met  by  Caesar's  light-armed  troops  and  cavalry  (chap.  9,  U,  8-15). 


II,  8] 


Campaign  against  the   Belgians 


145 


Hoc  facto,  duabus  legionibus,  quas  proxime  conscrip- 
serat,  in  castrls  relictis,  ut,  si  quo  opus  esset,  subsidio  duci 
possent,  reliquas  vi  legiones  pro  castris  in  acie  constituit. 
Hostes  item  suas  copias  ex  castris  eductas  Instruxerant. 


Figure  74.  —  View  toward  the  Miette  from  the  site  of  Caesar's  camp. 

The  course  of  the  brook  is  marked  by  the  trees.      Notice  the  flat,  marshy  land  (palus) 

near  the  brook. 


pugnantes  :  with  hostes.  suos  :  'his  men.'  151^^  a.  A  glance  at 
the  Map  shows  how  well  designed  the  trenches  were  to  protect  against 
an  attack  upon  the  right  end  of  the  battle  line,  and  block  access  to  the 
rear,  which  was  otherwise  protected  by  the  river. 

17.  duabus  legionibus:  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth,  enrolled  a 
few  months  before  ;  see  chap.  2, 11.  1-4.  Generally,  as  in  this  instance, 
Caesar  exposed  his  veterans  to  the  brunt  of  the  battle,  leaving  recruits, 
whose  powers  had  not  been  fully  tested,  as  a  reserve  force.  507,  d^ 
and/. 

18.  relictis:  l^^b^ip.).  quo:  *  at  any  point.'  esset:  220. 
subsidio  :  'as  a  reserve  force.'     112,  a. 

19.  acie  :  undoubtedly  a  triple  line.     3S7 . 

20.  eductas  instruxerant :    '  had  led  forth  and  drawn  up.'     228^  a 


146  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  57 

Tlie  Belgians  attempt  to  cross  the  Aisne  and  attack  TUurim. 

9.  Palus  erat  n5n  magna  inter  nostrum  atque  hostium 
exercitum.  Hanc  si  nostri  transirent,  hostes  exspectabant ; 
nostri  autem,  si  ab  illis  initium  transeundl  fieret,  ut  impedi- 
tos  aggrederentur,  paratl  in  armis  erant.     Interim  proelio 

s  equestri  inter  duas  acies  contendebatur.  Ubi  neutrl  trans- 
eundi  initium  faciunt,  secundiore  equitum  proelio  nostris, 
Caesar  suos  in  castra  reduxit. 

Hostes  pr5tinus  ex  eo  loco  ad  flumen  Axonam  contende- 
runt,  quod  esse  post  nostra  castra  dem5nstratum  est.     Ibi, 

lovadis  repertis,  partem  suarum  copiarum  traducere  conati 

B.  337,  5  ;  A.  496,  N.  2  ;  H.  639.     For  the  relative  positions  of  the  two 
armies,  see  Map  5. 

9.  I.  PalilB :  the  marshy  ground  along  the  Miette  brook,  indi- 
cated on  Map  5.  In  the  dry  weather  of  the  autumn  of  1914  the  German 
army  ran  first-line  and  communicating  trenches  through  this  marsh, 
but  later  these  were  flooded  by  the  Miette  brook.  erat :  90,  a. 
nostrum,  etc. :  *  our  army  and  that  of  the  enemy.'     157,  d. 

2.  Hauc  :  paluiiem.  si :  '  (to  see)  whether.'  20 J^,  (4).  B.  300, 3  ; 
A.  576,  a\  W.  649,  n,  3. 

3.  nostri  .  .  .  erant:  nostri  autem  par&tl  in  armls  erant,  ut,  si  ab 
nils  {hostibus)  initium  transeundl  {paliidem)  fieret,  {eos,  the  enemy 
engaged  in  crossing  over,  hence  at  a  disadvantage)  impeditos  aggrede- 
rentur.        fieret:  220.     B.  324,  i  ;  A.  593;   H.  652. 

4.  aggrederentur:  57 ^c.  Why  subjunctive?  proelio,  etc. :  'a 
cavalry  engagement  continued.'     How  lit..?     7S^  d. 

5.  neutrl:  'neither  side';  each  side  was  waiting  for  the  other  to 
assume  the  oflfensive.     2S,  a. 

6.  secundifire  proelifi :  l^,  b,  (5).  B.  227,  2,  c\  A.  420,  3  ;  H. 
489,  I.         nostris:   lOH,  a. 

8.  pr5tinus:  'at  once.'  e5  loc6 :  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
marsh  from  the  Roniiins. 

9.  dem5nstratum  est  :  <  it  has  been  shown ' ;  see  chap.  5,  11. 
II-19. 

10.  ▼adis:  shallow  places,  suitable  for  fording,  are  still  found  in 
the  Aisne,  between  the  mouth  of  the  Miette  brook  and  the  village  of 


II,  9]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  147 

sunt,  CO  consilio,  ut,  si  possent,  castellum,  cui  praeerat  Q. 
Titurius  legatus,  expugnarent  pontemque  interscinderent ; 
si  minus  potuissent,  agros  Remorum  popularentur,  qui 
magno  nobis  usui  ad  bellum  gerendum  erant,  commeatuque 
nostros  prohiberent.  15 


Figure  75.  —  View  across  the  Aisne  toward  Pontavert. 

The  water  in  the  foreground  is  in  a  canal.    The  river  lies  in  the  gully  beyond  ;  there  the 
fight  at  the  ford  took  place. 


Pontavert ;  for  the  route  of  the  attacking  forces  see  Map  5,  H  H. 
II.  eo  consilio  :  '  with  this  design/  explained  by  the  appositive  u/- 
clauses  following.  135,  a,  and  203,  (4).  possent:  220.  castel- 
lum :  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Aisne ;  Map  5,  C,  and  chap.  5, 11.  20-22. 
The  Belgians  planned  to  storm  the  redoubt  from  the  rear.  The  attempt 
was  justified,  from  the  military  point  of  view ;  for  the  destruction  of  the 
bridge  would  have  made  Caesar's  position  extremely  difficult. 

13.  minus:  trans,  as  if  ;«<?;^.  potuissent:  change  of  tense  from 
possent, '  if  they  could,'  to  potuissent  '■  if  (having  made  the  attempt)  they 
should  have  been  unsuccessful.'  popularentur,  prohiberent ;  sc. 
ut,  the  clauses  being  in  apposition  with  consilio. 

14.  nobis,  USUI:  112^  b. 


148 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  57 


Caesar  prevents  their  crossing ;  they  decide  to  disperse. 
10.  Caesar,  certior  factus  ab  Titurio,  omnem  equitatum 
et  levis  armaturae  Numidas,  funditores  sagittariosque  pon- 
tem  traducit  atque  ad  eos  contendit.  Acriter  in  e5  loco 
pugnatum  est.  Hostes  impeditos  nostri  in  flumine  aggressi 
s  magnum  e5rum  numerum  occiderunt ;  per  eorum  corpora 
reliquos  audacissime  transire  conantes  multitudine  telorum 
reppulerunt ;  primos,  qui  transierant,  equitatu  circumventos 
interfecerunt. 

10.  I .  certior  factus  :  '  on  being  informed '  of  the  attempted  move- 
ment,        equitatum,  pontem :  114,  a.     B.  179,  i;  A.  395;   H.  413. 

As  Caesar's  camp  was  south  of  the 
Miette  and  east  of  the  bridge  over 
the  Aisne,  he  could  send  his  cavalry 
across  the  bridge  without  danger  of 
interference,  and  from  the  south  side 
of  the  Aisne  could  attack  the  enemy 
in  the  act  of  crossing. 

2.  levis  armaturae :  '  of  light 
equipment';  trans,  'light-armed.' 
308 y    and  100,    a.  funditorSs  : 

probably  provided  with  leaden    bul- 
lets, though  such  are  not  mentioned 
by  Caesar;  slingshots  of  lead  were  in  use  both  before  and  after  the 
Gallic  Wars  (Fig.  14  and  Fig.  76). 

3.  e58  :  hostes.  e6  loc6  :  where  the  enemy  started  to  cross  the 
river;  marked  on  Map  5  by  crossed  swords. 

4.  pugnatum  est :  IS,  d.  aggressi :  226,  c. 

5.  per:  'over.'  The  bravery  of  these  Belgians,  recorded  by  Caesar 
with  evident  admiration,  justifies  his  characterization  at  the  beginning 
of  Book  I  (chap,  i,  1.  6). 

6.  cdnantSs :  with  reliquos.  In  1914  this  part  of  the  Aisne  again 
became  the  scene  of  terrible  slaughter.  Near  Berry-au-Bac  French  and 
British  troops  constructed  pontoon  bridges  in  the  face  of  artillery  fire 
accurately  directed  from  the  high  ground  on  the  north  side  of  the  river; 
and  again  the  Aisne  was  choked  with  corpses. 

7.  equitfttd:  /t?i,^.  oircumventSs  interf6c6runt  :<  surrounded 
and  killed.'    228,  a. 


Figure  76.  —  Leaden  slingshot. 

Hurled  by  soldiers  of  Octavianus 
against  L.  Antonius  at  the  siege  of 
Perusia,  41-40B.C.  Inscription,  caesar 
imp[brator].  referring  to  Octavianus. 


II,  10]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  149 

Hostes,  ubiet  de  expugnando  oppidoet  de  flumine  trans- 
eundo  spem  se  fefellisse  intellexerunt  neque  nostros  in  lo 
locum  iniquiorem  progredi  pugnandl  causa  viderunt,  atque 
ipsos  res  frumentaria  deficere  coepit,  consilio  convocato 
constituerunt,  optimum  esse,  domum  suam  quemque  reverti, 
et,  quorum  in  fines  primum  Roman!  exercitum  intr5duxis- 
sent,  ad  e5s  def endendos  undique  convenirent,  ut  potius  in  is 
suis  quam  in  alienis  finibus  decertarent  et  domesticis  copiis 
rel  fruraentariae  uterentur. 

Ad  eam  sententiam  cum  reliquis  causis  haec  quoque 
ratio  eos  deduxit,  quod  Diviciacum  atque  Aeduos  finibus 

9.  HostSs :  the  main  body  of  the  enemy,  which  remained  inactive 
while  a  detachment  (^partem  suarum  copidrum,  chap.  9,  1.  10)  tried  to 
cross  the  river.         oppido  :   Bibrax;  see  chaps.  6  and  7.     230,  (4). 

10.  spem  se  fefellisse:  ' that  they  had  been  disappointed  in  their 
expectations,'  Ht.  '  that  their  expectation  had  cheated  them.'  neque  : 
trans,  as  if  ^/  .  .  .  non.  nostros:  the  six  legions  that  had  been 
formed  in  order  of  battle  and  then  led  back  to  camp ;  chap.  8,  1.  19, 
and  chap.  9,  11.  5-7. 

11.  locum  iniquiorem:  'a  less  favorable  position.'  How  lit.? 
pugnandl  causa:  230,  (i),  and  94,  b. 

12.  ipsos:  hostes.  deficere:  *  to  fail.'  57,  b.  As  the  Gauls  for 
the  most  part  engaged  only  in  short  campaigns,  their  arrangements 
for  supplies  were  very  defective.  It  is  a  maxim  of  modern  warfare  that 
"the  way  to  victory  lies  through  the  soldier's  stomach."  Caesar,  as  all 
great  generals,  paid  the  most  careful  attention  to  the  provisioning  of  his 
army.     317.         consilio:  'a  conference' of  the  leaders. 

13.  optimum  esse:  'that  it  was  best.'  The  subject  of  esse  is  the 
infinitive  clause  quemque  reverti,  and  optimum  is  in  predicate.  11^8,  d. 
domum  suam  :  '•  to  his  own  home.'     119,  b. 

14.  introduxissent :  220.     B.  324;  A.  593;  H.  652. 

15.  eos  :  antecedent  of  quorufn  ;  '  to  defend  that  people.'  230,  (3). 
convenirent :  sc.  ut,  'that  they  should  rally.'     199,  a,  and  200,  a. 

16.  alignis :  =  aliorum,  'of  others,'  as  opposed  to  domesticis, 
*  their  own.'         decertarent:  196,  a.         copiis:  'supplies.'     131,  c. 

19.  ratio:  '  consideration,' explained  by  the  appositive  ^slwa^  quod 
('  that ')  .  .  .  cognoverant.  198,  b.  Diviciacum,  etc.  :  cf.  chap. 
5,  11.  5-10.         finibus  :  105. 


150  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [B.C.  57 

20  Bellovacorum  appropinquare  cognoverant.  His  persua- 
der!, ut  diutius  morarentur  neque  suis  auxilium  ferrent,  non 
poterat. 

The  Belgians  retreat  in   disorder;    Caesar  pursues   them  with 
great  slaughter. 

U.    Ea  re  constituta,  secunda  vigilia  magno  cum  stre- 

pitu  ac  tumultu  castris  egressi,  nullo  certo  ordine  -neque 

imperio,  cum  sibi  quisque  primum  itineris  locum  peteret  et 

domum  pervenire  properaret,  fecerunt,  ut  c5nsimilis  fugae 

s  profectio  videretur. 

Hac  re  statim  Caesar  per  speculatores  cognita,  irisidias 
veritus,  quod,  qua  de  causa  discederent,  nondum  perspexe- 
rat,  exercitum  equitatumque  castris  continuit.     Prima  luce, 

20.  appropinquare  :*  were  approaching.'  cognoverant  :*  they 
knew/  17(),  If.  Hia :  the  Bellovaci,  whose  actual  fighting  force 
probably  did  not  reach  the  large  estimate  of  100,000  given  by  the  Remi 
(chap.  4,  11.  14-17).  105.  His  persu5dgri:  'These  could  not  be 
persuaded.'     How  lit.?     106,  b. 

21.  ut  morarentur:  <to  stay'  with  the  united  Belgian  host.  Cae- 
sar's plan  of  dividing  the  forces  of  the  Belgians,  suggested  in  chap.  5, 
was  thus  successful.        neque:  'and  not.' 

11.  I.  r«:  *  conclusion,' i.e.  to  di-sperse.  secunda  vigilia:  242yCy 
and///7,  rt.        strepita  :<  uproar.'     136,  a. 

2.  castris:  shown  on  Map  5.  127,  a.  ndllo  .  .  .  imperio: 
ablative  of  attendant  circumstance,  explaining  magno  .  .  .  tumult  ft, 
and  in  turn  explained  by  the  causal  clause  cum  .  .  .  properaret ;  '  with- 
out a  fixed  order  and  without  discipline.'     ISS. 

3.  sibi  quisque:  170,  b.  primum:  '  the  foremost.'  peteret: 
m,  a.     B.  286,  2 ;  A.  549;  H.  598. 

4.  fficfirunt  .  .  .  vidSrStur :  '  they  made  their  departure  look  like 
a  rout.'     How  lit.?    m^,  (3).         fugae  :  iO.V,  «. 

6.  per:   12Sy  a.        specuiatorSs :  'spies.'     327. 

7.  veritui:  ««tf,  tf.         discCderent :  ^0^  (2). 

8.  castris :  /5/,  a.  Trans.  *  in  camp.'  Prima  Idee  :  '  at  day- 
break.'     /'V/,  (7. 


II,  11]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  151 

confirmata   re   ab    exploratoribus,  omneni  equitatum,  qui 
novissimum  agmen  moraretur,  praemisit.      His  Q.  Pedium  lo 
et  L.  Aurunculeium  Cottam  legates  praef ecit ;  T.  Labienum 
legatum  cum  legionibus  tribus  subsequi  iussit 

Hi,  novissimos  adorti  et  multa  milia  passuum  prosecuti, 
magnam  multitudinem  eorum  fugientium  conclderunt,  cum 
ab  extreme  agmine,  ad  quos  ventum  erat,  consisterent  for-  is 
titerque  impetum  nostrorum  militum  sustinerent,  priores, 
quod  abesse  a  periculo  viderentur,  neque  ulla  necessitate 
neque  imperio  continerentur,  exaudito  clamore  perturbatis 
ordinibus  omnes  in  fuga  sibi  praesidium  ponerent. 

Ita  sine  iiUo  periculo  tantam  eorum  multitudinem  nostri  20 

9.  rS:  'the  fact'  that  the  Belgian  host  had  actually  dispersed. 
exploratoribus  :  327. 

10.  novissimum  agmen:  'the  rear  guard'  of  the  retreating  Bel- 
gians. 27,  b.  moraretur:  193,  a.  B.  282,  2;  A.  531,2;  H.  590. 
His  :  plural  from  the  idea  of  eqidtes  in  equitatum.  107,  b.  Pedium  : 
N.  to  chap.  2,  I.  3. 

12.  l^gStum:"  313,  a.         subsequi:  'to  follow  closely.' 

13.  Hi:  'These  men,'  the  legionaries  under  Labienus ;  the  cavalry 
had  gone  ahead  to  retard  the  Belgian  rear  till  the  Roman  infantry  could 
catch  up  with  it.         milia  :  118,  a. 

14.  eorum  fugientium :  'of  them  as  they  fled.'  cum,  etc  . : 
sc.  ei ;  'since  those  (Belgians)  at  the  rear,  to  whom  (the  Roman 
soldiers)  had  come,  were  making  a  stand.'  How  lit.?  cum: 
184,  a. 

15.  extrSmo:  152,  a.  agmine:  here  used  not  of  an  orderly 
marching  column  but  of  a  mass  of  soldiers  in  flight.  ventum  erat : 
72,  d. 

16.  priores:  'those  in  advance,'  the  bulk  of  the  retreating  host. 
15 1^,  a,  and  33. 

17.  vidgrentur:  220.  B.  324;  A.  593  ;  H.  652.  neque:  'and 
.  .  .  not.'        necessitate  :  '  compulsion.' 

18.  exaudito  clamore:  'when  they  heard  the  shouting'  behind 
them. 

19.  ordinibus  :  '  ranks.'  sibi :  109,  a.  praesidium  pone- 
rent :    '  sought  safety.'     How  lit.  ?        ponerent :    with  cujtt  in  1,  14. 


ir)2 


Caesar*s  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  57 


interfecerunt,  quantum  fuit  diei  spatium ;  sub  occasum 
solis  destiterunt  seque  in  castra,  ut  erat  imperatum,  rece- 
perunt. 

Noviodunum,  besieged  by  Caesar,  surrenders. 
12.  Postridie  eius  diei  Caesar,  prius  quam  se  hostes  ex 
terrore  ac  fuga  reciperent  in  fines  Suessionum,  qui  proximi 
Remis  erant,  exercitum  duxit  et  magno  itinere  ad  oppidum 
Noviodunum  contendit.  Id  ex  itinere  oppugnare  conatus, 
s  quod  vacuum  ab  defensoribus  esse  audiebat,  propter  lati- 
tiidinem  fossae  murique  altitudinem,  paucis  defenden- 
tibus,    expugnare    non    potuit.       Castris    munltis,    vineas 

21.  quantum,  etc.:  *as  daylight  permitted';  how  lit.?  sub: 
<  toward.' 

22.  ut  erat  imperfttum  :  'in  accordance  with  their  orders.'     75,  d. 
12.    I.    diei:   94,  c.         s5  reciperent :    'could  rally.'     Why  sub- 
junctive?    189,  b. 

2.   in  fines  Suessionum  :   see  Map  i.     Having  scattered  the  great 

host  of  united  Belgians,  Caesar  pro- 
ceeds to  the  reduction  of  the  different 
states  one  by  one  (Fig.  yy). 

3.  Remis  :  108,  a.  magn5 
itinere  :  '  by  a  forced  march.'     S29. 

4.  Novioddnum:  =" New- 
town " ;  thought  to  have  been  on  the 
hill  of  Pommiers,  near  the  modern 
city  of  Soissons.  ex  itinere  :  see 
Vocab.  under //<?r.      oppugn&re  :  SJ^O. 

5.  vacuum  ab :  'destitute  of.' 
esse:  i.e.  id  {oppidtwi)  esse  vacuum.  Ifttittldinem  fossae:  the 
wider  the  *  moat,'  the  more  difficult  the  filling  of  it  so  as  to  gain  access 
to  the  wall.        Ifttitadinem  fossae  milrlque  altitfldinem  :  2S9,  c. 

6.  pauolt  dCfendentibus  :  '  though  there  were  but  few  defending 
it.'     m,b,{i). 

7.  Castris :  i)robably  on  high  ground  east  of  Pommiers,  where 
traces  of  a  Roman  camp,  thought  to  date  from  Caesar's  time,  have 
been  discovered.        vlnefts  agere :  *  to  move  forward  the  arbor  sheds.' 

na,  a. 


Figure  77.  — Coin  of  the 
Suessiones. 

Bronze.    Obverse:  a  Gallic  neck-ring, 
torque,  is  seen  on  the  neck. 


II.  12]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  153 

agere,  quaeque  ad  oppugnandum  usul   erant,  comparare 
coepit. 

Interim  omnis  ex  fuga  Suessionum  multitude  in  oppidum  ic 
proxima  nocte  convenit.     Celeriter  vineis  ad  oppidum  actis, 
aggere  iacto  turribusque  constitutis,  magn'tudine  operum, 
quae  neque  viderant  ante  Galli  neque  audierant,  et  celeri- 


Figure  78.  —  Hill  town  in  France,  having  a  situation  similar  to  that 
of  Noviodunum. 


8.    quae:  as  antecedent  supply  ^^,  object  oi  comparare.  usui: 

'of  use.'     Why  dative?     112,  a. 

1 1 .  proxima  nocte  :  the  night  following  the  day  on  which  Caesar 
reached  Noviodunum,  encamped,  and  commenced  preparations  for  be- 
sieging the  town.  vineis,  etc  :  '  arbor  sheds,'  open  at  the  ends,  were 
rapidly  constructed,  and  placed  in  parallel  rows  which  began  outside 
the  range  of  the  enemy's  weapons  and  were  extended  to  the  edge  of  the 
moat.     IJ^J^,  b,  (2). 

12.  aggere  iacto:  'filling,'  carried  under  the  lines  of  arbor  sheds, 
was  '  cast '  into  the  moat  so  as  to  level  it  up  and  make  it  possible  to  roll 
the  towers  close  to  the  city  wall.  turribus  :  '  towers.'  34-2,  b. 
magnitudine,  celeritate  :  135,  a.         operum:  'siege-works' 


154  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [b.c.57 

tate  Romanorum  permoti,  legates  ad  Caesarem  de  deditione 
IS  mittunt  ct,  pctentibus  Remis,  ut  conservarentur,  impetrant. 

The  Suessionea  submit;  Cuenar  marches  against  the  Bellova/yij 
gathered  in  Bratusparitimn. 

13.  Caesar,  obsidibus  acceptis  primis  civitatis  atque 
ipsius  Galbae  regis  diiobus  filils,  armisque  omnibus  ex 
oppido  traditis,  in  dediti5nem  Suessiones  accipit  exerci- 
tumque  in  Bellovacos  ducit. 

5  Qui  cum  se  suaque  omnia  in  oppidum  Bratuspantium 
contulissent,  atque  ab  eo  oppido  Caesar  cum  exercitu  cir- 
citer  milia  passuum  v  abesset,  omnes  maiores  natu,  ex 
oppid5  egressi,  manus  ad  Caesarem  tendere  et  voce  signifi- 
care  coeperunt,  sese  in  eius  fidem  ac  potestatem  venire 

xoneque  contra  populum  R5manum  armis  contendere.  Item, 
cum  ad  oppidum  accessisset  castraque  ibi  poneret,  pueri 
mulieresque  ex  muro  passis  manibus  suo  more  pacem  ab 
Romanis  petierunt. 

15.  petentibus  R6mla  :  '  at  the  urgent  request  of  the  Remi.'  How 
lit.  ?  ut  cSnservarentur  :  after  petentibus,  '  that  they  should  be 
spared.'     199,  a. 

13.  I .  obsidibus  :  '  as  hostages ' ;  predicative,  after  acceptis.  88^  b. 
prlmls  :  *  the  foremost  men.'     15 J^^  a,  and  i44>  bj  (2). 

2.    Galbae  :  chap.  4,  11.  22-24. 

4.  BellovacSs:  ir^n?>.  ^9,  \{  in  fines  Bellovacorum.     282. 

5.  Qui  cum:  <  when  they.'  167.  suaque  omnia  :  'with  every- 
thing they  had.'  How  lit.?  tBIt^a.  oppidum:  'stronghold';  not 
a  city  but  a  fortified  place  of  refuge,  occupied  only  in  time  of  danger. 

7.  maiOrfis  nftttt :  'the  old  men.'  How  lit.?  11,2,  a.  B.  226,  i  ; 
A.  418;  H.  480. 

8.  8gres8l:  '  came  out  and.'     228,  a.        tendere:  '  to  stretch  out.' 

9.  In  eius  fidem:  'under  his  protection.'     124,a.      venire:  213.  b. 

10.  neque:  trans,  as  if  ^/  .  .  .  non.  contendere:  'struggle' 
any  longer. 

11.  aocesBisset:   lHn,c.        puerl:  *  children,'  not  '  boys '  merely. 

12.  passTs  manlbui:  'with  hands  outstretched.'  lU^  b,  (2). 
Principal  parts  of  pandd  and  patior  f        mOre  :  with  passis.     136,  c 


II,  14]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  155 

Diviciacus  2^rese7its  the  case  of  the  Bellovaci. 

14.  Pro  his  Diviciacus  (nam  post  discessum  Belgarum, 
dimissis  Aeduorum  copiis,  ad  eum  reverterat)  facit  verba: 

Bellovacos  omnl  tempore  in  fide  atque  amicitid  civitdtis 
Aediiae  fnisse  ;  impiUsos  ab  siils  prmcipibiis,  qui  dlcerent^ 
Aediws,  a  Caesare  in  servitutem  i^eddctos,  omnes  indignitdtes  s 
contumelidsque  perferre,  et  ab  Aeduis  defecisse  et  populo 
Romdno  be  Hum  intulisse.  Qui  eius  consilil  principes  fuis- 
sent,  quod  intellegerent,  quantam  calam^itdtem  clvitdti  in- 
tulissent,  in  Bntanniam,  profugisse. 

Petere  non  solum  Bellovacos,  sed  etiam  pro  his  Aeduos,  lo 
tit  sua  dementia  ac  m^dnsuetudine  in  eos  utdtur.     Quod  si 

14.    I.   his:  BellovacTs.        discessum:  'retreat';  chap,  ii,  11.  1-5. 

2.  Aeduorum  copiis:  chap.  5,  11.  5-10,  and  chap.  10,  11.  19-20. 
eum  :  Caesar.         facit  verba  :  '■  made  a  plea.'     How  lit.  ? 

3-9.  Direct  form:  B ellovad  ovam  tempore  in  fide  atque  amlcitia  civitatis 
A.cd.\xdiG  fuerunt ;  impulsi  ab  suls  principibus,  qui  dicebant,  Aeduos,  a  te  in 
servitutem  redactos,  omnes  indignitates  contumeliasque  perferre,  et  ab  Aeduis 
defecerunt  et  populo  Romano  bellum  ititulerunt.  Qui  eius  consilil  principes 
fuerant,  quod  intellegebant,  quantam  calamitatem  civitati  intulissent  (^204-,  3), 
in  Britanniam  profugerunt. 

3.  Bellovacos,  etc.:  21S^  b,  and  212,  c,  (i).  omnl  tempore: 
N.  to  I,  II,  1.  6. 

4.  dicerent :  '  kept  saying.'     175,  a. 

5.  in:  'to.'  servitutem:  10,  f.  omngs,  etc.:  'every  kind 
of  ill-treatment  and  insult.'     92,  c. 

6.  et  .   .   .  et :  2SI^,  a.         defecisse  :  '  had  revolted.'     51,  b. 

7.  Qui :  as  antecedent  supply  eos  with  profugisse.  principes : 
here  =  atictores,  'advisers.' 

10-14.  Direct  form  :  Petunt  non  solum  Bellovaci^  sed  etiam  pro  his  Aedut, 
ut  tud  dementia  ac  mansuetudine  in  eos  iitdris.  Quod  %\  feceris  (future  per- 
fect), Aeduorum  auctoritatem  apud  omnes  Belgas  amplificdbis  ;  quorum  auxi- 
lils  atque  opibus,  si  qua  bella  inciderunt,  sustentare  consuerunt  (176,  b). 

10.  petere,  utStur  :  vivid  use  of  present  tenses  where  past  tenses 
might  have  been  expected. 

11.  ^ua:  'his  well-known.'     157,  e.         dementia:  'mercifulness,' 


156  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  57 

fecerit^  Aeduorum  auctoritdtcm  apud  omnes  Belgds  ampli- 
ficdturiim^  quorum  aiixilils  atque  opibus^  si  qua  bella 
iticiderinty  sustentdre  consuerint. 

Cciesar  makes  terms  with  the  Bellovaci  and  Ambiani,  learns  about 
the  Nervians. 

15.  Caesar,  honoris  Diviciaci  atque  Aeduorum  causa, 
sese  eos  in  fidem  recepturum  et  conservaturum  dixit;  et 
quod  erat  civitas  magna  inter  Belgas  auctoritate  atque 
hominum  multitudine  praestabat,  dc  obsides  poposcit. 
s  His  traditis  omnibusque  armis  ex  oppido  collatis,  ab  eo 
loco  in  fines  Ambian5rum  pervenit ;  qui  se  suaque  omnia 
sine  mora  dediderunt. 


the  quality  which  leads  a  man  to  treat  with  kindness  those  against 
whom  he  has  grounds  of  offense.  Near  the  close  of  his  life  a  temple 
was  ordered  built  to  'Caesar's  Mercifulness.'  268,  and  Fig.  163. 
mfinsuetadine  :  '  conapassionateness,'  the  quality  that  makes  one  able 
to  realize  the  sufferings  of  others.  in  :  'toward.'  Quod  ;  118,  d. 
•I,  etc.:  218,  {i),  b. 

13.  bI  .  .  .  sustentSre  :  '  to  carry  through  any  wars  that  had  arisen.' 
How  lit.?     168,  2iv\d  J,9,  a. 

15.  I.  honSris  :  dependent  on  causa;  'out  of  regard  for  Divici- 
acus,'  etc.     94^  b.        Diviciaci :  dependent  on  honoris.     102. 

2.   in  fiden^:  as  in  chap.  13,  1,  9. 

3.  civitfis  :  Bellovacorum.       auc- 
toritate :  '  prestige.'         1^3,  a. 

4.  multitudine:  I42,  a.     B.  226; 
A.  418  ;  H.  480.         DC  :  sescentos.     36. 
The  fact  that  for  the  sake  of  his  Aeduan 
supporters  Caesar  had  spared  the  Bel- 
Figure  79.  —  A  Nervian  coin.      lovaci  did  not  prevent  him  from  exact- 
Cold,  with  crude  designs.             i"g  ^  ^^^S^  number  of  hostages  to  bind 

them  in  their  pledge  of  submission. 
5.   oollfttb:.   69,  b.  e6    loc6 :    Bratuspantium.      For  Caesar's 

route,  see  Map  i. 

7.    mori:  'delay.'        dftdidCrunt :  'surrendered.* 


II,  15]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  157 

E5rum    fines    Nervil    attingebant;    quorum    de   natura 
moribusque  Caesar  cum  quaereret,  sic  reperiebat : 

Nulhim  aditum  esse  ad  eos  mercdtoribtis  ;  nihil pati  vlnlxo 
reliqudrumque   rerum   ad   luxuriam  pertinentium    Inferrl^ 
quod  his  rebus  relanguescere  animos  eorum  et  remittl  vir- 


Figure  80.  —  A  characteristic  bit  of   the  country  through   which   Caesar 
made  his  three-day  march. 

8.  Eorum:  the  Ambiani.  Nervii  attingebant:  'the  country 
of  the  Nervians  adjoined'  (Fig.  79).     282.         de  nStura:  116,  c. 

10-17.  Direct  form:  iViJ7//«j  a^/?V«j  ^j^  ad  eos  mercat5ribus;  nihil /«/«««- 
iur  vinl  reliquarumque  rerum  ad  luxuriam  pertinentium  inferrl,  quod  his  rebus 
relanguescere  animos  eorum  et  remitti  virtu tem  existimant.  Sunt  homines 
y^rf  magnaeque  virtutis;  increpitant  2X0^^  incusant  reliquos  Belgas,  qui  se 
populo  Romano  ^<?d?i"^<?rm/patriamque  v'xxXxXtxvi proiecerint ;  conftrmant,%t.%t. 
neque  legates  missuros  [esse]  neque  uUam  condicionem  pads  accepturos 
[esse]. 

10.  Nullum,  etc.:  212,  c,  (3).  meroatoribus :  111.  nihil 
vim:  <no  wine.'  97,  a.  The  Nervii  were  ancient  prohibitionists. 
pati:  sc  eos  as  subject.     60. 

11.  ad  luxuriam  pertinentium:  'which  contribute  to  luxurious 
living.'     How  lit.  ? 

12.  rebus:   135,  a.         relanguescere:   'becomes  weak.'        ani- 


158  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  57 

tut  em  extstimdrent ;  esse  homines  feros  magnaeque  virtutis  ; 
increpitdre  atqiie  incusdre  rvliquds  BelgdSy  qui  se  populo 
isRomdfid  dedidissent patriamque  virtutem  proiecissent ;  con- 
flrmdre^  sese  neque  legdtos  mis  surds  neque  ullam  condicid- 
nem  pdcis  accepturos. 

The  Nervians,  Atrebatians,  and  Viromanduans  await  Caesar  at 
the  Samhre. 

16.  Cum  per  e5rum  fines  triduum  iter  fecisset,  invenie- 
bat  ex  captivis : 

Sabim  flumen  a  castris  suis  non  arnpliiis  milia  passuiim  x 

abesse^;  trdns  id  flumen  omnes  Nervios  consedisse  advenium- 

5  que  ibi  Rdmdndmm  exspectdre  und  cum  Atrebdtibus  et  Viro- 

manduts,  flnitimls  suls  (nam   his  utrisque    persuaserant, 

mSs:  92y  a.        virtfltem :   'valor,'  the  manifestation  of  courage  in 
brave  deeds. 

13.  exl8tim£rent :  177,  a.  magnae  virttltis  :  genitive  of  quality 
taking  the  place  of  an  adjective,  hence  connected  by  -que  yi\\\\  feros . 
100,  a. 

14.  increpitftre  atque  incusdre:  sc.  eos,  'that  they  upbraided 
and  condemned.'      reliquos  :  171,  a.      qui:  'because  they.'     194,  c. 

16.  sBsfi,  etc. :  indirect  discourse  after  conftrtndre.  sSsg  :  refers 
to  efis  understood  as  subject  of  conflrtndre. 

16.    I.    e5rum:  Nerviorum.  triduum:  —  tres  dies.     118,   a. 

Iter  fficlaset:  'had  advanced';  for  the  route  see  Map  i,  and  Fig.  80. 
invenifibat :  =  quaerendo  cognoscebat . 

3.  Sabim,  etc.:  212,  c,  (3).  Sabim:  accusative  like  turrim. 
14,  c.         mllia  :  why  not  ablative?     129,  b,  and  118,  a. 

4.  trans  id  flflmen  :  they  crossed  over 
to  the  south  side  of  the  Sambre,  which 
flows  in  an  easterly  direction  into  the 
Mcuse.     292. 

6.   his  utrisque  :  *  both  these  peoples.' 

Figure  81.  -VironHnduan  ^^'  ^"^  -•^'  ""•    '^^^  combined  forces  of  the 

jjqj,^  Nervians,  Atrebatians,  and  Viromanduans 

Bronze.  o(  crude  workmanship,  (^''g'  ^O  were  estimated  at  75-000  (chap. 

Inscription,  solum  (solos).  4,  11-  21-28).         nam,  etc  :  214*  c. 


II,  17]  Campaign  against  the  Belgians  159 

uti  eandem  belli  fortunam  experirentur) ;  exspectdri  etiam 
ab  his  Ahiatiicorum  copids^  atqiie  esse  in  itinere ;  mulieres, 
qulque  per  aetdtem  ad  pugnam  inutiles  viderentur^  in  eum 
locum  coniecisscy  quo  propter  paludes  exercitul  aditus  non  esset.  ic 

They  plan  to  surprise  him  07i  the  march. 

17.  His  rebus  cognitis,  exploratores  centuri5nesque  prae- 
mittit,  qui  locum  idoneum  castris  deligant.  Cum  ex  dedi- 
tlciis  Belgis  reliquisque  Gallis  complures,  Caesarem  secuti, 
una  iter  facerent,  quTdam  ex  his,  ut  postea  ex  captivis 
cognitum  est,  eorum  dierum  consuetudine  itineris  nostris 
exercitus  perspecta,  nocte  ad  Nervios  pervenerunt  atque 
his  demonstrarunt,  Inter  singulds  legiones  impedimento- 
nim  magnum  7iumerum  intercedere^  neque  esse  quicquam 
7iegdtit,   cum  prima    legio   in   castra   venisset    reliquaeque 

8.  in  itinere  :  'on  the  way.'        mulieres:  oh]^(i\.  oi  coriiecisse. 

9.  quique  :  i.e.  et  eos,  qui.  per  aetatem  :  '  by  reason  of  age.' 
inutiles:  predicative,  *  useless.'  eum  locum  :  '  a  place,' perhaps  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  modern  city  of  Mons.     160,  d. 

10.  quo :  adverb,  =  ad  quern.  esset :  subjunctive  also  in  the 
direct  form.     191^,  a.     B.  283;  A.  535;  H.  591,  i. 

17.    2.    qui  ...  deligant :  '  in  order  to  choose.'    193,  a,  a.nd  331,  a, 
and  ^.         ex  .  .  .  Gallis:  a.{ter  comphires.     97,  d.     B.  201,  i,  «;  A. 
346,  c,  H.  444.         dediticiis :    the  Suessiones  (chap.   13,  1.  3),  the    • 
Bellovaci  (chap.  15, 1.  2),  and  the  Ambiani  (chap.  15,  II.  5-7). 

4.  facerent:  185,  c.         quidam  :   168.         ut :  188,  d. 

5.  eorum  .  .  .  exercitus:  'the  marching  order  of  our  army  in 
those  days,'  the  three  days  when  Caesar  was  advancing  into  the  country 
of  the  Nervians  (chap.  16, 1.  i).     How  lit.? 

7.  demonstrarunt:  64,  a,  (i).  impedimentorum,  etc.:  311, 
and  74,  d. 

8.  numerum:  'quantity.'  esse:  the  subject  is  adorirl ;  'and 
that  there  was  no  difficulty  —  in  attacking.'  How  lit.  ?  222,  b.  quic- 
quam :  168,  and  49,  a. 

9.  negotii :  97,  b.  castra  :  the  place  selected  for  a  camp ;  the  camp 
would  not  be  fortified  till  the  legions  arrived.  332,  333.  venisset, 
abessent :  indicative  future  perfect,  and  future,  in  direct  discourse. 


160  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  57 

xolegidnes  magnum  spatium  abessent^  hanc  sub  sarcinis 
adotiri ;  qua  pulsd  impedimentlsque  direptls,  futiirum,  ut 
reliquae  contra  consistere  non  auderent, 

Adiuvabat  etiam  eorum  consilium,  qui  rem  deferebant, 
quod  Nervii  antiquitus,  cum  equitatu  nihil  possent  (neque 

15  enim  ad  hoc  tempus  ei  rel  student,  sed,  quicquid  possunt, 
pedestribus  valent  copiis),  quo  facilius  finitimorum  equita- 
tum,  si  praedandi  causa  ad  eos  venissent,  impedirent,  tene- 
ris  arboribus  incIsTs  atque  inflexis,  crebrlsque  in  latitudinem 
ramis  enatis,  et  rubis  sentibusque  interiectis,  effecerant,  ut 

10.  spatiuin:  118^  a.  sarcinis:  'packs/  The  plan  was  to  at- 
tack the  first  legion  to  come  up,  just  as  it  reached  the  place  chosen  for 
encampment,  before  the  soldiers  could  deposit  their  packs  and  get  them- 
selves into  fighting  trim.     330. 

11.  qui:  'when  this'  legion.  direptis :  'had  been  plundered.' 
How  lit.  ?  futttrum  [esse]  :  the  subject  is  «/  .  .  .  auderent  ;  '  it 
would  come  about  that.'    203y  (i). 

12.  reliquae:  sc.  ieg/ones.  contrft:  adverb.  contra  consis- 
tere :  *  to  withstand  the  attack.' 

13.  Adiuvabat:  the  subject  is  guod  .  .  .  effecerant  (1.  19);  'the 
plan  of  those  who  furnished  the  information  was  flavored  by  the  fact  that 
the  Nervii,'  etc.     How  lit.  ?     iP<S,  b. 

14.  antiquitus:  'long  ago.'  cum  ,  .  .  possent:  'not  being 
strong  in  cavalry.'  How  lit.?  181^^  a.  nihil:  118,  c.  neque 
enim:  'and  in  fact  .  .  .  not.' 

15.  el  rel  student :  '  they  give  attention  to  that  arm  '  of  the  service. 
105.  quicquid  .  .  .  cdpils :  'all  the  strength  they  have  is  in  infan- 
try.'    How  lit.?        quicquid:  i/5,  <^. 

16.  c6pils:  lJ^2,a.  qu5  ...  impedirent :  193,b.  B.  282,  i,«; 
A.  531, «;  H.  568,7. 

17.  praedandi  causft:  'in  order  to  plunder.'  230,{\).  vSnia- 
■ent:  220. 

18.  tenerls  .  .  .  Inflexis:  'aittinginto  young  trees  and  bending 
them  over.'  How  lit.?  i^^/J,  (2).  in  Ifttittldinem :  '  at  the  sides,' 
we  should  say. 

19.  rtmis  SnItXs :  with  cribrls, '  letting  the  branches  grow  thickly.' 
niy  and  «/,  ay  (3).  How  lit.  ?  rubIs,  etc. :  '  planting  briars  and 
thom-buahes  in  the  intervening  spaces.'     How  lit.?        effCcerant,  ut 


II.  18]  Campaign  against  the  Belgians  161 

instar  muri  hae  saepes  munimentum  praeberent,  quo  n5n  20 
modo  non  intrari,  sed  ne  perspici  quidem  posset. 

His  rebus  cum  iter  agminis  nostri  impediretur,  non  omit- 
tendum  sibi  consilium  NerviT  existimaverunt. 

Tlie  Romans  make  cainp  on  a  height  sloping  to  the  river. 

18.    Loci  natura  erat  haec,  quern  locum  nostri  castrls 
delegerant.  * 


Figure  82. — Hedges,  near  the  river  Sambre. 


.  .  .  praebgrent:  20S,  (3).  By  cutting  into  young  trees  near  the  root 
they  were  able  to  bend  these  down  to  a  horizontal  position  without  kill- 
ing them.  The  stem  of  the  tree  would  then  increase  in  size  very  slowly, 
but  along  the  trunk  branches  would  grow  out,  above  and  on  the  sides 
(in  Idtitudinent) .  In  the  spaces  along  the  line  of  defense  not  filled  by 
trees  thus  trained,  briars  and  thorn-bushes  were  planted.  The  whole 
formed  a  living  and  impenetrable  hedge.  Similar  hedges  are  still  found 
in  this  region  (Figures  82,  83,  87). 

20.  instar  muri:  Mike  a  wall,'  lit.  Hhe  likeness  of  a  wall';  Instar., 
indeclinable,  is  in  apposition  to  munimentum.  94^  b.  saepSs : 
'hedges.'  15^  b.  munimentum:  Mine  of  defense.'  1 1^.,  d.  prae- 
berent :  '  made.'  quo :  adverb  =  in  quod  {inunlmentum)  ;  but 
trans,  with  the  impersonal  intrdrt,  etc.,  'which  could  not  only  not  be 
penetrated  but  not  even  seen  through.'     How  lit.  ?     73,  d,  and  237,  c. 

2 1 .  perspici :  79,  b.         posset :  220. 

23.  omittendum:  55,  <:,  and  73,  e.  sibi:  110.  consilium: 
^the  plan'  of  attack  proposed  in  11.  9-12. 

18.    I.   haec:  *  as  follows.'     161,  a.       locum:  165,  a.       castrls: 


162  Caesar's  Gallic  War  IB.c.57 

Collis  ab  summ5  aequfilitcr  dcclivis  ad   flumen   Sabim, 

quod  supra  nominavimus,  vergebat.     Ab  eo  flumine  pari 

sacclivitate  collis  nascebatur  adversus  huic  et  contrarius, 

passus  circiter  cc  infimus  apertus,  ab  superiore  parte  sil- 

vestris,  ut  non  facile  introrsus  perspici  posset. 

Intra  eas  silvas  hostes  in  occulto  sese  continebant ;  in 
aperto  loco  secundum    flumen   paucae   stationes   equitum 
lo  videbantur.     Fltiminis  erat  altitudo  pedum  circiter  trium. 

A  furious  attack  is  made  on  the  Romans  while  fortifying  the  camp. 

19.   Caesar,  equitatu  praemisso,  subsequebatur  omnibus 
copiis;  sed  ratio  ordoque  agminis  aliter  se   habebat,  ac 


JlSy  a.  The  site  has  been  identified,  on  the  left  or  north  bank  of  the 
Sambre  {Sabis)^  in  France,  near  the  Belgian  frontier,  opposite  the  city 
of  Hautmont.     Map  6,  A. 

3.  Collis  :  on  which  the  camp  was  laid  out.  ab,  etc. :  *  sloping 
evenly  from  the  top,  descended.'     How  lit.? 

4.  supra:  chap.  16,  1.  3.  nomin£vimus  :  '  we  have  menlioned  by 
name.'  156.  Ab  eo  :' From  the.'  160,  d.  pari  acclivitSte  : 
*  with  similar  upward  slope.'     1^3,  a. 

5.  n&sc6batur:  'arose.'  adversus  huic  et  contrarius:  'fac- 
ing this  (hill)  and  opposite  (to  it),'  on  the  south  side  of  the  Sambre; 
the  highest  part  of  the  second  hill  is  at  B  on  Map  6.  huic  :  108,  a. 

6.  passQs:  118,  a.  cc :  ducentds.  36.  How  far?-  243,  d. 
Infimus  :  <  at  the  lower  edge '  of  the  hill,  along  the  river.  apertus  : 
free  from  woods.       ab,  etc. :  '  wooded  along  the  upper  portion.'    126,  c. 

7.  ut:  *  so  that.'        intrdrsus  :  'within.' 

9.  apertS  loofi:  indicated  on  Map  6,  between  the  river  and  the 
broken  line  marking  the  northern  limit  of  the  woods.  secundum: 
preposition,  *  along.'        statiSnSs  :. '  pickets.' 

10.  vidSbantur:  trans,  as  passive.  pedum:  100,  b.  trium: 
S7,b. 

19.    I.    equitata  praemissfi :  S28.         omnibus  copiis:    137,  b. 

2.  ratifi  drdfique:  'principle  of  arrangement,'  lit.  'principle  and 
arrangement.'  aliter,  etc. :  '  were  different  from  what  the  Belgians.' 
How  lit.?  hab«bat:  173,  a.  B.  255,  3;  A.  317,  b\  H.  392,  4. 
ao :  933,  c. 


II,  19]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  163 

Belgae  ad  Nervids  detulerant.     Nam  quod  hostibus  appro- 
pinquabat,  consuetudine  sua  Caesar  vi  legiones  expedltas 
ducebat ;  post  eas  totlus  exercitus  impedimenta  collocarat ;  5 
inde  duae  legiones,  quae  proxime  c5nscriptae  erant,  t5tum 
agmen  claudebant  praesidioque  impedimentis  erant. 

Equites  nostri,  cum  funditoribus  sagittariisque  flumen 
transgress!,  cum  hostium  equitatu  proelium  commiserunt. 
Cum  se  illi  identidem  in  silvas  ad  suos  reciperent  ac  rursus  10 
ex  silva  in  nostros  impetum  facerent  neque  nostri  longius, 
quam  quem  ad  finem  porrecta  loca  aperta  pertinebant, 
cedentes  insequT  auderent,  interim  legiones  vi,  quae  pri- 
mae  venerant,  opere  dimenso  castra  munire  coeperunt. 

4.  consuStudine  sua  :  '  in  accordance  with  his  usual  practice,'  when 
in  the  enemy's  country.  136,  c.  VI :  38,  b.  The  legions  were  those 
numbered  7-12.  expedltas:  predicative,  ^ in  light  order';  with- 
out the  packs  {sarcinae),  which  in  such  cases  were  doubtless  carried 
with  the  heavy  baggage.     115,  b. 

5.  impedimenta:  311.         collocarat:  full  form?     GJ^^a,  (i). 

6.  duae  legiones:  numbered  13  and  14;  chiap;  2,  11.  1-4. 
proxime :  35. 

7.  praesidio,  impedimentis:  112,  b,  and  328.  B.  191,  2,  « ;  A. 
382,  I  ;  H.  433. 

9.  transgress!:  to  the  south  side  of  the  Sambre.  cum  :  137,  c. 
equitatu:  the  cavalry  (chap.  18,  1.  9)  must  have  been  furnished  by 
the  Atrebatians  and  Viromanduans,  not  by  the  Nervians  (chap.  17, 
1.  14). 

10.  identidem:  'repeatedly.'  suos:  the  enemy's  infantry,  con- 
cealed in  the  woods  (chap.  18,  1.  8).         reciperent:   175,  d. 

11.  neque:  trans,  as  if  <?/?..  .  non.         longius:  'further.' 

12.  quem  ad  finem :  =  ad  eum  finem  ad  quem,  'to  the  limit  to 
which.'  porrecta,  etc.:  'the  stretch  of  open  ground  extended.' 
How  lit.? 

13.  cedentes  :  sc.  eos  (Jiostes),  object  of  insequi ;  '  as  they  retreated.' 
primae  venerant :  '  had  been  the  first  to  come  up.'     152,  b. 

14.  opere  :  'the  trench-work,'  the  first  work  on  the  fortifications  of 
the  camp.  333.  dimenso:  'having  measured  off.'  How  lit.? 
144,  b,  (2),  and  59,  b. 


164  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  57 

xs  Ubi  prima  impedimenta  nostri  exercitus  ab  eis,  qui  in 
silvis  abditi  latebant,  visa  sunt,  quod  tempus  inter  eos 
committendf  proelil  convenerat,  ut  intra  silvas  aciem  ordi- 
nesque  constituerant  atque  ipsi  sese  conflrmaverant,  subita 
omnibus    copiis    provolaverunt    impetumque    in    nostros 

2c  equites  fecerunt.    His  facile  pulsis  ac  proturbatis,  incredibili 


Figure  83. — View  across  the  fields  in  the  direction  from  which  Caesar's 
baggage  was  coming. 

15.  prima  impedimenta:  'the  first  part  of  the  baggage  train.' 
Map  6.     1/i^,  a. 

16.  visa  sunt:  passive  in  meaning.  quod  tempus  :  i.e.  tempus 
(in  thought  an  appositive  of  the  clause  C/di  .  .  .  i^fsa  su/if,  but  attracted 
into  the  relative  clause)  .  .  .  ^uoti  convenerat^  *  which  had  been  agreed 
on.'     ion,  h. 

17.  oommittendl  proelil:  dependent  on  tempusy  *for  beginning 
thel)attle.'     How  lit.?    ;?50,  (i).        ut:*  just  as.' 

18.  ipsI  s6s§  cfinflrmftverant :  <had  encouraged  one  another.' 

19.  odpils:  ISe,  b.  pr6voiav6runt :  *they  rushed  forward.' 
nostras  equitSs  :  who  had  crossed  the  river  (11.  8,  9). 

20.  prOturbfttIs  :  '  scattered  in  a  panic'        incrfidibill:  74, /. 


MAP   6 

The  Battle  at  the  Sambre  (Sabis)  :  First  Phase 

Book  II,  18-22  To  face  page  164 


SCALE  OF  ENGLISH  MILES 


SCALE  OF  ROMAN  I 


EXPLANATION 

Caesar's  army,  approaching  the  Sambre  from  the  north,  started  to  make  a  camp 
on  a  hill  overlooking  the  river.  The  Belgian  forces,  comprising  Nervians,  Viro- 
manduans,  and  Atrebatians,  were  lying  in  wait  on  the  south  side. 

Supposing  that  each  legion  would  be  followed  by  its  baggage  train,  the  Bel- 
gians had  planned  to  attack  the  first  legion  and  destroy  it  before  the  others  could 
come  to  the  rescue,  and  in  like  manner  to  destroy  the  others  one  by  one.  Caesar, 
however,  had  placed  six  legions  in  light  marching  order  first,  then  all  the  bag- 
gage, and  two  legions  last,  the  XIIP^^  and  XlV^i^;  he  sent  cavalry,  bowmen,  and 
slingers  in  advarice  of  the  main  column. 

When  the  baggage  train  came  into  view,  the  Belgians  hurled  back  the  cavalry, 
bowmen,  and  slingers,  rushed  across  the  river  and  charged  up  the  hill. 

A.  The  Roman  camp  (chap.  18,  11.  1-7),  with  six  legions  forming  in  front. 

B.  The  camp  of  the  Belgians  (chap.  26,  11.  10-12). 


11,  20]  Campaign  against  the  Belgians  165 

celeritate  ad  flumen  decucurrerunt,  ut  paene  uno  tempore 
et  ad  silvas  et  in  flumine  et  iam  in  manibus  nostris  hostes 
viderentur.  Eadem  autem  celeritate  advers5  colle  ad 
nostra  castra  atque  eos,  qui  in  opere  occupati  erant,  con- 
tenderunt.  25 

Discipline  and  training  enable  the  soldiers  to  meet  the  emergency 

20.  Caesarl  omnia  uno  tempore  erant  agenda :  vexil- 
lum  proponendum,  quod  erat  insigne,  cum  ad  arma  con- 
curri  oporteret ;  signum  tuba  dandum  ;  ab  opere  revocandi 
milites ;    qui  paul5  longius  aggeris  petendi  causa  pr5ces- 


1 


Figure  84.  —  Roman  trumpet,  tuba. 


21.  dgcucurrerunt :  <they  ran  down'  the  sloping  ground  between 
the  edge  of  the  forest  and  the  river.  ut :  'so  that/  tempore: 
'  instant.' 

22.  ad  silvas :  '  near  the  woods,'  whence  they  had  just  emerged 
in  manibus  nostris  :  in  our  idiom,  '  upon  us  ' ;  how  lit.  ? 

23.  adverse  colle  .  .  .  contenderunt :  '  dashed  up  the  hill '  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Sambre.  The  Belgians  may  have  covered  the  distance 
between  the  woods  on  the  south  side  of  the  Sambre  and  the  site  of  the 
Roman  camp  in  ten  minutes ;  the  distance  is  about  two-thirds  of  an 
English  mile. 

24.  occupati:  'engaged.'     148,c. 

20.  I.  Caesari:  emphatic,  hence  placed  at  the  beginning.  110^ 
and  229y  c.         vexillum  :  '  the  flag.'     5^4,  b,  3,  and  Fig.  149. 

2.  proponendum,  dandum,  revocandi,  etc. :  so.  erat,  erant. 
229,  c.         ad  arma  concurri:   Mo  arm.'     How  lit.?     7S,d. 

3.  tuba:  ' with  the  trumpet ' ;  the  signal  was  to  "fall  in."  326, 
a,  (i).  Fig.  84.  opere  chap.  19,  1.  14  and  N.  revocandi 
[erant]  :  '  had  to  be  recalled.' 

4.  qui :  as  antecedent  sc.  el  {milites),  subject  of  arcessendi  {erant^. 


166  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  57 

sserant,  arcessendi;  acies  instruenda,  milites  cohortandi, 
signum  dandum.  Quarum  rerum  magnam  partem  tern- 
poris  brevitas  et  incursus  hostium  impediebat. 

His  difficultatibus  duae  res  erant  subsidia,  scientia  atque 
usus   militum,  quod   superioribus  proelils  exercitati,  quid 

10  fieri  oporteret,  non  minus  commode  ipsi  sibi  praescribere, 
quam  ab  aliis  doceri  poterant,  et  quod  ab  opere  singulisque 
legi5nibus  singulos  legates  Caesar  discedere,  nisi  munitis 
castris,  vetuerat.  Hi  propter  propinquitatem  et  celeritatem 
hostium  nihil   iam   Caesaris   imperium   exspectabant,  sed 

15  per  se,  quae  videbantur,  administrabant. 

paul6  longius:  <a  little  further' than  usual.     I40.        aggeris  :  <  ma- 
teriaP  for  the  rampart,  in  this  case  probably  wood.     230,  (i). 

5.  arcessendi  [erant]  :  '  had  to  be  sent  for.'  cohortandi  [erant]  : 
N  to  1,25,1.  3. 

6.  signum  dandum  [erat]  :  *  the  signal '  for  battle  '  had  to  be 
given.'    326,  c.         Quarum:  i<?7. 

7.  brevitas  :  *  the  shortness.'  incursus  :  <  the  onrush.'  im- 
pedigbat:  /75,  a. 

8.  His  .  .  .  subsidid :  *  Two  things  served  to  offset  these  disad- 
vantages,' explained  by  scientia  .  .  .  poterant  and  qiwdab  opere  .  .  . 
vetuerat.     Howht.?     112,  b. 

10.  oporteret:  201^,  (2).  n6n  minus,  etc.:  'they  were  able 
(themselves)  to  determine  for  themselves  .  .  .  just  as  fitly  as  others  could 
instruct  them.'  How  lit.  ?  ipsI :  agrees  with  the  subject  of /^/^r^;//, 
but  need  not  be  translated. 

11.  quod,  etc:  'the  fact  that  Caesar  had  forbidden  the  several  lieu- 
tenants to  leave  the  work  and  their  respective  legions.'  How  lit.? 
198,  b. 

12.  dlsoidere:  200,  b,  nisi  manltis  castris:  'only  after  the 
fortifying  of  the  camp  had  been  completed.' 

14.  nihil :  adverbial  accusative.     118,  c. 

15.  per  s6:  *  on  their  own  responsibility.'  quae  vidfibantur : 
i.e.  quae  videbantur  administranda,  ♦  were  taking  (the  measures)  which 
the  situation  seemed  to  require.'  How  lit.  ?  These  veterans  knew  what 
to  do,  when  they  saw  the  enemy  coming,  and  did  not  lose  their 
heads. 


II,  21]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  167 

Tliey  form  hurriedly  ;   under  Caesar'' s  encouragement  they  Jight 
desperately,  against  great  odds. 

21.  Caesar,  necessariis  rebus  imperatis,  ad  cohortandos  . 
milites,  quam  in  partem  fors  obtulit,  decucurrit  et  ad 
legionem  decimam  devenit.  Milites  non  longiore  oratione 
cohortatus,  quam  uti  suae  pristinae  virtutis  memoriam  re- 
tinerent  neu  perturbarentur  animo,  hostiumque  impetums 
fortiter  sustinerent,  quod  non  longius  hostes  aberant,  quam 
quo  telum  adigi  posset,  proelii  committendi  signum  dedit. 
Atque  in  alteram  partem  item  cohortandi  causa  profectus 
pugnantibus  occurrit. 

Temporis  tanta  f  uit  exiguitas   hostiumque  tam  paratus  lo 

21.  I.  necessariis  rebus  imperatis:  'having  given  (only)  the 
indispensable  orders.' 

2.  quam  in  partem  :  =  in  earn  partem,  in  qua?n ;  vi'iXh  fors  obtulil, 
'  where  chance  led,'  a  statement  introduced  to  explain  why  Caesar  came 
first  to  the  tenth  legion,  which,  as  the  most  experienced,  had  least  need 
of  the  general's  presence.  69,  b.  decucurrit :  Caesar  was  perhaps 
near  the  northeast  corner  of  the  camp  (Map  6,  A)  when  he  started  to 
rush  down  the  slope  to  where  the  troops  were  forming. 

4.  utI  .  .  .  sustinerent :  substantive  clauses  giving  the  gist  of  the 
words  of  exhortation.     199,  a. 

5.  neu  perturbarentur  animo:  we  should  say  'and  keep  cool.' 
How  lit.  ?     142,  a,  and  199,  d. 

6.  quod  .  .  .  aberant :  gives  the  reason  for  signufn  dedit.  quam 
quo :  '  than  (the  distance)  to  which.'  19 Jf.,  b.  -B.  283,  2,  ^  ;  A.  571,  a ; 
H.  570,  I. 

7.  adigi :  '  be  thrown.'         signum  :  n.  to  chap.  20,  1.  6. 

8.  alteram  partem:  'another  part'  of  the  hastily  formed  line; 
apparently  Caesar  went  across  to  the  right  wing,  where  the  seventh  and 
twelfth  legions  were.  See  Map  6.  profectus  :  principal  parts  of 
proficiscor  and  proficid  f 

9.  pugnantibus  occurrit :  '  he  found  (the  men  already)  fighting.' 
107,  a,  and  175,  b. 

10.  Temporis  .  .  .  exiguitas:  'So  short  was  the  time.'  How  lit.? 
hostium  :  dependent  on  animus.     , 


168 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  67 


ad  dimicandum  animus,  ut  non  modo  ad  insignia  accommo- 
danda,  sed  etiam  ad  galeas  induendas  scutisque  tegimenta 
detrahenda  tempus  defuerit.  Quam  quisque  ab  opere  in 
partem  casu  devenit  quaeque  prima  signa  conspexit,  ad 
IS  haed  cdnstitit,  ne  in  quaerendls  suis  pugnandi  tempus 
dimitteret. 

22.  Instructo  exercitu,  magis  ut  loci  natura  deiectusque 
collis  et  necessitas  temporis,  quam  ut  rei  militaris  ratio 
atque  ordo  postulabat,  cum  diversae  legiones  aliae  alia  in 
parte  hostibus  resisterent,  saepibusque  densissimis,  ut  ante 

II.  ad  Insignia  accommodanda  :  '■  for  fitting  on  their  decorations,' 
particularly  the  crests,  which  were  taken  off  from  the  helmets  on  the 
march.  In  battle  it  was  important  that  the  crests 
be  in  place,  for  by  differences  of  these  in  form 
and  color  the  different  legions  and  cohorts  could 
be  distinguished  (Fig.  85). 

12.  ad  galeSis  induendSbs  :  'for  putting  on 
their  helmets'  (Fig.  12).  322,  a.  scatis, 
etc. :  '  for  drawing  the  coverings  off  the  shields/ 
which  were  protected  by  coverings  against  mois- 
ture.    121,  a.     B.  214;  A.  401  ;  H.  462. 

13.  Quam,  etc. :  '  Whatever  part  (of  the  line) 
each  (soldier)  chanced  (to  reach  as)  he  came 
down  from  the  trench-work,  (in  that  part  he 
stayed)  and.'    How  lit.? 

14.  quaeque:  =  et  quae',  trans,  as  if  ad 
(*  by ')  haec  sis^na,  quae  prima  conspexit,  const  it  it 

(*he  took  his  stand').  Under  ordinary  circumstances  it  was  a  serious 
offense  for  a  soldier  to  be  found  in  a  maniple  in  which  he  did  not  belong. 
S24.  b,  (2). 

15.   in  quaerendls  Buls  :  sc.  sigttts. 

22.    I.   ut:  <as.'        loci:  'of  the  ground.' 

2.  rel  .  .  .  fird6:  'the  arrangement  approved  by  military  science.' 
How  lit.? 

3.  diversae:  *  separated.'  aliae  alift  in  parte:  fuller  expression 
of  the  thought  in  dnwrsae ;  'one  at  one  point,  another  at  another.' 
171,  c. 

4.  dansissimis:  'very  thick,'     las^a.       ante  :  chap.  17, 11.  13-21. 


Figure  85.  —  Roman 
helmet,  with  crest. 


II,  23]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  169 

demonstravimus,  interiectis  prospectus  impediretur,  nequcs 
certa  subsidia  collocari  neque,  quid  in  quaque  parte  opus 
esset,  provider!,  neque  ab  un5  omnia  imperia  administrarl 
poterant.     Itaque  in  tanta  rerum  iniquitate  fortunae  quoque 
eventus  varii  sequebantur. 

Two  legions  drive  the  Atrebatians  across  the  river,  two  force  back 
the  Viromanduans,  but  two  are  outflanked  by  the  Servians. 

23.  Legi5nis  vim  et  x  mllites,  ut  in  sinistra  parte  aciei 
constiterant,  pills  emissis  cursu  ac  lassitudine  exanimatos 
vulneribusque  confectos  Atrebates  (nam  his  ea  pars  ob- 
venerat)  celeriter  ex  loco  superiore  in  flumen  compulerunt 
et,  transTre  con  antes  insecuti,  gladils  magnam  partem  eorum  s 

5.  prospectus  :  'the  view'  over  the  field  of  battle  (Fig.  82). 

6.  certa  subsidia  collocari  [poterant]  :  '  could  reserves  be  posted 
at  fixed  points ' ;  the  movements  of  the  enemy  were  so  obscured  by  the 
thickets  that  Caesar  could  not  tell  where  reserve  forces  could  be  posted 
to  advantage.  certa:  151.  B.  239;  A.  290  ;  H.  497.  quaque: 
from  qidsque.         opus  esset:   1S2,  b. 

7.  provider!:  sc.  poterat.  iino :  'one  person.'  omnia  im- 
peria .  .   .  administrarl :  '  all  orders  ...  be  given.' 

8.  in  tanta  rerum  iniquitate:  'under  so  disadvantageous  condi- 
tions.'    How  lit.  ?         fortunae  :  dependent  on  eventus. 

9.  gventus  varii :  '  various  issues.' 

23.  I.  vim,  X:  nonae,  decimae.  38,  b.  aciei:  21,  b.  For  the 
position  of  the  legions  see  Map  6. 

2.  pills  emissis  :  '  having  hurled  their  pikes.'  322,  d.  lassitu- 
dine :  '  fatigue,'  resulting  from  the  three-quarter  mile  dash  first  down- 
hill to  the  river,  then  across  the  river,  and  uphill  again  to  the  Roman 
line.         exanimatos  :  'who  were  out  of  breath.'     227,  a,  (i). 

3.  vulneribus  confectos  :  '  disabled  by  wounds,'  referring  to  those 
struck  by  the  pikes.  ea  pars :  the  Roman  left  wing,  which  was  in 
command  of  Labienus.         obvenerat :  '  had  encountered.' 

4.  loco  superiore :  the  Romans,  being  nearer  the  top  of  the  hill, 
were  on  higher  ground.         compulerunt:  'forced.' 

5.  conantSs:  sc.  eos  (^Atrebates),  object  oi  Insecuti. 


170  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  57 

impeditam  interfecerunt.  Ipsi  transire  flumen  non  dubi- 
taverunt  et,  in  locum  inlquum  progress!,  rQrsus  resistentes 
hostes,  redintegrato  proelio,  in  fugam  coniecerunt. 

Item   alia  in  parte  diversae  duae    legiones,    xi  et  viii, 

loprofligatis  Viromanduis,  quibuscum  erant  congressae,   ex 
loco  superiore,  in  ipsis  fluminis  ripis  proeliabantur. 

At  totis  fere  castris  a  fronte  et  a  sinistra  parte  nudatis, 
cum  in  dextro  cornu  legio  xii  et,  non  magna  ab  ea  inter- 
vallo,  VII  c5nstitisset,  omnes  Nervii  confertissimo  agmine 

isduce  Boduognato,    qui  summam  imperil  tenebat,  ad  eum 


6.  impeditam :  by  the  crossing  of  the  river.  Ipsi :  the  soldiers 
of  the  ninth  and  tenth  legions.         transire  :  201,  b. 

y.  locum  inlquum:  the  'ground'  south  of  the  Sambre,  sloping 
back  from  the  river  and  in  part  covered  with  woods ;  Map  7. 

8.  hostes:  oh]Qc\.  oi  contecerimt .  redintegrato  proelio  :  'they 
(the  Romans)  renewed  the  battle  and.'     144y  b,  (2). 

9.  alia  in  parte :  the  Roman  center,  in  front  of  the  camp.  See 
Map  7.  diversae  :  '  in  different  places ' ;  not,  as  ordinarily,  forming 
a  continuous  line. 

10.  prOfllgfttls  Viromanduis  :  'having  driven  the  Viromanduans.' 
quibuscum:   125,  c.         erant  congressae:  57,  c. 

11.  proeliabantur  :<  were  continuing  the  battle.'     175,  a. 

12.  a:  120,  b.  nudatis:  not  only  the  8th  and  nth  legions  in 
front,  but  the  9th  and  loth  legions  on  the  left  of  tlie  camp,  had  aban- 
doned their  positions  to  pursue  the  enemy,  leaving  the  camp  '  unpro- 
tected' except  on  the  right,  where  the  12th  and  7th  legions  stood. 

13.  cum:  'since.'  lS4,a.  Xll:  duodecima.  non:  Wiihmagfid. 
239,  g.         Intervail6:   138. 

14.  VII:  (Jegio)  septima.  constitisset :  why  singular?  omnSs 
Nervll:  their  fighting  force  was  estimated  by  the  Remi  at  50,000 
(chap.  4,  1.  25),  but  was  later  reported  as  60,000  (chap.  28,  1.  8). 
odnfertissimO  agmine :  a  mass  formation,  like  that  of  the  Helvetians 
(1,24,1.  12);  called  'column,'  agmen,  rather  than  *  battle-line,'  acies^ 
because  it  was  still  advancing,  not  yet  having  divided  in  order  to 
deliver  the  attack  at  two  points. 

15.  duce  BoduognatC:  'led  by  Boduognatus.'  How  lit.?  i4^ 
^,(2).         summam  imperil:  ' the  supreme  command.' 


II,  24]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  171 

locum  contenderunt ;  quorum  pars  ab  aperto  latere  legiones 
circumvenire,  pars  summum  castrorum  locum  petere  coepit. 

The  Roman  camp  is  taken;  seeiningly  all  is  lost. 

24.  Eodem  tempore  equites  nostrl  levisque  armaturae 
pedites,  qui  cum  eis  una  fuerant,  qu5s  primo  hostium 
impetu  pulsos  dixeram,  cum  se  in  castra  reciperent,  adversis 


Figure  86.  —  Open  ground  along  the  Sambre,  over  which  the  Nervians 
advanced ;  looking  toward  the  site  of  Caesar's  Camp,  now  in  part 
covered  by  woods. 

i6.  ab  aperto  latere;  'on  the  exposed  flank,'  the  right  flank. 
legiones  :  the  yth  and  I2th. 

17.  summum  castrorum  locum:  'the  height  on  which  the  camp 
was.'     How  lit.? 

24.  I.  levis  armaturae  pedites:  slingers  and  bowmen  (chap. 
19, 1.  8). 

2.  cum  eis  una:  'along  with  them,'  the  cavalry. 

3.  dixeram:  chap.  19,  11.  15-23.  reciperent,  respexissent 
(1.  7):  force  of  re-?  79,  d.  adversis,  etc.:  'were  meeting  the 
enemy  face  to  face'  i07,  a.  The  Nervians  came  up  so  rapidly  that  they 
were  already  entering  the  Roman  camp  at  the  time  when  Caesar's  cav- 
alry and  light-armed  troops,  which  had  been  routed  on  the  other  side 


172  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  57 

hostibus  occurrebant  ac  rursus  aliam  in  partem  fugam  pete- 
5  bant ;  et  calones,  qui  ab  decumana  porta  ac  summo  iugo 
collis  nostras  victdres  flumen  transisse  conspexerant,  prae- 
dandi  causa  egressi,  cum  respexissent  et  hostes  in  nostris 
castris  versarl  vidissent,  praecipites  fugae  sese  mandabant. 
Simul  eorum,  qui  cum  impedimentis  veniebant,  clamor 
lo  fremitusque  oriebatur,  aliique  aliam  in  partem  perterriti 
ferebantur. 

Quibus  omnibus  rebus  permoti,  equites  Treverl,  qudrum 

inter  Gall5s  virtutis  opinio  est  singularis,  qui  auxilii  causa 

a  civitate  ad    Caesarem   missi  venerant,  cum  multitudine 

ishostium  castra  nostra  compleri,  legiones  premi  et  paene 

of  the  Sambre,  were  just  coming  back  to  it  again.     The  descriptive  force 
of  the  imperfects  in  this  chapter  adds  to  the  vividness  of  the  picture. 

5.  oftldnfis:  'camp-servants,'  chiefly,  we  may  assume,  servants  of 
officers.  ab  decumani  ports :  '  at  the  rear  gate '  of  the  camp, 
which,  since  the  hill  sloped  toward  the  river,  was  on  the  highest  part 
of  the  hill.     Map  7,  C,  C.     334,  a. 

6.  noBtrds :  the  9th  and  loth  legions.  praedandl,  etc.:  they 
were  leaving  the  camp  by  the  rear  gate  to  hunt  for  plunder. 

7.  hoBtis  .  .  .  versarl:  '  that  the  enemy  were  moving  about.' 

8.  praecipites:  *  precipitately.'     151.     B.  239;  A.  290;  H.  497. 

9.  e5rum,  qui:  the  drivers  of  the  baggage-train,  just  coming  up; 
behind  it  were  the  13th  and  14th  legions  bringing  up  the  rear.  See 
Map  7.         clamor:  'shouting.' 

10.  fremitus:  'hubbub.'  oiiBh&tur  :  61  ^d,  and  17  3y  a.  '  alii- 
que, etc. :  *  some  in  one  direction,  others  in  another.'    171y  c. 

11.  ferebantur:  'were  rushing.'     174.     B.  256,  i  ;  H.  517. 

13.  virtfltls  opinid :  '  reputation  for  courage ' ;  meant  of  the  Tre- 
veri  as  a  whole,  not  merely  of  the  cavalry.  siuguiaris  :  '  extraordi- 
nary.' The  implication  is  that  the  Treveran  horsemen  went  away  not 
by  reason  of  cowardice  but  because  they  thought  the  day  hopelessly 
lost.  auxilii,  etc. :  Caesar  must  have  made  an  agreement  with  the 
Treveri  before  starting  on  this  campaign. 

14.  olvitate:  personified,  hence  with  a.  126^  a,  cum  .  .  .  vl 
dissent :   1H6,  c. 

15.  lesidnis:  the  7th  and  12th  ;  see  Map  7. 


MAP  7 

The  Battle  at  the  Sambre  (Sabis)  :  Second  Phase 

Book  II,  23-27  To  face  page  172 


SCALE  OF  ENGLtSH  MILES 


SCALE  OF  ROMAN  MILES 


EXPLANATION 

The  Atrebatians,  having  crossed  the  river,  were  throw^n  back  by  the  IX'^  and 
X*'^  legions,  and  fled  through  the  woods  east  of  the  Belgian  camp.  The  IX^^  and 
X*'^  legions  entered  the  Belgian  camp  (B),  which  was  on  a  hill. 

In  like  manner  the  XI^^  and  VIII'*^  legions  routed  the  Viromanduans  and 
crossed  to  the  south  side  of  the  river  in  pursuit. 

Of  the  Nervians,  one  division  (D)  made  for  the  Roman  camp  (A)  and  entered 
it ;  the  cavalry,  bowmen,  and  slingers  that  had  taken  refuge  there  fled  precipi- 
tately (C).  Other  divisions  (E,  F)  started  to  surround  the  VII'^^  and  XU^^ 
legions,  which  by  Caesar's  order  took  up  a  position  rear  to  rear. 

Hearing  the  noise  of  battle  the  baggage  train  halted,  and  the  XIIP^  and 
XlV^h  legions  hastened  to  the  scene. 

Caesar  rushed  into  the  front  rank,  and  saved  the  day. 


II,  25]  Campaign  against  the  Belgians  173 

circumventas  tenerl,  calones,  equites,  funditores,  Numidas 
diversos  dissipatosque  in  omnes  partes  fugere  vidissent, 
desperatis  nostris  rebus,  domum  contenderunt ;  Romanos 
pulsos  superatosque,  castrls  impedimentisque  e5rum  hostes 
potitos,  civitati  renuntiaverunt.  20 

Caesar  rushes  into  the  fight,  calls  centurions  by  name,  directs 
the  formation  of  a  double  front. 

25.  Caesar  ab  x  legionis  cohortatione  ad  dextrum  cornu 
profectus,  ubi  suos  urgerl  signisque  in  unum  locum  collatis 
XII    legionis  confe'rtos  mllites  sibi  ipsos  ad   pugnam  esse 

17.  diversos  dissipatosque  :  'separated,'  one  body  of  troops  from 
another,  '  and  scattered.' 

18.  desperatis,  etc. :  'despairing  of  our  victory.'     144i  ^1  (S)* 

19.  pulsos,  superatos  :  so.  esse.  castris,  impedimentis  :  after 
potitos  [esse"].     131,  c. 

25.  I.  Caesar,  etc.:  subject  of  a  complex  sentence  which  ends 
with  possent  in  1.  18. 

1-18.  Analysis:  The  paragraph  forms  a  single  complex  sentence.  The 
principal  clause  has  for  its  subject  Caesar,  with  which  the  participles  profectus 
(1.  2)  and  cohortdtus  (1.  i6)  agree;  for  its  predicate  it  has  the  \txh?, processif 
(1.  15),  iussit  (1.  17).  The  leading  subordinate  clause  is  ubi  .  .  .  vidit,  which 
is  so  expanded  by  the  introduction  of  details  that  vtUit\'s>  repeated  (1.  12)  for 
clearness.  These  details  are  expressed  in  part  by  infinitives  with  subject-accu- 
satives dependent  on  vidit,  in  part  by  ablatives  absolute,  and  in  part  by  the 
minor  clauses  ut  .  .  .  posset  (1.  8)  and  quod  .  .  .  posset  (1.  13). 

In  translating,  the  sentence  may  be  broken  up  into  three  or  four  English 
sentences;   most  of  the  ablatives  absolute  are  best  rendered  by  clauses. 

1.  ab  .  .  .  cohortatione  :  =  «(^  decmtd  legione,  qiiam  cohortdtus 
erat.  Caesar's  account  of  his  personal  part  in  this  battle,  which  was 
interrupted  by  his  description  of  the  progress  of  the  fighting  (chaps. 
22-24)   is  here  resumed  from  chap.  21,  11.  1-9.         X:  38,  b,  and  36. 

2.  suosurgeri:  '  that  his  men  were  hard  pressed.'  signis  :  'the 
standards  '  of  the  maniples.     324,  b<,  (2). 

3.  XII:  duodecimae.  The  crowding  together  of  the  soldiers  of  the 
1 2th  legion,  which  exposed  them  all  the  more  to  the  missiles  of  the 
enemy,  and  their  consequent  losses,  were  no  doubt  in  part  due  to  their 


174  Caesar's  Gallic  War  (B.C.  57 

impedimento  vidit,  quartae  cohortis  omnibus  centurionibus 
soccisis  signiferoqiie  interfecto,  signo  amisso,  reliquarum 
cohortium  omnibus  fere  centurionibus  aut  vulneratis  aut 
occisis,  in  his  primipilo  P.  Sexti5  Baculo,  fortissimo  viro, 
multis  gravibusque  vulneribus  confecto,  ut  iam  se  sustinere 
non  posset,  reliquos  esse  tardiores  et  non  nullos  ab  novis- 
losimis,  deserto  loco,  proelio  excedere  ac  tela  vitare,  hostes 
neque  a  fronte  ex  Inferiore  loco  subeuntes  intermittere  et 
ab  utroque    latere  instare  et   rem    esse  in   angusto  vidit, 

lack  of  experience  in  fighting ;  for  this  legion,  raised  in  58  B.C.  (I,  chap. 
10,  1.  10  and  N.),  had  been  in  service  only  a  year.  During  the  battle 
with  the  Helvetians  it  guarded  the  baggage,  having  no  part  in  the  fray. 
sibi  .  .  .  impedimentd :  'were  hindering  one  another  in  fighting.' 
How  lit.?     17S,  und  112,  d. 

4.  quartae  cohortiB :  at  the  front,  perhaps  at  the  end  of  the  first 
line.     387,  a,  and  Fig.  186. 

5.  signiferS:  '  the  standard-bearer.'  Each  cohort  had  three  stand- 
ards, of  which  there  were  thirty  in  the  legion.  Here  the  reference 
probably  is  to  the  standard-bearer  who  carried  the  standard  of  the  first 
maniple  of  the  cohort,  which  was  looked  upon  as  the  standard  of  tlie 
cohort.     824,  b,  (2). 

7.  prImipIlS:  'thefirst  centurion 'of  the  first  cohort,  hence  regarded 
as  the  first  centurion  of  the  legion.     S15,  b. 

8.  multla  gravibusque:  '  many  severe  wounds.'  152,  c.  con- 
feotO  :  '  exhausted ' ;  with  primipilo.  liaculus  did  not  die,  but  lived 
to  establish  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  bravest,  if  not  the  most 
brave,  among  Caesar's  men.         ut :  <.so  that.' 

9.  tardiSrfis  :  '  less  active,'  having  lost  their  initiative.  ab  no- 
vissimls  :  <  in  the  rear  ranks.'     126,  c. 

10.  d6sert5  locO  .  .  .  ezcfidere :  *  had  abandoned  their  position 
and  were  withdrawing.'  How  lit.?  proeliS :  127,  a.  hostSs, 
etc. :  *that  both  in  front  the  enemy  did  not  cease  coming  up  —  and  on 
both  flanks,'  etc. ;  see  Map  7.  The  Nervians  outnumbered  the  men  of 
the  1 2th  and  7th  legions  five  or  six  to  one. 

1 1 .  neque  .  .  .  et :  2SS.  d.  ex  inferifire  locC  :  <  from  the  lower 
ground '  along  the  river. 

12.  rem,  etc.:  'that  matters  had  reached  a  crisis.'  How  lit.? 
154,  ^ 


II,  25]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  175 

neque  uUum  esse  subsidium,  quod  summittl  posset;  scut5 
ab  novissimis  uni  mlliti  detracto,  quod  ipse  eo  sine  scuto 
venerat,  in  primam  aciem  pr5cessit  centuridnibusque  xs 
nominatim  appellatis,  reliquos  cohortatus,  milites  signa  In- 
ferre  et  manipulos  laxare  iussit,  qu5  facilius  gladils  uti 
possent. 


Figure  87.  —  Typical  hedges  near  the  site  of  the  battle  at  the  Sambre. 

13.  subsidium:  'reserve  force';  the  13th  and  14th  legions  were 
not  yet  available,  because  too  far  off.  posset:  194,  a.  B.  283,  2; 
A-  535,  «:;  H.  591,  i.  scuto,  etc.:  'snatching  a  shield  from  a  sol- 
dier in  the  rear  rank.'     How  lit.?     144,  d,  (2). 

14.  uni :  here  '  a,'  weaker  than  '  one ' ;  in  English  "  an  "  and  "  one  " 
were  originally  the  same  word.  23,  a.  militi :  109,  b.  B.  188,  2,  d\ 
A.  381  ;  H.  427.  eo :  adverb.  sine  scuto:  in  battle  even  com- 
manders may  have  carried  shields,  for  protection  in  an  emergency. 

16.  nominatim:  Caesar's  personal  knowledge  of  his  men  was 
always  an  important  factor  in  his  success.  signa  inferre :  'to 
advance.'     S25. 

17.  manipulos  laxare:  'to  open  up  the  ranks,'  we  say;  lit.  'to 
spread   out   the   companies.'        quo:    19S,  b.     Longfellow   in   "The 


176  Caesar's  Gallic  War  fB.c.  57 

Cuius  adventu  spe  illata  militibus  ac  redintegrate  animo, 
20 cum  pro  se  quisque  in  conspectu  imperatoris  etiam  in  ex- 
tremis suis  rebus  operam  navare  cuperet,  paulum  hostium 
impetus  tardatus  est. 

26.  Caesar,  cum  vii  legidnem,  quae  iuxta  c5nstiterat, 
item  urgeri  ab  hoste  vJdisset,  tribunes  militum  monuit,  ut 
paulatim  sese  legiones  coniungerent  et  conversa  signa  in 
hostes  inferrent.  Quo  facto,  cum  aliis  alii  subsidium 
sferrent,  neque  timerent,  ne  aversl  ab  hoste  circumveni- 
rentur,  audacius  resistere  ac  fortius  pugnare  coeperunt. 

Hie  Romans  gain  a  complete  victory,  though  the  enemy  fight 
with  the  courage  of  despair. 

Interim  milites  legionum  duarum,  quae  in  novissim5 
agmine  praesidio  impedimentTs  fuerant,  proelio  nuntiato, 

Courtship  of  Miles  Standish  "  has  portrayed  the  course  of  the  batde  in 
verse : 

He  seized  a  shield  from  a  soldier, 
Put  himself  straight  at  the  head  of  his  troops,  and  commanded  the  captains. 
Calling  on  each  hy  his  name,  to  order  forward  the  ensigns; 
Then  to  widen  the  ranks,  and  make  more  room  for  their  weapons; 
So  he  won  the  day. 

19.  Cuius:  167.        ilUta  :  69,  b.         mllitibua  :  why  dative? 

20.  pr6  s6  quisque  :  170,  b.  in  extrgmis  suls  rfibus  :  *  under 
conditions  of  the  utmost  peril  to  himself.'     How  lit.  } 

21.  operam  nSvare  :  'to  do  his  best.' 

22.  tardatus  est:  *  was  checked.' 

26.  I.  ittxta:  the  7th  legion  was  *near  by'  the  12th,  on  the  right 
wing  ;  see  Map  6. 

2.  vidisset :  186y  c.  ut  .  .  .  Inferrent :  <  that  the  (two)  legions 
gradually  draw  together,  face  about,  and  advance  against  the  enemy.' 
Probably  one  legion  simply  took  up  a  position  behind  the  other,  facing 
in  the  opposite  direction,  so  that  the  rear  of  both  was  secure.     199,  a. 

3.  bonversa  signa  :  S25,  and  228,  a.    B.  337, 2  ;  A.  496,  N.  2  ;  H.  639. 
5.   ferrent :   IS/,,  a.         neque  :  trans,  as  if  <r/  .  .  .  non.        n6  :  20fi. 

ftversi    '  in  the  rear ' ;  the  new  formation  !«?  shown  on  Map  7. 
,   7.   legiOoum  duftrum:  the  13th  and  14th;  see  Map  7. 


II,  27]  Campaign  against  the   Belgians  177 

cursu  incitato  in  summo  colle  ab  hostibus  c5nspiciebantur, 
et  T.  Labienus  castrls  hostium  potitus  et  ex  loco  superiore,  lo 
quae  res  in  nostris  castris  gererentur,  c5nspicatus,  x 
legionem  subsidio  nostris  misit.  Qui  cum  ex  equitum  et 
cal5num  fuga,  qu5  in  loco  res  esset,  quantoque  in  periculc 
et  castra  et  legiones  et  imperator  versaretur,  cognovissent, 
nihil  ad  celeritatem  sibi  reliqui  fecerunt.  15 

27.  H5rum  adventu  tanta  rerum  commutatio  est  facta, 
ut  nostri,  etiam  qui  vulneribus  confecti  procubuissent, 
sciitis  innlxi  proelium  redintegrarent,  calones,  perterritos 
hostes  conspicati,  etiam  inermes  armatis  occurrerent,  equi- 

9.  cursu  incitato  :  '  having  quickened  their  pace ' ;  relation  of  this 
ablative  absolute  to  the  preceding?  summo  colle:  'the  top  of  the 
hill '  back  of  the  Roman  camp.     152,  a. 

10.  castris  :  131,  c.  loco  superiore  :  the  height  on  which  the 
Belgian  camp  was  ;  Map  7,  B.  Hither  Labienus  with  the  9th  and  loth 
legions  had  pursued  the  Atrebates ;  chap.  23,  11.  1-8.  The  probable 
lines  of  flight  and  pursuit  are  indicated  on  Map  7. 

11.  quae:  J^8,  b.  gererentur:  201^,  (2).  conspicatus :  as 
spy-glasses  were  not  yet  invented,  Labienus  saw  with  the  unaided  eye ; 
the  distance  from  camp  to  camp  across  the  valley  was  over  a  mile. 
X :  decimal n. 

12.  subsidio,  nostris:  112,  b.  Qui  cum:  'And  when  they.' 
161 .         Qui :  plural  from  the  idea  of  milites  in  legionem. 

13.  quo  in  loco  res  esset:  'how  matters  stood.'  How  lit.? 
20Jt,  (2).     B.  300,  I  ;  A.  574 ;  H.  649,  n. 

14.  versaretur:  agrees  with  the  nearest  subject;  trans,  'were.' 
i7^,  <^,  and^04,  (3). 

15.  nihil  .  .  .  fScSrunt :  'they  made  the  utmost  possible  speed,' 
more  Ht.  'left  nothing  undone  in  regard  to  speed.'  sibi:  109,  a. 
reliqui :    predicate  genitive. 

27.  2.  qui:  {ei)qut.  procubuissent :' had  sunk  down.'  220. 
B.  324,  i;  A.  593;  H.  652. 

3.  scutis:  ISl,  c.  innixi:  'supporting  themselves.'  redin- 
tegrarent: 197,  b.         perterritos:  predicative. 

4.  inermes  :  with  calones ;  placed,  for  the  sake  of  contrast,  next  to 
armatis;  'unarmed,  rushed  against  armed  (men).' 


178  Caesar's  Gallic  War  Ib.c.57 

stes  vero,  ut  turpitudinem  fugae  virtute  delerent,  omnibus 
in  locis  pugnando  se  legionarils  militibus  praeferrent. 

At  hostes  etiam  in  extrema  spe  salutis  tantam  virtutem 
praestiterunt,  ut,  cum  primi  eorum  cecidissent,  proximi 
iacentibus   insisterent  atque  ex  e5rum  corporibus  pugna- 

lorent;  his  deiectis  et  coacervatis  cadaveribus,  qui  superes- 
sent,  ut  ex  tumulo,  tela  in  nostros  conicerent  et  pila  inter- 
cepta  remitterent ;  ut  non  nequiquam  tantae  virtutis 
homines  iudicari  deberet  ausos  esse  translre  latissimum 
flumen,   ascendere   altissimas   ripas,    subire   iniquissimum 

IS  locum,  quae  facilia  ex  difficillimis  animi  magnitudo 
redegerat. 

5.  v6r5:  236,  a.  turpitudinem:  'disgrace/  d616rent :  'they 
might  wipe  out.'  omnibus,  etc. :  'strove  to  outdo  the  legionaries  at 
all  points  in  fighting.'  As  an  arm  of  the  service  cavalry  was  rated  by 
the  Romans  of  secondary  importance.     309. 

6.  pugnandS:  230,(4).         militibus:   107,  d. 

7.  etiam,  etc. :  'even  in  utter  despair  of  safety.' 

8.  prlmi  eorum:  'their  foremost  ranks.'     How  lit.  .^     154,  a. 

9.  iacentibus  Insisterent :' mounted  upon  the  fallen.'  227,  a,  (4). 
ez :   12f),  c. 

10.  coacervatis  cad&veribus :  'when  their  bodies  had  been 
heaped '  on  those  of  the  Nervians  that  had  first  fallen.  qui :  as  ante- 
cedent supply  el,  subject  of  conicerent.        superessent :  220. 

11.  ut  ex  tumuld  :  '  as  from  a  mound.'  conicerent :  '  continued 
to  hurl.'  plla  intercepta  remitterent :  '  picked  up  and  threw  back 
the  pikes,'  though  these  could  be  of  little  value  as  weapons ;  cf.  n.  to  I, 
25,  1.  9.  •  conicerent,  remitterent:  in  the  same  construction  as 
Insisterent,  pugndrent.     197,  b. 

12.  ut,  etc.:  a  result  clause,  presenting  Caesar's  conclusion;  'so 
that  it  ought  not  to  be  thought  that  men  of  so  great  valor  in  vain 
dared,'  etc. ;  they  fought  in  a  manner  worthy  of  their  heroic  advance. 

13.  ausOsesse:  {i2.        latissimum:  Fig.  88.     153,  a. 

14.  altissimfts  :  the  banks  are  steep  where  the  Nervians  crossed. 

15.  quae  :  '  things  (referring  to  the  actions  expressed  in  the  preced- 
ing infinitives)  which,  in  themselves  most  difficult,  their  heroic  courage 
had  made  easy.'     How  lit.?        facilia:  115,  b. 


II,  28]  Campaign  against  the  Belgians  179 

Caesar  spares  the  remnant  of  the  Nervians. 

28.  H5cproelio  fact5,  et  prope  ad  internecionem  gente 
ac  nomine  Nerviorum  redacto,  maiores  natu,  quos  una  cum 
pueris  mulieribusque  in  aestuaria  ac  paludes  coniectos 
dixeramus,  hac  pugna  nuntiata,  cum  victoribus  nihil  im- 
peditum,  victis  nihil  tutum  arbitrarentur,  omnium,  quis 
supererant,  consensu  legates  ad  Caesarem  miserunt  seque 
ei  dediderunt ;  et  in  commemoranda  civitatis  calamitate,  ex 


Figure  88.  —  View  on  the  Sambre,  near  the  site  of  the  battle. 

28.  I .  Hoc  proelio  facto  :  '  Now  that  this  battle  was  over.'  How 
lit.?  internecionem:  'utter  destruction.'  Six  years  later,  how- 
ever, the  Nervians  were  expected  to  send  a  force  of  6ooo  warriors  to 
Alesia  (VII,  75,  1.  14).         gente:  <  stock.' 

2*.    maiorgs  natu,  pueris:   Notes  to  chap.  13,  1.  7  and  1.  11. 

3.  aestuaria  :  here  '  tidal  marshes,'  surrounded  by  salt  water  at  high 
tide.         paludes:  'swamps,'        coniectos:  89,  c. 

4.  dixeramus:  chap.  16,  11.  8-10.  cum:  i54,  a.  nihil  im- 
peditum  :  '  that  there  was  nothing  to  oppose.'     How  lit.  ? 

5.  victis  :  227,  a,  (4).  nihil  tdtum  :  '  no  safety,'  we  should  say. 
omnium  :  masculine,  dependent  on  consensu. 


180  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  67 

DC  ad  tres  senatores,  ex  hominum  milibus  lx  vix  ad  d,  qui 
arma  ferre  possent,  sese  redactos  esse  dixerunt. 

Quos  Caesar,  ut  in  miseros  ac  supplices  usus  miseri- 
cordia  videretur,  diligentissime  conservavit  suTsque  finibus 
atque  oppidls  uti  iussit  et  finitimis  imperavit,  ut  ab  iniuria 
et  maleficio  se  suosque  prohiberent. 

Capture  of  the  Stronghold  of  the  Atuatuci.    29-33 

The  Atuatuci  gather  in  one  stronghold, 

29.  Atuatuci,  de  quibus  supra  scripsimus,  cum  omnibus 
copils  auxilio  Nerviis  venirent,  hac  pugna  nuntiata,  ex  itinere 
domum  reverterunt;  cunctis  oppidis  castellisque  desertis, 
sua  omnia  in  unum  oppidiim,  egregie  natura  munitum,  con- 

8.  DC:  sescentfs  {senatoribus').  Reckoning  the  Nervian  army  at 
6o,ocx)  (10,000  more  than  the  Remi  reported,  chap.  4,  1.  25),  600  setid- 
tores  would  average  one  to  every  100  men.  It  is  possible,  therefore, 
that  the  Latin  word  senator  is  here  applied  to  a  leader  of  a  hundred ; 
and  this  suggestion  seems  to  be  confirmed  by  the  losses  of  the  senatores 
in  battle.  D :  qulngentos^  modified  by  vix,  '  barely.'  Exaggeration 
on  the  part  of  the  suppliants  was  to  be  expected.  qui  .  .  .  possent : 
subjunctive  in  the  direct  form.     19J^<,  a. 

10.  in:  <  toward.'  flsus  :  sc.  esse.  221,  b.  B.  328,  2  ;  A.  582; 
H.  612,1.         misericordi&  :  <  compassion  ' ;  cf.  chap.  14, 1.  11.     131,  c. 

12.  ut,  etc.:  199,  a.  iniflria  et  malefici5 :  'wrong-doing  and 
ill-treatment '  of  the  weak  remnant  of  the  Nervians. 

29.  I .  supra :  chap.  16,  11.  7-8.  cum :  186,  c.  omnibus 
odpils  :  19,000  men,  if  they  reached  the  estimate  of  the  Remi  (chap.  4, 
1.  29).     /,%',  b.     B.  220,  I  ;  A.  412  ;   H.  473,  3. 

2.  auxillS  Nerviis  :  112, b.        ex  itinere:  see  Vocab.,  undei  iter. 

3.  castellls:  'fortresses';  small  fortified  places,  perhaps  occupied 
only  in  time  of  danger. 

4.  oppidum :  '  stronghold,'  like  that  of  the  Bellovaci ;  see  n.  to 
chap.  13, 1.  5.  This  stronghold  is  by  some  located  on  the  hill  where 
now  the  citadel  of  Namur  is,  at  the  junction  of  the  Meuse  and  the 
Sambre  and  across  the  Sambre  from  the  city  of  Namur ;  see  Map  8. 
Others,  considering  the  hill  at  Namur  too  small,  prefer,  as  the  site  of 
the  stronghold,  the  hill  of  Falhize,  which  lies  on  the  north  bank  of  the 


MAP  8 
Operations  against  the  Stronghold  of  the  Atuatuci 
Book  II,  29-33  To  face  page  180 


SCALE  OP  ENGLISH  MILES 


SCALE  OF  ROMAN  MILES 


EXPLANATION 

The  Atuatuci  abandoned  their  towns  and  gathered  in  a  stronghold  protected 
by  steep  cliffs  except  on  one  side,  where  there  was  an  easy  approach  not  more 
than  200  Roman  feet  wide. 

Caesar  blockaded  the  stronghold  with  a  rampart  and  redoubts.  Afterwards  he 
ran  an  embankment  up  the  inclined  approach,  and  made  ready  to  attack. 

A.  Jncline  along  which  Caesar-constructed  his  siege  embankment,  agger. 

B.  General's  gate,  porta  praetoria,  of  Caesar's  camp. 

C.  Upper  end  of  the  inclined  approach,  fortified  with  a  double  wall  (chap. 
29,  11.  8-10)  and  moat  (chap.  32,  11.  9,  10). 

D-D.    Rampart,  vallum  (chap.  30,  1.  3). 
E-E.    Redoubts,  castella  (chap.  30, 1.  4). 


II,  29]  Campaign  against  the  Belgians  181 

tulerunt  Quod  cum  ex  omnibus  in  circuitu  partibus  altis  s 
simas  rupes  deiectusque  haberet,  una  ex  parte  leniter 
accllvis  aditus  in  latitudinem  non  amplius  ducentorum 
pedum  relinquebatur ;  quem  locum  duplici  altissimo  muro 
munierant ;  tum  magni  ponderis  saxa  et  praeacutas  trabes 
in  muro  collocabant.  lo 

Ipsi  erant  ex  Cimbris  Teutonisque  prognati,  qui,  cum 
iter  in  provinciam  nostram  atque  Italiam  facerent,  eis  im- 
pedimentls,  quae  secum  agere  ac  portare  non  poterant, 
citra  flumen  Rhenum  depositis,  custodiam  ex  suis  ac  prae- 
sidium  vi  milia  hominum  una  reliquerunt.  Hi  post  eorum  is 
obitum  multos  annos  a  finitimis  exagitati,  cum  alias  bel- 

Meuse,  opposite  the  town  of  Huy,  19  miles  below  Namur.         egregig : 
'admirably.' 

5.  Quod  cum:  'And  although  this.'  187,  3.nd  167.  ex,  etc.: 
'  on  all  sides  round  about.'     How  lit.  ? 

6.  rupes:  'cliffs.'  15,  d.  leniter  accllvis  :  '  gently  rising.'  If 
the  stronghold  was  on  the  hill  across  from  Namur,  this  narrow  'ap- 
proach '  was  on  the  southwest  side. 

8.  pedum:  the  case  is  not  influenced  by  amplius.  100,  a,  and 
129,  b.         duplici:  'double.'     26,  a. 

9.  ponderis  :  100,  a.  praeacutas  trabes  :  '  beams  sharpened 
at  the  ends.'     17,  c. 

10.  in:  'on.'  collocabant:  'they  were  placing,'  at  the  time 
{tuin)  when  Caesar  came  up ;  the  change  of  tense  from  the  pluperfect 
(jnunierant)  is  to  be  noted. 

11.  Cimbris  Teutonisque,  etc.:  see  N.  to  I,  chap.  33,  1.  17. 
prognati:  'descended.'     128,  b. 

12.  provinciam:  290.  impedimentis :  'cattle  and  goods'; 
the  use  in  1.  13  of  agere,  'drive,'  with  portare,  shows  that  cattle  as 
well  as  portable  possessions  are  here  included. 

14.  citra :  on  the  west  side.  depositis  :  with  i?npedifnentis. 
ciistodiam  :  'as  a  guard'  of  the  impedimenta.  115,  a.  ex  suis: 
i.e.  sex  milia  hominum  ex  suis.     97,  d.        praesidium  :  '  as  a  garrison.' 

15.  Hi:  the  6000  Atuatuci.  eorum:  the  great  host  of  the  Cim- 
brians  and  Teutons. 

16.  obitum:    'destruction,'  at  Aquae  Sextiae  in   102  B.C.  and  at 


182 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  67 


lum  Tnferrent,  alias  illatum  defenderent,  consensu  eorum 
omnium  pace  facta,  hunc  sibi  domicilio  locum  delegerunt. 

Caesar  besieges  it  ;   the  Atuatuci  ridicule  the  siege-works. 

30.   Ac  primo  adventu  exercitus   nostri  crebras  ex  op- 
pido  excursiones  faciebant  parvulisque  proeliis  cum  nostris 
contendebant ;  postea  vallo  pedum  xii,  in  circuitu  xv  mi- 
lium  crebrisque   castellis   circummuniti  oppido  sese  con- 
5  tinebant. 

Ubi,  vineis  actis,  aggere  exstructo,  turrim  procul  constitui 
viderunt,  primum  irrldere  ex  muro  atque  increpitare  voci- 


harassed.^ 


alias 


alits ; 


nium 


Vercellae  in  loi  B.C.        ezagitfttl 
*  sometimes  .  .  .  sometimes.' 

17.   illatum:  sc.  bellum;   'were  repelling  attack.'        eorum  om- 
of  them  all,'  including  the  Atuatuci  and  their  neighbors. 

18.  domicilio  :  ii;^,«.  locum: 
•district'  (Fig.  89). 

30.  I.  primo  adventu  :  i.e. /rfw^ 
post  advent um  temporey  '  Immediately 
after  the  arrival.'     i47,  b. 

2.   excursiones  :   '  sallies.'      par- 


Figure  89.  —  Coin  of  the  Atuatuci. 

Bronze.    Obverse,  a  design  suggest- 
Injf  the    heads   of    snakes. 
hors«:  inscription,  AVAvciA 


skirmishes.'     How 


vulis  proeliis 

lit.?     76,^. 
Reverse,         3.   vftUS,  castellis  :  these  formed 

the  line  of  contravallation  ;  see  Map  8. 
It  has  been  thought  strange  that,  if  the  site  of  the  stronghold  was 
opposite  Namur,  or  at  Falhize,  no  mention  in  this  description  is  made 
of  the  Sambre  or  the  Meuse.  The  brow  of  the  hill  on  which  the 
stronghold  stood  was  so  steep  and  high  that  perhaps  the  rivers 
hardly  entered  into  Caesar's  calculations  in  planning  the  contravalla- 
tion. pedum  XII :  in  height.  5A',  b,  and  100,  a.  XV  milium : 
sc.  pedum,  though  Caesar  in  such  cases  elsewhere  has  passuum.  A 
circuit  of  three  Roman  miles  seems  to  satisfy  the  conditions.  24s,  b. 
4.    oircummQuItl :  *  closed  in.'     How  lit.?        oppido:  lSl,a. 

6.  vluels  ftctis :  34s,  a.         aggere  exstriicto  :    '  (and)  after  an 
embankment  had  been  built  up.'     341.         turrim:  14,  /;,  and  S42,  b. 

7.  irrldfire:  'they  (the  Atuatuci)  scoffed.'      1S2.        increpitare 
v6cibu» :  *made  taunting  remarks.'     How  lit.  ?     ISS,  and  ISl,  a. 


II,  30] 


Campaign  against  the   Belgians 


183 


bus,  quod  tanta  machinatio  a  tanto  spatio  institueretur : 
Quibusnatn  manibus  aut  quibus  viribiis,  praesertim  homines 
tantulae  staturae  (nam  plerumque  omnibus  Gallis  prae  lo 
magnitudine  corporum  suorum  brevitas  nostra  contemptui 
est)  tantl  oneris  tnrriin  in  muro  sese  collocdre  posse  confide- 
rent  ? 


Figure  90.  — Site  of  the  stronghold  at  Namur. 
Caesar's  camp  was  probably  on  the  hill  at  the  left. 


8.  quod,  etc. :  '  because  (as  they  said)  so  big  an  engine,'  etc.  21 4-,  b. 
B.  286,  I  ;  A.  592,  3  ;  H.  588,  ii.  a  tanto  spatio  :  ^  so  far  off'  ;  i.e., 
*at'  (lit.  'from')  'so  great  a  distance.'     Cf.  N.  to  chap.  7,  1.  10. 

9.  Quibusnam  .  .  .  confiderent :  213^  b,  and  212,  c,  (6).  Qui- 
busnam  :  Jf.8,  c.  viribus  :  18,  a.  homines,  etc. :  contemptuous, 
'  (being)    men   of  so   small   size,'    '  such    little    chaps.'      91,   b,    and 


10.  nam  .  .  .  est :  21Jt,  c.  Gallis,  contemptui :  both  datives, 
but  trans.  *  held  in  contempt  by  the  Gauls.'     How  lit.  ? 

12.  oneris:  'weight.'  lS,e.  The  Atuatuci  seem  to  have  thought 
that  the  Romans  would  have  to  pick  up  the  tower  in  order  to  move  it. 
cSnfiderent:  217,  a.     B.  315,  i  ;  A.  586;  H.  642,  3. 


184  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  67 

Frightened  by  the  approach  of  the  moveable  tower,  they  sue 
for  peace;   they  secretly  keep  back  arms. 

3L  Ubi  vero  moveri  et  appropinquare  moenibus  vide- 
runt,  nova  atque  inusitata  specie  commoti,  legates  ad 
Caesarem  de  pace  miserunt,  qui,  ad  hunc  modum  locuti, 

Non  se  existimdre,  Romdnos  sine  ope  deomm  belliiiH 
5  gererey  qui  tantae  altitudmis  mdchindtiones  tantd  celeritdte 
promovere  possent^  se  siiaque  omnia  eorum  potestdti  per- 
mittere  dixerunt ; 

Unum  petere  ac  deprecdri :  si  forte  pro  sua  dementia  ac 

mdnsuetudiney  quam  ipsl  ab  alits  audirent^  statuisset,  Atua- 

lo  tncos  esse  conservandds^  ne  se  armls  despolidret.     Sibi  omnes 

fere  flnitimos  esse  inimicos  ac  suae  virtuti  invidere ;  a  qui- 

bus  se  defendere,  trdditls  annis,  non  possent. 

Sibi  praestdre,  si  in  eum  cdsmn  deducerentur^  quamvis 


31.  I.  movBrl, etc. :  sc.iurrim.  moenibus:  105.  vld6runt: 
Atuatuci. 

2.  inQsitata:  'unwonted.'        specie :  'sight.'     21,  b. 

3.  qui:  subjectof^/r/;-««/,  1.  7.        hunc:  *  the  following.'     161,  a. 

4.  ope :  *  help.'        defirum  :  8,  d. 

5.  qui:  'since  they.'     194,  c.     B.  283,  3,  a  ;  A.  535,  ^;   H.  592. 

6.  s6  suaque  omnia:  'themselves  and  all  they  had.'  How  lit.? 
eSrum  :  of  the  Romans. 

8.  Unum:  'one  thing  (only),'  explained  by  ne  .  .  .  despoliaret. 
dfiprecarl :  ♦  begged  to  escape.'  clfimentia,  etc. :  cf.  chap.  14, 1.  11, 
and  N. 

9.  audlrent:  'they  kept  hearing  about';  audlvissetit,  implying  a 
single  instance,  would  have  been  less  complimentary.  statuisset, 
etc. :  in  the  direct  form,  si  statueris  (future  perfect)  .  .  .  noli  nds  artnU 
dispoliHre.    i?  /  cV,  ( i ) ,  b,  and  5 /  6*. 

10.  armls:  1^1,  a.         Sibi:  after /;/mm7j,  1.  11. 

11.  virtatl:   \on.         invidfire  :  'envied.'        ft:  we  say  '  against.' 

12.  trSdltls  armls:  i.e.  sf  arma  tradita  esseni.  I44,  b,  (4).  B. 
227,  2,d;  A.  420,  4;  H.  575,  9. 

13.  praestftre:  '  it  was  better.'       eum  oftsum:  <  such  a  condition,* 


II.  32]  Campaign  against  the  Belgians  185 

fortunam  a  popiilo  Romdno  pati^  quam  ab  his  per  crucidtum 
interfici,  inter  quos  domindri  consuessent.  15 

32.   Ad  haec  Caesar  respondit : 

Se  magis  consuetudine  sua  quam  merito  eorum  civitdtem 
cdnservdturumy  sly  prius  quant  fnurum  aries  attigisset,  se 
dedidissent ;  sed  deditidnis  nullam  esse  condicionem  nisi 
armls  trdditls.  Se  id,  quod  in  Nervils  feci s set,  facturum  5 
flnitimlsque  impei'dturum,  ne  quam  deditlcils  popull  Rd- 
mdnl  iniuriam  Inferrent. 

Re  nuntiata  ad  suos,  illi  se,  quae  imperarentur,  facere 
dixerunt.  Armorum  magna  multitudine  de  muro  in  fossam, 
quae  erat  ante  oppidum,  iacta,  sic  ut  prope  summam  muri  10 

involving  a  choice  between  the  mercy  of  the  Romans  and  the  treatment 
of  their  neighbors.        quamvis  fortunam  :  '  any  lot  whatever.'     J^.9,  a. 

14.  a:  'at  the  hands  of.'        pati:  ^\3iO]^z\.  oi praestdre.     222,  b. 

15.  dominari:  'to  exercise  dominion.'  61,  a,  (i).  consuSs- 
sent :  61^,  a,  (2) . 

32.  2.  consuetudine  sua:  'in  accordance  with  his  practice'  of 
mercifully  treating  a  prostrate  foe.     126,  c.         merito  :  1S5,  a. 

3.  SI,  etc. :  in  the  direct  form,  civitdtem  cdnservdbo,  si,  prius  quam 
.  .  .  attigerit  (future  perfect),  vos  dedideritis  (future  perfect).  arigs  : 
'  battering-ram.'  It  was  a  rule  of  war  that  besieged  cities  which  did  not 
capitulate  before  the  battering-ram  touched  the  walls,  should  when 
captured  be  given  over  to  destruction.     10,  e,  and  SI^2,  c. 

5.  armis  tr^ditis  :  IJ^I^,  b,  (2).  id,  quod:  160,  c.  in:  'in 
the  case  of.'         facturum  :  89,  c. 

6.  ne,  etc. :  199,  a.       quam:  168,a.nd  49,a.       dediticiis  :  107,  b. 

8.  imperarentur:  214,  a.  s§  facere:  'that  they  carried  out'; 
vivid  use  of  the  present  tense  where  the  future  might  have  been 
expected. 

9.  multitudine  :   '  quantity ' ;    with  iactd.         fossam  :    Map  8,  C. 

10.  SIC  ut,  etc. :  197,  b.  summam  .  .  .  altitudinem :  '  the  full 
height.'  152,  a.  The  '  embankment '  had  been  prolonged  to  the  edge 
of  the  moat ;  the  deep  space  between  the  end  of  the  '  embankment '  and 
the  'wall,'  from  the  bottom  of  the  moat  up,  was  nearly  filled  with 
weapons. 


186  Caesar's  Gallic   War  [B.C.  57 

aggerisque  altitudincm  acervi  armorum  adaequarent,  et 
tamcn  circiter  parte  tertia,  ut  postea  perspectum  est,  celata 
atque  in  oppido  retenta,  portis  patefactis,  eo  die  pace  sunt 
usi. 

They  make  a  treacherous  attack  ;  are  defeatedj  and  sold  into 

slavery. 

33.  Sub  vesperum  Caesar  portas  claudi  militesque  ex 
oppid5  exire  iussit,  ne  quam  noctu  oppidanT  a  militibus 
iniuriam  acciperent.  Illi,  ante  inito,  ut  intellectum  est, 
cdnsilio,  quod,  deditione  facta,  nostros  praesidia  deducturos 
saut  denique  indiligentius  servaturos  crediderant,  partim 
cum  eis,  quae  retinuerant  et  celaverant,  armis,  partim 
scutis  ex  cortice  factis  aut  viminibus  intextis,  quae  subit5, 
ut  temporis  exiguitas  postulabat,  pellibus  induxerant, 
tertia   vigilia,    qua  minime  arduus  ad  nostras  munitiones 

11.  aoervl:  *  heaps.' 

12.  ceiftta:  ^concealed.' 

13.  patefactis:  'thrown  open.'  p5ce  sunt  usT:  'they  kept 
quiet ' ;  lit.  '  they  enjoyed  peace.' 

33.    I.    Sub:  'Towards.'         vesperum:   7,  d. 

2.  n6,  etc.:  106^  a.  quam:  as  in  chap.  32,  1.  6.  S:  as  in 
chap.  31, 1.  14- 

3.  ante  InitS  —  consiliS :  '  having  previously  formed  a  plot.'  How 
lit.? 

4.  praesidia  dfiductaros  [esse]  :  *  would  withdraw  the  outposts ' 
from  the  redoubts  and  the  line  of  circumvallation,  where  the  Roman 
sentries  kept  watch. 

5.  dfinique:  'at  any  rate.'  indiligentius:  'less  carefully.' 
155,  a.        •ervatQrSs  [esse]  :  '  would  maintain  (them)  '  the  outposts. 

6.  oum  :  with  armis,  and  understood  with  scfdis,  1.  7. 

7.  cortice:  'hark.'  QS^b.  viminibus  intextis  :' (of )  wicker- 
work,'  lit.  'withes  interwoven.'    Cf.  Fig.  48,  p.  60. 

8.  pellibus  :  'with  skins.'  The  Atuatuci  had  driven  cattle  into  the 
enclosure ;  cf.  chap.  29,  1.  4. 

9.  tertia  vigilia :  «45,  cr.        ardutis:  'steep.'    50. 


II,  33]  Campaign  against  the  Belgians  187 

ascensus   videbatur,    omnibus    copiis   repente    ex    oppidoio 
eruptionem  fecerunt. 

Celeriter,  ut  ante  Caesar  imperaverat,  Ignibus  significa- 
tione  facta,  ex  proximis  castellis  eo  concursum  est,  pugna- 
tumque  ab  hostibus  ita  acriter  est,  ut  a  viris  fortibus  in 
extrema  spe  salutis  iniquo  loco,  contra  eos,  qui  ex  vallois 
turribusque  tela  iacerent,  pugnari  debuit,  cum  in  una  vir- 
tute  omnis  spes  salutis  consisteret.  Occisis  ad  hominum 
milibus  iiii,  reliqui  in  oppidum  reiecti  sunt. 

Postrldie  eius  diei  refractis  portis,  cum  iam  defenderet 
nemo,   atque  intromissis  militibus  nostrls,  sectionem  eius  20 

10.  ascensus,  etc. :  implies  that  at  the  point  attacked  the  Roman 
line  of  contravallation  was  on  ground  somewhat  above  the  level  of  the 
plain,  so  that  the  enemy,  after  rushing  down  from  the  town,  must  ad- 
vance up  a  height  in  order  to  storm  the  Roman  fortifications.  copiis  : 
137,  b. 

11.  gruptionem  :  'sortie.' 

12.  Ignibus  :  '  by  fire-signals.'  See  Plate  IV,  2.  significatione  : 
*■  warning.' 

13.  eo :  to  the  point  attacked.  concursum  est:  'the  soldiers 
rushed.'     75,  d. 

14.  ut,  etc. :  '  as  brave  men  were  bound  to  fight.'  in  .  .  .  salu- 
tis :  cf.  chap.  27,  1.  7,  and  N. 

15.  iniquo  loco:  IJ^B^c.  vallo :  the  Roman  line  of  contraval- 
lation. 

16.  turribus :  stationed  at  intervals  along  the  line  of  contravalla- 
tion, as  on  the  rampart  around  a  camp ;  cf.  Plate  IX,  6.  iacerent : 
19J^,a.     B.  283,2;  A.  535;  H.  591,  I.         una:  'alone.' 

17.  ad  :  adverb,  'about,'  modifying  quattuor  (ini). 

19.  diei:  54,  c.  refractis:  'had  been  burst  in.'  How  lit,? 
cum:  184,  a.         iam:  'any  longer.' 

20.  intromissis :  '  had  been  sent  in,'  lit.  '  into,'  the  stronghold. 
sectidnem  universam :  '  the  booty  in  one  sale,'  at  auction ;  in  such 
cases  the  buyers  who  joined  in  the  bid  afterwards  divided  up  the  pur- 
chase among  themselves  for  resale  in  smaller  lots.  Such  wholesale 
buyers  accompanied  Roman  armies.  In  this  instance  the  booty  in- 
cluded not  only  everything  that  the  captured  Atuatuci  had,  but  the 
people  themselves,  who  were  sold  into  slavery. 


188  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  57 

oppidi  universam  Caesar  vendidit.     Ab  els,  qui  emerant, 
capitum  numerus  ad  eum  relatus  est  milium  liii. 

Successful  Closing  of  the  Year.     34,  35 

Maritime  atcUea  in  northwestern  Oavl  submit  to  Publius  Crassus. 

34.  Eodem  tempore  a  P.  Crasso,  quem  cum  legione 
iina  miserat  ad  Venetos,  Venellos,  Osismos,  Coriosolitas, 
Esuvios,  Aulercos,  Redones,  quae  sunt  maritimae  civitates 
Oceanumque  attingunt,  certior  factus  est,  omnes  eas 
5  civitates  in  dicionem  potestatemque  populi  Romani  esse 
redactas. 

German  tribes  offer  submission  ;  the  army  goes  into  tvinter 
quarters;  a  thanksgiving  is  decreed  ai  Rome. 

35.  His  rebus  gestls,  omni  Gallia  pacata,  tanta  huius 
belli  ad  barbaros  opinio  perlata  est,  uti  ab  eis  nationi- 
bus,  quae   trans   Rhenum  incolerent,  legati  ad  Caesarem 

21.  vindidit:  <sold.' 

22.  capitum:  *of  persons';  cf.  I,  chap.  29,  1.  6,  and  N.  LIU: 
qulnqudginta  trium.  38,  b,  and  36.  Some  of  the  Atuatuci,  however, 
were  still  left  in  the  country ;  cf.  V,  38, 11.  1-2,  and  39,  11.  9-1 1. 

34.  I.    P.:    19,  a.        CrassS :   see   Vocab.    under   Crassus,    (2). 

legione  iina  :  the  7th,  which  must 
have  started  for  western  Gaul  soon 
after  the  battle  of  the  Sambre. 

2.  Venetos :  n.  to  III,  8, 1.  3. 
Venellos :  for  the  location  of  the 
Venelli  and  other  peoples  men- 
Figure  91.— Coin  of  the  Coriosolites.  tioned,  see  Map  at  the  end  of  this 
Reverse,  human-headed  horse.    Obverse,    volume.  CoriOBOlltas  :     (Fig. 

a  fanciful  head.  ^^^        ^^.^ 

3.  quae:   lGJ^,c.        maritimae:  'maritime.' 

4.  Ooeanum  :  the  Atlantic ;  see  Vocab. 

35.  3.   Incolerent:  i20.     B.  324,  i  ;  A.  593 ;  H.  652. 


II,  35]  Successful  Closing  of  the  Year  189 

mitterentur,    qui    se    obsides    daturas,    imperata    facturas 
•pollicerentur.     Quas    legatioiies    Caesar,  quod  in   Italiam  s 
illyricumque    properabat,    inita    proxima    aestate    ad    se 
reverti  iussit 

Ipse,  in  Carnutes,  Andes,  Turonos,  quaeque  civitates  pro- 
pinquae  his  locis  erant,  ubi  helium  gesserat,  legionibus  in 
hiberna  deductls,  in  Italiam  profectus  est.     Ob  easque  res  lo 
ex  litteris  Caesaris  dierum  xv  supplicatio  decreta  est,  quod 
ante  id  tempus  accidit  nuUi. 

4.  se  :  feminine,  taking  the  gender  of  ndtionibus ;  hence  datiirds 
diXidfactJirds  (sc.  esse)  are  feminine. 

5.  pollicerentur:  193,  a.  Qu^s :  167.  Italiam:  here  in- 
cluding Cisalpine  Gaul.     283,  b. 

6.  illyricum:  298. 

8.  Carnutes,  etc. :  282.  See  Map.  quaeque  civitates  :  et  in 
eds  civitdtes  quae.     165,  c. 

10.  hiberna:  335,  b.         easque:  233,  b. 

11.  ex:  ^  after  receipt  of.'  litteris:  *  dispatches '  to  the  Roman 
Senate,  reporting  his  victories.  supplicatio:  'solemn  thanksgiv- 
ing,' services  of  prayer  to  avert  misfortune  as  well  as  giving  of  thanks 
to  the  gods  for  victory.  Usually  such  services  lasted  only  three  or  four 
days  ;  the  longest  previous  '  thanksgiving '  was  of  twelve  days,  decreed 
after  Pompey  had  brought  to  a  close  the  war  with  Mithridates.  quod  : 
sc.  id,  referring  to  the  fact  stated  in  the  preceding  clause. 

12.  nulli:  =  nemini.     12 j  d. 


COMMENTARIUS   TERTIUS 


Operations  in  the  Alps.     i-6 

Caesar  stations  Oalba  with  a  small  Jorce  in  the  Alps. 

1.  Cum  in  Italiam  proficisceretur  Caesar,  Ser.  Galbam, 
cum  legione  xii  et  parte  equitatus,  in  Nantuates,  Veragros 
Sedunosque  misit,  qui  a  finibus  AUobrogum  et  lacu  Le- 
manno  et  flumine  Rhodano  ad  summas  Alpes  pertinent. 
5  Causa  mittendi  fuit,  quod  iter  per  Alpes,  quo  magno  cum 
periculo  magnlsque  cum  portorils  mercatores  ire  consue- 
rant,  patefieri  volebat.  Huic  permisit,  si  opus  esse  arbi- 
traretur,  uti  in  his  locis  legionem  hiemandi  causa  collocaret. 


1.  I.  proficiscergtur :  Caesar  'was  starting'  on  the  trip  referred 
to  in  II,  chap.  35,  1.  10.  1S5,  c.  The  events  of  Book  III,  as  a  whole, 
belong  to  the  year  56  B.C. ;  but  the  uprising  of  the  Alpine  tribes,  nar- 
rated in  chapters  1-6,  took  place  in  the  latter  part  of  the  autumn  and 
early  winter  of  B.C.  57.  Italiam:  Cisalpine  Gaul.  283,  b.  Ser. 
=  Servium.     19,  a.        Galbam:  see  Vocab.  under  Galba,  (i). 

2.  Xll:  duodecimd.  38,  b.  Caesar  had  eight  legions,  numbered  7  to 
14  inclusive.       Nantuatga  :  282.   Locate  the  states  mentioned  on  Map  i . 

4.  summas  Alpfis  :  *  the  highest  part  of  the  Alps.'     152,  a. 

5.  mittendi :  230,  (i).  iter  :  *  route'  to  Italy,  over  the  pass  now 
known  as  the  Great  St.  Bernard,  where  the  famous  hospice  is.  By  this 
route  Napoleon  I  in  May,  1800,  made  his  venturesome  "crossing  of  the 
Alps,"  with  an  army  of  36,000  men.     (Fig.  92.) 

6.  perlculO :  the  danger  arose  not  so  much  from  the  precipitous 
way  over  the  mountains  as  from  the  hostility  of  the  natives.  These 
lived  in  part  by  plundering  and  by  levying  tolls  on  the  goods  of  traders 
going  over  the  pass.         port5riIs  :   N.  to  I,  18,  1.  9. 

7.  patefieri :  '  be  kept  open  ' ;  the  subject  is  iter.  70,  c,  and  223,  a. 
Huic  :  Galba.  opus  esse  :  '  that  it  was  necessary.'  arbitrftrfitur: 
arbitrdbcris  in  the  unattracted  form.     220. 

8.  Iegi5nem,  etc.:  the  12th  legion  had  suffered,  so  severely  in  the 

190 


III.  11  Operations  in  the  Alps  191 

Qalha  locates  his  winter  quarters  in  Octodurus. 

Ga.iba,  secundls  aliquot  proeliis  factis  castelllsque  com- 
pluribus  eorum  expugnatis,  missis  ad  eum  undique  legatis 
obsidibusque  datis  et  pace  facta,  constituit  cohortes  duas  in 


Figure  92. — The  Great  St.  Bernard  Pass  and  the  famous  hospice. 

battle  of  the  Sambre  (II,  chap.  25),  that  Caesar  would  hardly  have  sta- 
tioned it  at  so  difficult  a  post  if  he  had  anticipated  serious  opposition. 
coUocaret :   199,  a. 

9.  proeliis,  etc. :  the  ablatives  absolute  indicate  successive  events, 
and  should  be  rendered  by  clauses.  First  come  the  engagements,  then 
the  taking  of  strongholds  ;  later,  the  sending  of  envoys,  then  the  giving 
of  hostages;  finally,  the  ratification  of  peace. 

II.  cohortes  duas:  how  many  men?  307,  c.  in  NantuSti- 
bus  :   perhaps  where  St.  Maurice  now  is,  on  the  upper  Rhone.     282. 


192  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  57 

Nantuatibus  collocare  et  ipse,  cum  reliquis  eius  legi5nis 
cohortibus,  in  vico  Veragrorum,  qui  appellatur  Octodurus, 
hiemare;  qui  vicus,  positus  in  valle,  non  magna  adiecta 
isplanitie,  altissimis  montibus  undique  continetur.  Cum  hie 
in  duas  partes  flumine  divideretur,  alteram  partem  eius  vici 
Gallis  concessit,  alteram,  vacuam  ab  his  rellctam,  cohortibus 
ad  hiemandum  attribuit.  Eum  locum  vallo  fossaque  mu- 
nlvit. 

There  is  a  sudden  upnsing  of  the  mountaineers, 

2.   Cum  dies  hibernorum  complures  transissent,  frumen- 

tumque  e5  comportari   iussisset,   subito   per  exploratores 

certior  factus  est,  ex  ea  parte  vici,  quam  Gallis  concesserat, 

omnes  noctu  discessisse,  montesque,  qui  impenderent,  a 

5  maxima  multitudine  Sedunorum  et  Veragrorum  teneri. 

12.  reliquis  cohortibus  :  doubtless  the  two  strongest  cohorts  were 
detailed  for  the  separate  post ;  how  many  men  the  remaining  eight  con- 
tained it  is  difficult  to  estimate. 

13.  vlc6:  how  different  from  6»///V/«w/  Octodurus:  near  Mar- 
tigny;  see  Map  i,  and  Fig.  93. 

14.  qui:  167.  valle:  <  valley.'  n6n  magnSL :  239,  ^.  adiecta  : 
'adjoining.'     How  lit..? 

16.  flflmine:  the  Dranse,  which  flows  into  the  Rhone,  from  the 
south,  at  the  point  where  the  Rhone  turns  northwest  toward  L^ke 
Geneva.         alteram  .  .  .  alteram  :   171,  b. 

17.  vacuam:  predicative,  after  relictam ;  Galba  expelled  the  in- 
habitants from  the  part  of  Octodurus  which  was  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Dranse,  and  turned  the  dwellings  into  winter  quarters.     88,  b. 

2.  I.  hiberndrum:  'of  the  (life  in)  winter  quarters.'  transis- 
sent :   6'.V,  b,  and  185,  c. 

2.  e5 :  to  the  part  of  the  town  used  for  winter  quarters,  iussisset : 
so.  Galba.        expl6rat6r68  :  Sii7. 

3.  concesserat :  21Jt,  c.  The  Gauls  occupied  the  part  of  the  town 
on  the  east  bank. 

4.  impendfirent:  2t/t,a.  ft:  with  the  ablative  of  agent  because 
of  the  idea  of  homines  in  muUitiliitK     lao,  b. 


III.  2] 


Operations  in  the  Alps 


193 


Id  aliquot  de  causis  acciderat,  ut  subito  Gall!  belli  reno- 
vandi  legionisque  opprimendae  consilium  caperent :  pri- 
mum,  quod  legionem,  neque  earn  plenissimam,  detractis 
cohortibus  duabus  et  compluribus  singillatim,  qui  commea- 
tus  petendi  causa  missi  erant,  absentibus,  propter  paucita-  lo 
tern  despiciebant ;  turn  etiam,  quod  propter  iniquitatem  loci, 
cum  ipsi  ex  montibus  in  vallem  decurrerent  et  tela  conice- 
rent,  ne  primum  quidem  impetum  suum  posse  sustineri 
existimabant. 

Accedebat,  quod  suos  ab  se  liberos  abstractos  obsidum  15 


--m^gfrn"^       .,,^tm^: 


Figure  93-— Valley  of  the  Dranse- 
View  near  Martigny.    The  tower  belongs  to  the  ruined  castle  of  Batiaz. 


6.  Id  :  explained  by  the  clause  ui  .  .  .  caperent.  £03,  (4).  reno- 
vandi:  *  of  renewing.'     230,  (i). 

8.  neque  earn  plenissimam:  ^and  that  lacking  its  full  strength'; 
the  reason  is  explained  by  the  following  ablatives  absolute.  How  lit.  ? 
161,  c. 

9,  compluribus  :  sc.  mllitibus.  singillatim  :  <  as  individuals, 
not  sent  out  as  cohorts  or  maniples.         commeatus,  etc. :  230,  (i). 

1 1 .  turn  etiam  :  deinde  is  more  common  as  correlative  with  primum. 
237,  b. 

12.  ipsT:   Gain.         dgcurrerent :  <  should  rush  down.' 

15.   quod  .  .  .  dolgbant:   subject  of  Accedebat;  'There  was  the 


194  Caesar's  Gallic  War  •    [B.C.  57 

nomine  dolebant,  et  Rdmanos  non  solum  itinerum  causa, 
seel  etiam  perpetuae  possessionis  culmina  Alpium  occupare 
conari  et  ea  loca  finitimae  provinciae  adiungere  sibi  per- 
suasum  habcbant. 

Galba,  calling  a  couucUj  decides  not  to  retreat. 

3.  His  nuntiis  acceptis,  Galba,  cum  neque  opus  hiber- 
norum  munitioncsque  plene  essent  perfectae,  neque  de  fru- 
mento  reliquoque  commeatu  satis  esset  provlsum,  quod, 
deditione  facta  obsidibusque  acceptis,  nihil  de  bello  timen- 
sdum  existimaverat,  c5nsili6  celeriter  convocato,  sententias 
exquirere  coepit. 

Quo  in  consilio,  cum  tantum  repentini  pericull  praeter 

further  consideration  that,'  etc.  198,  b.  B.  299,  i ;  A.  572;  H.  588,  3. 
abstractos  :  *■  had  been  taken  away.'     5.9,  c,  and  2'BS,  a.  (2). 

16.  nomine:  < under  the  name.'  136,6.  itinerum  causS :  cf. 
chap.  1, 11.  5-7. 

17.  culmina:  *  summits,'   commanding  the  passes.     12,  e. 

18.  provinciae:  107,  b,2indi  290.  adiungere:  'annex.'  sibi 
persuftaum  habSbant,  etc.:  'were  convinced  that  the  Romans  were 
trying,'  Ht.  '  had  jjersuaded  themselves',  etc.  229,  a.  B.  337,  7  ;  A.  497, 
b.  persuSsum:  predicative,  in  agreement  with  the  infinitive  clause 
Romdnos  .  .  .  conari,  object  oi  habebant.     I48,  d. 

3.  I.  neque.  .  .neque:  'not.  .  .and  not.'  opus  hibernorum, 
Jianlti5n6s:  'the  work  on  the  winter  quarters,'  in  general,  including 
as  the  most  important  item,  'the  fortifications'  (chap,  i,  1.  18).  Cf. 
I,  31,  1.  48,  exempla  cruciattisque,  and  N. 

2.  pl6n6:  'quite.'      perfectae:    agreement?      112,  b.      d6:'for.' 

3.  satis  esset  provisum :    'sufficient  provision  had  been  made.' 

4.  nihil  .  .  .  timeudum  [esse]  :  '  that  he  had  no  occasion  to 
fear  hostilities.'      How  lit.?     lS,e. 

5.  cSnsiliO :  doubtless  of  the  centurions;  cf.  I,  40,  11.  1-2. 
sententias  exquirere  :  '  to  ask  for  opinions  '  regarding  the  best  course 
to  pursue. 

7.  Qufi:  167.  tantum  repentini  pericull:  'so  great  danger 
suddenly;'  lit.  'so  much  of  sudden  danger.'  97,  b.  praeter  opl- 
niOnem ;  '  contrary  to  expectation.' 


111,4]  Operations  in  the  Alps  195 

opinionem  accidisset  ac  iam  omnia  fere  superiora  loca 
multitudine  armatorum  completa  conspicerentur,  neque 
subsidio  veniri  neque  commeatus  supportari,  interclusis  lo 
itineribus,  possent,  prope  iam  desperata  salute  non  nuUae 
eius  modi  sententiae  dicebantur,  ut,  impedimentis  relictis 
eruptione  facta,  Tsdem  itineribus,  quibus  eo  pervenissent, 
ad  salutem  contenderent.  Maiori  tamen  parti  placuit,  hoc 
reservato  ad  extremum  consilio,  interim  rei  eventum  experlri  15 
et  castra  defendere. 

Tlie  mountameers,  superior  in  numberSj  make  a  furious  attack. 

4.  Brevi  spatio  interiecto,  vix  ut  eis  rebus,  quas  con- 
stituissent,  collocandis  atque  administrandis  tempus  dare- 
tur,  hostes  ex  omnibus  partibus,  signo  dato,  decurrere, 
lapides  gaesaque  in  vallum  conicere. 

Nostri  primo  integris  viribus  fortiter  repugnare  neque  s 
ullum  frustra   telum  ex  loc5  superiore  mittere,   et  quae- 

9.  completa  [esse]  :  participle  here  used  as  a  predicate  adjective. 
221,  b.  neque  subsidio  veniri:  sc.  posset '■2ind  help  could  not 
come.'     How  lit.  ?     73,  d,  and  112,  a. 

10.  interclusis  itineribus:   lJ^J^,b,{;^. 

12.  eius  modi:  '  of  the  following  purport.'  100,  a.  ut,  etc.: 
203,  (4). 

13.  isdem  :  1^5.         itineribus  :   131^,  a.         pervenissent :  220. 

14.  ad  salutem:  'to  (a  place  of)  safety.'  Maiori  parti 
placuit:   ' the  majority  decided.'     73,  c. 

15.  ad  extremum:  'to  the  last.'  151^,  a.  eventum  experlri: 
'  to  await  the  outcome.' 

4.  I.  Brevi  spatio  interiecto:  'After  a  brief  interval.'  How 
lit.?  ut:  'so  that.'  rebus  —  collocandis:  230,  {'i).  consti- 
tuissent:  220. 

3.  decurrere,  conicere  :  182.     B.  335  ;  A.  463  ;   H.  610. 

4.  gaesa  :  Gallic 'javelins.'     5^5,  and  Fig.  40. 

5.  integris :  '  unimpaired.'  22,  f,  and  80,  b ;  also,  135,  a. 
neque  ullum  telum :    '  and  no  missile.' 

6.  friistra :  '  in  vain.'  ex  loco  superiore :  the  rampart  of  the 
camp;  chap,  i,  1.  18.         quaecumque  :  50^  a,  and  192. 


196  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  67 

cumque  pars  castrorum  nudata  defensoribus  premi  videba- 
tur,  eo  occurrere  et  auxilium  ferre ;  sed  h5c  superari,  quod 
diuturnitate  pugnae  hostes  defessi  proelio  excedebant,  alii 
lointegris  viribus  succedebant.  Quarum  rerum  a  nostris 
propter  paucitatem  fieri  nihil  poterat,  ac  non  modo  defesso 
ex  pugna  excedendi,  sed  ne  saucio  quidem  eius  loci,  ubi 
c5nstiterat,  relinquendi  ac  sul  recipiendl  facultas  dabatur. 

Tfie  RomanSj  forced  to  extremities,  resolve  upon  a  sally. 

5.   Cum  iam  amplius  horis  sex  continenter  pugnaretur 

ac  non  solum  vires,  sed  etiam  tela  nostros  deficerent,  atque 

hostes   acrius  instarent   languidioribusque    nostris  vallum 

scindere  et  fossas  complere  coepissent,  resque  esset  iam 

sad  extremum  perducta  casum,  P.  Sextius  Baculus,  primi 

7.  d6f6ns6rlbuB  :  127,  a,  and  74,  a. 

8.  e6 :  =  in  earn  partem  ;  '  to  that  part  tliey  rushed.'  ferre  : 
182.  hoc  super&ri :  <  on  this  account  they  were  at  a  disadvantage/ 
How  lit.?     136,  a. 

9.  defessi:  '(when)  exhausted.'  proelio:  127,  a.  alii: 
'  (and)  others.'     2SS,  a. 

10.  viribus:  14S,a.  aucc6d6bant :  '  were  taking  their  places.' 
rSrum  :  dependent  on  mVt//.     97,  a. 

11.  n6n  modo:  trans,  as  if  non  modo  non  ;  'not  only  not  to  one 
(who  was)  exhausted,'  i.e.  one  on  the  Roman  side.  236,  d,  and  15 J^, 
a.     B.  343,  2,  a  ;  A.  288 ;  H.  495. 

12.  excedendi:  dependent  on /«i:«//5j.  saucio:  'to  one  (who 
was)  wounded.'     16 J^,  a,  and  237,  c.         loci  —  relinquendi :  230,  (i). 

13.  Bul  recipiendl:  '  of  looicing  after  himself.' 

5.  I.  Cum  iam  — pugnaretur:  'When  fighting  had  been  going 
on.'    175,  f,  and  73,  d.        hSrIs  :  129,  a. 

3.  ftcrius  :  54,  a.  languidiSribus  nostris  :  '  as  our  men  be- 
came weaker.'  How  lit.?  lU,b,{i).  vallum  scindere  :' to  de- 
stroy the  rampart '  by  pulling  up  the  palisades  along  the  outer  edge.' 

4.  fosB&s :  plural  because  the  parts  of  the  moat  on  the  four  sides 
are  thought  of  as  separate  trenches. 

5.  ad  extremum  cftsum:  'to  the  last  crisi.s/  P.  Sextius 
Baculus,  prImI  pill  centurifi  :  II,  25, 1.  8,  and  Note.     SI 5^  b. 


111,6]  Operations  in  the  Alps  197 

pili  centuri5,  quern  Nervicd  proelio  compluribus  confectum 
vulneribus  diximus,  et  item  C.  Volusenus,  tribunus  militum, 
vir  et  consilil  magni  et  virtutis,  ad  Galbam  accurrunt  atque 
unam  esse  spem  salutis  docent,  si,  eruptione  facta,  extre- 
mum  auxilium  experirentur.  lo 

Itaque,  convocatis  centurionibus,  celeriter  milites  certiores 
facit,  paulisper  intermitterent  proelium  ac  tantum  modo 
tela  missa  exciperent  seque  ex  labore  reficerent;  post,  dato 
signo,  ex  castrls  erumperent  atque  omnem  spem  salutis  in 
virtute  ponerent.  is 

The  Romans  ivin;  but  Galba  withdraws  to  the  Province. 

6.  Quod  iussi  sunt,  faciunt,  ac  subito,  omnibus  portis 
eruptione  facta,  neque  cognoscendl,  quid  fieret,  neque  sui 

6.  proelio:  lJi.7,b.  Nervico :  ^with  the  Nervians,'  we  should 
say.  The  battle  had  taken  place  not  long  before  this  time;  see  II, 
chapters  19-28. 

7.  Volusgnus :  the  suggestion  was  evidently  made  first  by  Bacu- 
lus  to  his  ranking  officer,  Volusenus,  who  hurried  with  him  to  Galba. 
tribunus  -.314. 

8.  consilil  magni :  'of  excellent  judgment.'     100,  a. 

9.  unam  spem  :  'that  the  only  hope.'  facta:  '  by  making,' etc. 
144y  b,  (6).         extremum  auxilium  :  'the  last  resource.' 

11.  centurionibus:  how  many  ordinarily  in  8  cohorts?  315,  b. 
milites  certiores  facit :  '  he  directed  the  soldiers,'  through  the  cen- 
turions. 

12.  intermitterent  proelium:  'to  stop  fighting.'  216.  B.  316; 
A.  588:  H.  642.  tantum  modo,  etc.:  'only  to  parry,'  with  their 
shields,  'the  missiles  hurled'  by  the  enemy,  in  order  to  save  their 
strength  for  the  sortie. 

14.  erumperent :  '  to  burst  forth,'  suddenly  assuming  the  offensive. 
216. 

6.  I.  Quod,  etc.:  id,  quod  facer e  iussi  sunt,  faciunt.  160,  c. 
portis  :  13 J^,  a,  and  33 J^,  a.     B.  218,  9 ;  A.  429,  «  ;  H.  476. 

2.  sui  colligendi:  'of  collecting  their  forces,'  scattered  on  all 
sides  of  the  camp,  in  order  to  resist  the  four  mass  attacks  launched  from 
the  four  gates-     154,  b.     E.  339,  5  ;  A.  504,  ^ ;  H.  626,  3. 


198  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [BC.57 

colligendi  hostibus  facultatem  relinquunt.     Ita,  commutata 
fortuna,  cos,  qui  in  spem  potiundorum  castrorum  venerant, 

s  undique  circumventds  intercipiunt ;  et  ex  hominum  mllibus 
amplius  xxx,  quern  numerum  barbarorum  ad  castra  venisse 
constabat,  plus  tcrtia  parte  interfccta,  reliquos  perterritos  in 
fugam  coniciunt  ac  ne  in  locis  quidem  superioribus  c5nsis- 
tere  patiuntur.     Sic,  omnibus  hostium  copiis  fusis  armisque 

loexutis,  se  in  castra  munitionesque  suas  recipiunt. 

Quo  proeli5  facta,  quod  saepius  fortunam  temptare  Galba 
nolebat,  atque  ali5  se  in  hiberna  consilio  venisse  memine- 
rat,  aliis  occurrisse  rebus  viderat,  maxime  frOmenti  com- 
meatusque  inopia  permotus,  poster©  die,  omnibus  eius  vici 

4.  e6»  —  ciroumventoa  intercipiunt :  <  they  surrounded  and  slew 
those.'     228,  a.         potiundorum  :  ^4,  ^. 

5.  ez,  etc.;  i.e.  ^/us  iertia  parte,  ex  amplius  irlgintd  hominum 
mllibus,  numero  barbarorum  ('of  natives')  qucpn  ad  castra  venisse 
constabat,  interfeda.         ex:  97,  d. 

6.  amplius,  pliis :  129,  b.  numerum:  165,  b.  It  seems 
hardly  credible  that  a  force  of  more  than  30,000  men,  attacking  under 
conditions  very  favorable  to  themselves,  could  have  been  beaten  off 
even  by  a  Roman  force  less  than  one  tenth  as  large ;  perhaps  the  esti- 
mate of  the  number  of  the  enemy  was  exaggerated. 

7.  pliiB  tertia  parte  interfectS :  on  this  basis  the  Roman  soldiers 
on  the  average  accounted  for  three  to  five  Gauls  apiece. 

8.  locis  BuperidribuB  :  the  heights  round  about ;  see  chap,  i,  1.  15. 

9.  fttBla:  'routed.'  armlBque  exfltiB :  ^and  bereft  of  their 
arms,'  which  they  dropped  in  their  hasty  flight.         armis  :  127,  a. 

1 1 .  Quo  proelio  facto  :  <  After  this  battle.'  How  lit.  1  saepius  : 
*too  often.'     It').^,  a. 

12.  aliS  — c6nBill6:  ^  with  one  design,'  stated  in  chap,  i,  11.  5-8. 
i55,  and  t71,c. 

13.  alils  occurriBBe  rfibuB :  *  (but)  that  he  had  found  conditions 
difTcrent,'  implying  the  impossibility  of  carrying  out  the  original  design 
with  the  force  at  his  disposal. 

14.  eiuB  vicl :  Octodurus,  of  which  the  part  assigned  to  the  natives, 
as  well  as  that  occupied  by  the  Romans  (chap,  i,  11.  15-18),  was  now 
burned. 


MAP  9. 
Operations  of  the  Year  56  b.c. 


Book  in,  7^27 


To  face  page  198 


EXPLANATION 
I.   Base  whence  Caesar  sent  Sabinus  north  and  Crassus  south.  2.    Sea-fight 

with  the  Venetans  (chap.  13-15).         3-   Battle  of  Sabinus  (17-19).       4.    Battle 
of  Crassus  with  the  Sotiates  (20-22).        5.    Final  victory  of  Crassus  (23-26). 


in,  7]  Campaign  against  the  Venetans  199 

aedificiis  incensis,  in  provinciam  revert!  contendit,  ac,  nullo  15 
hoste  prohibente  aut  iter  demorante,  incolumem  legi5nem 
in  Nantuates,  inde  in  AUobroges,  perduxit,  ibique  hiemavit. 

Campaign  against  the  Venetans.    7-16 

Crassus,  wiyitering  near  the  Ocean,  sends  to  the  nearest  states 

for  grain. 

7.  His  rebus  gestis,  cum  omnibus  de  causis  Caesar 
pacatam  Galliam  existimaret,  superatis  Belgis,  expulsis 
Germanis,  victis  in  Alpibus  SedUnis,  atque  ita  inita  hieme 
in  lUyricum  profectus  esset,  quod  eas  quoque  nationes 
adire  et  regiones  cognoscere  volebat,  subitum  bellum  in  s 
Gallia  coortum  est. 

Eius  belli  haec  fuit  causa.     P.  Crassus  adulescens  cum 
legione  vii  proximus  mare  Oceanum  in  Andibus  hiemabat. 
Is,    quod   in    his    locis    inopia    frumenti    erat,    praefectos 
tribunosque  militum   complures  in  finitimas  civitates  fru- 10 
menti  commeatusque  petendi  causa  dimisit;  quoin  numero 

16.  iter  demorante:  *  delaying  his  march.'  61,  a,  (i).  in- 
columem :  predicative,  *  in  safety.' 

7.    I.    cum:    ^although.'      187.  omnibus    dg    causis:    with 

exTsti7ndret,  '•  had  every  reason  to  think.'     How  lit.  ? 

2.  pacatam  :  sc.  esse.  Galliam  :  287,  b.  superatis  Bel- 
gis :  II,  chapters   1-33-         expulsis  Germanis :  I,  chapters  30-54. 

3.  Sedunis  :  of  the  Alpine  tribes  the  Seduni,  as  the  most  impor- 
tant, are  alone  mentioned.  inita  hieme  :  '■  at  the  beginning  of 
winter.'     How  lit.?     68,  b,  and  lU,  b,  (i). 

4.  Illyricum  :  298,  and  255.     See  II,  35,  1.  6. 

6.  coortum  est :  '  broke  out.'     How  lit.  ?     61,  b. 

7.  haec:  < as  follows.'  161,  a.  adulescens:  cf.  I,  52,  1.  16^ 
and  N.,  and  Vocab.  under  Crassus,  (2) . 

8.  VII :  septimd.  38,  b.  proximus,  etc.  :  '  very  near  the 
Ocean' ;  lit.  '  very  near  the  sea,'  more  specifically  designated  as  '  the 
Ocean'  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Mediterranean  sea.     123,  b. 

9.  praefectos:  'subsidiary  officers'  ;  cf.  I,  39;  1.  10,  and  N. 
10.    tribunos  militum  :  SI 4-         complures  :  with  civitates. 


200  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  56 

est  T.  Terrasidius  missus  in  Esuvios,  M.  Trebius  Gallus  in 
Coriosolitas,  Q.  Velanius  cum  T.  Silio  in  Venetos. 

The  Venetans  detain  his  rep^-esentatives  and  lead  a  revolt. 

8.  Huius  est  civitatis  longe  amplissima  auct5ritas  omnis 
orae  maritimae  regionum  earum,  quod  et  naves  habent 
Veneti  plurimas,  quibus  in  Britanniam  navigare  consuerunt, 
et  scientia  atque  usu  rerum  nauticarum  reliquos  antecedunt, 
^  et  in  magno  impetu  maris  atque  apert5,  paucis  portibus  in- 
terie^tis,  quos  tenent  ipsi,  omnes  fere,  qui  eo  mari  uti 
consuerunt,  habent  vectigales.  Ab  his  fit  initium  retinendi 
Silii  atque  Velanii,  quod  per  e5s  suos  se  obsides,  quos 
Crasso  dedissent,  recuperaturos  existimabant. 

13.  Coriosolitas :  19,  /.,  and  282.  Locate,  on  Map  9,  the  peoples 
mentioned. 

8.     I .  Huius  civitatis  :  of  the  Venetans.  omnis  orae,  etc. : 

trans,  as  \{  omnium  civitdtum  orae  maritimae  edrum  regionum, 

2.  et .  .  .  et  (1.  4)  .  .  .  et  (1.  5)  :  2S3,  d. 

3.  in  —navigare  :  'to  make  the  voyage  to.'  The  Venetans 
had  developed  an  extensive  carrying  business  between  Gaul  and 
Britain  ;  Britain  was  less  advanced  than  Gaul  in  most  respects  but  was 
regarded  as  the  center  of  Druidism  (VI,  13,  11.  34-37).  Britanniam: 
29Jt.         consuerunt:  6'4,  a,  (2),  and  116,  b. 

4.  scientia:  11^2,  a.  rSrum  nauticarum,  'nautical  matters.' 
antecSduut :  '  excel.' 

5.  in,  etc. :  '  since  the  violence  of  the  open  sea  is  great,  with  harbors 
few  and  far  between.'     How  lit.  ? 

6.  omnga  :  oXy^^zi  oi habent.  eo  marl:  the  modem  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay.     /6',  /;,  and  1,U,  c. 

7.  vectigaigs:  'subject  to  tribute';  predicative.  115,  a,  b.  On 
account  of  the  violence  of  the  sea,  and  the  fewness  of  the  harbors,  navi- 
gators were  obliged  to  take  refuge  in  the  harbors  of  the  Venetans,  who 
mulcted  them  in  tolls.  Ab  his,  etc  :  '  These  took  the  first  step  by 
detaining,'  etc.     How  lit.? 

8.  per  e6s  :  as  an  exchange.  123,  a.  bu6b,  etc- :  se  recuperdttlrds 
[esse']  suns  obsides . 

9.  dedissent :  214f  a.        recuperaturos  [esse]  :  '  would  get  back.' 


III.  8]  Campaign  against  the  Venetans 


201 


Horum  auct5ritate  f  initimi  adducti  —  ut  sunt  Gallorum  lo 
subita  et  repentina  consilia  —  eadem  de  causa  Trebium 
Terrasidiumque  retinent;  et  celeriter,  missis  legatis,  per 
suos  principes  inter  se  coniurant,  nihil,  nisi  communi  con- 
sili5,  acturos  eundemque  omnes  fortunae  exitum  esse  latu- 
ros  ;  reliquasque  civitates  sollicitant,  ut  in  ea  libertate,  quam  15 
a  maioribus  acceperint,  permanere,  quam  Romanorum  ser- 
vitutem  perferre  maUnt.  Omni  ora  maritima  celeriter  ad 
suam    sententiam    perducta,    communem    legationem    ad 


Figure  94.  —  View  of  the  Loire  river,  with  the  town  of  Decize  and  its 
medieval  castle. 

10.  Horum  auctdritate :  'by  their  example.'  ut,  etc.:  'con- 
sistently with  the  practice  of  the  Gauls,  to  form  plans  suddenly  and 
without  reflection.'  How  lit.?  The  fickleness  of  the  Gauls  is  more 
than  once  alluded  to  by  Caesar;  see  N.  to  chap.  19, 1.  20. 

13.  inter  ae:  159.  nihi],  etc.:  se  nihil  acturos  esse.  .  .IdtUrds 
esse.     213,  b. 

14.  eundem  :  ^5.         exitum:  'issue.' 

15.  reliquas:   171,  a.         ut  .   .   .  malint :  199,  a,  ^nd  71. 

16.  acceperint:  220.         quam:  '  (rather)  than.' 


202  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  56 

P.  Crassum  mittunt :  si  velit  suds  recuperdre^  obsides  sib't 
20  remit  tat. 

Caesar  orders  ships  built  —  the  coast  states  prepare  for  war, 

9.  Quibus  de  rebus  Caesar  a  Crasso  certior  factus,  quod 
ipse  aberat  longius,  naves  interim  longas  aedificari  in 
flumine  Ligeri,  quod  influit  in  Oceanum,  remiges  ex  pr5- 
vincia  institui,  nautas  gubernatoresque  compararf  iubet. 
5  His  rebus  celeriter  administratis,  ipse,  cum  primum  per 
anni  tempus  potuit,  ad  exercitum  contendit. 

Veneti  reliquaeque  item  civitates,  cognitQ  Caesaris  ad- 
ventu,  simul  quod,  quantum  in  se  facinus  admisissent, 
intellegebant,  leoatos  —  quod  nomen  ad  omnes  nationes 
10  sanctum  inviolatumque  semper  fuisset  —  retentos  ab  se  et 
in  vincula  coniectos,  pro  magnitudine  periculi  bellum 
parare   et  maxime  ea,   quae  ad  usuni   navium   pertinent, 

19.  SI,  etc. :  in  the  direct  form,  si  vis  tuos  recuperdrey  obsides  nobis 
remitte.    218,  (i),  a,  and  216. 

9.  2.  longius  :  <■  too  far  away.'  Caesar  was  probably  in  Cisalpine 
Gaul ;  for  the  revolt  of  the  Venetans  came  to  a  head  in  the  early  spring, 
and  in  April  of  56  B.C.  Caesar  met  Pompey  and  Crassus  at  Luca.  256, 
2indl53,a.  navgs  longas  :  'galleys.'  346,  a.  interim:  'mean- 
while,' pending  his  return  to  the  army.         aedificari :  '  be  built.' 

3.  Ligeri:  18,  e.  See  Maps  9  and  10.  quod,  etc.:  explains 
why,  although  the  Venetans  were  strong  on  the  ocean,  the  ships  were 
ordered  built  on  the  Loire  (Fig.  94).         rgmigSs  :  '  rowers.' 

4.  nautas  :  '  sailors.'  gubernatores  :  '  steersmen,'  who  managed 
the  rudders.  3^6,  b,  and  84.  The  fighting  on  these  ships  was  to  be 
done  by  legionaries  (chap.  14,  1.  9). 

5.  cum,  etc. :  'as  soon  as  the  season  of  the  year  permitted.'  How 
lit.?     185,  b.     Caesar  probably  rejoined  the  army  in  May. 

8.  in  s6  .  .  .  admisissent :  '  they  had  committed'  ;  se  refers  to  the 
subject  oi  admisissent.     How  lit.  ?     20^,  (3). 

9.  IggStos  .  .  .  coniectos  [esse]  :  explains  qiiantiiin  .  .  .  admi- 
sissent ;  '  in  tiiat  envoys  had  been,'  etc.  quod  nomen :  '  a  title 
which,'  the  title  of  envoy  or  ambassador.     165,  b.         ad  :  »  among.' 

10.  sanctum  inviolatumque:  '  sacred  and  inviolable.' 


Ill,  9]  Campaign  against  the  Venetans  203 

providere  instituunt,  hoc  maiore  spe,  quod  multum  natura 
loci  confidebant. 

Pedestria  esse  itinera  concisa  aestuariis,  navigati5nem  is 
impeditam  propter  inscientiam  locorum  paucitatemque 
portuum  sciebant,  neque  nostrds  exercitus  propter  inopiam 
frumenti  diutius  apud  se  morari  posse  confidebant;  ac  iam 
ut  omnia  contra  opinionem  acciderent,  tamen  se  plurimnm 
ndvibiis  posse,  Romdnos  neque  ullam  faciiltdtem  habere  nd-  20 
viiirny  neque  eorum  locorum^  tibi  belluin  gesturt  essent,  vada, 
portuSy  Insulds  novisse ;  ac  longe  aUam  esse  navigatidnem 
in  conclnso  mari  atque  in  vastissimd  atque  apertissim5 
Oceano  perspiciebant. 

His  initis  consiliis,  oppida  mQniunt,  frumenta  ex  agris  in  25 
oppida  comportant,  naves  in  Venetiam,  ubi  Caesarem  pri- 
mum    esse   bellum    gesturum    constabat,    quam    plurimas 

13.    instituunt:  175,  b.         hoc:  '  on  this  account.'  spe:  138. 

multum  confidebant:  'had  much  confidence.'     118,  b.         natura: 
135,  a. 

15.  Pedestria,  etc. :  Uhat  the  land  routes  were  cut  by  inlets  of  the 
sea,'  making  progress  of  an  army  difficult;  see  Map  10.  naviga- 
tionem  :  '  navigation,' by  the  Romans  ;  sc.  esse.     81. 

16.  inscientiam  locorum  :  '  lack  of  knowledge  of  the  country.' 

17.  neque:  trans,  as  if  ^/ .  .  .  non. 

18.  ac  .  .  .  novisse:  a  brief  summary  in  indirect  discourse;  'and 
(they  believed)  that,'  etc.     212,  c,  (6). 

19.  ut:  with  /«;«,*  even  granting  that'  acciderent :  subjunc- 
tive also  in  direct  discourse.  191,  b.  B.  308;  A.  527,  a\  H.  586,  il. 
plurimum  posse :  cf.  I,  3,  1.  21  and  N. 

21.  ubi  :  =  in  quibus.        gesturi  essent :  63. 

22.  insulas:  'islands.'  longe  aliam  .  .  .atque:  ^  far  different 
.  .  .  from  what  it  was.'     233,  c. 

23.  in  concluso  marl :  '  on  a  land-locked  sea,'  referring  to  the 
Mediterranean.  vastissimo,  apertissimo  :  'illimitable,  unconfined.' 
How  lit.  ? 

25.  frumenta:  unthreshed  'grain,'  just  ripening  in  the  fields, 
hurriedly  cut  and  transported  into  the  towns;  N.  to  I,  16,  1.  3.  The 
time  was  near  the  beginning  of  July. 


204  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  66 

possunt,  cogunt.     Socios  sibi  ad  id  bellum  Osismos,  Lexo- 
vios,  Namnetes,  Ambiliatos,  Morinos,  Diablintes,  Menapios 
30  asciscunt ;  auxilia  ex  Britannia,  quae  contra  eas  regiones 
posita  est,  arcessunt. 

Caesar  considers  it  equally  important  to  check  this  uprising 
and  to  distribute  his  forces  so  as  to  prevent  revolts  elsewhere. 

10.  Erant  hae  diflficultates  belli  gerendi,  quas  supra 
ostendimus,  sed  multa  tamen  Caesarem  ad  id  bellum  inci- 
tabant:  iniiiria  retentorum  equitum  Romanorum,  rebellio 
facta  post  deditionem,  defecti5  datis  obsidibus,  tot  civita- 
s  turn  coniuratio,  in  primis  ne,  hac  parte  neglecta,  reliquae 
nati5nes  sibi  idem  licere  arbitrarentur. 

Itaque  cum  intellegeret,  omnes  fere  Gallos  novTs  rebus 
studere  et  ad  bellum  mobiliter  celeriterque  excitari,  omnes 
autem  homines  natura  libertati  studere  et  condicionem  ser- 

28.  Socios:  ^as  allies.'  115,  a.  Osismos,  etc.:  locate  these 
states  on  the  Map  at  the  end  of  this  volume. 

30.  auxilia,  etc. :  help  furnished  to  his  enemies  by  the  Britons 
gave  Caesar  a  pretext  later  for  invading  the  island  (IV,  chap.  20). 

10.     I.    Erant:  90,  a.         suprS:  chap.  9. 

3.  iniuria,  etc.:  *the  wrong  done  by  the  detention  of  Roman 
knights,' referring  to  the  envoys  (chap.  8,  11.  7-12),  who,  as  the  other 
tribunes  in  Caesar's  army,  had  the  rank  of  eqiiites.  228,  b.  B.  337,  6 ; 
A.  497  ;  H.  636,  4.         equitum :  96.        rebellio  :  *  renewal  of  war.' 

4.  dgfectio:  < revolting.'        datis  obsidibus:  ll^It^b,  (5). 

5.  nS  .  .  .  arbitrarentur:  the  clause  is  in  the  same  construction 
as  iniuria,  rebellio,  etc.,  in  apposition  with  multa ;  <(the  fear)  that,'  etc. 
202.      hac  parte  neglgcta  :  '  if  this  part  (of  Gaul),'  etc.     lUy  b,  (4) . 

6.  idem:  subject  accusative  with  licere',  *  the  same  course.' 
Iic6re:  TS,b. 

7.  cum:  18!^,  a.  novis  rSbus  stud6re :  *were  eager  for  a 
change  of  rule.'     105. 

8.  mSbiliter:  <  easily.'        eaccltarl:  <  were  stirred.' 

9.  natara  llbertatl  studere:  'have  a  natural  desire  for  liberty.' 
How  lit.  ? 


in,  11]  Campaign  against  the  Venetans  205 

vitutis   odisse,  prius   quam   plures    civitates   c5nspira.rent,  lo 
partiendum  sibi  ac  latius  distribuendum  exercitum  putavit. 

11.  Itaque  T.  Labienum  legatuni  in  Treveros,  qui  proximi 
flumini  Rheno  sunt,  cum  equitatu  mittit.  Huic  mandat, 
Remos  reliquosque  Belgas  adeat  atque  in  officio  contineat, 
Germanosque,  qui  auxilio  a  Belgis  arcessiti  dicebantur,  si 
per  vim  navibus  flumen  transTre  c5nentur,  prohibeat.  5 

P.  Crassum,  cum  cohortibus  legionariis  xii  et  magno 
numero  equitatus,  in  Aquitaniam  proficisci  iubet,  ne  ex  his 
nationibus  auxilia  in  Gailiam  mittantur  ac  tantae  nationes 
coniungantur. 

Q.  Titurium  Sabinum  legatum  cum  legionibus  tribus  in  10 
Venellos,  Coriosolitas  Lexoviosque  mittit,  qui  eam  manum 
distinendam  curet. 

D.   Brutum  adulescentem  class!  Gallicisque  navibus,  quas 


10.  odisse:  72,  b,  and  116^  b.  prius  quam:  with  the  subjunc- 
tive also  in  direct  discourse.  189^  b.  conspirarent :  '  should 
league  together.' 

ir.  partiendum  [esse],  etc. :  'that  he  ought  to  divide  up  his  army 
and  distribute  (it)  more  widely,'  in  order  to  hold  all  parts  of  the  coun- 
try in  check.     75,  e. 

11.  I.  Treveros:  see  Map  at  the  end  of  the  volume.  282. 
prozimi :   here  followed  by  the  dative.     108,  a. 

3.  adeat :  sc.  tit.     200,  a,  and  199,  a.        in  oflBcio  •  '  in  allegiance.' 

4.  auxilio:  112,  a.         arcessiti  [esse]  :  1^8,  e. 

5.  conentur:  220.     B.  324;  A.  593;  H.  652. 

6.  XII :  duodechn ;   Crassus  had  a  legion  and  two  cohorts  of  infantry. 

7.  Aquitaniam  :  287,  c. 

8.  Gailiam:  Celtic  Gaul.  287,  b.  As  the  Aquitanians  were  of 
different  stock,  their  relations  with  their  Celtic  neighbors  seem  ordi- 
narily not  to  have  been  intimate. 

11.  qui  .  .  .  curet:  'in  order  to  keep  their  forces  at  a  distance.' 
How  lit.  ?     19S^  a. 

12.  distinendam  :  79,  d,  and  229,  b.     B.  337,  8,  (5,  2  ;  H.  622. 

13.  D. :  19,  a.  class! :  'fleet,'  built  on  the  Loire  (chap.  9, 
U.  2-5).         Gallicis  ntvibus :  used  as  supply  ships. 


206 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  « 


ex  Pictonibus  et  Santonis  reliquisque  pacatis  regionibus  con- 
is  venire  iusserat,  praeficit  et,  cum  prlmum  possit,  in  Venetos 
proficisci  iubet.     Ipse  eo  pedestribus  copiTs  contendit. 

The  capture  of  strongholds  of  the  Venetans  proves  fruitless. 

12.  Erant  eius  modi  fere  situs  oppidorum,  ut,  posita  in 
extremis  lingulls  promunturiisque,  neque  pedibus  aditum 
haberent,   cum   ex  alto   se   aestus   incitavisset   (quod   bis 


Figure  95.  —  A  tongue  of  land,  on  the  Venetan  coast. 

This  tongue  of  land,  projecting  westward,  is  seen  across  the  inlet  as  one  looks  northward 
from  Le  Croisic  (.Map  10). 


15.  possit:  Indicative  in  the  direct  form. 

16.  eo:  in  Venetos.        copiis :  137,  b. 

12.  I.  eius  modi  .  .  .  ut:  <of  such  a  character  that.'  100,  b, 
and  197,  b.      situs  :  locations.' 

2.  extremis,  etc.:  ^at  the  ends  of  tongues  of  land/  relatively 
low,  'and  promontories,'  high  points  of  land,  projecting  into  the  sea. 
(Fig-  95).  152,  a.  pedibus:  'by  land.'  How  lit.?  ISl,  a. 
aditum:  i.e.  for  an  attacking  army. 

3.  cum,  etc. :  '  when  the  tide  had  rushed  in  from  the  deep.'  How 
lit.  ?  quod :  <  which,'  referring  to  the  preceding  clause  ;  hence 
neuter.  bis,  etc.:  On  July  i  in  Quiberon  Bay  the  sun  rises  at  4.12 
and  sets  at  7.48,  while  the  tide  reaches  high-water  mark  at  5  a.m. 
and  5.25  P.M. ;  there  are  thus  two  tides  in  the  one  day.  The  interval 
between  the  forenoon  and  afternoon  tides,  in  general,  is  less  than  the 
length  of  the  summer  days  when  Caesar  was  in  this  region ;    hence 


Ill,  12]  Campaign  against  the  Venetans  207 

accidit  semper  horarum  xii  spati5),  neque  navibus,  quod, 
rursus  minuente  aestu,  naves  in  vadis  afflictarentur.  s 

Ita  utraque  re  oppidorum  oppugnatio  impediebatur ;  ac 
si  quando,  magnitudine  operis  forte  superati,  extruso  mari 
aggere  ac  molibus  atque  his  oppidi  fnoenibus  adaequatis, 
suis  fortunis  desperare  coeperant,  magno  numero  navium 
appulso,  cuius  rei  summam  facultatem  habebant,  omnia  sua  lo 

Caesar's  form  of  statement,  as  Professor  Oliphant  has  shown  (American 
Journal  of  Philology,  1916,  p.  297). 

4.  accidit:  'happened.'  horarum:  the  long  'hours,'  of  the 
summer  days.  21^2^  a.  spatio :  '  within  the  period.'  iltl,  c. 
rursus  minuente   aestu;  'at  ebb  tide.'     How  lit.? 

5.  afQTctarentur :  '  would  be  stranded,'  in  case  they  should  be 
over  the  shallow  places  when  the  tide  went  out. 

6.  utraque  re :  'by  both  conditions,'  both  the  rising  and  the  ebb- 
ing of  the  tide.     How  lit.? 

7-1 1.  Explanation:  Starting  from  the  nearest  point  of  land  which  at 
high  tide  remained  above  water,  the  Romans  prolonged  toward  the  town  two 
massive  parallel  embankments,  or  dikes,  working  whenever  the  tide  would 
allow,  since  at  high  tide  the  inclosed  space  would  be  under  water.  Having 
prolonged  their  dikes  almost  to  the  city,  quickly,  when  the  tide  was  low,  they 
filled  in  the  last  stretch  and  shut  out  the  water  from  both  sides,  thus  giving  a 
dry  avenue  of  approach  between  the  dikes  from  the  adjacent  country  to  the 
town.  But  by  the  time  they  were  ready  to  attack,  using  each  embankment 
as  an  agger  (34-1)^  the  townspeople  had  already  taken  ship  and  departed 
"  bag  and  baggage."     See  Map  lo,  A. 

7.  quando  :  '  at  any  time.'  operis  :  =  mumtionum,  explained  by 
what  follows.  superati :  agrees  with  oppiddnt,  understood  as  subject 
of  coeperant.  extruso  marl :  '  when  the  sea  had  been  shut  out.'  IJ^I^, 
b,  (2). 

8.  aggere  ac  molibus:  'by  massive  dikes';  hendiadys.  How 
lit.  ?  238,  d.  B.  374,  4 ;  A.  640  ;  H.  751,  3,  N.  I .  his,  etc.  :  '  when 
these  had  been  built  up  to  a  level  with  the  walls.'  moenibus: 
107,  a. 

9.  fortunis  :  dative.     109,  a. 

10.  appulso:  ' having  brought  up '  to  the  threatened  town.  How 
lit.  ?  cuius  rei :  instead  of  qudrum  ;  we  should  say,  '  of  which  they 
had  the  greatest  abundance.'     How  lit.? 


208  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  56 

deportabant  seque  in  proxima  oppida  recipiebant;    ibi  se 
rursus  isdem  opportunitatibus  loci  defendebant. 

Haec  e5  facilius  magnam  partem  aestatis  faciebant,  quod 
nostrae  naves  tempestatibus  detinebantur,  summaque  erat 
IS  vasto  atque  aperto  mari,  magnis  aestibus,  raris  ac  prope 
nullis  portibus,  difficultas  navigandi. 

Advantages  of  the  sea-gohig  Venetan  ships  over  Roman  galleys. 

13.  Namque  ips5rum  naves  ad  hunc  modum  factae 
armataeque  erant :  carinae  aliquant©  planiores  quam  no- 
strarum  navium,  quo  facilius  vada  ac  decessum  aestus  exci- 
pere  possent;  prorae  admodum  erectae,  atque  item  puppes, 

s  ad  magnitudinem  fluctuum  tempestatumque  accommodatae ; 
naves  totae  factae  ex  r5bore  ad  quamvis  vim  et  contumeliam 

11.  dSporttbant :  repeated  action,  '  they  would  carry  off.'     176,  d. 

12.  ladem :  J^5.  opportunitatibus:  'advantages.'  dSfen- 
dSbant:  11 5,  d. 

14.  tempestatibus  detinebantur:  *  were  held  back,'  in  the  Loire 
(chap.  9,  11.  1-4),  '  by  storms.'         summa  .   .   .  difiBcultfts  :  353,  d. 

15.  vasto,  etc. :  1/fJf,  b,  (3).  There  is  an  implied  contrast  with  the 
more  sheltered  and  almost  tideless  waters  of  the  Mediterranean. 
rSris  ac  prope  nullis  :  <  infrequent,  in  fact,  almost  entirely  lacking.' 
How  lit.  ? 

13.  I.  Namque  ipsorum:  closely  connected  with  the  preceding: 
/  And  (the  Venetans  have  not  the  same  difficulty  in  navigating  these 
waters)  for  their.'        hunc  :  '  the  following.' 

2.  armStae  :  'equipped.'  carinae:  'keels';  s,c.  erant.  ali- 
quanto  pianiorSs :  '  considerably  flatter,'  so  that  the  ships  were  more 
flat-bottomed  than  the  Roman  galleys.         quam  :  'than  (those).' 

3.  quo:  193,  b.         decessum:  'the  ebbing.' 

4.  prSrae,  etc. :  '  the  prows  were  very  high  ' ;  sc.  erattt  in  this  and 
the  following  clauses.         pupp6s  :  'sterns:' 

5.  fluctuum:  '  of  sea-waves.'        accommodatae:  *  adapted.' 

6.  tStae  :' wholly.'  15U  rSbore : 'oak.'  13,  f.  quamvis: 
'  no  matter  how  jjreat,'  lit.  '  any  you  please.'  49^  a.  vim  et  contu- 
mfiliam  :  '  violence  and  buffeting.'    230,  (3). 


MAP   lo 
Sea-fight  with  the  Venetans 


Book  III,  7-16 


To  face  page  208 


SCALE  OF  ENGLISH  MILES 


SCALE  OF  ROMAN  MILES 


6  5  Hq  I5  2o  6  5         To         iS         h 

EXPLANATION 

Caesar's  fleet  was  built  on  the  Loire  (Liger,  chap.  9,  11.  2-4),  and  placed 
in  command  of  Brutus.  From  the  mouth  of  the  Loire  it  followed  a  north- 
erly course  till  it  met  the  Venetan  fleet 
(chap.  14). 


MAP   10,  A 

Operations  against  a  Venetan  Town 
(in,  12) 

a.  Mainland. 

b.  Stronghold,  oppidum,  surrounded  by 
water  at  high  tide. 

C.  Parallel  dikes  over  land  submerged 
except  at  low  tide.  The  dikes,  or  embank- 
ments, were  high  enough  to  keep  out  the 
water  at  high  tide. 


SCALE  OF  MILES 

0   )i   >^   5^4    i   i.k  i'« 

MAP  10,  A 


Ill,  13]  Campaign  against  the  Venetans  209 

perferendam ;  transtra,  ex  pedalibus  in  altitudinem  trabibus, 
confixa  clavis  ferrels  digit!  pollicis  crassitudine ;  ancorae 
pro  f unibus  ferreis  catenis  revinctae ;  pelles  pro  veils  alu- 
taeque  tenuiter  confectae,  sive  propter  lini  inopiam  atque  lo 
eius  usus  inscientiam,  sive  eo,  quod  est  magis  verl  simile, 
quod  tantas  tempestates  Oceani  tantosque  impetus  ven- 
torum  sustineri  ac  tanta  onera  navium  regl  veils  non  satis 
commode  posse  arbitrabantur. 

Cum  his  navibus  nostrae  classi  eius  modi  congressus  is 
erat,  ut  una  celeritate  et  pulsu  remorum  praestaret ;  reliqua 
pro  loci  natura,  pro  vi  tempestatum  illis  essent  aptiora  et 

7.  transtra,  etc.  :  'the  cross-timbers,  (made)  of  beams  a  foot 
thick '  (lit.  *  in  height '),  were  '  fastened  (to  the  sides)  with  iron  bolts  of 
the  thickness  of  a  thumb.'         trabibus  :  17,  c. 

8.  crassitudine:  143,a.  ancorae  :' anchors,' like  those  in  use 
to-day. 

9.  pro:  'instead  of.'  funibus  :  'ropes.'  As  the  Romans  used 
only  cables  of  rope,  the  chain  cables  of  the  Venetans  seemed  note- 
worthy, revinctae:  were  'held.'  pelles:  'hides.'  vglis : 
'sails'  of  canvas. 

10.  alutae  tenuiter  confectae:  'leather  dressed  thin.'  sive 
.   .   .  sive:  235,  a,  d.         linl:  'flax.' 

11.  eius:  lim.  eo  :  'on  this  account,' explained  by  ^«^^  (1.  12) 
.  .  .  arbitrabantur .  135,  a.  quod  :  relative,  refers  to  the  thought 
of  the  following  guad-cla.use.         veri :   108,  b. 

12.  impetus:  'gusts.' 

13.  tanta  onera  navium:  trans,  'so  heavy  vessels.'  How  lit.? 
onera:  13,  e.  regi:  'be  managed.'  veils:  'with  (canvas) 
sails.' 

15.  nostrae  classi  congressus:  'the  encounter  of  our  fleet.' 
How  lit.?     111.         eius  modi:   'such.'     How  lit.?     100,  b. 

16.  erat:  'would  be.'  una:  'only.'  pulsii  remorum:  'pro- 
pulsion by  oars,'  which  gave  to  the  galley  a  rapidity  and  freedom  of 
movement  comparable  with  that  of  a  modern  steamship.  reliqua : 
'other  conditions.'     154,  a. 

17.  pro:  '  in  regard  to.'  illls  :  the  Venetan  ships.  aptiora: 
'better  suited  ' 


210  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.a  56 

accommodatiora.     Neque  enim  his  nostrae  r5stro  nocere 
poterant  (tanta  in  eis  erat  firmitudo),  neque  propter  altitu- 

2odinem  facile  telum  adigebatur,  et  eadem  de  causa  minus 
commode  copulis  continebantur. 

Accedebat,  ut,  cum  saevire  ventus  coepisset  et  se  vento 
dedissent,  et  tempestatem  ferrent  facilius  et  in  vadis  con- 
sisterent  tutius  et,  ab  aestu  relictae,  nihil  saxa  et  cautes 

25  timerent;    quarum  rerum  omnium  nostris  navibus  casus 
erat  extimescendus. 

Caesar's  fleet,  commanded  by  Brutus,  arrives  ;   desperate  sea^ 

fight. 

14.  Compluribus  expugnatis  oppidis,  Caesar,  ubi  intel- 
lexit,  frustra  tantum  laborem  sumi,  neque  hostium  fugam, 
captis  oppidis,  reprimi  neque  eis  noceri  posse,  statuit  ex- 
spectandam  classem. 

i8.    hia:  105.         nostrae:  sc.  naves.        rostro ;    'by  ramming,' 

lit,  '  with  the  beak.'     3^6,  c,  and  SJ^7.         nocSre  :  '  do  injury.' 

19.  firmitudo:  'soHdity.' 

20.  tglum  adigebatur  :  '  could  a  missile  be  thrown  up '  on  to  them. 
The  galleys  were  built  relatively  low,  and  light. 

21.  copulis  continebantur:  'could  they  be  held  with  grappling 
hooks,'  thrown  out  from  a  galley  to  catch  and  hold  a  hostile  ship  so 
that  the  Romans  could  board  it.     547. 

22.  Accedebat,  ut:  *  There  was  the  further  advantage,  that.' 
20s,  (i).  saevire:  'to  blow  a  gale.'  How  lit..?  sS  vento  de- 
dissent  :  '  they  ran  before  the  wind.'     220.     How  lit.  ? 

23.  ferrent:  '  they  would  weather.'        consisterent :  'would  ride.' 

24.  tfitiuB  :  SI^,  b.  aestti  :  personified,  hence  with  ab.  126,  b. 
relictae :  the  Venetan  ships,  being  flat-bottomed,  when  left  by  the 
tide  settled  easily  and  safely  on  the  ground.  nihil :  =  emphatic 
non.     lis,  c.     B.  176,  2,  b\  A.  390,  d,  and  N.  2  ;  H.  416,  2. 

25.  navibus:  110,  and  2S9,  h.  B.  189,  i;  A.  374;  H.  431. 
cSsus,  etc.  :  '  the  occurrence  was  greatly  to  be  feared.'     229,  c. 

14.  3.  captiB,  etc. :  '  could  be  checked  by  taking  the  towns.'  li^J^ 
b,  (6).  eis  nocSri  posse:  'harm  could  be  done  them.'  106,  b^ 
and  105.        exspectandam  :  in  full,  sibi  exspectandam  esse. 


Ill,  14]  Campaign  against  the  Venetans 


211 


Quae  ubi  convenit  ac  primum  ab  hostibus  visa  est,  s 
circiter  ccxx  naves  eorum,  paratissimae  atque  omni  genere 
armorum  ornatissimae,  profectae  ex  portu  nostris  adversae 
constiterunt ;  neque  satis  Bruto,  qui  classi  praeerat,  vel 
tribunis  militum  centurionibusque,  quibus  singulae  naves 
erant  attributae,  constabat,  quid  agerent  aut  quam  rationem  lo 
pugnae  insisterent.  Rostr5  enim  noceri  n5n  posse  cogno- 
verant ;  turribus  autem  excitatis,  tamen  has  altitud5  pup- 
pium  ex  barbaris  navibus  superabat,  ut  neque  ex  inferiore 


5.  Quae:   167.         convenit:  ^arrived.' 

6.  CCXX:   ducentae  et  vlginti.     38,  b,  and  S6 
< fully  ready.'     153,  a.         genere:   133. 

7.  armorum  :  '  of  equipment,'  including  everything  needed  to  make 


paratissimae : 


completely  fitted   out.' 


a  ship  ready  for  action.  ornatissimae 
ex  portu,  etc. :  the  sea-fight  probably  took 
place  in  the  bay  of  Quiberon,  Caesar's  army 
being  drawn  up  in  sight  on  the  heights  of 
St.  Gildas.  The  courses  of  the  fleets  may 
be  traced  on  Map  10. 

8.    neque  .   .   .  constabat:  ^  and  it  was 
not  quite  clear  to  Brutus,'  etc.      After  the 


Roman  mint,  struck  a  coin  commemorating 
Gallic  victories  (Fig.  96).     73,  c. 

9.  tribunis,  etc. :  the  legionaries  on  the 
Roman  galleys  were  under  their  regular 
officers.  How  many  galleys  participated  in 
the  battle  we  do  not  know. 

10.  quid  agerent:  '•what  they  were  to 
do.'     217,  b.     B.  315,  3  ;  A.  587  ;  H.  642,  3. 

11.  Rostr5:  as  in  chap.  13,  I.  18. 
noceri :  sc.  els,  the  enemy's  ships. 

12.  turribus  ezcitttis :  'even  though 
the  towers  had  been  erected '  on  the  Roman 
ships.     i44?  b,  (5),  and  3Ii.6,  d. 

13.  'ex:   'on.'     126,  c.        inferiore  loco:  the  decks  and  towers 
of  the  Roman  vessels. 


Figure  96.  —  Coin  of 
Decimus  Brutus. 

Silver,  denarius ;  struck  in 
49  or  48  b.c.  Oval  Gallic 
shield  and  round  shield  between 
two  Gallic  war  trumpets: 
inscription,  albinus  bruti 
f[ilius],  'Albinus,  son  of 
Brutus,' 

Decimus  Brutus  was  named 
Albinus  after  A.  Postumius 
Albinus,  who  adopted  him. 


212  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  56 

loco  satis  commode  tela  adigi   possent  et  missa  a  Gallis 

IS  gravius  acciderent. 

Una  erat  magno  usui  res  praeparata  a  nostris,  falces 
praeacutae  insertae  aff ixaeque  longuriis,  non  absimili  forma 
muralium  falcium.  His  cum  funes,  qui  antemnas  ad  malos 
destinabant,  comprehensi  adductique  erant,  navigi5  remis 

2oincitat6,  praerumpebantur.  Quibus  abscisis,  antemnae  ne- 
cessario  concidebant ;  ut,  cum  omnis  Gallicis  navibus  spes 
in  veils  armamentisque  consisteret,  his  ereptis,  omnis  usus 
navium  uno  tempore  eriperetur. 

Reliquum  erat  certamen  positum  in  virtute,  qua  nostri 

25  milites  facile  superabant,  atque  eo  magis,  quod  in  conspectu 
Caesaris  atque  omnis  exercitus  res  gerebatur,  ut  nullum 

14.  adigi  possent:   cf.  chap.  13,  1.  20,  and  N.         missa:    sc.  tela. 

1 5 .  gravius :  <  with  greater  force,'  because  thrown  from  a  considera- 
ble height  down  upon  the  decks  of  the  galleys. 

16.  magno  usui:  'very  useful.'  How  lit.?  112^  a.  praepa- 
rata: *  made  ready  beforehand.'  falogs,  etc. :  'hooks  sharpened  at 
the  ends,  let  into  (the  ends  of)  long  poles  and  fastened  to  (them).' 
falcSs  :  n^c,  and  91^  a, 

17.  non,  etc.:  —forma  non  absimili  for  mae  mUrdlium  falcium, 
*  of  a  shape  not  unlike  that  of  wall  hooks.'     I4S,  a,  and  238,  b. 

18.  muralium  falcium:  used  on  long  poles  to  pull  stones  out  of 
walls.  SJ^2,c.  HIb:  131,a.  cum :' whenever.'  186,  a.  B.  288, 
B,  3  ;  H.601,4.       antemnSs  :  'sail-yards.'       mSlos  :  'masts.' 

19.  dSstinSbant:  'fastened.'  adducti  erant:  'had  been 
pulled  taut.'  nSvigio  incitSto  :  '  when  the  ship,'  that  had  caught  its 
hook  in  the  enemy's  rigging,  'was  driven  forward,'  etc.     144j  ^1  (2). 

20.  praerumpebantur  :  '  they  were  severed.'       abscisis  :  '  cut  off.' 

21.  concidebant:  'fell  down.'  cum:  184,  a.  Gallicis  nS- 
vibus  :  '  in  the  case  of  the  Gallic  ships ' ;  dative.  109,  a.  B.  188,  i,N. ; 
A.  376;  H.  425,  4,  N. 

22.  armftmentls:  'rigging';  they  had  no  oars.       usus:  'control.' 

23.  (in6  :  trans,  as  Meddem. 

24.  Reliquum:  emphatic  position.  863,  d.  certamen:  'con- 
test.'       erat  positum  in:  '  depended  on.'     How  lit.? 

26.   rfis;  '  the  struggle.'        gergbatur:  force  of  the  imperfect? 


Ill,  15]  Campaign  against  the  Venetans  213 

paulo  fortius  factum  latere  posset;  omnes  enim  colles  ac 
loca  superiora,  unde  erat  propinquus  despectus  in  mare,  . 
ab  exercitu  tenebantur. 

Roman  courage,  ingenuity,  and  good  luck  win  the  day. 

15.  Deiectis,  ut  diximus,  antemnis,  cum  singulas  binae 
ac  ternae  naves  circumsteterant,  mllites  summa  vi  tran- 
scendere  in  hostium  naves  contendebant.  Quod  postquam 
barbari  fieri  animadverterunt,  expugnatis  compluribus  navi- 
bus,  cum  ei  rei  nullum  reperlretur  auxilium,  fuga  salutem  c 
petere  contenderunt. 

Ac  iam  conversis  in  earn  partem  navibus,  quo  ventus 

27.  paulo  fortius:  'unusually  brave,'  lit.  'a  little  braver  (than 
usual).'  factum:  'deed.'  latere:  'be  unobserved.'  colles, 
etc.  :  heights  of  St.  Gildas ;  see  Map  10. 

28.  despectus  in  mare:  'view  over  the  sea,'  de  implying  a  view 
from  an  elevation. 

15.    I.    cum  :   186,  a.  singulas,  etc.:   'two  or'  (lit.  'and') 

'  three  galleys  had  surrounded  a  single  ship '  of  the  enemy.  We  are  not 
to  suppose  that  Caesar's  fleet  outnumbered  that  of  the  Venetans ;  the 
Romans  simply  concentrated  their  forces  on  one  vessel  at  a  time,  in- 
stead of  engaging  the  whole  line  of  the  enemy  at  once.  singulis  : 
sc.  naves.         binae  :  S6. 

3.    transcendere  in:  'to  board,'  in  the  nautical  sense.  con- 

tendebant: 'would  hasten.'  175,  d.  B.  260,  2;  A.  470;  H.  534,3. 
Quod  :  trans,  as  \i  et  hoc. 

5.  61  auxilium:  'no  remedy,'  i.e.  counter-tactic,  'was  discovered 
against  this,'  the  boarding  of  their  vessels  by  the  legionaries. 

5-6.  Historical  Significance :  "  Thus  was  this  naval  battle,"  says 
Mommsen  (History  of  Rome,  Vol.  V,  p.  57) — "so  far  as  historical  knowl- 
edge reaches,  the  earliest  fought  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  —  just  like  the  en- 
gagement at  Mylae  two  hundred  years  before,  notwithstanding  the  most 
unfavorable  circumstances,  decided  in  favor  of  the  Romans  by  a  lucky  inven- 
tion suggested  by  necessity." 

7.  quo:  trans,  as  \iin  quam.  ventus  ferebat :  'the  wind  was 
blowing,'  we  should  say. 


214  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  56 

ferebat,  tanta  subito  malacia  ac  tranquillitas  exstitit,  ut  se 
ex  loco  movere  non  possent.  Quae  quidem  res  ad  negotium 
loconficiendum  maxime  fuit  opportuna;  nam  singulas  nostri 
consectati  expugnaverunt,  ut  perpaucae  ex  omni  numero 
noctis  interventu  ad  terram  pervenerint,  cum  ab  bora  fere 
iiii  usque  ad  solis  occasum  pugnaretur, 

Tlie  captive  Venetans  are  sold  into  slavery  as  a  warning. 

16.  Qu5  proelio  bellum  Venetorum  totlusque  orae  mari- 
timae  confectum  est.  Nam  cum  omnis  iuventus,  omnes 
etiam  gravioris  aetatis,  in  quibus  aliquid  c5nsilii  aut  digni- 
tatis fuit,  eo  convenerant,  tum,  navium  quod  ubique  fuerat, 
sin  unum  locum  coegerant;  quibus  amissis,  reliqui  neque 
quo   se    reciperent,    neque    quem   ad   modum   oppida  de- 

8.  malacia  ac  tranquillitas:  'calm  and  stillness.'  exstitit  : 
•  ensued ' ;  in  the  latter  part  of  summer  a  morning  wind  in  these  regions 
is  usually  followed  by  a  calm  in  the  afternoon.     176,  a,  and  173,  a. 

9.  non  possent :  relying  entirely  on  sails,  the  Venetans  were  help- 
less when  the  wind  failed  them.         r6s  :  'circumstance.' 

10.  singulas:  <one  by  one';  sc.  naves. 

11.  consectati:  'pursuing.'     226,  c.         numero:  97,  d. 

12.  interventu:  'because  of  the  coming.'  135,  a.  cum: 
'although.'  187.  horS  quSrtS  :  a  litde  before  ten  o'clock  by  our 
reckoning;  the  battle  took  place  toward  the  end  of  summer,  before  the 
autumnal  equinox.     242,  a,  and  d. 

16.    2.    cum  .   .   .  tum:    186,  d.      B.  290,  2  ;  H.657,  4,  N.  i. 

3.  gravioris:  'more  advanced.'  aliquid  .  .  .  dignitatis: 
'any  weight  of  judgment  or  influence.'     97,  b. 

4.  fuit:  90,  a.  eo  :  to  the  country  of  the  Venetans.  navium 
quod:  i.e.  id  tiavium,  quod  els  ubique  fuerat,  'all  the  ships  that  they 
had  had  anywhere.'     97,  b. 

5.  quibus:  including  men  as  well  as  ships.  reliqui:  'those 
who  survived.'  How  lit.?  neque,  etc.:  'had  (in  mind)  neither  a 
place  to  which  they  might  make  their  escape,  nor  any  means  by  which 
they  might  defend,'  etc.     How  lit.  ? 

6.  •  reciperent,  etc. :  indirect  question  ;  it  would  have  the  subjunctive 
also  as  a  direct  question.     217,  b. 


III.  17]     Expedition  of  Sabinus  against  the  Venelli  215 

fenderent,   habebant.      Itaque   se    suaque   omnia    Caesarl 
dediderunt. 

In   quos  eo   gravius    Caesar   vindicandum    statuit,   qu5 
diligentius  in  reliquum  tempus   a  barbaris  ius  legatorum  lo 
conservaretur.      Itaque,  omni  senatu  necato,  reliquos  sub 
corona  vendidit. 

Expedition  of  Sabinus  against  the  Venellans.     17-19 

Sabinus  encamps  in  the  country  of  the  Venelli  and  pretends  fear. 

17.  Dum  haec  in  Venetis  geruntur,  Q.  Titurius  Sabinus 
cum  eis  copiis,  quas  a  Caesare  acceperat,  in  fines  Venel- 
lorum  pervenit. 

His    praeerat   Viridovix   ac    summam    imperii   tenebat 


7.    suaque  omnia  :  '  and  all  they  had.'     How  lit  \ 

9.  eo  .  .  .  quo :  '  on  this  account  ...  in  ordei  Nthat.'  193,  b. 
gravius  vindicandum  [esse]  :  '  that  a  severer  punishl^iont  ought  to 
be  inflicted.'     How  lit.  ? 

10.  in  reliquum  tempus:  'for  the  future.'  ius  legatorum: 
*the  rights  of  ambassadors,'  whose  persons,  from  the  beginning  of 
civilized  life,  have  been  considered  inviolable. 

11.  omni,  etc.  :  'killed  all  the  senate  and.'  How  lit.  ?  144?  b,  (2), 
and  289,  b.  sub  corona  :  '  into  slavery ' ;  lit.  '  under  the  wreath,'  re- 
ferring to  the  wreath  placed  on  the  heads  of  captives  sold  at  auction. 
We  can  hardly  suppose  that  the  entire  population  was  sold  into  slavery ; 

yet  these  maritime  states  were  so  re- 
duced in  strength  that  they  afterwards 
gave  Caesar  no  trouble. 

17.    I .  Venetis :  282.      geruntur : 
trans,  by  a  past  tense.     190,  a. 

2.    eis    copiis :    three    legions,   as 

Figure  97. — Venellan  coin.       related   in   chap.  •  11,  11.    10-12.  in 

Gold;  reverse,  fanciful  lion  turning  its  fines  Venellorum  :  the  probable  route 

head  toward  a  wheel.  ^f  Sabinus  is  shown  on  Map  9. 

4.    Viridovix:  19,  d.         summam  imperii :  '  the  chief  command.' 

How  lit.  ?     Viridovix  not  only  commanded  the  forces  of  the  Venellans 

(Fig.  97)  but  was  commander  in  chief  of  all  the  forces  raised  by  the 

revolting  states. 


216  Caesar's  Gallic   War  [B.C.  56 

searum  omnium  civitatum,  quae  defecerant,  ex  quibus  exer- 
citum  magnasque  copias  coegerat ;  atque  his  paucls  diebus 
Aulercl  Eburovices  Lexoviique,  senatu  suo  interfecto,  quod 
auctores  belli  esse  nolebant,  portas  clauserunt  seque  cum 
Viridovice   coniunxerunt ;    magnaque  praeterea  multitude 

loundique  ex  Gallia  perditorum  hominum  latronumque  con- 
venerat,  quos  spes  praedandi  studiumque  bellandi  ab  agri 
cultura  et  cotidiano  labore  sevocabat. 

Sabinus  idoneo  omnibus  rebus  loco  castris  sese  tenebat, 
cum  Viridovix  contra  eum  duorum  milium  spatio  c5nsedis- 

15  set  cotidieque,  productis  cdpiis,  pugnandi  potestatem  face- 
ret,  ut  iam  n5n  solum  hostibus  in  contemptionem  Sabinus 
venTret,  sed  etiam  nostrorum  militum  v5cibus  non  nihil 
carperetur ;  ti  >;  amque  opinionem  timoris  praebuit,  ut  iam 


5.  exerc'  am:  'an  army,'  trained  and  equipped,  as  distinguished 
from  copi§s,  '  forces '  hastily  levied  and  organized. 

6.  his  paucis  digbus :  '  within  the  few  days '  after  the  arrival  of 
Sabinus.     I47,  a,  and  160,  d. 

7.  Aulercl  EburovicSs  :  one  name  ;  see  Map  9. 

8.  auctorSs  :' favorers ';  why  nominative  ?  221,  b.  nolgbant: 
plural  because  senatu  is  thought  of  as  sendtoribus.  173,  b.  portSa 
clausSrunt :  the  shutting  of  city  gates  on  the  approach  of  an  army 
was  a  virtual  declaration  of  war. 

10.    perditorum:  'desperate.'        latronum :  'bandits.' 

12.  agri  cultura :  'farming.'  sSvocSbat :  lured  away.  How 
lit.  ?     79,  d. 

13.  omnibus  r6bus  :  'in  all  respects.'  11^2,  a.  loc6  :  1J^5,  c. 
castrla:  131,  a.  The  camp  of  Sabinus  was  probably  near  the  small 
river  S^e,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Venellan  territory  (Map  9). 

14.  cum :  187.  duorum,  etc :  *  (only)  two  miles  away.' 
spatio  :  147,  c. 

16.  ut:  'so  that.'  hostibus:  'in  the  eyes  of  the  enemy.' 
109,  a.  B.  188,  I,  N. ;  A.  377  ;  H.  425,  4,  N.  contemptionem: 
'contempt.' 

17.  non  nihil:  'rather  sharply.'     How  lit.?     118.  c. 

18.  carperStur:  'was  criticized.'  opinidnem :  'impression.' 
81.         praebuit:  'produced.' 


Plate  IV 


Weapons,  Standards,  and  Roman  Camp 


POstitom 

i 
1 

1 

i 

vu 

q  L'  ,r,fc 

I  M  a 

For^^ 

1 

<- y^^^'-,,,:^, ' 

10 


I.   Oval  Shield,  clipeus.     2,  2.    Eagle  of  the  Legion.    3.    Oblong  Shield,  scutum. 

4.    Light  Shield, /arwa.        5,5.    Cavalry  Helmet,  mjj'z.y.      6.    Y^q,  pilum. 

7.    Bow,  arcus ;  Arrow,  sagitta.  8.    Shrine  for  the  Eagle,  sacellum. 

9,9.    Sword,  ^/aa'iaj,-  Scabbard,  m^ma.  10.    Roman  Camp. 

II.    Sling, /unda. 


Ill,  18]     Expedition  of  Sabinus  against  the  Venelli     217 

ad  vallum  castrorum  hostes  accedere  auderent.     Id  ea  de 
causa  faciebat,  quod  cum  tanta  multitudine  hostium,  prae- 20 
sertim  eo  absente,  qui  summam  imperii  teneret,  nisi  aequo 
loco  aut  opportunitate  aliqua  data,  legato  dimicandum  non 
existimabat. 

By  a  ruse  he  leads  the  enemy  to  attack  him. 

18.  Hac  confirmata  opinione  tim5ris,  id5neum  quendam 
hominem  et  callidum  delegit,  Galium,  ex  eis,  quos  auxilii 
causa  secum  habebat.  Huic  magnis  praemiis  pollicita- 
tionibusque  persuadet,  uti  ad  hostes  transeat,  et,  quid  fieri 
velit,  edocet.  5 

Qui  ubi  pro  perfuga  ad  eos  venit,  timorem  Romanorum 
prdponit ;  quibus  angustiis  ipse  Caesar  a  Venetis  prematur, 
docet,  neque  longius  abesse,  quin  proxima  nocte  Sabinus 
clam  ex  castris  exercitum  educat  et  ad  Caesarem  auxilii 
ferendi  causa  proficiscatur.  Quod  ubi  auditum  est,  con- 10 
clamant  omnes,  occasi5nem  neg5tii  bene  gerendi  amit- 
tendam  n5n  esse ;  ad  castra  iri  oportere. 

19.  Id  :  the  holding  of  the  Roman  soldiers  in  camp. 

21.  eo  absente,  qui:  <in  the  absence  of  him  (Caesar)  who.' 
jf44>  <^?  (3)-  teneret:  21 4,  a.  nisi:  i.e.  nisi  dimicaret. 
aequo  loco:  '  advantageous  position ' ;  sc.  data.     144ib,{2). 

22.  dimicandum  [esse],  etc. :  'a  lieutenant  ought  not,'  etc.     110. 
18.    2.    callidum:  'tactful.'         ex  eis :  97,  d. 

5 .  velit,  prematur  (1.  7)  :  20^,  (2).       edocet :  '  explained.'    175,  b. 

6.  Qui,  Quod  (1.  10):  167.  pro  perfugS:  'as  if  a  deserter.' 
vgnit:  188,  a. 

8.  neque,  etc. :  neque  longius  abesse  proxima  nocte,  quin  .  .  .  pro- 
ficiscatur, '  and  that  no  later  than  the  following  night  Sabinus  would 
stealthily  lead,'  etc.     201,  b.     B.  298  ;  A.  558  ;  H.  595,  i. 

11.  occasionem,  etc:  'the  chance  to  score  a  notable  success.' 
How  lit.? 

12.  iri,  etc. :  '  that  they  ought  to  attack  the  camp.'  How  lit.  ?  68^ 
dj  and  73,  d.     B.  138,  iv ;  A.  208,  d;  H.  302,  6. 


218  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  56 

Multae  res  ad  hoc  consilium  Gallos  hortabantur :  superi- 
orum  dierum  Sabini  cunctati5,  perfugae  confirmati5,  inopia 

IS  cibariorum,  cui  rei  parum  dlligenter  ab  eis  erat  provisum, 
spes  Venetici  belli,  et  quod  fere  libenter  homines  id,  quod 
volunt,  credunt. 

His  rebus  adducti,  non  prius  Viridovicem  reliquosque 
duces  ex  concilio  dimittunt,  quam  ab  his  sit  concessum, 

20  arma  uti  capiant  et  ad  castra  contendant.  Qua  re  concessa, 
laeti,  ut  explorata  victoria,  sarmentis  virgultisque  collectis, 
quibus  fossas  R5man6rum  compleant,  ad  castra  pergunt. 

He  surprises  them,  and  wins  a  decisive  victory. 

19.  Locus  erat  castrorum  editus  et  paulatim  ab  imo 
acclivis  circiter  passus  mille.  'Hue  magno  cursu  contende- 
runt,  ut  quam  minimum  spatii  ad  se  colligendos  armandos- 
que  Romanis  daretur,  exanimatlque  pervenerunt. 

14.  superiorum  :  'preceding.'  cunctatio  :  < inaction.'  91,  a, 
and  74y  b.        confirmatio  :  '  the  assurance.' 

16.  quod  .  .  .  crSdiint:  appositive  of  res.  198,  b,  and  175,  c. 
fer6 :  '  as  a  rule.'  Caesar's  keen  insight  into  human  nature  was  an 
important  factor  in  his  success. 

i8.    prius  quam sit  concessum :  'until  permission  had 

been  granted.'     189,  b.     B.  292;  H.  605,  i. 

21,  laeti:  'joyfully.'  151.  ut  explorSta  victoria  :  'as  if  victory 
were  (already)  assured.'  sarmentis:  •  brushwood,' cut  from  trees. 
virgultis :  '  fascines,'  bundles  of  shoots  and  bushes  tied  together  for 
convenience  in  handling.  collSctis :  'they  gathered  and.'  How 
lit..? 

22.  quibus  .  .  .  compleant :  trans,  as  if  ///  els  .  .  .  compleant. 
193,  a,  and  131,  a. 

19.    I.   Locus:   's'te.'  ab  Imo  :    'from  the  bottom  '  of  the  hill. 

15It,  a. 

2.  passus:  118,  a.  Hue:  up  the  slope  to  the  camp.  magno 
cursu:  'at  full  speed.' 

3.  quam  minimum  spatii:  'as  little  time  as  possible.'  97,  b,  and 
153,  c. 


Ill,  19]     Expedition  of  Sabinus  against  the  Venelli   219 

Sabinus,  suos  hortatus,  cupientibus  signum  dat.  Im-s 
peditis  hostibus  propter  ea,  quae  ferebant,  onera,  subito 
duabus  portis  eruptionem  fieri  iubet.  Factum  est  oppor- 
tunitate  loci,  hostium  inscientia  ac  defatigatione,  virtute 
militum  et  superiorum  pugnarum  exercitatione,  ut  ne  unum 
quidem  nostrorum  impetum  ferrent  ac  statim  terga  ver-io 
terent.  Quos  impeditos  integris  viribus  milites  nostri  con- 
secuti,  magnum  numerum  e5rum  occiderunt;  reliquos 
equites  consectati,  paucos,  qui  ex  fuga  evaserant,  relique- 
runt. 

Sic,  un5  tempore,  et  de  navali  pugna  Sabinus  et  de  is 
•Sabini  vict5ria  Caesar  certior  factus  est,  civitatesque 
omnes  se  statim  Titurio  dediderunt.  Nam  ut  ad  bella 
suscipienda  Gallorum  alacer  ac  pr5mptus  est  animus,  sic 
mollis  ac  minime  resistens  ad  calamitates  perferendas 
mens  eorum  est.  20 

5.    hortatus  :  n.  tq  I,  25,  I.  3.     226,  c.         cupientibus:  sc.  eis. 

7.  duabus  portis :  sc.  casirorum ;  probably  the  gates  on  the  right 
and  left  sides  of  the  camp.  S3J^,  a,  and  ISJ^,  a.  Factum  est :  '  the 
result  was.'     How  lit.?        opportunitate  :  135,  a. 

8.  inscientia:  'lack  of  skill.'     defatigatione:  'exhaustion.'' 
ID.    ferrent:  sc.  hostes.     203,  {i).         ac :  'but.'     234,  b. 

11.  viribus:   135,  a,  and  18,  a.         consecuti:  226,  c. 

12.  reliquos:  'the  rest'  of  the  Gauls  not  slain  by  the  legionaries. 

13.  equites  :  -  equites  nostri.         paucos  :  '  (only)  a  few.'     154,  a. 

17.  Titurio:  for  the  full  name  see  chap.  11,  1.  10.  19,  b.  ut: 
'just  as.'  The  subjugation  of  these  states  was  now  complete  ;  the  sub- 
mission reported  the  previous  year  (II.  34)  had  been  only  nominal. 

18.  alacer:  'impetuous.'  24-  promptus :  'ready.'  animus: 
'  temperament.' 

19.  mollis:  'yielding.'  resistens:  adjective;  with  tninime,  'not 
at  all  capable  of  resistance.'  Caesar  again  comments  on  the  fickleness 
of  the  Gauls  (cf.  III.  8,11.  io-ii,and  10, 11.  7-8;  IV,5,11.  5-13)-  'At 
the  beginning  of  a  battle,'  says  Livy,  '  the  fighting  of  the  Gauls  is  more 
than  that  of  men  ;  at  the  end,  less  than  that  of  women.' 

20.  mens:    'character.' 


220 


Caesar*s  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  66 


Conquest  of  Aquitania  by  Crassus.     20-27 
CrassuSf  entering  Aquitaniu,  meets  a  force  of  the  Soiiates. 

20.  Eodem  fere  tempore  P.  Crassus,  cum  in  Aquitaniam 
pervenisset,  quae,  ut  ante  dictum  est,  tertia  pars  Galliae 
est,  cum  intellegeret,  in  els  locis  sibi  bellum  gerendum,  ubi 
paucis  ante  annis  L.  Valerius  Praeconinus  legatus,  exercitu 
s  pulso,  interfectus  esset,  atque  unde  L.  Manlius  proconsul, 
impedlmentis  amissis,  profugisset,  n5n  mediocrem  sibi 
diligentiam  adhibendam  intellegebat. 

Itaque  re  frumentaria  provisa,  auxiliis  equitatuque  com- 

20.    I.  P.  Crassus :  with  twelve  cohorts  and  a  large  body  of  cavalry 

(chap.  II,  11.  6-9).  The 
cavalry  would  have  been  of  no 
use  to  Caesar  in  the  campaign 
against  the  Venetans,  but 
could  be  employed  by  Crassus 
to  advantage  in  the  moun- 
tainous regions  of  Aquitania 
(Fig.  98). 


3.    cum:    184, 


ge- 
ubi: 


Figure  98.  —  Cavalryman. 

This  cavalryman  has  helmet  and  spear; 
sword  is  not  shown. 


his 


rendum :    sc.  esse. 
=  ill  quibus. 

4.  pauciB  ante 
twenty-two  years  before,  in 
78  B.C.  In  that  year  Prae- 
coninus, mentioned  only  here, 
and  Lucius  Manlius,  pro- 
consul of  the  Province,  were 
routed  by  Hirtuleius,  the 
quaestor  of  Sertorius.  Cf. 
chap.  23,  1.  II,  and  N.     I40. 

5.  unde  :      =  e     quibus, 
L. :    /.9,  a. 

6.  non  mediocrem:   <no 
ordinary.'     2S9,  g.         sibi : 

no. 


Ill,  21]        Conquest  of  Aquitania  by  Crassus  221 

parat5,  multls  praeterea  viris  fortibus  Tolosa  et  Carcasone 
et  Narb5ne,  quae  sunt  civitates  Galliae  pr5vinciae  finitimae  lo 
his  regionibus,  nominatim  evocatis,  in  S5tiatium  fines 
exercitum  introduxit.  Cuius  adventu  cognit5  Sotiates, 
magnis  copiis  coactis,  equitatuque,  quo  plurimum  valebant, 
in  itinere  agmen  nostrum  adorti,  primum  equestre  proelium 
commiserunt ;  deinde,  equitatu  suo  pulso  atque  insequenti-  is 
bus  nostris,  subito  pedestres  copias,  quas  in  convalle  in 
insidiis  collocaverant,  ostenderunt.  Hi,  nostrds  disiectos 
adorti,  proelium  renovarunt. 

•  In  a  fierce  fight  he  defeats  them  and  captures  their  city. 

21.  Pugnatum  est  diu  atque  acriter,  cum  Sotiates, 
superidribus  victoriis  fret!,  in  sua  virtiite  totius  Aquitaniae 
salutem  positam  putarent,  nostri  autem,  quid  sine  impera- 
tore  et  sine  reliquis  legionibus,  adulescentulo  duce,  efficere 
possent,  perspici  cuperent;  tandem  c5nfecti  vulneribuss 
hostes  terga  yerterunt.     Quorum  magno  numero  interfect5, 

9.  viris  fortibus  :  soldiers  who,  having  served  their  time  (20  years), 
were  living  in  the  Province.     307,  a.         Tolosa  :  127^  a,  and  293,  a. 

II.  ndminatim:  requests  to  reenter  the  service  were  sent  to  the 
veterans  individually.  gvocStis  :  'called  out.'  Sotiatium  :  see 
Map  9.     19y  e. 

13.  eqviitatu:  vj\\\\  adorti.  131,  a.  quo:  11^.2,  a.  plurimjim: 
118,  h. 

15.  equitatu,  etc. :  apparently  the  flight  of  the  cavalry  was  a  ruse, 
to  draw  the  pursuing  Romans  into  the  valley  {convalle)  where  the  in- 
fantry of  the  Sotiates  was  in  ambush. 

17.    Hi:  x^iQ.xx\xvg\o pedestres  copias  Qi\.  16.     Why  masculine  ? . 

21.  2.  victoriis  :  131,  e.  B.  218,  3  ;  A.  431,  a  ;  H.  476,  i.  frStI: 
'relying  on.' 

3.  putarent:  184,  a.  quid  .  .  .  possent:  subject  of  perspici. 
20J,,  (2). 

4.  adulescentulo  duce:  'with  a  youth  as  leader,'  referring  to 
Crassus.     l^,b,{2). 


222 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  56 


Crassus  ex  itinere  oppidum  Sotiatium  oppugnare  coepit. 
Quibus  fortiter  resistentibus,  vineas  turresque  egit. 

nil,  alias  erupti5ne  temptata,  alias  cuniculis  ad  aggerem 

lo  vlneasque  actis  (cuius  rel  sunt  longe  peritissimi  Aquitani, 
propterea  quod  multis  locis  apud  eos  aerariae  secturaeque 
sunt),  ubi  diligentia  nostrorum  nihil  his  rebus  profici  posse 
intellexerunt,  legates  ad  Crassum  mittunt,  seque  in  dediti- 
onem  ut  recipiat,  petunt.     Qua  re  impetrata,  arma  tradere 

IS  iussi  f aciunt. 

Adiatunnus  with  a  devoted  band  makes  a  sortie,  is  captured. 

22.    Atque  in  ea  re  omnium  nostrorum  intentis  animis, 
alia  ex  parte  oppidi  Adiatunnus,  qui  summam  imperii  tene- 


7.  ez  itinere:  Vocab.  under //"^r.  oppidum:  identified  with  Sos, 
the  name  of  which  is  derived  from  Sotiates.  oppugnSre  :  Crassus 
tried  to  take  the  town  by  sudden  storming.     SI^O. 

8.  Quibus:  167.  vineas,  turres :  appliances  for  besieging. 
SJ^2,  «  and  <^. 

9.  alias  .  .  .  alias  :  '■  at  one  time  ...  at  another/  cuniculis  : 
'tunnels,'  underground  passageways  from  which  the  Roman  works  could 
be  undermined,  so  that  they  would  fall  in,  or  could  be  set  on  fire. 

10.  cuius  rei:  'an  operation,'  the  driving  of  tunnels,  *in  which.' 
102,  and  165,  b. 

11.  locis :     1J^5,  c.         aerariae:    'copper   mines.'        sectflrae : 
probably  open  cuts  from  which  iron  ore  was  taken,  as 

distinguished  from  the  more  elaborate  tun- 
nels of  the  copper  mines.  Remains  of 
ancient  copper  and  iron  mines  have  been 
found  in  the  region  of  the  Sotiates,  and 
mining  operations  are  still  carried  on  there. 

12.    sunt :  50,  rt .        diligentia  :  lS5,a. 
his  rgbus  :  *  by  these  devices.'     131,  a. 

22.    I.    in:   'upon.'  intentis  ani- 

mis :    '  while    the    attention  was    fixed.' 
How  lit.?     144,  ^  (2). 
2.    Adiatunnus :  a  coin  has  been  found  bearing  his  name  (Fig.  99) 
in  Roman  letters ;  the  spelling  of  the  name  is  not  the  same  as  that 


excavations, 


Figure  99.  —  Coin  of  the 

Sotiates. 
Bronze,  struck  by  Adiatunnus. 
Obverse,  rex  adietuanus  ef  ;  re- 
verse, wolf  with  the  word,  sotiota. 


Ill,  23]         Conquest  of  Aquitania  by  Crassus  223 

bat,  cum  dc  devotis,  quos  illi  *  soldurios '  appellant  —  quo- 
rum haec  est  condicio,  uti  omnibus  in  vita  commodis  una 
cum  eis  fruantur,  quorum  se  amicitiae  dediderint ;  si  quid  s 
his  per  vim  accidat,  aut  eundem  casum  una  ferant  aut  sibi 
mortem  consciscant  (neque  adhuc  hominum  memoria  reper- 
tus  est  quisquam,  qui,  eo  interfecto,  cuius  se  amicitiae. 
dev5visset,  mortem  recusaret)  —  cum  his  Adiatunnus  erup- 
tionem  facere  c5natus,  clamore  ab  ea  parte  munltionis  lo 
sublato,  cum  ad  arma  milites  concurrissent  vehementerque 
ibi  pugnatum  esset,  repulsus  in  oppidum  tamen,  uti  eadem 
deditionis  condicione  uteretur,  a  Crasso  impetravit. 

Proceeding  further,  Crassus  finds  a  formidable  army. 

23.  Armis  obsidibusque .  acceptis,  Crassus  in  fines 
Vocatium  et  Tarusatium  profectus  est.  Tum  vero  barbari, 
commoti,  quod  oppidum  et  natura  loci  et  manu  munltum 

paucis  diebus,  quibus  eo  ventum  erat,  expugnatum  cogno- 

— . * 

given  by  Caesar,  and  e  f  at  the  end  may  be  for  e —  F[ilius],  in  imi- 
tation of  Roman  usage.         summam  imperii:  chap.  \j,  1.  4,  and  n. 

3.  DC:  sescentis.  38,  b.  devotis:  ^faithful  followers.'  sol- 
durios :  ^  the  vow-beholden.'  quorum,  etc.  :  '  the  terms  of  whose 
association  are  these.'     How  lit. .? 

4.  uti  .  .  .  fruantur:  20S,  (4).  commodis:  131,  c.  B.  2i8> 
i;  A.  410;  H.  477,  I. 

5.  amicitiae:  dative.  dediderint :  ^^0.  si  quid,  etc. :  cf. 
1,  18,  1.  24,  and  N. 

6.  vim  :  '•  violence.'  eundem  casum  una  :  ^  the  same  fate  at  the 
same  time.'        ferant:  sc.  ut.         sibi,  etc. :  cf.  I,  4,  1.  12,  and  N. 

7.  adhuc:  ' up  to  this  time.'        memoria:  11^7,  b. 

9.  recusaret:  i5^«.  B.  283,2  ;  A.  535,  a;  H.  591,  i.  his  :  =  ^Z- 
votls  in  1.  3,  resuming  the  narrative  interrupted  by  the  long  explanation. 

12.    uti,  etc. :  199,  a.         eadem  :  '  the  same '  as  the  rest. 

23.  3.  oipYti^^i^'-  oppidum  Sotidthim,  chz^.  21,  \.  7.  manu:  the 
natural  defenses  of  the  town  had  been  strengthened  by  fortifications. 

4.  quibus:  'after,'  lit.  'within  which.'  1^7,  a.  ventum  erat: 
73,  d.         expugnatum  :  sc.  esse. 


224  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  56 

5  verant,  legates  quoque  versus  dimittere,  coniurare,  obsides 

inter  se  dare,  copias  parare  coeperunt.     Mittuntur  etiam 

ad  eas  civitates  legati,   quae  surtt  citerioris  Hispaniae  fi- 

nitimae    Aquitaniae;    inde   auxilia  ducesque   arcessuntur. 

Quorum    adventu    magna   cum    auctoritate    et    magna 

lohominum  multitudine  bellum  gerere  conantur.  Duces 
vero  el  deliguntur,  qui  una  cum  Q.  Sertorio  omnes  annos 
fuerant  summamque  scientiam  rei  militaris  habere  exlsti- 
mabantur.  Hi  consuetudine  populi  Romani  loca  capere, 
castra  munire,  commeatibus  nostros  intercludere  instituunt. 

15  Quod  ubi  Crassus  animadvertit,  suas  copias  propter 
exiguitatem  non  facile  diduci,  hostem  et  vagari  et  vias 
obsidere  et  castris  satis  praesidii  relinquere,  ob  earn  causam 
minus  commode  frumentum  commeatumque  sibi  suppor- 

5.    quoque  versus:  Mn  all  directions.' 

7.  citerioris  Hispaniae :  94.  d,  and  296.  finitimae  :  agrees 
with  quae. 

9.  adventu:  I47,  b.  magna,  etc.:  to  be  taken  closely  with 
adventu.         auctoritate  :  '  prestige.' 

10.  hominum  :  98,  a.         DucSs  :  In  predicate.     5<?,  a. 

11.  Q.  Sertorio  :  a  military  leader  of  the  popular  party  in  the  first 
Civil  War  at  Rome,  the  war  between  Marius  and  Sulla.  After  the 
death  of  Marius,  and  Sulla's  return  to  Rome,  Sertorius  organized  an 
army  in  Spain,  and  held  his  own  against  the  government  for  ten  years, 
till  at  length  he  was  treacherously  assassinated,  in  72  B.C.  omnSs 
annos  :  ^  during  all  (those)  years,'  82-72  B.C.,  when  Sertorius  had  an 
army  in  the  field. 

13.  loca  capere :  'to  choose  locations'  for  encampment.  The 
Aquitanians  were  in  this  respect  in  advance  of  the  Gauls,  who  did  not 
begin  to  fortify  their  camps  till  four  years  later  (VII,  29, 11.  16-18), 

15:  Quod:  <Now — this  (fact),'  explained  by  the  following  infini- 
tive clauses. 

16.  didiici:  'spread  out,'  so  as  to  cope  at  all  points  with  the 
numerically  superior  enemy.  hostem,  etc. :  *  (but)  that  the  enemy 
both  roamed,'  at  will  '  and.' 

17.  et:  'and  (still).'  castris:  of  the  enemy.  praesidii: 
91,  b. 


Ill,  24]        Conquest  of  Aqultania  by   Crassus  225 

tari,  in  dies   hostium   numerum   augeri,  non  cunctandum 
existimavit,  quin  pugna  decertaret.     Hac  re  ad  consilium  20 
delata,  ubi  omnes  idem  sentire  intellexit,  posterum  diem 
pugnae  constituit. 

Forming  battle  order,  he  waits,  then  attacks  the  enemy^s  camp. 

24.  Prima  luce  productis  omnibus  copiis,  duplici  acie 
instituta,  auxiliis  in  mediam  aciem  coniectis,  quid  hostes 
consilii  caperent,  exspectabat.  Illi,  etsi  propter  multitu- 
dinem  et  veterem  belli  gloriam  paucitatemque  nostrorum 
se  tuto  dimicaturos  existimabant,  tamen  tutius  esse  arbitra-  s 
bantur,  obsessis  viis,  commeatu  intercluso,  sine  iillo  vulnere 
vict5ria  potiri,  et,  si  propter  inopiam  rei  frumentariae 
Romani  sese  recipere  coepissent,  impeditos  in  agmine  et 


19.  in  dies:  'day  by  day.'        non  cunctandum    [esse]:  sc.  sibiy 
'that  he  ought  not  to  delay.' 
■     20.    quin,  etc. :  '  to  fight  a  decisive  battle.'     How  lit.  ?     201,  b. 

21 .    omnes  idem  sentire  :  '  that  all  held  the  same  opinion.'    117,  a. 

24.  I.  duplici  acie  :  not  so  strong  as  the  customary  triple  line,  but 
necessary  here  because  the  Roman  force  was  so  greatly  outnumbered 
by  the  enemy.     337.         6.wp\icl:  26,  a. 

2.  auxiliis :  the  auxiliary  troops  were  usually  stationed  upon  the 
wings ;  in  this  instance  they  were  placed  at  the  middle  of  the  line  be- 
cause Crassus  did  not  have  confidence  in  them  (chap.  25,  11.  3-4). 
quid  consilii:  'what  plan.'     97,  b. 

3.  caperent:  'would  adopt.'  201^,  (2).  exspectabat:  'was 
waiting  (to  see).'  multitudinem :  estimated  at  50,000  (chap.  26, 
1.  16). 

4.  paucitatem :  the  whole  force  under  the  command  of  Crassus 
(chap.  II,  11.  6-7;  chap.  20,  11.  8-12)  can  hardly  have  amounted  to 
10,000  men. 

5.  tuto:  54,  b.  tutius:  predicative  with  esse,  of  which  the  sub- 
ject is  potirt  (1.  7).     222,  b,  and  1J^8,  d. 

6.  obsessis  viis:  'having  blocked  the  roads  (and).'  How  lit.? 
238,  a. 

8.    sese  recipere:  'to  retreat.'        impeditos:  sc.  eos  [Rdmandsl. 


226  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  66 

sub  sarcinis  infirmiores  animo  adoriri  c5gitabant.      Hoc 
lo  consilio  probato  ab  ducibus,  productis  Romandrum  c5piis, 

sese  castris  tenebant. 

Hac  re  perspecta  Crassus,  cum  sua  cunctatione  atque 

opinione  tim5ris  hostes  nostros  milites  alacri5res  ad  pug- 

nandum    effecissent,    atque     omnium    voces    audirentur, 
IS  exspectdri    diutius    non    oportere^    quln    ad   castra    iretiir^ 

cohortatus  suos,  omnibus  cupientibus,  ad  hostium  castra 

contendit. 

He  learns  that  the  enemy^s  rear  gate  is  not  well  guarded. 

25.    Ibi   cum    alii    fossas    complerent,   alii,  multls   telis 

coniectis,    defensores    vallo    munitionibusque   depellerent, 

auxiliaresque,    quibus   ad    pugnam    non    multum    Crassus 

confidebat,    lapidibus  telisque  sumministrandls  et   ad  ag- 

sgerem  caespitibus  comportandis  speciem  atque  opinionem 

9.  sarciniB :  830.  infirmiores  animo  :  *  less  courageous.'  How 
lit.?     142,  a.         cogitabant:  '  they  were  proposing.' 

13.  opinione:  'impression.'        hostSs :  nominative. 

14.  omnium:  i.e.  omnium  mtlitum.         vocSs :  'remarks.' 

15.  exspectari,  etc  :  '(to  the  effect)  that  they  ought  not  to  delay 
further  to  attack  the  camp.'  How  lit.?  213,  b.  iretur :  68,  d, 
73,  d,  and  201,  b, 

16.  omnibus  cupientibus :  144yb,{T,).  ad  hostium  castra:  this 
is  the  only  attack  of  the  Romans  on  a  fortified  camp  recorded  in  the 
Gallic  War. 

25.  I.  alii  .  .  alii:  milites  Romdnl.  171,  b.  fossts:  as  in 
chap.  5,  1.  4. 

2.  vSllo :  constructed  in  the  Roman  fashion  (chap.  23,  11.  13-14). 
127,  a,  and  333. 

3.  auxiliSrSs:  chap.  24,  1.  2  and  N.         quibus:  dative.     105. 

4-  lapidibus  .  .  .  comportandis:  'by  bringing,'  etc.,  ablatives  of 
means.     230,(4)  ad  aggerem :  ?,z.  faciundum.     The  rampart  of 

the  enemy's  camp  was  so  high  that  the  Romans  began  to  make  a  sloping 
mound  up  to  it.  like  the  agger  used  in  besieging  a  town. 

5.  caespitibus:     'sods.'     10,   d.  speciem  .  .  >  pugnantium: 

'the  appearance  and  impression  of  combatants,' 


Ill,  26]         Conquest  of  Aqultania  by  Crassus  227 

pugnantium  praeberent;  cum  item  ab  hostibus  constanter 
ac  n5n  timide  pugnaretur  telaque  ex  loco  superiore  missa 
non  frustra  acciderent,  equites,  circumitis  hostium  castris, 
Crasso  renuntiaverunt,  non  eadem  esse  diligentia  ab  de- 
cumana  porta  castra  munita  facilemque  aditum  habere.        lo 

Surprising  the  enemy  by  a  rear  attack,  he  routs  them. 

26.  Crassus,  equitum  praefectos  cohortatus,  ut  magnis 
praemiis  poUicitationibusque  suos  excitarent,  quid  fieri 
velit,  ostendit. 

nil,  ut  erat  imperatum,  eductis  els  cohortibus,  quae,  prae- 
sidio  castris  relictae,  intrltae  ab  labore  erant,  et  longiorej 
itinere  circumductis,  ne  ex  hostium  castris  conspicT  possent, 
omnium  oculis  mentibusque  ad  pugnam  intentis,  celeriter 
ad  eas,  quas  diximus,  munitiones-  pervenerunt,  atque,  his 
prorutis,  prius  in  hostium  castris  constiterunt,  quam  plane 
ab  his  videri  aut,  quid  rei  gereretur,  cognosci  posset.  i< 

7.  loco  superiore :  the  top  of  the  rampart  of  the  camp ;  the  camp 
lay  in  a  plain  (chap.  26,  1.  16). 

8.  circumitis  hostium  castris:  Miaving  ridden  about  the  enemy's 
camp.'     334,  a. 

9.  ab  decumana  porta  :   'on  the  side  ot  the  rear  gate.'     126,  c. 
26.    I.  equitum  praefectos:  309,  c.         ut,  etc. :  199,  a. 

2.  suos:  the  cavalrymen,  on  whom  the  success  of  the  surprise 
depended. 

4.  nil :  the  cavalry  prefects,  who  guided  cohorts  of  infantry  to  the 
rear  of  the  enemy's  camp.  It  is  possible  that  the  cavalrymen  took  the 
legionaries  with  them  on  their  horses  in  order  to  transport  them  quickly 
thither  by  a  roundabout  way.         praesidio  castris:  112,  b. 

5.  intritae:  '  unfatigued.'        longiore  :  153,  a. 

7.  omnium:  hostium.         oculis,  etc.:  IH,  b,  (2). 

8.  eas  —  munitionSs:  at  the  rear  of  the  enemy's  camp;  chap.  25, 
11.  9-10. 

9.  prorutis:  demolished.'  prius  —  quam:  189,  b.  plane: 
'clearly.' 

10.  videri:  sc.  possent,  ' ihty  co\x\d  be  seen.'  quid,  etc. :  'what 
was  going  on.'     How  lit.  ? 


228  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  56 

Turn  vero,  clamore  ab  ea  parte  audito,  nostrl,  redinte- 
gratis  viribus,  quod  plerumque  in  spe  victoriae  accidere 
consuevit,  acrius  impugnare  coeperunt.  Hostes  undique 
circumventi,  desperatis  omnibus  rebus,  se  per  munitiones 
IS  deicere  et  f uga  salutem  petere  contenderunt.  Quos  equi- 
tatus  apertissimis  campis  consectatus,  ex  milium  l  numerd, 
quae  ex  Aquitania  Cantabrisque  convenisse  constabat,  vix 
quarta  parte  relTcta,  multa  nocte  se  in  castra  recepit. 

Crassus  receives  the  submission  of  other  Aquitanian  states; 

27.  Hac  audita  pugna,  maxima  pars  Aquitaniae  sese 
Crasso  dedidit  obsidesque  ultro  misit ;  quo  in  numero 
fuerunt  Tarbelli,  Bigerriones,  Ptianil,  Vocates,  Tarusates, 
Elusates,  Gates,  Ausci,  Garumni,  Sibusates,  Cocosates ; 
5  paucae  ultimae  nationes,'anni  tempore  confisae,  quod  hiems 
suberat,  hoc  facere  neglexerunt. 

11.  clSmdre,  etc. :  from  the  shouting  at  the  rear  of  the  camp  the 
Romans  fighting  in  front  knew  that  the  attack  there  was  in  progress, 
and  were  inspired  to  greater  efforts. 

12.  quod:  relative,  refers  to  the  thought  in  redintegratis  viribus; 
trans.,  w'lih  plerumque y  'as  generally.' 

14.  despgrttis  omnibus  rgbus:  'in  utter  despair.'  How  lit.? 
per:  'over.' 

16.  apertissimis:  'wide  and  open.'  Cf.  153,  a.  campis:  14S,c. 
consectatus :  226,  c. 

17.  quae:  subject  accusative  of  convenisse;  the  antecedent  is 
milium. 

18.  rnult^  nocte:  'late  at  night.'     152,  a. 

27.  2.  quo  in  numero:  we  should  say  'in  the  number  of  whom,' 
'among  whom.' 

3.  Tarbelli,  etc.  :  see  Map  9.  The  Tarbelli  have  left  a  trace  of  their 
name  in  modern  Tarbes ;  the  Bigerriones,  in  Bagn^res  de  Bigorre,  a 
watering-place  in  the  Pyrenees  ;  the  Elusates,  in  Eauze ;  the  Ausci,  in 
Auch ;  the  Sibusates,  in  Saubusse. 

5.  paucae  ultimae  nStionSs:  i.e.  paucae  nationes ^  quae  ultimae 
erant ;  'a  few  remote  peoples.'  tempore:  135,  a.  B.  219,  i ; 
A.  431  ;   H.  476,  3. 


Ill,  28]     Expedition  against  Morini  and   Menapii    229 


Expedition  of  Caesar  against  the  Morini  and  the 
Menapii.     28,  29 

Caesar  proceeds  against  the  Morini  and  the  Menapii. 

28.  Eodem  fere  tempore  Caesar,  etsi  prope  exacta  iam 
aestas  erat,  tamen,  quod,  omnT  Gallia  pacata,  Morini  Mena- 
piique  supererant,  qui  in  armis  essent  neque  ad  eum 
umquam  legates  de  pace  misissent,  arbitratus  id  bellum 
celeriter  c5nfici  posse,  eo  exercitum  duxit ;  qui  longe  alia  5 
ratione  ac  reliqui  Galli  bellum  gerere  coeperunt.  Nam 
quod  intellegebant,  maximas  nationes,  quae  proeli5  conten- 
dissent,  pulsas  superatasque  esse,  continentesque  silvas  ac 
paludes  habebant,  eo  se  suaque  omnia  contulerunt. 

28.  I.  Eodem  fere  tempore :  'About  the  same  time 'that  Crassus 
completed  the  reduction  of  Aquitania,  perhaps  in  the  latter  part 
of  August.  The  narrative  of  Caesar's  own  military  operations,  inter- 
rupted at  chap.  16,  is  here  resumed.  prope  ex&cta :  *  almost 
over.' 

2.  omni  Gallia:  'Gaul  as  a  whole.' 

3.  supererant,  etc. :  'were  the  only  remaining  (peoples)  that  were.' 
The  Morini  and  Menapii  were  more 
backward  than  most  of  the  Gauls, 
but  were  good  fighters  (Fig.  100). 
essent:  19J!^,  a.  neque:  trans, 
as  if  et  non. 

4.  arbitratus :  226,  c. 

5 .  exercitum  duzit :  the  distance 
traversed  in  the  march  from  the  sea-  f^ig^^^e  100.  — Coin  of  the  Morini. 
coast  of  the  country  of  the  Venetans  ^to'^-  but  of  rude  workmanship,  par- 
could    hardly    have    been    less   than     ticularly  in  the  fanciful  representation  of  a 

-'  horse  appearing  disjointed. 

400   English    miles.  qui:    'but 

they.'     167.         longe,  etc.:  'in  away  far  different  from  that  of  the 

rest  of  the  Gauls.'     How  lit.  ?     2SS,  c. 

8.  continentgs :  'continuous.' 

9.  habebant:  coordinate  with  intellegebant',  sc.  quod.  eo :  in 
eds  [silvas  ac  paludes'] . 


230    ^  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  5t 

[o  Ad  quarum  initium  silvarum  cum  Caesar  pervenisset 
castraque  munire  instituisset,  neque  hostis  interim  visus 
esset,  dispersis  in  opere  nostris,  subit5  ex  omnibus  partibus 
silvae  evolaverunt  et  in  nostros  impetum  fecerunt.  Nostri 
celeriter  arma  ceperunt  e5sque   in  silvas  reppulerunt  et, 

ts  compluribus  interfectis,  longius  impeditioribus  locis  secuti, 
pauc5s  ex  suis  deperdiderunt. 

Hiding  in  forests,  favored  by  rains,  they  elude  him. 

29.  Reliquis  deinceps  diebus  Caesar  silvas  caedere  In- 
stituit  et,  ne  quis  inermibus  imprudentibusque  militibus  ab 
latere  impetus  fieri  posset,  omnem  earn  materiam,  quae 
erat  caesa,  conversam  ad  hostem  collocabat  et  pro  vallo  ad 
5  utrumque  latus  exstruebat.  Incredibili  celeritate  magn5 
spatio  panels  diebus  c5nfect5,  cum  iam  pecus  atque  ex- 
trema  impedimenta  a  nostris  tenerentur,  ipsi  densiores 
silvas  peterent,  eius  modi  sunt  tempestates  consecutae,  uti 

13.  Svolaverunt :  '  rushed  forth.'     How  lit.? 

15.  longius:  'too far.'  153, a.  impeditioribus  locis :  'in  places 
(that  were)  much  obstructed'  by  trees  and  marshes. 

29.    I.  deinceps:    'without    interruption.'  caedere:    "to    cut 

down.' 

2.  quis:  40,  a.       imprudentibus :    '  off  their  guard.'     144y^y('2)- 

3.  materiam:  'timber,'  here  u.sed  of  untrimmed  trees. 

4.  conversam,  etc. :  '  turned  toward  the  enemy  and  laid  in  order 
and  built  up  as  a  rampart.'  How  lit.?  As  the  Romans  advanced  they 
felled  trees,  and  placed  them,  with  the  tops  outwards,  at  either  side  of 
the  space  which  they  cleared,  thus  forming  an  effective  defense  against 
the  lurking  foe. 

6.  confecto  :  'cleared.'  iam.  .  .  tengrentur:  'were  already  in 
our  hands.'  pecus:  'cattle.'  13,/.  extrgma  impedimenta : 
*the  rear  of  their  baggage-train.'     152,  a. 

7.  ipsI:  the  people  themselves,  as  distinguished  from  their  posses- 
sions ;  as  Caesar  cut  his  way  through  the  woods,  they  retreated  further 
and  further  into  the  forest  fastnesses.     ;^3S,  a. 


Ill,  29]     Expedition  against  Morini  and   Menapii     231 

opus  necessario  intermitteretur  et  continuatione  imbrium 
diutius  sub  pellibus  milites  contineri  non  possent. 

Itaque  vastatis  omnibus  eorum  agrls,  vicis  afedificiisque 
incensis,  Caesar  exercitum  reduxit  et  in  AulercTs  Lexoviis- 
que,  reliquTs  item  civitatibus,  quae  proxime  bellum  fecerant, 
in  hibernis  coUocavit. 

9.  contdnuatidue :  'continuation.'  135,  a,  and  81.  imbrium: 
'rainstorms.'     15,  c. 

10.  sub  pellibus:  'intents.'     How  lit.?     335,  a. 

12.  Aulercis,  etc.:  see  Map  9.         Lexoviis:  chap.  11,  11.  10-12. 

13.  reliquis  civitatibus:  Venetans  (chapters  12-16),  Venellans 
(17-19),  and  Sotiates  (20-27). 


COMMENTARIUS   QUARTUS 


Destruction  of  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri.     1-15 

Pressed  by  the  Suebij  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri  enter  Gaul. 

1.  Ea,  quae  secuta  est,  •hieme,  qui  fuit  annus  Cn.  Pom- 
peio,  M.  Crasso  consulibus,  Usipetes  Germani  et  item 
Tencteri  magna  cum  multitudine  hominum  flumen  Rhenum 
transierunt,  non  longe  a  man,  quo  Rhenus  influit.  Causa 
5  transeundi  fuit,  quod,  ab  Suebis  complures  annos  exagitati, 
bello  premebantur  et  agri  cultura  prohibebantur. 

CiistomSf  hardihood,  and  prowess  of  the  Suebi.    ^ 

Sueborum  gens  est  longe  maxima  et  bellicosissima  uer- 
man5rum  omnium.     Hi  centum  pagos  habere  dicuntur,  ex 

1.  I.  hieme:  12,  a,  and  I/1.7,  a.  qui:  in  agreement  not  with 
the  antecedent  hieme,  but  with  the  predicate  noun  annus.  164j  c. 
B.  250,  3;  A.  306;  H.  396,  2.  annus:  55  B.C.;  Pompey  and  Cras- 
sus  entered  upon  their  consulship  January  i  of  that  year.  The  winter 
of  56-55  B.C.,  according  to  the  calendar  in  use,  fell  wholly  in  55  B.C. ; 
for  the  old  Roman  calendar,  which  was  still  used,  had  fallen  so  far  be- 
hind, that  January  i  of  the  official  year  came  on  November  30  of  the 
solar  year.     A  corrected  calendar  was  introduced  later  by  Julius  Caesar. 

2.  consulibus:  24O,  a.  GermSni:  appositive  of  both  Usipetes 
and  Tencteri.  ^ 

4.  quo  :  *=  in  quod.  The  horde  of  Usipetes  and  Tencteri  is  thought 
to  have  crossed  the  Rhine  near  Xanten  or  Emmerich,  below  Cologne, 
in  the  region  where  the  Rhine  receives  the  Lippe  as  tributary.  (Map 
II,  and  Fig.  loi.) 

5.  transeundi:  G8,  b.  Su6bis :  ancestors  of  the  modern  Swa- 
bians  ;  see  Map  at  the  end  of  this  volume.         annos  :  118,  a. 

6.  premgbantur  :  force  of  I mperfect  ?     175,  a.      cultarft  :  12^7,  a. 

232 


MAP  II 

Operations  of  55  and  54  B.C. 


Books  IV,  V. 


To  face  page  232 


SCALE  OFTNGLISH  MILES 


SCALE  OF  ROMAN  MILES.. 


EXPLANATION 


MAP  I] 


I,  2.    Winter  quarters,  56-55  B.C.  (III. 29). 

3.  Expedition    into     Germany,    55    B.C. 
(IV.  19). 

4.  March  into  Britain,  54  B.C.  (V.  21). 


MAP  II,  A 

Heavy  broken  red  line,  route  of  main 
fleet  in  55  B.C.  (IV.  23). 

Light  broken  red  lines,  route  of  transports 
with  cavalry,  part  driven  back,  part  driven 
down  the  channel  (IV.  28). 

Unbroken  red  Hne,  route  of  fleet  in  54 
B.C.   (V.  8). 


(  .*-^W.t 

1 

^^^18  Ulterior 

^•w 

^^ 

MAP  II,  A 

Detail   of  Caesar's  crossings  to 
Britain. 


IV,  1]     Destruction  of  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri     233 

quibus  quotaiinis  singula  milia  armatorum  bellandi  causa 
ex  finibus  educunt.  ReliquI,  qui  domi  manserunt,  se  atque  lo 
illos  alunt ;  hi  rursus  in  vicem  anno  post  in  armis  sunt,  ill! 
domi  remanent.  Sic  neque  agri  cultura  nee  ratio  atque 
usus  belli  intermittitur.  Sed  privati  ac  separati  agri  apud 
eos  nihil  est,  neque  longius  anno  remanere  uno  in  loco 
colendi  causa  licet.  '  is 


Figure  101.  —  A  typical  landscape  on  the  Lower  Rhine. 

9.  singula  milia :  '  a  thousand  each ' ;  if  each  clan  furnished  a 
thousand  warriors,  the  armed  force  of  the  Swabians  must  have  reached 
a  total  of  100,000  men.         bellandi:  230,  (i). 

10.  ex  finibus  educunt:  invasion  of  neighboring  territory  is  im- 
plied, qui  domi  manserunt :  <  who  (each  year)  have  remained  at 
home.' 

11.  illos:  <the  others,'  those  in  the  field.  hi,  illl:  'the  latter,' 
'the  former.'     161,  d.         in  vicem:  'in  turn.'         anno:  14Ch 

12.  ratio  .  .  .  belli:  'the  pursuit  of  war  in  theory  and  practice.' 
How  lit.  ? 

13.  intermittitur:  173,  a.  privati  ac  separati:  'assigned  to 
an  individual  and  marked  off'  by  boundaries ;  the  land  was  held  in 
common.         agri  nihil :  '  no  land.'     97,  a. 

14.  anno  :  129,  a.         remanere  :  222,  a. 

15.  colendi  causa:  'in  order  to  till  the  soil.'    How  lit.?    Changes 


234  Caesar's  Gallic  War  (B.C.  56 

Neque  multum  frumento,  sed  maximam  partem  lacte 
atque  pecore  vivunt,  multumque  sunt  in  venationibus  ; 
quae  res,  et  cibi  genere  et  cotldiana  exercitatione  et  liber- 
tate  vitae,  quod,  a  pueris  nullo  officio  aut  discipline  assue- 

20  f acti,  nihil  omnIn5  contra  voluntatem  f aciunt,  et  vires  alit 
et  immani  corporum  magnitudine  homines  efficit.  Atque 
in  eam  se  consuetudinem  adduxerunt,  ut,  locis  frlgidissimis, 
neque  vestitus  praeter  pelles  habeant  quicquam,  quarum 
propter   exiguitatem  magna  est  corporis    pars   aperta,  et 

25  laventur  in  fluminibus. 

2.  Mercatoribus  est  aditus  magis  eo,  ut,  quae  bell5 
ceperint,  quibus  vendant,  habeant,  quam  quo  uilam  rem  ad 

of  location  were  doubtless  made  each  year  in  order  to  obtain  the  best 
results  from  the  primitive  farming. 

16.  frumento:  ablative  of  means;  trans,  with  vivunt^  'they  live 
on  grain.'     How  lit.?        partem:  118,  c.         lacte:  'milk.'     10,  g. 

17.  pecore:  13,  f.  multum  sunt  in:  'devote  much  time  to.' 
How  lit.  ?        venationibus  :  '  hunting,'  we  should  say.     92,  a. 

18.  quae  res:  'this  circumstance,'  their  devotion  to  hunting.  .167. 
et  cibi  genere :  '  both  by  reason  of  the  kind  of  food '  obtained  by 
hunting.     135,  a. 

19.  a  pueris :  'from  childhood.'  How  lit.?  officio:  ablative; 
'habituated  to  no  obligation  or  training.'     How  lit.?     139. 

20.  et  .  .  .  et:  233,  a.         vires:  18,  a. 

21.  immani:  'huge.'  homines:  predicate  accusative,  with  eos 
understood  as  object  of  effidt.     Cf.  1,  39,  1.  4  and  N. 

22.  in,  etc. :' they  have  trained  themselves  to.'  How  lit.?  locis 
frlgidissimis  :  '  (even)  in  the  coldest  places.'     1^5,  c. 

23.  neque  vestitus  —  quicquam:  'no  clothing.'  How  lit.? 
neque,.  .  .  et:  233,  d.       habeant:  203,  (4).       quicquam:   J^9,a. 

25.    laventur  :' to  bathe.'     How  lit.  ?     17 J^. 

2.  I.  Mercatoribus,  etc.:  Mercatoribus  est  aditus  {ad  Suebos) 
magis  eo  ('on  this  account'),  ut  {eos)  habeant  quibus  vendant  (ea)y 
quae  bello  ceperint,  quam,  etc. 

2.  cgperint:  220.  [eos]  quibus  v§udant :  'those  to  whom  they 
may  sell ' ;  purchasers  for  their  booty  are  meant.  194,  ^'  quam 
qu6 :   =  quam  eo  quod^  '  than  for  the  reason  that.'     183,  c. 


IV,  2]     Destruction  of  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri     235 

se    importari    desiderent.       Quin    etiam   iumentis,    quibus 
maxime  Galli  delectantur  quaeque  impenso  parant  pretio, 
Germani  importatis  n5n  utuntur,  sed  quae  sunt  apud  eos  5 
nata,  parva  atque  deformia,  haec  cotidiana  exercitatione, 
summT  ut  sint  laboris,  efficiunt. 

Equestribus  proeliis  saepe  ex  equis  desiliunt  ac  pedibus 
proeliantur,  equosque  eodem  remanere  vestigio  assuefe- 
cerunt,  ad  quos  se  celeriter,  cum  usus  est,  recipiunt ;  neque  lo 
eorum  m5ribus  turpius  quicquam  aut  inertius  habetur,  quam 
ephippiis  uti.  Itaque  ad  quemvis  numerum  ephippiatorum 
equitum  quamvis  pauei  adire  audent. 


3.  desiderent:  Mesire.''  iumentis:  with  utuntur  {131,  ^)  ; 
emphatic  by  position.     Horses  alone  are  meant.     353,  d. 

4.  maxime  delectantur :  '•  have  very  great  pleasure.'  How  lit.  ? 
impenso  pretio:  'at  an  extravagant  price.''  11^1.  parant:  'ob- 
tain.' So  great  was  the  interest  of  the 
Gauls  in  horses  that  they  developed 
choice  breeds,  and  Gallic  horses  were 
in  demand  in  Rome.  The  horse 
figures  prominently  on  Gallic  coins 
(Fig.  102). 

6.  deformia:  'unsightly.' 

7.  summi  laboris :  '(capable)  of 
the  greatest  endurance.'  100,  b.  B. 
203,  5;  A.  345;  H.  447.  sint: 
203,  (3). 

8.  desiliunt:  'leap  down.'        pedibus:  'on  foot.'    Why  ablative? 

9.  eodem  vestigio  :  '  on  the  same  spot '  where  they  have  been  left. 
11^5,  c. 

10.  cum  usus  est:  ^when  it  is  necessary.'  186,  a.  neque  — 
quicquam :  1 68. 

11.  '36rum  moribus  :' according  to  their  view.'  How  lit.  ?  136, c. 
inertius  :  '  more  unmanly.'         habetur :  '  is  regarded.' 

12.  ephippiis:  ' saddle-cloth j,'  padded,  spread  over  the  horse's 
back,  and  taking  the  place  of  our  saodles.  quemvis :  ^5,  a. 
ephippiatorum:  'riding  with  saddle-cloths.' 

13.  quamvis  pauci:  'however  few  '  ir*  numb:*^ 


Figure  102. —  Coin  of  the 
Treverans. 

Gold.  Fanciful  design  on  the  obverse. 
Reverse:  horse  galloping,  wheel,  star; 
above,  the  letter  V. 


236    ■  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

Vinum  omnino  ad  se  importarl  non  patiuntur,  quod  ea  re 
IS  ad  lab5rem   ferendum    remollescere   homines  atque  effe- 
minarl  arbitrantur. 

3.   Publice  maximam  putant  esse  laudem,  quam  latissime 

a  suis  finibus  vacare  agros ;  hac    re   significari,   magnum 

numerum  civitatum  suam  vim  sustinere  non  posse.     Itaque 

una  ex  parte  a  Suebis  circiter  milia  passuum  c  agri  vacare 

s  dicuntur. 

Ad  alteram  partem  succedunt  Ubil,  qu5rum  fuit  civitas 
ampla  atque  florens,  ut  est  captus  Germanorum ;  ei  paul5 
sunt  eiusdem  generis  ceteris  humaniores,  propterea  quod 
Rhenum  attingunt,  multumque  ad  e5s  mercatores  ventitant, 
loet  ipsi  propter  propinquitatem  Gallicis  sunt  moribus  assue- 
facti.     H5s  cum  Suebl,  multis  saepe  bellis  expert!,  propter 

14.  Vinum,  etc. :  cf.  II,  15,  11.  10-13.         rS  :  135,  a. 

15.  remollescere  :  '  lose  their  vigor.' 

3.  I.  Publice:  'for  a  people.'  How  lit.?  laudem:  88,  a. 
quam:  153,  c. 

2.  vac5re  agros:  subject  oi esse.  significari:  the  subject  is  the 
infinitive  clause  following. 

4.  una  ex  parte :  '  on  one  side.'  The  east  side  is  meant,  and  the 
country  left  vacant  was  probably  Bohemia,  from  which  the  Boii  had 
withdrawn;  cf.  I,  5,  11.  12-14.  The  name  Z?^«  survives  in  "Bohemia." 
Su6bls:  282.  milia:  118,  a.  C:  38,  b,  and  S6.  agrI: 
nominative  plural.     172,  d. 

6.  Ad  alteram  partem  :  '■  On  the  opposite  side,'  toward  the  Rhine. 
How  lit.  ?  fuit :  the  past  tense  implies  that  the  condition  described 
no  longer  exists. 

7.  ut  est  captus  Oerm&norum :  'according  to  the  German 
standard.'    How  lit.? 

8.  eiusdem  generis  ceteris :  i.e.  than  the  rest  of  the  Germans. 
129,  a.         humaniorgs  :  '  more  civilized.' 

9.  multum  ventitant :  '  freely  come  and  go.'     78,  a. 

10.  sunt,  etc.  :  '  have  become  familiar  with,'  etc.  Caesar  gives  an 
interesting  comparison  between  Gallic  and  German  customs  later  (VI, 
chapters  11-24).     -^^P. 

11.  experti:  'although  they  had  tried.'     How  lit.?     227,  a,  (3). 


IV,  4]     Destruction  of  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri      237 

amplitudinem  gravitatemque  civitatis  finibus  expellere  non 
potuissent,  tamen  vectigales  sibi  fecerunt  ac  multo  humili- 
5res  infirmioresque  redegerunt. 

By  strategy  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri  overcome  the  Menapii. 

4.  In  eadem  causa  fuerunt  Usipetes  et  Tencteri,  quos 
supra  diximus,  qui  complures  annos  Sueborum  vim  sustinu- 
erunt ;  ad  extremum  tamen,  agris  expulsi  et  multis  locis 
Germaniae  triennium  vagati,  ad  Rhenum  pervenerunt,  quas 
regiones  Menapii  incolebant.  Hi  ad  utramque  ripam  s 
fluminis  agros,  aedificia  vicosque  habebant ;  sed,  tantae 
multitudinis  aditu  perterriti,  ex  eis  aedificiis,  quae  trans 
flumen  habuerant,  demigraverunt  et  cis  Rhenum,  dispositis 
praesidiis,  Germanos  transire  prohibebant. 

nil,    omnia  ex*perti,  cum  neque  vi   contendere    propter  lo 
inopiam  navium    neque    clam    transire    propter   custodias 

12.  gravitatem  :  here 'power  of  resistance.'  civitatis:  of  the 
Ubii.         finibus  :  127,  a. 

13.  vectigales:  predicate  accusative;  'made  (them)  tributary.' 
115,  b.  multo,  etc. :  '  caused  them  to  become  much  less  prominent 
and  powerful.'     How  lit.  ? 

4.  I.  eadem  caust:  'the  same  condition'  of  subjection  to  the 
Swabians. 

2.  supra:  chap,  i,  11.  1-6.         annos:  118,  a. 

3.  ad  extremum:  'finally.'  multis  locis:  'over  many  parts.' 
11^5,  c. 

4.  triennium  :  used  instead  of  tres  annos.  quas  regionSs  :  '  (to) 
the  districts  which  ' ;  in  full,  ad  eds  regiones  quas.     165,  c. 

6.  aedificia,  vicos  :  cf.  Notes  to  I,  5,  11.  4,  5.  tantae  mul- 
titudinis: reported  as  430,000  (chap.  15,  1.  8). 

7.  trans  flumen  :  on  the  east  side  of  the  Rhine  ;  Caesar  writes  from 
the  point  of  view  of  one  in  Gaul. 

8.  demigraverunt:  'they  moved  away.' 

9.  Germanos  transire  :  '  the  Germans  from  crossing.'    223,  a,  (3). 

10.  Illi  :  Germdni.-  omnia  experti:  '  having  tried  every  expe- 
dient.'    How  lit.  ?        vi  contendere  :  '  to  force  a  passage.' 


238  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

Menapiorum  possent,  revert!  se  in  suas  sedes  regionesque 
simulaverunt  et,  tridul  viam  progressi,  rursus  reverterunt 
atque,  omni  hoc  itinere  una  nocte  equitatu  c5nfect6,  inscios 

IS  inopinantesque  Menapios  oppresserunt,  qui,  de  Germa- 
norum  discessu  per  expl5rat6res  certiores  facti,  sine  metu 
trans  Rhenum  in  suos  vicos  remigraverant.  His  inter- 
fectis  navibusque  eorum  occupatls,  prius  quam  ea  pars 
Menapiorum,  quae  citra  Rhenum  erat,  certior  fieret,  flumen 

20  transierunt  atque,  omnibus  eorum  aedificils  occupatis,  reli- 
quam  partem  hiemis  se  eorum  c5piis  aluerunt. 

Caesar  fears  the  effect  of  this  victory  upon  the  fickle  Gauls. 

5.  His  de  rebus  Caesar  certior  factus  et  infirmitatem 
Gallorum  veritus,  quod  sunt  in  consiliTs  capiendis  m5biles 
et  novis  plerumque  rebus  student,  nihil  his  committendum 
existimavit. 
5  Est  enim  h5c  Gallicae  consuetijdinis,  utl  et  viatores, 
etiam  invitos,  consistere  cogant  et,  quid  quisque  eorum  de 

13.  tridtii:  trans.  as.if /rmw  ^//^r//;;/.     100,  a.         viam:  117,6. 

14.  omni  hoc  itinere  confecto :  'covered  the  entire  distance  — 
and.'  How  lit.?  i44?  ^>  (2).  equitata  :  lSl,a.  inscios:  'be- 
ing in  ignorance'  of  what  the  Germans  were  doing. 

17.    tr&ns  :  to  the  east  side.         remigraverant :  '  had  moved  back.' 

19.    fieret:  189,  b.     B.  292,  i,  b\  A.  551,  b\  H.  605,  11. 

21.  partem:  118,  a.  eorum:  the  Menapii  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Rhine.         eorum  copiis  :  'with  their  supplies.' 

5.    I.  infirmitatem  :  '  fickleness.'     Cf.  Ill,  19, 11.  17-20,  and  Notes. 

3.  nihil  his  committendum  [esse]:  'that  no  reliance  whatever 
ought  to  be  placed  on  them.'  73,  e.  nihil :  =  emphatic  non.  118,  c. 
B.  176,  i,b\  A.  390,  d,  N.  2  ;  H.  416,  2. 

5.  Est  .  .  .  cogant:  'For  it  is  a  custom  of  the  Gauls  to  compel,' 
etc.  How  lit.  ?  consugtudinis  :  100,  b.  uti  cogant.  quaerant, 
circumsistat,  cogat :  explain  hoc.  20S,  (4).  viatorfis  :  '  travel- 
ers,' on  country  roads. 

6.  invItSa:  151.  cogant:  the  subject  is  supplied  in  thought  from 
Gallicae,  2i^\i\iyttre  Gallorum.       quid:  204,(2).        efirum  :  97,  a. 


IV,  5]     Destruction  of  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri     239 


quaque  re  audierit  aut  cognoverit,  quaerant,  et  mercatorcs 
in  oppidis  vulgus  circumsistat,  quibusque  ex  regi5nibus 
veniant  quasque  ibi  res  cognoverint,  pronuntiare  cogat. 
His  rebus  atque  audltionibus  permoti,  de  summis  saepe  lo 
rebus  consilia  ineunt,  quorum  eos  in  vestTgio  paenitere 
necesse  est,  cum  incertis  rumoribus  serviant  et  plerique  ad 
voluntatem  eorum  ficta  respondeant. 


Figure  103.  —  Falls  of  the  Rhine  at  Schaffhausen. 

7.  quSque:  49-,  a.         audierit:  ^^  ^,  (3). 

8.  vulgus  :  6,  b.         quibusque  :  =  quibus  (4^,  b)  +  -giie. 

9.  quasque:  =  quds  +  -que.  204,  (2)-  pronuntiare:  '(them) 
to  declare.' 

10.  rebus  atque  audltionibus:  'reports  and  mere  hearsay.' 
How  lit.  ?         summis  :  '  of  the  utmost  importance.'' 

11.  quorum:  '  of  which  they  must  immediately  repent.'  How  lit.  ? 
103,  c.  B.  209,  I  ;  A.  354,  b;  H.  457.  paenitere:  subject  of  est. 
73,  a. 

12.  incertis:  'indefinite.'  serviant:  'they  subject  themselves.' 
184,  a.  plerique  :  '  most  men,'  when  questioned.  ad,  etc. :  '  make 
up  answers  to  gratify  them.'     How  lit.  ? 


240  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

He  resolves  to  fight  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri. 

6.  Qua  c5nsuetudine  cognita,  Caesar,  ne  graviori  bello 
occurreret,  maturius,  quam  consuerat,  ad  exercitum  profi- 
clscitur.  Eo  cum  venisset,  ea,  quae  fore  suspicatus  erat, 
facta  cognovit ;  missas  legati5nes  ab  non  nullis  clvitatibus 

5  ad  Germanos  invltatosque  e5s,  uti  ab  Rheno  discederent ; 
omniaque^  quae  postuldssent,  ab  se  fore  pai'dta.  Qua  spe 
adducti,  German!  latius  iam  vagabantur  et  in  fines  Eburo- 
num  et  Condrusorum,  qui  sunt  Trever5rum  clientes,  per- 
venerant. 

lo  Principibus  Galliae  evocatis,  Caesar  ea,  quae  cognoverat, 
dissimulanda  sibi  existimavit  eorumque  animis  permulsis  et 
confirmatis,  equitatuque  imperato,  bellum  cum  Germanis 
gerere  constituit. 

6.  I.  graviori:  < quite  serious,'  in  case  the  fickle  Gauls  and  the 
Germans  should  unite  against  him.     15S,  a.         bello  :  107,  a. 

2.  maturius:  'earlier'  in  the  spring,  perhaps  in  the  first  part  of 
April.  54?  «•  exercitum:  divided  up  for  winter  quarters,  among 
the  Lexovii  and  other  states,  in  the  autumn  of  56  B.C.  (Ill,  29,  11.  12- 
14)  ;  now  probably  brought  together  again,  near  the  lower  Seine,  in 
advance  of  Caesar's  arrival. 

3.  E6  :  ad  exera'tum.         fore:  'would  take  place.' 

4.  facta,  missas,  invitStos  :  sc.  esse. 

5.  uti,  etc.  :  i.e.  to  proceed  toward  the  interior  of  Gaul  in  order  to 
help  drive  the  Romans  out. 

6.  omniaque:  'and  (with  the  promise)  that  everything.'    213,  b., 
postuldssent :  future  perfect  indicative  in  the  direct  form.     64^  a,  {\). 
fore  parSta  :  a  substitute  for  the  fijture  infinitive  passive.         Qu5  sp6  : 
'by  this  prospect.'     107. 

8.  Eburonum,  Condrusorum,  etc. :  see  Map  at  the  end  of  the 
volume. 

II.  dissimulanda  [esse]:  'ought  to  be  kept  secret.'  permul- 
sis :  '  having  soothed.'     How  lit.  ? 

13.  cSnstituit :  here  not  '  determined,' but  'announced  his  inten- 
tion' ;  he  had  previously  made  up  his  mind. 


IV,  7]     Destruction  of  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri     241 

He  marches  near;    the  Germans  parley,  assert  their  rights  in 
Gaul,  and  request  lands. 

7.  Re  frumentaria  comparata  equitibusque  delectis,  iter 
in  ea  loca  facere  coepit,  quibus  in  locis  esse  Germanos 
audiebat.  A  quibus  cum  paucorum  dierum  iter  abesset, 
legati  ab  his  venerunt,  quorum  haec  fuit  oratio  : 

Germd7ids  neque  priores  popiilo  Romano  belhirn  Inferre^  5 
neque  tamcn  recusdre,  si  lacessantur,  qntn  armis  contendant, 
qiiod  Gcrmd7idrum  consuetudo  sit  a  maioribus  trddita,  qul- 
cumqiie  belhim  Inferant^  resistei'e  neque  deprecdrl, 

Haec  tame7i  dicere,  venisse  invitos,  eiectos  domo  ;  si  siiam 
grdtiam  Romdni  velinty  posse  els  utiles  esse  amicos ;    vel  ic 
sibi  agros  attribuant  vel  patiantur  eos  tenere,  quos  armis 
possederint :  sese  unis  Suebis  concedere,  quibus  ne  di  quidem 


7.  2.  iter  facere  :  ^  to  march.'         locis  :  165,  a. 

3.  quibus:  'these  (places).'  161.  digrum :  100,  a.  iter: 
118,  a,  and  21^3,  c. 

4.  quorum,  etc.  :  '  whose  plea  was  as  follows.'     161,  a. 

5.  Germanos,  etc.:  'that  the  Germans  did  not  take  the  lead  in 
making  war  .  .  .  and  that,  nevertheless,  they  would  not  refuse  to  fight.' 
How  lit.  ?         priores  :  152,  b. 

6.  laoessantur :  present,  used  for  greater  vividness,  where  a  past 
tense  might  have  been  expected.  218,  (i),  a.  contendant :  sub- 
junctive also  in  the  direct  form.     201,  a. 

8.  quicumque  :  5b,  a.  resistere  :  sc.  ^/i"  (-/ 05),  as  antecedent  of 
qulcutnque.     79,  d.         neque  deprecari:  'and  not  to  beg  for  mercy.' 

9-14.  Direct  form:  Haec  tamen  duimus,  (nos)  venisse  invltos,  eiect5s 
dom5;  si  (vos  Romdni^  nostram  gratiam  vultis,  possu?nus  vobTs  utiles  esse 
amicos;  vel  nobis  agros  aUribuite  {216)  vel  patiminT  (nos)  eos  (^agros) 
tenere,  qu5s  armis  possedimus  ;  unis  Suebis  concedimus,  quibus  ne  di  quidem 
immortales  pares  esse  possint  {194,  «);  reliquus  quidem  in  terris  est  nemOy 
quem  n5n  superare  posstmus. 

9.  dicere,  venisse,  posse,  tenere  (1.  11):  sc.  se.  215.  Siectos  : 
'because  they  had  been  driven  forth.'     227,  a,  (i).         domo  :  127,  a. 

12.  possSderint:  irom  possfdo.  unis:  'alone.'  23,  a.  di: 
8,  d,  and  237,  c.         concedere  :  '  admitted  inferiority.' 


242  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

immortdles  pares  esse  possent ;   reliquwn  quidem  in  terris 
esse  neminem,  quent  non  superdre  possint. 

Caesar  insists  that  they  go  hack  to  Germany;  parleying  continues. 

8.  Ad  haec  Caesar,  quae  visum  est,  respondit ;  sed  exitus 
f  uit  orationis : 

Sibi  nullam  cum  his  amlcitiam  esse  posse,  si  in  Gallia 
remanerent ;  neque  venim  esse,  qui  suds  fines  tiieri.  non 
spotuerint,  alienos  occupdre ;  neque  ullos  in  Gallid  vacdre 
agrvs,  qui  dari,  tantae  praesertim  multitudini,  sine  iniurid 
possint ;  sed  licere,  si  velint,  in  Ubiorum  finibus  considere, 
quorum  sint  legdti  apud  se  et  de  Sueborum  iniuriis  queran- 
tur  et  d  se  auxilium  petant ;  hoc  se  Ubiis  imperdturum. 

9.  Legati  haec  se  ad  su5s  relaturos  dixerunt  et,  re  deli- 
berata,  post  diem  tertium  ad  Caesarem  reversuros ;  interea 
ne  propius  se  castra  moveret,  petierunt.      Ne  id  quidem 

13,  reliquum  nSminem  :  '  no  one  else.'  12^  d.  in  terris  :  '  on 
earth  ' ;  why  is  terris  plural  ? 

8.  I .  visum  est :  sc.  respondere.  Caesar  does  not  give  the  whole 
of  his  answer,  which  perhaps  followed  the  same  line  of  argument  as  his 
statement  to  Ariovistus  (I,  chap.  45). 

3.  Sibi,  etc. :  in  the  direct  form,  Mihi  mllla  cum  vobls  amlcitia  esse 
potest,  '  I  can  have  no  friendly  relations  with  you.'    Ill,  and  212,  c,  (i). 

4.  v6rum  :  consistent  with  what  is  true,  *  a  fair  thing.'  qui :  for 
antecedent  supply  eos  as  subject-accusative  with  occupdre. 

5 .  aliguos  :  sc.  fines ;  '  of  others.' 

7.  possint,  etc. :  the  present  tense  is  used  for  the  sake  of  vividness, 
licgre  :  sc.  eis.     73,  a,  b. 

8.  apud  sS  :  '  with  him.'        Sugborum  iniuriis  :  chap.  3, 11.  6-14. 

9.  hoc,  etc. :  'that  he  would  order  the  Ubii  (to  allow  them  to  do) 
this,'  lit.  'he  would  command  this  to  the  Ubii.'  Caesar  could  *  order' 
the  Ubii  because  he  held  hostages  from  that  people  (chap.  16, 11.  19-20). 

9.  2.  post  diem  tertium:  *in  three  days,' i.e.  'the  next  day  but 
one ' ;  in  such  expressions  the  Romans  included  the  days  with  which  a 
period  began  and  ended. 

3.    propius    s6:   123,  d.         movgret :   199,  a. 


IV,  9]     Destruction  of  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri     243 

Caesar   ab    se   impetrari   posse   dixit.     Cognoverat  enim, 
magnam  partem  equitatus  ab  eis,  aliquot  diebus  ante,  prae-  s 
dandi  frumentandique  causa  ad  Ambivaritos  trans  Mosam 
missam  ;  hos  exspectarl  equites  atque  eius  rei.:f  ausa  moram 
interponl  arbitratur. 


Figure  104.  — Along  the  Meuse,  below  Namur. 
Women  are  unloading  day  from  a  canal  boat. 


4.  ab:  'from.'' 

5.  diebus:  IJ^O.     B.  223  ;  A.  424,/;  H.  488,  i. 

6.  frumentandi  causa  :  '  to  forage."'  How  lit.  ?  trafts  :  '  across ' 
to  the  west  side  of  the  Meuse  (Fig.  104)  ;  the  main  body,  and  Caesar, 
were  on  the  east  side,  between  the  Meuse  and  the  Rhine. 

7.  hos  exspectarl,  etc. :  in  order  that  an  attack  with  all  their 
forces  might  be  made  upon  the  Romans.  rei:  the  return  of  the 
cavalry. 


244  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

Description  of  the  Rhine  region. 

[10.  Mosa  profluit  ex  monte  Vosego,  qui  est  in  finibus 
Lingonum,  et  parte  quadam  ex  Rheno  recepta,  quae  appel- 
latur  Vacalu^  insulam  efficit  Batavorum,  neque  longius  ab 
e5  mllibus  passuum  lxxx  in  Oceanum  influit. 

5  Rhenus  autem  oritur  ex  Lepontiis,  qui  Alpes  incolunt, 
et  longo  spatio  per  fines  Nantuatium,  Helvetiorum,  Se- 
quan5rum,  Mediomatricoruni,  Triboc5rum,  Trever5rum  cita- 
tus  fertur  et,  ubi  Oceano  appropinquavit,  in  plures  diffluit 
partes,  multis  ingentibusque  insulis  effectis,  quarum  pars 

lo  magna  a  feris  barbarisque  nati5nibus  incolitur  (ex  quibus 
sunt,  qui  piscibus  atque  ovis  avium  vivere  existimantur), 
multisque  capitibus  in  Oceanum  Influit.] 

10.  I-I2.  On  account  of  certain  difficulties  and  inconsistencies  in 
this  chapter  many  think  that  it  was  not  written  by  Caesar,  but  added 
later  by  some  one  who  wished  to  supply  a  geographical  background  for 
this  part  of  the  narrative ;  the  Meuse,  for  example,  does  not  rise  in  the 
Vosges  mountains,  and  the  Rhine  could  hardly  have  flowed  through 
the  country  of  the  Nantuates.  Nevertheless  the  rapid  current  of  the 
Rhine  is  referred  to,  which  is  particularly  noticeable  in  the  upper  part 
of  its  course,  as  at  Schaflfliausen  (Fig.  103)  ;  and  we  cannot  assume  that 
Caesar  had  accurate  knowledge  of  regions  so  far  from  those  which  he 
himself  had  visited. 

If  the  chapter  is  omitted,  there  is  an  easy  transition  from  chap.  9  to 
chap.  II.     Translation:  — 

'  The  Meuse  rises  in  the  Vosges  mountains,  which  are  in  the  country  of  the 
Lingones;  receiving  from  the  Rhine  an  affluent,  which  is  called  the  Waal,  it 
forms  (with  this)  the  island  of  the  Batavians,  and  not  further  from  this  than 
eighty  miles  it  flows  into  the  Ocean. 

'The  Rhine,  moreover,  rises  in  the  country  of  the  Lepontii,  who  dwell  in 
the  Alps,  and  in  a  long  course  flows  rapidly  through  the  territories  of  the 
Nantuates,  the  Helvetians,  the  Sequanians,  the  Mediomalrici,  the  Triboci,  and 
the  Treverans;  where  it  approaches  the  Ocean  it  divides  up  into  several 
branches,  forming  many  large  islands.  Of  these  (islands)  a  considerable 
portion  are  inhabited  by  wild  and  savage  tribes,  some  of  whom  are  believed 
to  live  on  fish  and  birds'  eggs.  (The  Rhine)  flows  into  the  Ocean  through 
many  mouths.' 


IV,  11]    Destruction  of  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri    245 

The  parleying,  Caesar  concludes,  is  continued  merely  to  gain  time. 

11.  Caesar  cum  ab  hoste  non  amplius  passuum  xii  mlli- 
bus  abesset,  ut  erat  constitutum,  ad  cum  legati  revertuntur ; 
qui  in  itinere  congress!  magnopere,  ne  longius  progredere- 
tur,  orabant.  Cum  id  non  impetrassent,  petebant,  uti  ad 
eos  equites,  qui  agmen  antecessissent,  praemitteret  eosque  s 
pugna  prohiberet,  sibique  ut  potestatem  faceret  in  Ubios 
legates  mittendl ;  quoriim  si  principes  ac  sendtus  sibi  iure 
iurando  fidem  fecisset,  ed  condicione,  quae  d  Caesare  ferre- 
tur,  se  usuros  ostendebant;  ad  hds  res  conficiendds  sibi 
tndul  spatium  daret.  ic 

Haec  omnia  Caesar  eodem  illo  pertinere  arbitrabatur,  ut, 
trldul  mora  interposita,  equites  eorum,  qui  abessent,  rever- 
terentur ;  tamen  sese  non  longins  niilibiis  passunm  iiii, 
aqudtionis  causd^  processurum  ed  die  dixit ;  Jiuc  postero  die 

11.  I.  cum  ab  hoste,  etc.:  after  denying  the  request  of  the  Ger- 
mans (chap.  9,  1.  3),  Caesar  evidently  had  marched  toward  them. 
XII :  S8,  b,  and  36.         milibus  :  129,  a. 

2.  ut  erat  constitutum :  the  agreement  was  that  the  envoys 
should  return  in  three  days  (chap.  9,  1.  2).     73,  d. 

3.  congress!:  sc.  cum  ed,  'meeting  him.'  57,  c,  and  226,  c. 
pr6greder§tur :  199,  a. 

5.  antecessissent :  220,  and  328.  praemitteret :  here  without 
an  object ;  with  ad  eos  equites,  '■  that  he  send  forward  to,'  etc. 

6.  pugna:  127,  a.  sibi,  etc. :  Uhat  he  would  give  them  permis- 
sion to  send.'     How  lit.? 

8.  iure  iurandd  fidem  fgcisset :  '■  should  have  bound  themselves 
by  an  oath.'  13,  h.  How  lit.?  fecisset :  agrees  with  the  nearer 
subject.  172,  b.  ea,  etc.:  'that  they  would  accept  the  terms  pro- 
posed by  Caesar.'     131,  c.     How  lit.  ? 

10.  daret :  da  in  the  direct  form.     216. 

11.  eodem  illo  pertinere:  'had  the  same  end  in  view.'  How 
lit.?     ut,  etc. :  explaining  ^<7^<?/« ///^.     199,  a. 

12.  abessent:  ^^a     Cf.  chap.  9,  11.  4-8. 

14.  aquationis  causa:  'in  order  to  get  water.'  94,  b.  hCic  :  to 
the  place  where  he  was  at  the  time  of  the  conference. 


246  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

15  quant  frequentissiml  convenirent,   ut  de   edriim  postuldtis 
cognosceret. 

Interim  ad  praefectos,  qui  cum  omni  equitatu  antecesse- 
rant,  mittit,  qui  nuntiarent,  ne  hostes  proeli5  lacesserent  et, 
SI  ipsi  lacesserentur,  sustinerent,  quoad  ipse  cum  exercitu 

20  propius  accessisset. 

The  German  cavalry  surprises  and  routs  the  cavalry  of  Caesar. 

12.  At  hostes,  ubi  primum  nostros  equites  conspexerunt, 
quorum  erat  v  milium  numerus,  cum  ipsi  non  amplius  dCcc 
equites  haberent,  quod  ei,  qui  frOmentandi  causa  erant 
trans  Mosam  profecti,  nondum  redierant,  nihil  timentibus 
s  nostrls,  quod  legati  eorum  paul5  ante  a  Caesare  discesse- 
rant  atque  is  dies  indutils  erat  ab  his  petitus,  impetu  facto 
celeriter  nostros  perturbaverunt ;  rursus  his  resistentibus, 
consuetudine  sua  ad  pedes  desiluerunt,  subfossisque  equis 

15.   quam  frequentissimi :    'in  as  great  numbers  as  possible/ 
163,  c.        convenirent:  convenite  in  the  direct  form.     216. 
17.    praefectos:  309,  c.         equitatu:   131,  a. 
i8.    qui  nuntiarent :  '  (men)  to  convey  the  order.'    193,  a. 

19.  sustingrent :  sc.  ut.  200,  a.  The  Roman  cavalry  were  ordered 
to  act  on  the  defensive. 

20.  accessisset:  subjunctive  also  in  the  direct  form.  190,  c. 
B.  293,  ni,  2  ;  A.  5^3  ;  H.  603,  11,  2. 

12.  I.  ubi  primum:  188,  c.  nostros  equites:  the  Roman 
cavalry  had  apparently  advanced  in  the  direction  of  the  German  camp. 

2.  V  milium:  309,  b,  and  100,  a.  cum:  187.  dccc-  oa/fi- 
gentos.     38,  b,  and  36. 

3.  equites:   129,  b.         ei  .  .   .  profecti:  chap.  9,  11.  4-8. 

6.  indutiis:  'for  a  truce.'  112,  a.  Caesar  explains  why  his  cav- 
alry were  caught  off  their  guard.  impetu  facto:  'charged  and.' 
How  lit.?    lU,b,{'2). 

7.  his  :  the  Roman  cavalry. 

8.  consuetudine:  136,  c.  suS  :  157,  b.  ad  ped6s  :  'to  the 
ground,'  we  should  say.  10,  b.  desiluSruut :  from  their  horses. 
subfossis  .  .  .  dgiectis:  'stabbed  the  horses  (of  our  cavalry)  under- 
neath and  dismounted  quite  a  number  of  our  men  and.'     How  lit.? 


IV,  12]    Destruction  of  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri    247 

compluribusque  nostfis  deiectis,  reliquos  in  fugam  coniece- 
runt  atque  ita  perterritos  egerunt,  ut  non  prius  fuga  desis-  lo 
terent,  quam  in  conspectum  agminis  nostri  venissent. 

Bravery  of  the  Aquitanian,  Piso,  in  the  skirmish. 
In  eo  proelio  ex  equitibus  nostris  interficiuntur  iiii  et  lxx, 
in  his  vir  fortissimus,  Piso  Aquitanus,  amplissimo  genere 
natus,  cuius  avus  in  civitate  sua  regnum  obtinuerat,  amicus 


Figur?  105. — The  slopes  of  the  Rhine  Valley. 


9.  reliquos :  sc.  nostras.  fugam :  the  flight  of  the  Gallic  cav- 
alry, as  in  a  previous  instance  (I,  18,  11.  27-31),  may  have  been  stimu- 
lated by  treachery  among  the  native  leaders. 

1 1 .  agminis  :  the  main  force.  venissent :  subjunctive  by  attrac- 
tion.    189,  a,  and  220. 

12.  ex  equitibus:  97,  d.  mi  et  LXX:  quattuor  et  septua- 
gintd.  88,  b.  The  result  of  the  skirmish  showed  the  superiority  of  the 
German  over  the  Gallic  cavalry.  Caesar  afterwards  hired  German 
horsemen,  and  made  much  use  of  them  (VII,  8o,  1.  20  and  N.). 

13.  Piso:  a  Roman  name,  probably  conferred  on  some  Aquitanian 
with  the  Roman  citizenship;  cf.  I,  chap.  47,  1.  13  and  N.  genere: 
128,  a.     B.  215  ;  A.  403,  2,  a  ;  H.  469,  2. 

14.  amicus  :  cf.  I,  3,  1.  13  and  n.     55,  a. 


248  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

IS  a  senatu  nostro  appellatus.  Hie  cum  fratri,  intercluso  ab 
hostibus,  auxilium  ferret,  ilium  ex  periculo  eripuit,  ipse,  equo 
vulnerato,  deiectus,  quoad  potuit,  fortissime  restitit ;  cum 
circumventus,  multls  vulneribus  acceptis,  cecidisset,  atque 
id  frater,  qui  iam  proelio  excesserat,  procul  animadvertisset, 

20  incitato  equo  se  hostibus  obtulit  atque  interfectus  est. 

The  German  leaders  come  to  offer  apology ;  Caesar  detains  them. 

•13.  Hoc  facto  proeli5  Caesar  neque  iam  sibi  legates 
audiendos  neque  condici5nes  accipiendas  arbitrabatur  ab 
eis,  qui  per  dolum  atque  insidias,  petita  pace,  ultro  bellum 
intulissent ;  exspectare  vero,  dum  hostium  copiae  augeren- 
5  tur  equitatusque  reverteretur,  summae  (3ementiae  esse  iudi- 
cabat ;  et,  cognita  Gallorum  infirmitate,  quantum  iam  apud 
eos  hostes  uno  proeli5  auctoritatis  essent  consecuti,  sentiebat ; 
quibus  ad  consilia  capienda  nihil  spatii  dandum  existimabat. 

17.  dSiectus:  'although  thrown 'from  his  horse,  he  continued  to 
fight  on  foot.     227,  a,  (3).         potuit :  190,  c. 

19.  id:  'that  (mishap).'        proelio:  127,  a. 

20.  incitato  equo:  'urging  his  horse  forward.'  How  lit.?  se 
hostibus  obtulit:  'he  hurled  himself  upon  the  enemy.'  Many  in- 
stances of  individual  bravery  and  devotion  are  recorded  by  Caesar. 

13.    I.  Hoc  facto  proelio:  'After  this  battle.'     How  lit.? 

2.  audiendos:  89,  c.  ab  :  'from';  Caesar  had  arranged  to  take 
up  their  proposals  (chap,  ii,  11.  14-15)  on  the  following  day. 

3.  per  dolum  atque  insidias:  '  craftily  and  treacherously.'  How 
lit.?  ultro:  'without  provocation.'  How  lit.?  bellum  intul- 
issent: 'had  made  an  attack.' 

4.  exspectare:  subject  of  ^jj^.  222,  b,  dum:  '  until,' with  the 
subjunctive  also  in  the  direct  form.  190,  h.  B.  293,  ni,  2  ;  A.  553  ;  H. 
603,  n,  2. 

5.  summae  dSmentiae  esse:  'that  it  was  the  height  of  folly.' 
How  lit.?    100,  b. 

6.  Infirmitate:  cf.  chap.  5,  11.  1-3.  quantum  —  auctoritatis  : 
'  how  great  prestige.'     91,  b,  and  201^,  (3). 

8.  quibus:  trans,  as  if  ^/ ^/ J.  ad,  etc. :  ^50,  (3).  nihil  spatii : 
'  no  time.'     97,  a. 


IV,  13]   Destruction  of  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri     249 

His  constitutis  rebus  et  consilio  cum  legatis  et  quaes- 
tore  communicato,  ne  quern  diem  pugnae  praetermitteret,  lo 
opportunissima  res  accidit,  quod  postridie  eius  diei  mane, 
eadem  et  simulatione  et  perfidia  usT,  German!  frequentes, 
omnibus  principibus  maioribusque  natu  adhibitis,  ad  eum 
in  castra  venerunt,  simul,  ut  dicebatur,  sui  purgandi  causa, 
quod  contra,  atque  esset  dictum  et  ipsi  petissent,  proelium  15 
pridie  commisissent,  simul  ut,  si  quid  possent,  de  indutiis 
fallendo  impetrarent.  Quos  sibi  Caesar  oblatos  gavisus, 
illos  retineri  iussit ;  ipse  omnes  copias  castrTs  eduxit  equita- 
tumque,  quod  recenti  proelid  perterritum  esse  existimabat, 
agmen  subsequi  iussit.  20 

9.  consilio:  'determination,'  explained  by  the  appositive  clause 
ne  .  .  .  praetermitiet,  'not  to  let  slip  any  chance  to  fight/  lit.  'any 
day  of  battle.'  cum  —  communicato:  'after  he  had  imparted 
to.'     How  lit.?     137,  c.         quaestore  :  5i5,  ^. 

11.  diei:  9Ji.,  c.         mane:  '  early  in  the  morning.' 

12.  eadem:  '  the  same  '  as  before.  '  perfidia:  'treachery.'  To 
justify  his  own  course  Caesar  accuses  the  Germans  of  bad  faith.  But 
if  they  did  not  mean  what  they  said,  why  did  so  many  of  them  trust 
themselves  in  Caesar's  power?  The  collision  on  the  previous  day  may 
have  been  precipitated  by  hotheads,  without  the  approval  of  the  leaders 
of  the  German  host. 

14     simul  —  simul:   'both — and.'  sui  purgandi  causa:  'in 

order  to  clear  themselves.'     154,  b,  and  2S0,  (i).     B.  339,  5  ;  A.  504, 
c\  H.  626,  3. 

15.  quod,  etc.  :  'because,  contrary  to  what  had  been  said.'  con- 
tra :  adverb.         atque  :  2SS,  c. 

16.  commisissent:  '(as  they  admitted)  they  had  started  the 
battle.'  18S,  a.  si  quid  possent:  'if  in  any  degree  possible.' 
How  lit.  ?     118,  b.         de  :  '  in  the  matter  of.' 

17.  fallendo: 'by  playing  false.'  Quos:  161.  oblatos  [esse]  : 
69,  b.         gavisus  :  '  rejoicing.'     62,  and  226,  e. 

20.  agmen  subsequi:  'to  follow  the  main  force,'  i.e.  to  bring  up 
the  rear,  instead  of  leading  the  van,  as  the  cavalry  usually  did.     S28. 


250  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

Surprising  the  leaderless  German  host,  he  utterVy  destroys  it. 

14.  Acie  triplici  instituta  et  celeriter  viii  milium  itinere 
confecta,  prius  ad  hostium  castra  pervenit,  quam,  quid 
ageretur,  German!  sentire  possent.  Qui  omnibus  rebus 
subito  perterriti,  et  celeritate '  adventus  nostri  et  discessu 
5  suorum,  neque  consilil  habendT  neque  arma  capiendi  spati5 
data,  perturbantur,  c5piasne  adversus  hostem  ducere,  an 
castra  defendere,  an  fuga  salutem  petere  praestaret. 

Qu5rum  timor  cum  fremitu  et  concursu  significaretur, 
milites  nostri,  pristini  diel  perfidia  incitati,  in  castra  irrupe- 
10  runt.  Quo  loco,  qui  celeriter  arma  capere  potuerunt,  pau- 
lisper  nostrls  restiterunt  atque  inter  carros  impedimentaque 
proelium  commiserunt;  at  reliqua  multitude  puerorum 
mulierumque  (nam  cum  omnibus   suis   domo  excesserant 

14.  I.  AciS  triplici:  337,  a.  vm  :  38,  b.  itinere:  the  army 
probably  marched  in  thr^e  parallel  columns,  which  deployed  as  they 
neared  the  camp  of  the  enemy.  The  country  must  have  been  open  and 
fairly  level  to  admit  of  the  rapid  execution  of  the  movement. 

2.  prius  .  .  .  quam  .  .  .  possent:  189,  b.  B.  292,  i,^;  A.  551, 
b',  H.  605,  II.  hostium  castra:  a  corral  protected  by  carts,  like 
that  of  the  Helvetians  (I,  26,  1.  8). 

4.  et  —  et:  'both  — and.'     233,  a. 

5.  suorum  :  the  German  leaders  who  had  gone  to  Caesar  and  were 
held  by  him  under  guard.  consilil  .  .  .  capiendi :  gerundive  and 
gerund  in  coordinate  construction  ;  trans.  '  for,' etc.  230,  {i).  spa- 
ti6:  tempore, 

6.  perturbantur :  ^  were  (too)  confused  (to  decide) .'  ne  .  .  . 
an  .  .  .  an:  'whether  .  .  .  or  .  .  .  or.'     201^,  (i).         dflcere  :  222,  a. 

8.  Quorum:  161.         cum:  185,  c. 

9.  pristini  digl :  '  of  the  previous  day.'        irrupgrunt :  '  burst  into.' 

10.  Quo  loco  :  castrts  Germanorum. 

11.  restiterunt:  so.  ^f,  antecedent  oi  qui.  inter  carros,  etc.: 
cf.  I,  26,  11.  7-1 1. 

12.  at:  23G,  a.  reliqua,  etc.:  'the  rest  of  the  host  (consisting) 
of  women  and  children.'    98,  a. 

13.  cum:  N.  to  1, 1, 1.  13-     excesserant:  \.q.  Usipetes  et  Tencterl. 


IV,  15]    Destruction  of  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri    251 

Rhenumque  transierant)  passim   fugere  coepit ;    ad  quos 
consectandos  Caesar  equitatum  misit. 

15.  GermanI,  post  tergum  clamore  audit5,  cum  suos  in- 
terfici  viderent,  armis  abiectis  signlsque  mllitaribus  relictis,' 
se  ex  castris  eiecerunt,  et  cum  ad  confluentem  Mosae  et 


'.ii^rj^^^^eBm 

.-..:^'%"ji!**^*^ 

^^"f"-?" 

^^"^^ 

_ 

Figure  106.  —  The  Moselle  at  Beilstein  ;  ruins  of  the  castle  at  the  right. 

14.  quos  :  the  antecedent  is  ifudtitudv .  16/^,  d.  Caesar's  conduct 
in  detaining  the  German  leaders,  who  had  come  to  him  under  a  flag  of 
truce,  and  then  attacking  and  pursuing  the  leaderless  host  without 
mercy,  seems  treacherous  and  unlike  his  ordinary  procedure.  When 
afterwards  his  friends  proposed,  in  the  Roman  senate,  a  thanksgiving 
for  the  victory,  Cato  urged  that  Caesar  be  delivered  up  to  those  whom 
he  had  treacherously  entrapped,  as  an  atonement  for  the  wrong.  Not 
much  weight  should  be  attached  to  this  as  a  judgment  on  Caesar's  course, 
however,  for  debates  in  the  Roman  senate,  as  in  our  own,  were  colored 
by  political  and  personal  antagonisms. 

15.  I.  Germani:  the  warriors  who  armed  for  defense  when  the  camp 
was  attacked  (chap.  14,  1.  10).  clamore:  Uhe  shrieking'  of  the 
women  and  children,  part  of  whom  were  cut  down  by  the  legionaries 
entering  the  camp,  part  by  the  cavalry  after  they  had  fled  from  the  camp. 

3.  confluentem:  'confluence.'  Mosae:  probably  the  Moselle 
(Fig.  106)  is  here  meant,  not  the  Meuse;    Mosellae  may  have   been 


252  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [b.c.  55 

Rheni  pervenissent,  reliqua  fuga  desperata,  magno  numero 
sinterfecto,  reliqui  se  in  flumen  praecipitaverunt  atque  ibi 
timore,  lassitudine,  vi  fluminis  oppressi  perierunt.  Nostri 
ad  unum  omnes  incolumes,  perpaucis  vulneratis,  ex  tanti 
belli  timore,  cum  hostium  numerus  capitum  ccccxxx  mi- 
*  Hum  fuisset,  se  in  castra  receperunt. 

10  Caesar  els,  quos  in  castris  retinuerat,  discedendi  potesta- 
tem  fecit.  Illi,  supplicia  cruciatusque  Gallorum  veriti, 
quorum  agros  vexaverant,  remanere  se  apud  eum  velle 
dixerunt.     His  Caesar  llbertatem  concessit. 

First  Expedition  into  Germany.     16-19 

Caesar  resolves  to  cross  the  Rhine  and  enter  Germany. 

16.  Germanico  bello  c5nfecto,  multis  de  causis  Caesar 
statuit  sibi  Rhenum  esse  transeundum ;    quarura  ilia  fuit 

written  and  changed  to  Mosae  in  copying.  It  seems  probable  that  the 
German  camp  was  south  of  the  Moselle  and  that  the  fleeing  warriors 
came  to  the  region  of  Coblenz,  which  lies  in  the  angle  formed  by  the 
Moselle  as  it  enters  the  Rhine. 

4.  reliqua,  etc. :    '  abandoning  hope  of  further  flight.''     How  lit.  ? 

5.  flumen:  the  Rhine,  at  Coblenz. 

6.  lassitudine  :  in  consequence  of  the  fighting  and  running. 

7.  ad  unum  :  '  to  a  man.'  incolumSs  :  '  in  safety.'  ex  .  .  . 
cum :  '  notwithstanding  (their)  apprehension  of  a  hard  campaign, 
since.'    184,  a.     How  lit.? 

8.  capitum  .  .  .  fuisset :  <  had  amounted  to  430,000 ' ;  cf.  N.  to  I, 
29,  1.  6.  lOOy  b.  CCCCXXX:  =  quadringentor mn  triginta.  38^  by 
and  36.  If,  as  among  the  Helvetians,  one  fourth  were  fighting-men, 
the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri  mustered  an  army  of  more  than  130,000. 
The  number  seems  greatly  exaggerated. 

II.    veriti:  67,  a,  (2),  and  226,  c. 

13.  llbertatem:  'leave'  to  stay.  They  probably  entered  his  ser- 
vice as  mercenaries. 

16.    2.  quSrum  :  97,  a.        ilia  :  161,  a. 


IV,  16]  First  Expedition  into  Germany  253 

iustissima,  quod,  cum  videret  German5s  tarn  facile  impelli, 
ut  in  Galliam  venlrent,  suis  quoque  rebus  eos  timere  voluit, 
.cum  intellegerent,  et  posse  et  audere  popull  R5mani  exer-  s 
citum  Rhenum  transire. 

Accessit  etiam,  quod  ilia  pars  equitatus  Usipetum  et 
Tencterorum,  quam  supra  commemoravi  praedandi  fru- . 
mentandique  causa  Mosam  transisse  neque  proelio  inter- 
fuisse,  post  f ugam  su5rum  se  trans  Rhenum  in  fines  lo 
Sugambrorum  receperat  seque  cum  els  coniunxerat.  Ad 
quos  cum  Caesar  nuntios  misisset,  qui  postularent,  eos, 
qui  sibi  Galliaeque  bellum  intulissent,  sibi  dederent, 
responderunt :  , 

Popull  Romdftt  imperium  Rhenum  finire;  sty  se  invito,  is 
Germdnos  in  Galliam  transire  non  aequiim  existirndret,  cur 
sui   quicquam    esse   imperil  aut  potestdtis    trdns  Rhenum 
postuldret  ? 

3.  iustissima:  ^the  most  weighty.'  quod  .  .  .  voluit:  ex- 
plains ilia  [causa] . 

4.  ut  .  .  .  venlrent :  ^  to  come.'  199,  a.  suis  quoque  rgbus  : 
^  for  their  own  interests  also.' 

5.  cum:  cum  temporal  has  here  a  conditional  force  also;  'in 
case.' 

7.  Accessit  etiam  quod:  'There  was  the  further  reason  that.' 
198,  a,  and  b. 

8.  supra:  chap.  9,  11.  4-8.  commemorSvi :  cf.  demonstrdvi- 
mus,  II,  I,  1.  2,  and  N. 

12.  quos:     SugainSros.         postularent:  193,  a. 

13.  dederent:  200,  a.     B.  295,  8;   A.  565,  a]  H.  562,  i,  N. 

15.  imperium  Rhenum  finire  :  \.^.  Rhenum  (subject  accusative) 
esse  finem  (Mimif)  imperii.         se  invito  :  N.  to  I,  8,  1.  7. 

16.  aequum :  'right';  in  predicate,  neuter,  accusative,  in  agree- 
ment with  the  infinitive  clause  Germdnos  trdnsire,  which  stands  as 
object  of  existimdret. 

17.  sui,  etc.:  'that  anything  beyond  the  Rhine  was  under  his 
authority  or  power.'     54,  d. 

18.  postularet :  with  cur,  '  why  should  he  claim.'     217,  a. 


254  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [b.c.  66 

Ubii   autem,    qui   unl   ex  TransrhenanTs   ad    Caesarem 
20  legates  miserant,    amicitiam    fecerant,    obsides   dederant, 

magnopere  orabant,  ut  sibi  auxilium  ferret,  quod  graviter 

ab  Suebis  premerentur : 

Vely  si  id  facere  occnpdtionibus  ret  publicae  prohiberetuVy 

exercitiim  modo  Rhenum  trdnsportdret ;  id  sibi  ad  auxilium 
2sspemque   reliqiil   temporis   satis    futurum.       Tantum    esse 

7tdmen  atque  oplnionem  eius  exercituSy   Ariovisto  pulsd  et 

hoc  novissimo  proelio  facto^  etiam  ad  ultimas  Gerjndndriim 

ndtiones,  uti  opinione  et  amtcitid  populi  Romdnl  tuti  esse 

possint. 
30     ^Navium  magnam  copiam  ad  transportandum  exercitum 

pollicebantur. 

He  builds  a  bridge  across  the  Rhine. 

17.  Caesar  his  de  causis,  quas  commemoravl,  Rhenum 
transire  decreverat;  sed  navibus  transire  neque  satis  tu- 
tum  esse  arbitrabatur,  neque  suae  neque  populi   R5mani 

19.  uni:  ^ alone.'  23,  a.  ex  TrSlnsrhen&nis  :  'of  the  peoples 
across  the  Rhine.'     97,  d. 

20.  miserant,  fgcerant,  dederant :  234y  a,  and  238,  a. 

21.  quod  .   .   .  premerentur:  183,  a. 

23.  Vel :  213,  b,  and  235,  a.  id  facere :  <  from  doing  that.' 
223,  a,  (3).  occupationibus  rei  publicae:  'by  the  requirements 
of  public,  business.' 

24.  exercitum,  Rhgnum  :  114,a.  transportSret :  216.  id: 
'that  (movement)."'  ad  .  .  .  temporis:  'for  (present)  help  and 
(for)  hope  in  respect  to  the  future.'     How  lit.? 

26.  oplnionem  :  '  reputation.'  eius  :  '  his,'  i.e.  Caesaris,  Ario- 
visto pulso :  *  in  consequence  of  the  defeat  of  Ariovistus,'  related  in 
Book  I.     How  lit.?     lU,b,{i). 

17.  2.  tr5n*^Ire:  222,  b.  tatum :  predicative,  ll^^^d.  Caesar 
was  always  careful  to  have  the  country  in  the  rear  of  his  army  well 
secured,  not  only  for  the  transportation  of  supplies  but  also  to  make  a 
retreat  safe  in  case  of  necessity. 

3.    suae,  populi:  157,  d. 


IV,  17]  First  Expedition  into  Germany  255 

dignitatis   esse    statuebat.     Itaque,  etsT  summa  difficultas 
faciendi  pontis  proponebatur  propter  latitudinem,  rapidita-s 
tern  altitudinemque  fluminis,  tamen  id  sibi  contendendum, 
aut  aliter  non  traducendum  exercitum,  existimabat. 

Rationem  pontis  banc  instituit : 

Tigna   bina   sesquipedalia,  paulum    ab   imo    praeacuta, 
dimensa  ad  altitudinem  fluminis,  intervallo  pedum  duorum  lo 
inter   se  iungebat.     Haec  cum,  machinationibus  immissa 
in  flumen,  defixerat  fistucisque  adegerat,  non  sublicae  mod5 

4.  dignitatis,  etc. :  '  would  be  inconsistent  with  the  prestige.'  94,  d. 
How  lit?         etsi:  191,  a. 

5.  latitudinem:  between  1300  and  1600  feet  in  the  region  where 
Caesar  built  the  bridge,  that  is,  near  Neuwied,  between  Coblenz  and  An- 
dernach  (Map  11,  facing  p.  232).       rapiditatem  :  ^swiftness.''     76,  a. 

6.  id,  etc. :  sc.  esse,  '  that  he  ought  to  make  every  effort  (to  accom- 
plish) this.' 

7.  aut :  2S5,  a. 

8.  Rationem,  etc.:  ^  the  plan  of  the  bridge  (which)  he  devised 
(was)  as  follows.'     161,  a.     How  lit.? 

9.  Tigna  bina  :  '  a  pair  of  logs,'  to  be  driven  into  the  river  bed  and 
used  as  posts  to  support  the  bridge ;  see  Plates  V  and  VI,  a  a.  26, 
sesquipedalia  :  ^  a  foot  and  a  half  thick.'  19,  b.  ab  imo  :  '  at  the 
lower  end.'     151^,  a,-AX^A  126,  c. 

10.  dimensa:  passive;  with  ad,  etc.,  '  measured  off  to  correspond 
with  the  depth  of  the  river,'  the  longer  piles  for  use  near  the  middle, 
the  shorter  for  driving  nearer  the  banks.  How  lit.  ?  59,  b.  inter- 
vallo, etc.  :   'two  feet  apart.'     How  lit.  ?     1S8. 

11.  inter  se  :  'together.'  159.  iungebat:  sc.  Caesar ',  the  ob- 
ject is  Tigna.  The  two  logs  of  each  pair  were  apparently  fastened 
together  on  the  bank,  before  they  were  driven  into  the  river  bed. 
machinationibus  immissa  :  'had  let  down  by  mechanical  appliances,' 
rafts  equipped  with  suitable  tackle.     How  lit.  ?     228,  a. 

12.  defixerat,  etc.:  'had  planted  these  firmly  and  driven  [them] 
home  with  pile-drivers,'  in  the  case  of  each  pair ;  the  pluperfect  with 
aim  implies  repeated  action.  18G,  a.  B.  288,  3;  H.  539,  2.  non 
sublicae  modo  :  '  not  like  an  (ordinary)  pile,'  because  ordinarily  piles 
are  driven  in  perpendicularly,  while  these  pairs  were  driven  with  a  slant. 
How  lit.? 


256  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

derecte  ad  perpendiculum,  sed  prone  ac  fastigate,  ut  secun- 
dum naturam    fluminis    pr5cumberent,  his  item  contraria 

IS  duo  ad  eundem  modum  iuncta,  intervallo  pedum  quadra- 
genum  ab  inferiore  parte,  contra  vim  atque  impetum  flu- 
minis  conversa,  statuebat. 

Haec  utraque,  Insuper  bipedalibus  trabibus  immissis, 
quantum  eorum  tignorum  iunctura  distabat,  binis  utrimque 

2ofibulis   ab   extrema   parte  distinebantur ;  quibus  disclusis 

13.  dgrgctg:  'straight  up  and  down.'  ad  perpendiculum: 
'according  to  a  plumb-line.'  prong  ac  fastigate  :  Meaning  forward 
with  a  decided  slant.'  How  lit.  ?  secundum  :  '  in  conformity  with.' 
122,  a. 

14.  naturam  fluminis:  'the  direction  of  the  current.'  7^,  d. 
his  contraria:   'opposite  these.'     108,  a.     Plates  V,  VI,  a' a'. 

15.  duo:  sc.  tigna ;  bina  might  have  been  used.  ad  eundem 
modum  :  '  in  the  same  manner.'  Jf.5.  quadragenum  :  '  forty '  Ro- 
man feet  in  each  case.  22,  c.  The  distance  must  have  been  measured 
on  the  surface  of  the  water.     Plate  V,  A. 

16.  ab  inferiore  parte:  'on  the  lower  side/  i.e.  downstream  from 
the  first  pair.  contra,  etc.  :  '  against  the  violent  rushing  of  the  cur- 
rent.' How  lit.  ?  As  the  first  pair  of  posts  slanted  downstream,  so  the 
second  pair  slanted  upstream.     Plate  V,  A,  a  a'. 

18.  Haec  utraque  .  .  .  distingbantur :  'the  two  pairs'  of  posts 
*were  held  apart.'  51.  insuper:  'above.'  bipedalibus,  etc.: 
'after  a  beam  having  the  thickness  of  two  feet,  corresponding  with  the 
space  between  the  posts'  (of  each  pair),  'had  been  let  in.'  How  lit.? 
The  heavy  crossbeam,  or  sill,  is  marked,  b  b  on  Plates  V,  VI. 

19.  quantum:  representing  the  idea  of  measure  in  bipedalibus;  ac- 
cusative. 118,  a.  binls  .  .  .  parte:  '  by  a  pair  of  braces  on  each 
side '  (i.e.  with  each  pair  of  posts), '  at  the  very  end '  of  the  sill.  What 
these  'pairs  of  braces'  were  it  is  not  easy  to  understand.  If  of  wood, 
they  may  have  been  like  those  represented  in  the  Plates  V  and  VI,  c  c ; 
for  with  such  braces  the  greater  the  pressure  the  more  closely  the 
structure  would  have  been  bound  together.     If  the  braces  were  of  iron 

—  a  less  probable  supposition  because  of  the  amount  of  iron  required, 

—  the  arrangement  must  have  been  altogether  different.    • 

20.  quibus  .  .  .  revinctis:  '\.t.  tignis ;  '  now  that  these' (the  two 
pairs  of  posts,  one  pair  above  and  one  below)  '  were  kept '  (at  the  proper 


Pi.ATE  V  Caesar's  Bridge  Across  the  Rhine,  Secfions 

Lib.  IV,  17  '        yy 


A.  Cross-section. 

B.  The  Bridge  seen  from  above. 


IV,  17]  First  Expedition  into  Germany  257 

atque  in  contrariam  partem  revinctis,  tanta  erat  operis 
firmitudo  atque  ea  rerum  natura,  ut,  quo  maior  vis  aquae 
se  incitavisset,  hoc  artius  illigata  tenerentur. 

Haec  derecta  materia  iniecta  contexebantur  ac  longuriis 
cratibusque  consternebantur ;    ac  nihilo  setius  sublicae  et  25 
ad  inferi5rem  partem  fluminis  oblique  agebantur,  quae,  pro 
ariete  subiectae  et  cum  omni  opere  coniunctae,  vim  fluminis 

distance)  '  apart,  and  were  braced  in  opposite  directions,'  the  lower  posts 
slanting  upstream,  the  upper  posts  slanting  downstream.      How  lit.  ? 

i^^^,  (3). 

22.  ea  rerum  natura:  'such  the  character  of  the  structure'  as  a 
whole.  How  lit.  ?  quo,  etc. :  *  the  greater  the  force  of  the  water 
rushing  against  it.'  220.  How  lit.  ?  quo.  .  .hoc:  I40.  B.  223; 
A.  414,  «;  H.  471,  10. 

23.  hoc,  etc.  :  'the  more  closely  they'  (the  opposite  pairs  of  posts, 
tignd)  '■  were  tied  and  held  together.'         illigata :  228,  a. 

24.  Haec  :  '  These  piers,'  each  pier  formed  by  fastening  the  sill,  two 
feet  thick,  securely  to  the  pair  of  posts  at  either  end.  derecta :  '  in 
the  direction  of  the  bridge.'  How  lit.  ?  materia  iniecta  :  '  by  lay- 
ing timber,'  i.e.  girders,  d  on  the  Plates;  these  were,  of  course,  at  right 
angles  with  the  direction  of  the  current.  92,  b,  and  IJ^I^,  b,  (6).  con- 
texebantur :  'were  joined.'  As  the  bridge  was  designed  to  carry  a 
moving  load  of  cavalry  and  draft  animals  as  well  as  infantry,  and  was 
obviously  built  hastily  of  rough  timbers,  with  a  wide  margin  of  safety,  we 
may  suppose  that  the  length  of  the  girders  between  the  sills  was  not  more 
than  25  English  feet,  possibly  not  more  than  20  feet ;  the  number  of  piers 
was  probably  between  sixty  and  seventy.  longuriis  :  'joists,'  laid  on 
the  girders,  in  the  direction  of  the  current ;  marked  h  on  the  Plates. 

25.  cratibus:  '  wickerwork,'  woven  of  supple  branches,  laid  over 
the  joists  and  taking  the  place  of  the  planks  on  a  modern  bridge ; 
marked  i  on  the  Plates.  consternSbantur :  '  were  covered.'  ni- 
hilo setius:  ' nevertheless,' in  order  still  further  to  assure  the  safety 
of  the  bridge.     1/tO.         et:'also.' 

26.  ad,  etc.:  'on  the  down-stream  side.'  How  lit.?  oblique 
agebantur  :  .'  were  driven  with  a  slant ' ;  these  piles,  slanting  upstream, 
braced  the  piers  against  the  force  of  the  current ;  marked  e  on  the 
Plates.         quae:  'in  order  that  they.'     193,  a. 

27.  pro  ariete  subiectae:  '  set  below  as  props.'    10,  e.    How  lit.  ? 


258  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

exciperent;  et  aliae  item  supra  pontem  mediocri  spatio,  ut, 
si  arborum  trunci  sive  naves  deiciendi  operis  causa  essent 
50  a  barbaris  missae,  his  def ensoribus  earum  rerum  vis  minu- 
eretur,  neu  ponti  nocerent. 

Entering  Oermany,  he  finds  some  tribes  submissive  ;  bid  the 
Sugambrians  fiee. 

18.  Diebus  x,  quibus  materia  coepta  erat  comportari, 
omnI  opere  effecto,  exercitus  traducitur.  Caesar,  ad  utram- 
que  partem  pontis  firm5  praesidio  relicto,  in  fines  Sugam- 
brorum  contendit. 
5  Interim  a  compluribus  civitatibus  ad  eum  legati  veniunt ; 
quibus,  pacem  atque  amicitiam  petentibus,  liberaliter  re- 
spondit  obsidesque  ad  se  adduci  iubet.     At  Sugambri  ex 

28.  aliae :  aliae  sublicae  agebantur,  marked  f  f  on  the  Plates. 
These  vertical  piles  protected  the  bridge  against  floating  logs  or  other 
objects  in  the  current  liable  to  damage  it.  mediocri  spatio :  '  a 
short  distance.'     I40. 

29.  trunoi :  'tree-trunks.'  81.  nav5s  :  barges  loaded  with  stones 
or  earth  are  probably  meant.  operis:  'the  structure.'  2S0y  (i). 
essent  missae :  220. 

30.  his  defensoribus  :  ablative  absolute,  =  his  defendentibus.,  his 
being  personified  ;  trans,  'by  these  defenses.'  earum  rSrum  :  tree- 
trunks  and  weighted  barges. 

31.  neu:  'and  not';  lit. 'or  not.'     196,  b. 

18.  I.  Diebus  X,  quibus:  'Within  ten  days  after.'  1J^7\  a. 
comportari :  72,  c.  The  rapidity  and  skill  with  which  the  bridge  was 
built  bear  witness  to  Caesar's  genius  in  practical  affairs  as  well  as  to 
the  efficiency  of  his  engineers  and  mechanics.     SIO.  b. 

3.  partem  :  we  should  say  '  end.'  praesidio  relicto  :  '  having 
left,' etc.  i44,  <^,  (2).  Plate  VI,  g.  Sugambrorum  :  the  German 
end  of  the  bridge  led  into  the  country  of  the  Ubians ;  north  of  the 
Ubians  were  the  Sugambrians.     See  Map  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 

6.  quibus  :  dative.  liberSliter  respondit :  '  be  returned  a  gra- 
cious answer.'     How  lit.?     175,  b. 

7.  At:  236,  a,         ex:  'imm  d lately  after." 


IV,  19]  First  Expedition  into  Germany  259 

eo  tempore,  quo  pons  institui  coeptus  est,  fuga  comparata, 
hortantibus  eis,  quos  ex  Tencteris  atque  Usipetibus  apud 
se  habebant,  finibus  suis  excesserant  suaque  omnia  expor-  lo 
taverant  seque  in  s5litudinem  ac  silvas  abdiderant. 

He  ravages  the  country  of  the  Sugambrians,  encourages  the 
Uhlans,  and  returns  to  Gaul. 

19.  Caesar,  paucos  dies  in  eorum  finibus  moratus,  omni- 
bus vicls  aedificiisque  incensis  frumentisque  siiccisls,  se  in 
fines  Ubiorum  recepit ;  atque  his  auxilium  suum  poUicitus, 
si  ab  Suebis  premerentur,  haec  ab  eis  cognovit : 

S  neb  OS,  posted  qnani  per  expldrdtores  pontern  fieri  coinpe-  5 
rissent,  more  sud  concilio  habito,  nuntios  in  omnes  partes  di- 
mtsisse,  uti  de  oppidis  demigrdrent,  lib  eras,   nxores  sua  que 
omnia   in   silvis    deponerent,  atqiie  omnes,  qui  arma  ferre 
possent,    uniiui    in  locum  convenlrent ;   hnnc  esse  delectiim 

8.  eo:  'the/  160,  'd.  fuga  comparata:  < taking  to  flight.' 
How  lit.? 

9.  hortantibus  eis:  'at  the  instigation  of  those.'  From  chap.  15, 
11.  1-6,  it  might  be  inferred  that  few  of  the  Tencteri  and  the  Usipetes 
escaped  besides  cavalry  (chap.  16,  11.  7-1 1). 

II.    exportaverant :    'had  carried  away.'  in:    cf.  N.  to  I,  12, 

1.  11;  '  into  the  recesses  of  the  forests.' 

19.    I.  eorum:  Sugambroriim.         moratus:  226,  c. 

2.  vjcis,  etc.  :  cf.  I,  5,  11.  4-5  and  Notes.  frumentis  succisis : 
'cut  down  the  standing  grain  and.'     How  lit.?     i44>  b,  (2). 

4.  SI  .  .  .  premerentar:  indirect,  from  the  idea  of  "saying"  in 
pollicttus ;  future  indicative  in  the  direct  form.     213,  b. 

5.  postea  quam  :  with  the  indicative  in  the  direct  form.     188,  a. 

6.  more:  136,  c.         nuntios:  'messengers.' 

7.  uti,  etc. :  '  (directing  the  people)  to  move  away  from  the  strong- 
holds,' etc. ;  the  substantive  clauses  give  the  gist  of  the  instructions 
conveyed  by  th't  messengers.     199,  a. 

9.  hunc  :  predicative  after  delictum  esse,  with  which  locum  is  to  be 
supplied  as  subject;  'that  there  had  been  chosen,  as  this  (mustering 
point),  a  place.' 


260  Caesar's  Gallic  War  (B.C.  66 

lo  medium  fere  regiomim  edrum,  qiids  Suebt  obtinerent ;  hie 
Romdndrum  adventum  exspectdre  atque  ibi  decertdre  eojt- 
stittiisse. 

Quod  ubi  Caesar  comperit,  omnibus  eis  rebus  c5nfectis, 
quarum  rerum  causa  traducere  exercitum  constituerat,  ut 

IS  Germanis  metum  iniceret,  ut  Sugambros  ulcisceretur,  ut 
Ubios  obsidione  liberaret,  diebus  omnino  xviii  trans  Rhe- 
num  consumptis,  satis  et  ad  laudem  et  ad  utilitatem  pr5- 
fectum  arbitratus,  se  in  Galliam  recepit  pontemque  rescidit. 

First  Expedition  to  Britain.     20-38 

Caesar  resolves  to  invade  Britain  ;  he  lacks  information. 

20.  Exigua  parte  aestatis  reliqua,  Caesar,  etsi  in  his 
locTs,  quod  omnis  Gallia  ad  septentriones  vergit,  maturae 
sunt  hiemes,  tamen  in  Britanniam  proficlsci  contendit,  quod, 

10.  medium  ferS  :  '  nearly  (at)  the  center.'        regionum  :  102. 

11.  exspectare:  sc.  eos  {Suebos).         ibi':  'at  that  point.' 

13.  Quod:  'this  fact.'  167.  eis  rebus  confectis :  'having 
accomplished  the  objects,'  explained  by  the  appositive /^/-clauses  follow- 
ing. l/fJf,  b,  (3).  In  reality  Caesar  accomplished  very  little  by  the 
march  into  Germany.  The  formal  enumeration  which  follows  seems 
intended  to  justify  an  expedition  barren  of  tangible  results. 

14.  rSrum  :  165,  a.         ut,  etc. :  199,  a. 

16.  obsidione  :  '  from  oppression  ' ;  the  Ubii  had  been  forced  to  pay 
tribute  to  the  Swabians  (chap.  3,  11.  11-14).  127,  a.  ut  .  .  .  llbe- 
rSret :  '  to  free.'         xvni :  38,  b,  and   36. 

17.  profectum  [esse]  :  the  subject  is  satis.     "57,  b. 

20.  I  Exigua  .  .  .  reliqua :  ablative  absolute ;  '  As  a  small  part,' 
etc. ;  it  was  now  near  the  end  of  July. 

2.  omnis  Gallia:  cf.  I,  i,  1.  i,  and  N.  ad  .  .  .  vergit:  Mies 
toward  tlie  north,'  in  relation  to  the  latitude  of  Italy ;  cf.  Map  12. 

3.  Biitanniam :  29Ii.  quod  .  .  .  intellegSbat :  the  aid  given 
by  the  Britains  to  the  Venetans  (III,  9,  11.  30-31)  and  to  the  other 
Gauls,  as  for  example  to  refugees  from  the  Bellovaci  (II,  I4>  11-  3-9) > 
seems  to  have  been  of  slight  account ;  it  furnished,  however,  a  plausible 
pretext  for  the  invasion  of  Britain. 


IV,  20] 


First  Expedition  to   Britain 


261 


omnibus  fere  Gallicis  bellis,  hostibus  nostris  inde  summinis- 
trata  auxilia  intellegebat  et,  si  tempus  anni  ad  bellum  ge-  5 
rendum  deficeret,  tamen  magno  sibi  usul  fore  arbitrabatur, 
si  modo  insulam  adisset,  genus  hominum  perspexisset,  loca, 
portus,  aditus  cognovisset;  quae  omnia  fere  Gallis  erant 
incognita.     Neque  enim    temere,  praeter  mercatores,  illo 


-^>4%- 


m^m^^ 


Figure  107.  —  Foot  of  chalk  cliffs  north  of  Dover,  at  low  tide. 


4.  bellis:  147,6.  inde:  e  Britannia.  sumministrata :  sc. 
esse. 

6.  deficeret:  ^  was  insufficient.'  sibi  usui  fore:  112,  b.  ar- 
bitrabatur: 183,  a. 

7.  adisset:  adiret  might  have  been  expected;  Caesar  conceives  of 
the  expedition  as  an  accomplished  fact.     218,  (i),  b. 

8.  aditus  :  '  approaches ' ;  points,  outside  the  regular  harbors,  where 
a  landing  could  be  made.  quae  omnia  fere :  '  for  nearly  all  of 
these  things.'     161,  and  97,  c. 

9.  incognita  :  the  Venetans  at  least  must  have  been  informed  about 
Britain  (III,  8, 11.  1-3),  but  they  had  been  well-nigh  exterminated  ;  and 
it  was  not  to  be  expected  that  Gauls  having  the  knowledge  desired  by 
Caesar  would  be  free  in  imparting  it  to  him.  Neque  enim  — 
quisquam:  'for  no  one.'  168.  temere:  < without  good  reason'; 
only  traders  and  students  of  Druidic  theology  (VI,  13,  11.  34-37)  had 
occasion  to  go  to  Britain.        illo  :  adverb. 


262  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

10  adit  quisquam,  neque  eis  ipsis  quicquam  praeter  oram 
maritimam  atque  eas  regiones,  quae  sunt  contra  Gallias, 
notum  est. 

Itaque  vocatis  ad  se  undique  mercatoribus,  neque  quanta 
esset  insulae  magnitude,  neque  quae  aut  c  uantae  nationes 

IS  incolerent,  neque  quern  usum  belli  haberent  aut  quibus 
Institutis  uterentur,  neque  qui  essent  ad  maiorem  navium 
multitudinem  idonei  portus,  reperire  poterat. 

He  sends  Volusenus  to  Britain  and  makes  preparations  ;  he  re- 
ceives British  envoys,  and  sends  Comniius  also  to  Britain. 

21.  Ad  haec  cognoscenda,  prius  quam  periculum  face- 
ret,  idoneum  esse  arbitratus  C.  Volusenum  cum  navl  longa 
praemittit.  Huic  mandat,  ut,  exploratis  omnibus  rebus,  ad 
se  quam  primum  revertatur. 
5  Ipse  cum  omnibus  c5piis  in  Morinos  proficiscitur,  quod 
inde  erat  brevissimus  in  Britanniam  traiectus.     Hue  naves 

10.  neque  .  .  .  quicquam:  <  and  nothing.'        eis :  108,  a. 

11.  Gallias:  plural  because  referring  to  the  different  divisions;  we 
should  say,  '  the  (several)  parts  of  Gaul.' 

15.  incolerent:  sc.  earn.  204,  (2)  and  (3).  quem :  48,  b. 
usum  belli :  '  methods  of  warfare.'     How  lit.  ? 

16.  ad  .  .  .  multitudinem:  i.e.  for  a  fleet,  whose  requirements 
were  very  different  from  those  of  trading  vessels  coming  to  port  singly 
or  in  small  numbers. 

21.    I.  prius  .   .   .  faceret:  -  before  making  the  attempt.'    189„b. 

2.  idoneum:  adj.  in  predicate  ;  trans. '  a  suitable  person.'  n&vl 
longa :  34G,  a. 

3.  praemittit :  sc.  eum.         ut,  etc.  :  199^  a. 

4.  quam  primum  :  15S,  <:. 

6.  inde:  'from  their  country.'  How  lit.?  See  Map  11.  in  Bri- 
tanniam :  ?i{X^x traiectus.  150,  d.  traiectus  :  'passage.'  Hflc  : 
to  the  vicinity  of  modern  Boulogne. 

7.  quam  —  classem  :  =  earn  classem,  quam.  165,  c.  B.  25 1,  4,  «  ; 
k.  2,07,  b\  H.  399,3. 


IV.  21]  First  Expedition  to  Britain  263 

undique  ex  finitimis  regionibus  et,  quam  superi5re  aestate 
ad  Veneticum  bellum  effecerat  classem,  iubet  convenire. 

Interim,  consilio  eius  cognito  et  per  mercatores  perlat5 
ad  Britannos,  a  compluribus  insulae  civitatibus  ad  eum  lo 
legati  veniunt,  qui  poUiceantur  obsides  dare  atque  imperio 
populi  Romani  obtemperare.  Quibus  auditis,  liberaliter 
pollicitus  hortatusque,  ut  in  ea  sententia  permanerent,  eos 
domum  remittit ;  et  cum  eis  una  Commium,  quern  ipse, 
Atrebatibus  superatis,  regem  ibi  constituerat,  cuius  et  vir- 15 
tutem  et  consilium  probabat  et  quern  sibi  fidelem  esse 
arbitrabatur,  cuiusque  auctoritas  in  his  regionibus  magni 
habebatur,  mittit.  Huic  imperat,  quas  possit,  adeat  clvita- 
tes  horteturque,  ut  populi  Romani  fidem  sequantur,  seque 
celeriter  eo  ventiirum  nuntiet.  20 

Volusenus,  perspectis  regionibus  omnibus,  quantum  el 
facultatis  dari  potuit,  qui  navi  egredl  ac  se  barbarls  com- 
mittere  non  auderet,  quinto  die  ad  Caesarem  revertitur, 
quaeque  ibi  perspexisset,  renuntiat. 

8.    ad  Veneticum  bellum:    III,  11,  11.  13-16,  and  chaps.  14,  15. 
II.    poUiceantur:    193,  a.  dare:    i.e.  se  datiiros  esse.     178. 

imperio  obtemperare  :  ^submit  to  the  authority.'     105. 

15.  Atrebatibus  :  conquered  in  the  battle  at  the  Sambre,  two  years 
previously  (II,  23,  11.  1-8).  regem:  115,  a.  ibi:  among  the 
Atrebatians.         virtutem  et  consilium:  'energy  and  discretion.' 

16.  probabat:  '  he  appreciated.'  fidelem:  'loyal.'  Afterwards 
Commius  was  disloyal  to  Caesar;  cf.  VII,  chap.  75, 11.  22-26. 

17.  magni  habebatur:  'was  considered  great,'  lit.  'of  great 
(value).'    101.     B.  203,  3;  A.  417;  H.  448,  I. 

18.  possit:  sc.adtre.  Why  subjunctive?  220.  adeat:  200,  a. 
B.  295,8;  A.  565,  «;;  H.  565,4. 

19.  populi  .  .  .  sequantur:  'fix  their  confidence  in  the  Roman 
people.'     How  lit.?     199,  a.         se :  Caesar. 

21.  quantum  facultatis:  ' so  far  as  opportunity.'     97.  b. 

22.  qui:  'since  he.'     194,  <^-         nSvi :  i^  b,  and  127,  a. 


264  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [B.C.  56 

Opportunely  he  receives  the  submission  of  the  Monni.     He  assem- 
bles a  fleet. 

22.  Dum  in  his  locis  Caesar  navium  parandarum  causa 
moratur,  ex  magna  parte  Morinorum  ad  eum  legati  vene- 
runt,  qui  se  de  superioris  temporis  consilio  excusarent, 
quod,  homines  barbari  et  nostrae  c5nsuetudinis  imperiti, 
sbellum  populo  Romano  fecissent,  seque  ea,  quae  impe- 
rasset,  factur5s  pollicerentur. 

Hoc  sibi  Caesar  satis  opportune  accidisse  arbitratus, 
quod  neque  post  tergum  hostem  relinquere  volebat  neque 
belli  gerendi  propter  anni  tempus  facultatem  habebat  neque 
lohas  tantularum  rerum  occupationes  Britanniae  anteponen- 
das  iudicabat,  magnum  els  numerum  obsidum  imperat. 
Quibus  adductis,  e5s  in  fidem  recepit. 

Navibus  circiter   lxxx  onerariis  coactis    contractisque, 

22.    I.    his  locis:   in  the  country  of  the  Morini,  probably  in  the 

vicinity  of  modern  Boulogne. 

2.  moratur:  J90,  a.     B.  293,  i  ;  A.  556;  H.  533,  4. 

3.  qui  sS  .  .  .  excusSrent,  pollicSrentur :  'to  offer  excuse,'  lit. 
*  excuse  themselves,'  etc.  193,  a.  de  .  .  .  consilio:  'for  their  con- 
duct the  previous  season,'  56  B.C.  (Ill,  chap.  28). 

4.  quod  .  .  .  f§cissent :  '  because  (as  they  said)  they  had  made.' 
18Sj  a.  homines  barbari :  *  (being)  uncivilized  people.'  91,  b. 
consuStudinis :  sing.,  but  trans,  'usages';  the  reference  is  particu- 
larly to  the  Roman  practice  of  treating  with  consideration  peoples  that 
submitted  to  Roman  rule.     102. 

5.  imperSsset :  61^,  a,  (i),  and  21 1^,  a. 

9.  anni  tempus:  it  was  already  August,  too  late  in  the  season  to 
enter  upon  an  extended  campaign.  neque,  etc. :  '  and  he  judged 
that  the  exactions  of  so  trivial  affairs  ought  not  to  have  precedence 
over  (the  invasion  of)  Britain.'     How  lit.? 

10.  has:  100,  d.         tantularum:   76, c.         Britanniae:  107,  a. 
13.    Navibus  onerariis:  'transports';  these  were  sailing  vessels, 

while  the  galleys  were  propelled  by  oars.  346,  a.  LXXX:  Oitds^'ntd. 
38,  b.  coactis  contractlsque  :  '  pressed  into  service  and  brought 
together'  in  a  single  harbor. 


IV,  22]  First  Expedition  to  Britain  265 

quot  satis  esse  ad  duas  transportandas  legiones  existimabat, 
quod  praeterea  navium  longarum  habebat,  quaestori,  lega- 15 
tis  praefectisque  distribuit.  Hue  accedebant  xviii  onera- 
riae  naves,  quae  ex  eo  loco  a  mllibus  passuum  viii  vento 
tenebantur,  quo  minus  in  eundem  portum  venire  possent; 
has  equitibus  distribuit. 

Reliquum  exercitum  Q.  Titurio  Sabino  et  L.  Auruncu-  20 
leio  Cottae  legatis  in  Menapios  atque  in  eos  pagos  Mori- 
norum,  a  quibus  ad  eum  legatl  non  venerant,  ducendum 
dedit;    P.   Sulpicium   Rufum    legatum  cum  eo  praesidi5, 
quod  satis  esse  arbitrabatur,  portum  tenere  iussit. 

14.  quot:  ^  as  many  as.'  duSs  legiones:  the  7th  and  the  loth. 
The  smallness  of  the  force  is  consistent  with  Caesar's  statement  that 
the  purpose  of  the  expedition  was  not  conquest  but  the  obtaining  of 
information.  If  the  two  legions,  after  three  years  of  hard  fighting,  con- 
tained each  about  3600  men  (307,  b)  fit  for  service,  the  total  of  7200 
men  divided  up  among  the  80  transports  would  have  averaged  90  men 
to  a  ship.  The  vessels  were  not  large;  and  the  supplies,  not  merely 
provisions  but  tents  and  other  equipment,  must  have  taken  up  much  room. 

15.  quod  navium  longarum:  'the  galleys  which ' ;  lit.  '  what  of 
long  ships.'     97,  b.         quaestori :  S13,  b. 

16.  praefeotis :    'subsidiary  officers..'     The  galleys   seem   also   to 
have  carried  slingers,  bowmen,  and  artillery  (chap.  25).         Hue  ac-    . 
cedebant :  '  In  addition  to  this  number  there  were.'     How  lit.  ?     90,  b. 

17.  eo  loco:  portus  Itius,  now  Boulogne;  see  Map  11.  5:  'off.' 
The  small  harbor  eight  Roman  miles  up  the  coast,  where  the  18  trans- 
ports were  detained,  is  now  called  Ambleteuse.     Map  1 1  A. 

18.  quo  minus  :  'so  that.  .  .not.'  201,  a.  eundem  portum  : 
portus  Itius. 

19.  equitibus:  the  cavalry  contingents  of  the  two  legions,  500  or 
600  horsemen  in  all.  309,  a.  equitibus  distribuit :  the  horsemen 
could  more  easily  go  across  the  country  to  the  smaller  harbor  (chap. 
23,11.2-3). 

20.  Reliquum  exercitum:  five  legions,  if  we  assume  that  one 
legion  was  assigned  to  duty  at  the  harbor ;  for  Caesar  had  eight  legions 
in  all,  and  only  two  were  required  for  the  expedition. 

21.  in  —  ducendum  :  'for  operations  against.'     How  lit.  ?    229,  b. 
2^.    eo  praesidio,  quod  :   —  tanto  praesidio,  quantum. 


266  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

Caesar  sails  to  Britain,  and  makes  preparation  to  land. 

23.  His  constitutis  rebus,  nactus  idoneam  ad  navigan- 
dum  tempestatem,  tertia  fere  vigilia  solvit  equitesque  in 
ulteriorem  portum  progredi  et  naves  conscendere  et  se 
sequi  iussit.     A  quibus  cum  paulo  tardius  esset  adminis- 

stratum,  ipse  bora  diei  circiter  quarta  cum  primis  navibus 
Britanniam  attigit,  atque  ibi  in  omnibus  collibus  expositas 
hostium  copias  armatas  c5nspexit. 

Cuius  loci  haec  erat  natura,  atque  ita  montibus  angustis 
mare  continebatur,  uti  ex  locis  superioribus  in  litus  telum 

loadigi  posset.     Hunc  ad  egrediendum  nequaquam  idoneum 

23.    I.    nactus  :  61,  a,  (2),  and  226,  c. 

2.  tempestatem :  '  weather.^  As  might  be  inferred  from  its  deri- 
vation from  teinpns,  '  time,'  tempestds  may  imply  good  or  bad  weather 
according  to  the  connection.  We  use  "time"  similarly  in  "a  good 
time,"  "  a  bad  time."  tertia  fere  vigilia :  '  about  the  third  watch ' ; 
indefinite  because  the  embarkation  must  have  taken  two  or  three  hours. 
21^2,  c.  solvit :  sc.  naves,  ^  got  under  way/  from  Boulogne.  The 
date  was  probably  August  26. 

3.  ulteriorem  portum  :  Ambleteuse,  northeast  of  Boulogne  (chap. 
22,  1.  17).  progredi:  i.e.  by  land.  nSvgs  conscendere:  ''to 
embark.' 

4.  quibus:  '  them,' the  cavalry.  167.  paulo  tardius:  *  with  a 
little  too  much  delay,'  probably  due  to  the  difficulty  of  getting  the  horses 
aboard.  153,  a.  esset  administratum  :  '  the  orders  were  carried 
out.'     How  lit.?     73,  d. 

5.  hora  quarta:  the  beginning  of  'the  fourth  hour'  on  August  26 
in  the  latitude  of  Dover  by  Roman  reckoning  was  about  8.30  A.M.  by 
our  time.     2Ji2,  b. 

6.  Britanniam  attigit:  *  reached  Britain,'  near  Dover;  see  Map 
II.         expositas:  'arrayed.' 

8.  haec:  'such.'  ita,  etc  :  'the  sea  was  so  closely  bordered  by 
abrupt  cliffs';  angustis,  lit.  'narrow,'  implies  sharp  outlines,  as  seen 
from  the  sea,  and  an  abrupt  descent.  The  chalk  cliffs  near  Dover  run 
almost  straight  up  from  the  water's  edge.  (See  Figures  107,  108,  no, 
and  Plate  VIII.) 

9.  locis  superioribus  :  the  top  of  the  cliffs.       lltus ;  '  shore.'  /5,/, 


IV.  23]  First  Expedition  to  Britain  267 

locum  arbitratus,  dum  reliquae  naves  eo  convenirent,  ad 
horam  nonam  in  ancoris  exspectavit. 

Interim  legatls  tribunlsque  militum  convocatis,  et  quae 
ex  Voluseno  cogn5visset,  et  quae  fieri  vellet,  ostendit,  mo- 
nuitque,  ut  rei  militaris  rati5,  maxime  ut  maritimae  res  15 
postularent,    ut,    cum    celerem    atque    instabilem    motum 
haberent,  ad  nutum  et  ad  tempus  omnes  res  ab  eis  admi- 


Figure  108.  —  St.  Margaret's  Bay,  passed  by  Caesar  in  his  search  for  a 

landing  place. 


11.  convenirent:  190y  b.     B.  293,  ni,  2;  A.  553;  H.  603,  11,  2. 

12.  hdrani  nonam:  the  beginning  of  the  ninth  hour  was  about 
2.20  P.M.  by  our  time.  21^2^  b.  in  ancoris:  'at  anchor.'  The  an- 
cient anchors  were  like  those  of  to-day. 

13.  tribunis  militum:  SlI^.  et  .  .  .  et :  2S3^  a.  quae: 
20Jt,  (2).  The  information  derived  from  Volusenus  was  probably  to 
the  effect  that  there  was  a  good  landing  place  further  up  the  coast. 

15.  ut  .  .  .  postularent:  'as  military  practice,  above  all,  as  marine 
service  required.'     220.     How  lit.  ? 

16.  ut  .  .  .  omnes,  etc.:  after  momiit ;  'that  all  orders  be  exe- 
cuted.' 199,  a.  cum,  etc.:  'since  (these  conditions)  involved 
quick  and  unsteady  movement.' 

17.  ad  nutum:  'on  the  instant.'  How  lit. ?  ad  tempus:  'at 
the  (right)  time.' 


268  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

nistrarentur.     His  dimissis,  et  ventum  et  aestum  uno  tem- 
pore  nactus    secundum,    dato   signo   et    sublatis   ancoris, 
2ocirciter  milia  passuum  vii  ab  eo  loco  progressus,  aperto 
ac  piano  litore  naves  constituit. 

The  legionaries  attempt  to  land;  the  Britons  resist  fiercely. 

24.  At  barbari,  c5nsilio  R5manorum  cognit5,  praemisso 
equitatu  et  essedariis,  quo  plerumque  genere  in  proeliis 
uti  consuerunt,  reliquis  copiis  subsecuti,  nostros  navibus 
5  egredi  prohibebant. 

Erat  ob  has  causas  summa  difficultas,  quod  naves  propter 
magnitudinem,  nisi  in  alto,  constitui  non  poterant ;  militibus 
autem,  ignotis  locis,  impeditis  manibus,  magno  et  gravi 
onere  armorum  oppressis,  simul  et  de  navibus  desiliendum 
10  et  in  fluctibus  c5nsistendum  et  cum  hostibus  erat  pugnan- 
dum,  cum  illi,  aut  ex  arid5  aut  paulum  in  aquam  progress!, 

19.  secundum :  'favorable,'  both  wind  and  tide  bearing  toward  the 
northeast. 

20.  eo  loco  :  Dover.  progressus  :  226,  c.  aperto  ac  plSno 
litore :  between  Walmer  and  Deal,  about  seven  miles  northeast  of 
Dover,     i^^,  c. 

21.  nav6s  constituit :  '  he  ran  the  ships  aground.'     How  lit.  ? 
24.   2.  essedariis  :  '  chariot-fighters,'  described  in  chap.  33.       quo 

genere  :  '  a  type  (of  warrior)  which.'     165,  b. 
^         3.    c5piis:  the  Britons  followed  by  land,  as  near  the  shore  as  pos- 
'M>.sible.    lSl,b.        navibus  ggredi :' from  disembarking.'    22S,a,2iX\^ 
■    121,  a. 

5.   Erat:  50,  «.         h5s  :  refers  to  what  follows.     161,  a. 
"*      6.    in  alto  :  'in  deep  (water).'    154,  a.       constitui :' be  grounded,' 
.    so  as  to  remain  firm.         militibus  .  .  .  desiliendum  [erat]:    'the 
soldiers  .  .  .   had  to  jump  down.'     How  lit..?     73,  e,  ^nd  110. 

7.  ignotis  locis:  '  (being)  on  unfamiliar  ground.'  How  lit.?  1^5,  c. 

8.  oppressis:  agrees  with  wf////^//j ;  <  weighed  down.'  et  .  .  . 
et  .  .  .  et:  2S8,f. 

10.  cum:  'while.'  187.  illl:  Britanni.  ex  Srido :  'fiom 
dry  land.' 


IV,  26] 


First  Expedition  to   Britain 


269 


omnibus  membris  expeditis,  notissimls  locis,  audacter  tqla 
conicerent  et  equos  insuefactos  incitarent.v  Quibus  rebus 
nostri  perterriti,  atque  huius  omnind  generis  pugnae  impe- 
riti,  non  eadem  alacritate  ac  studi5,  quo  in  pedestribus  uti 
proeliis  consuerant,  utebantur.  is 

The  standard-bearer  of  the   Tenth  leaps  overboard,  bidding  the 
others  follow. 

25.   Quod  ubi  Caesar  animadvertit,  naves  longas,  quarum 
et  species  erat  barbaris  inusitatior  et  motus  ad  usum  ex- 

11.  ndtissimis  locis :    'thoroughly  acquainted  with    the  ground. 
How  lit.?     153,  a,  and  lU,  b,  (2). 
audacter,  etc. :  the  British  were  pro- 
vided with  weapons  much  like  those 
of  the  Gauls  (Fig.  109). 

12.  insugfactos  :  '  trained '  to  go 
into  the  water. 

13.  generis  :  with /w/z^rf/^".  102. 
B.  204,  I  ;  A.  349,  a-,  H.  451,  i. 

14.  eadem  :  150^  a.  quo  : 
163,  c.  pedestribus:  i.e.  ierres- 
tribus,  'on  land.' 

1 5 .  utebantur  :  '  were  display- 
ing.' 

25.  I.  Quod:  'Now  .  .  .  this.' 
167.         animadvertit:  188,  a. 

2.    species  :  'appearance.'     80,  b. 
inusitatior  :    '  less   familiar.'      Oar- 
driven    galleys    were     not     so    well 
adapted  to  withstand  the  buffetings 
of  northern  waters   as   solidly  built 
sailing  vessels,  such  as  those  of  the 
Venetans  (III,  chap.  13-14).        ad 
usum:    i.e.   ad  navigandum;    'the 
movement    was    more    easily    con- 
trolled.'     How    lit.?      The    galleys        „.  ,„„        „  .,.  ,     ,     ,, 
-   f       -^            Figure   109.  —  British  shield. 
could  be  driven  faster,  and  in  any    ^^  t,^^„^^    enamelled;    found  in  the 
direction.                                                               Thames,  near  London. 


270  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

peditior,  paulum  removeri  ab  onerarils  navibus  et  remis 
incitari  et  ad  latus  apertum  hostium  constitui,  atque  inde 
5  f  undis,  sagittTs,  tormentls  hostes  propelli  ac  summoveri 
iussit ;  quae  res  magno  usui  nostris  fuit.  Nam,  et  navium 
figura  et  rem5rum  m5tu  et  inusitato  genere  tormentorum 
permoti,  barbari  c5nstiterunt  ac  paulum  modo  pedem  rettu- 
lerunt. 

10  Atque  nostris  militibus  cunctantibus,  maxime  propter  alti- 
tudinem  maris,  qui  decimae  legionis  aqailam  ferebat,  obtes- 
tatus  deos,  ut  ea  res  legi5ni  feliciter  eveniret,  *  Desillte,' 
inquit,  •commllitoiies,  nisi  vultis  aquilam  hostibus 
prodere;     ego    certe    meum    rei    piiblicae    atque 

isimperatari   officium   praestitero.' 

4.  ad  latus  apertum:  'over  against  the  exposed  flank,'  the 
right  flank  of  the  enemy.  The  galleys  were  to  be  placed  parallel  with 
the  shore.         inde  :  =  e  navibus  longts. 

5.  fundis:  'with  slings,'  which  hurled  slingshots  of  lead  when  this 
material  was  available  ;  such  slingshots  were  sometimes  inscribed  (n.  to 
11,18,1.2.).  sagittis:  'arrows.'  308.  tormentls  :' artillery ' ; 
our  word  "  artillery  "  was  applied  to  engines  oi  war,  whose  propelling 
force  was  derived  from  tension,  before  it  came  to  be  restricted  to  cannon, 
which  derive  their  propelling  force  from  explosives.  The  '•  torsioners'' 
used  on  the  galleys  were  probably  small  catapults,  which  Caesar  else- 
where calls  'scorpions'  {SI^S,  a). 

6.  quaer§s:  '  and  this  manoeuver."         usui:   UJ^b. 

7.  iigurSL:    the  galleys  were  relatively  long,  narrow,  and  low. 

8.  paulum  modo  :  'just  a  little,'  from  the  water's  edge. 

10.  altitudinem :  the  sailing  vessels  which  had  been  run  aground 
on  the  sandy  bottom  formed  a  line,  irregular  because  of  the  variation  in 
depth,  at  least  two  thirds  of  a  mile  long ;  the  water  where  the  bows 
were  driven  into  the  sand  was  probably  up  to  the  soldiers'  necks. 

1 1 .  qui :  as  antecedent  sc.  is,  subject  of  inquit.  aquilam  : 
< eagle.'  5^4>  ^>  (0-  obtestStus,  etc.  :  'praying  the  gods  that  his 
efl'ort  might  turn  out  fortunately  for  the  legion.'    199.  a. 

13.  commilitongs :  'fellow-soldiers.'    .95.         vultis:  71. 

14.  ego:  57,  b.         certS :  'at  any  rate.' 

15.  praestiterS:  176,  c. 


IV,  26]  First  Expedition  to  Britain  271 

Hoc  cum  v5ce  magna  dixisset,  se  ex  navi  proiecit  atque 
in  hostes  aquilam  ferre  coepit.  Tum  nostrl,  cohortati  inter 
se,  ne  tantum  dedecus  admitteretur,  universi  ex  navi 
desiluerunt.  Hos  item  ex  proximis  primi  navibus  cum 
conspexis^ent,  subsecuti  hostibus  appropinquarunt.  20 

Finally  the  Romans  force  the  enemy  hack,  and  land. 

26.  Pugnatum  est  ab  utrisque  acriter.  Nostri  tamen, 
quod  neque  ordines  servare  neque  firmiter  insistere  neque 
sign  a  subsequi  poterant,  atque  alius  alia  ex  navi,  quibus- 
cumque  signis  occurrerat,  se  aggregabat,  magnopere  per- 
turbabantur ;  hostes  ver5,  notis  omnibus  vadis,  ubi  ex  s 
litore  aliqu5s  singulares  ex  navi  egredientes  conspexerant, 
incitatis  equis  impeditos  adoriebantur,  plures  paucos  cir- 
cumsistebant,  alii  ab  latere  aperto  in  universds  tela  con- 
iciebant. 

16.  cum:  185,  c.         voce:  136,  b.         magna:  Moud.' 

17.  cohortati  inter  se :  159  ^nd  226,  c. 

18.  dedecus  :  ^  disgrace,'  the  loss  of  the  eagle  of  the  legjon.  13,  f. 
universi:  'all  together.' 

20.  subsecuti:  '  they  followed  and.'  How  lit.?  228,  a.  appro- 
pinquarunt :  6/1.,  a,  ( I ) . 

26.  I.  Pugnatum,  etc.  :  '  sharp  fighting  was  kept  up  by  both  sides.' 
How  lit.?         utrisque  :  51. 

2.  ordines  servare:  'to  keep  the  ranks.'  firmiter  insistere: 
'  to  get  a  firm  footing.' 

3.  signa:  324,  b,  (2).  alius,  etc.  :  'one  from  this  ship,  another 
from  that.'  171,  c.  quibuscumque  .  .  .  aggregabat:  '  they  were 
joining  any  standards  that  they  had  fallen  in  with.'     How  lit.  ?     50,  a. 

6.  singulares:  'one  by  one.'         conspexerant:  188,  d. 

7.  incitatis  equis :  'mging  their  horses  forward.'  144->  b,  (2). 
adoriebantur:  'they  would  attack.'  175,  d.  plures  paucos: 
plures  hostes  paucos  Romdnos. 

8.  ab  latere  aperto :  'on  the  exposed  flank,'  the  right  side,  unpro- 
tected by  a  shield.  universos  :  'groups  of  soldiers,'  contrasted  with 
the  individuals  referred  to  in  1.  6. 


272  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

lo  Quod  cum  animadvertisset  Caesar,  scaphas  longarum 
navium,  item  speculatoria  navigia,  militibus  compleri  iussit 
et,  quos  laborantes  conspexerat,  his  subsidia  summittebat. 
Nostri,  simul  in  arid5  constiterunt,  suis  omnibus  consecutis, 
in  hostes  impetum  fecerunt  atque  e5s  in  fugam  dederunt ; 

isneque  longius  prdsequi  potuerunt,  quod  equites  cursum 
tenere  atque  insulam  capere  non  potuerant.  Hoc  unum 
ad  pristinam  fortunam  Caesari  defuit. 

The  Britons  offer  to  submit,  and  return  Commius  to  Caesar. 

27.  Hostes  proelio  superati,  simul  atque  se  ex  fuga 
receperunt,  statim  ad  Caesarem  legatos  de  pace  mlse- 
runt ;  obsides  sese  daturos,  quaeque  imperasset,  facturos 
polliciti  sunt.  Una  cum  his  legatis  Commius  Atrebas 
svenit,  quem  supra  demonstraveram  a  Caesare  in  Britan- 
niam  praemissum.  Hunc  illi  e  navi  egressum,  cum  ad 
eos  oratoris  modo  Caesaris  mandata  deferret,  comprehen- 
derant   atque  in  vincula  coniecerant;   tum,  proelio  facto, 

10.  scaphSs  :  'small  boats,'  carried  on  the  galleys. 

11.  speculatoria  navigia:  'scouting  vessels,'  smaller  and  lighter 
than  the  galleys,  without  a  beak,  and  designed  for  rapid  movement. 

13.   in    §ridd :    'on    dry    ground.'      15/^,    a.  constitgrunt : 

188,  a. 

15.  neque :  'but  .  .  .  not.'         equites:  still  at  Ambleteuse  (chap. 

23,1.4). 

16.  insulam  capere  :  'to  make  the  island.'        Hoc,  etc. :  '  in  this 
respect  only  was  Caesar's  usual  good  fortune  incomplete.'     How  lit.? 

27.    2.  recgpgrunt :  iS,*?,  ^.         statim  :  77.        IggStos  :  <  envoys.' 
3.    daturos  :  ^'.9,  c.         quaeque,  etc.  :  i.e.  ct  ea,  quae  imperavissety 

facturos  esse.     21 4y  ^^ 

5.   supra :    chap.  21,11.  14-20.         dgm6nstr5veram  :    cf.  II.  i.  1.  2, 

and  N. 

7.  oratoris  modo  :  '  in  the  character  of  an  envoy,'  lit.  '  of  a  pleader.' 
80,  b. 

8.  proelio  facto:  \.^.  post  hoc  proelium.     144,  b,  {2). 


IV.  27] 


First  Expedition  to  Britain 


273 


remiserunt.     In  petenda  pace  eius  rei  culpam  in  multitQ- 
dinem  contulerunt  et,  propter  imprudentiam  ut  ign5scere-  lo 
tur,  petiverunt. 

Caesar  questus,  quod,  cum  ultro,  in  continentem  legatis 
missis,  pacem  ab  se  petlssent,  bellum  sine  causa  intulissent, 
ignoscere    se    imprudentiae    dixit    obsidesque    imperavit; 


M 

r 

r-                    \ 

Figure  1 10.  —  Cliffs  on  the  English  coast,  north  of  Dover. 


9.  remiserunt:  sc.  eum.  eius  rei:  i.e.  guod  Commius,  orator 
Caesar  is,  comprehensus  at q  tie  in  vincula  coniectus  erat. 

10.  imprudentiam:  'lack  of  knowledge.'  ignoscergtur :  sc. 
sibiy  'that  pardon  be  granted  them.'    199,  a,  and  106,  b. 

12.  questus:  226,  c.  quod  .  .  .  intulissent:  'because  (as 
he  said)  they  had,'  etc.  183,  a.  B.  286,  i ;  A.  540  ;  H.  588, 11.  con- 
tinentem :  '  the  continent,'  Gaul. 

13.  petlssent :  187.  sine  causa  :  from  the  Roman  point  of  view  ; 
but  the  Romans  would  have  considered  the  defence  of  the  shores  of 
Italy  against  an  armed  force  a  most  noble  action.  Thus  conditions 
alter  opinions.  In  19 16  many  Mexicans  considered  the  presence  of  the 
American  punitive  expedition  in  Mexico  as  a  hostile  invasion. 

14.  ignoscere  se  :' that  he  would  pardon.'       imprudentiae  :  iOJ. 


274  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [b.c.  55 

IS  quorum  illi  partem  statim  dederunt,  partem,  ex  longinqui- 
oribus  locis  arcessitam,  paucis  diebus  sese  daturos  dixerunt. 
Interea  suos  remigrare  in  agros  iusserunt,  principesque 
undique  convenire  et  se  civitatesque  suas  Caesari  commen- 
dare  coeperunt. 

The  ships  with  the  cavalry  are  prevented  from  landing  by  a  storm. 

28.  His  rebus  pace  confirmata,  post  diem  quartum, 
quam  est  in  Britanniam  ventum,  naves  xviii,  de  quibus 
supra  demonstratum  est,  quae  equites  sustulerant,  ex 
superiore  portu  lenl  vento  solverunt. 
5  Quae  cum  appropinquarent  Britanniae  et  ex  castris  vide- 
rentur,  tanta  tempestas  subito  coorta  est,  ut  nulla  earum 
cursum  tenere  posset,  sed  aliae  e5dem,  unde  erant  pro- 
fectae,  referrentur,  aliae  ad  inferiorem  partem  insulae,  quae 

1 6.  arcessitam  :  i.e.  cum  ea  {pars)  arcesslta  esset.     227,  a,  (i). 

17.  suos:  'their  people';  the  demobilization  of  the  British  host 
was  ordered.         iusserunt:  sc.  et,  the  British  envoys. 

18.  convenire:  ad  Caesar  em.  Caesari  commendare  :  *  to  put 
under  Caesar's  protection.' 

28.    I .  His   rebus :  the  giving  of  hostages,  the  demobilization  of 
the  British  host,  and  the  presence  of  British  leaders  in  Caesar's  camp. 
post  —  quam  :  =  quarto  die  postquam,  '  three  days  after '  by  our  reck- 
oning; cf.  chap.  9, 1.  2,  and  N. 
*        2.    est  ventum:  13,  d. 

3.  supra:  chap.  22,  11.  16-19  sustulerant:  'had  taken  on 
board.' 

4.  superiore  portu  :  Ambleteuse.  l§ni  vento  :  '  with  a  light 
breeze,'  blowing  north  or  northeast.     1S8.         solvgrunt :    *  sailed.' 

5.  ex  castris:  Caesar's  camp  was  on  rising  ground,  not  for  from 
the  shore,  so  that  it  commanded  a  wide  view  of  the  sea.  vidfiren- 
tur  :  trans,  as  passive. 

6.  tempestas  :  'storm,'  a  northeaster.     Cf.  N.  to  chap.  23,  1.  2. 

7.  aliae  .   .   .  aliae:  171,  b.         eodem,  etc.  :  Ambleteuse. 

8.  referrentur :  sc.  ut.  ad  .  .  .  occSsum :  southwest  from 
Caesar's  landing-place.     See  Map  11,  A. 


IV,  29]  First  Expedition  to  Britain  275 

est  propius  s5lis  occasum,  magno  suo  cum  periculo  deice- 
rentur;    quae,  tamen  ancoris  iactis,  cum  fluctibus  comple-i« 
rentur,  necessario  adversa  nocte  in  altum  provectae  conti- 
nentem  petierunt. 

The  fleet  on  the  British  shore  is  wrecked  by  a  high  tide. 

29.  Eadem  nocte  accidit,  ut  esset  luna  plena,  qui  dies 
maritimos  aestus  maximos  in  Oceano  efficere  consuevit, 
nostrisque  id  erat  incognitum.  Ita  uno  tempore  et  longas 
naves,  quibus  Caesar  exercitum  transportandum  curaverat, 
quasque  in  aridum  subduxerat,  aestus  complebat,  et  one- 5 
rarias,  quae  ad  ancoras  erant  deligatae,  tempestas  afflicta- 
bat,  neque  ulla  nostris  facultas  aut  administrandi  aut 
auxiiiandi  dabatur. 

Compluribus  navibus  fractis,  reliquae  cum  essent  —  funi- 

9.  propius:  123,  b.  B.  141,3;  A.  432,  «;;  H.  420,  5.  suo:  'to 
themselves.''     How  lit.?         deicerentur  :  '  were  driven.'     57,  b. 

10.  quae  .  .  .  cum:  'nevertheless  they  anchored  and  when  they.' 
How  Ht.  ?     167,  and  lU,  b,  (2). 

1 1.  adversa  nocte  :  '  in  the  face  of  the  night,'  a  form  of  expression 
transferred  from  space  (as  adverso  colle,  134,  a)  to  time.  in  altum 
provectae  :  '  they  put  out  to  sea  and.'     How  lit.  ?     226,  c,  and  228,  a. 

29.  I .  eadem  nocte :  the  night  of  August  30,  as  determined  by 
astronomical  calculations.  accidit  .  .  .  plena :  '  it  happened  to  be 
full  moon,'     How  lit.?         qui  dies:  'and  this  date.' 

2.  aestus  .  .  .  incognitum:  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  tide  in  the 
Mediterranean,  as  in  our  Great  Lakes,  is  hardly  perceptible.  Caesar's 
men  had  learned  of  the  existence  of  tides  in  the  Ocean  the  previous 
year  (HI,  chap.  12)  ;  what  they  had  failed  to  notice  was  the  coinci- 
dence of  the  highest  tides  with  the  time  of  the  full  moon.  At  Dover 
the  highest  tide  rises  about  19  feet ;  at  Boulogne,  25  feet. 

4.    exercitum,  etc. :  '  had  had  the  army  brought  over.'     229,  b. 

7.  administrandi :  '  of  managing  '  the  vessels,  the  crews  being  on 
shore. 

8.  auxiiiandi:  by  getting  men  on  to  the  ships. 

9.  funibus  .  .  .  amissis:    'on  account  of  the  loss  of,'  etc.     144, 


276  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

lobus,  ancoris  reliquisque  armamentis  amissis  —  ad  navigan- 
dum  inutiles,  magna,  id  quod  necesse  erat  accidere,  totius 
exercitus  perturbati5  facta  est.  Neque  enim  naves  erant 
aliae,  quibus  reportari  possent,  et  omnia  deerant,  quae  ad 
reficiendas  naves  erant  usui,  et    quod  omnibus  constabat, 

IS  hiemarl  in  Gallia  oportere,  frumentum  in  his  locis  in 
hiemem  pr5visum  non  erat. 

The  Britons,  learning  of  the  disaster,  secretly  plan  a  revolt. 

30.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis,  principes  Britanniae,  qui  post 
proelium  ad  Caesarem  convenerant,  inter  se  collociati,  cum 
equites  et  naves  et  frumentum  RomanJs  deesse  intellege- 
rent,  et  paucitatem  mllitum  ex  castrorum  exiguitate  cognos- 
5  Cerent,  quae  h5c  erant  etiam  angustiora,  quod  sine  impedi- 
mentis  Caesar  legiones  transportaverat,  optimum  factu 
esse  duxerunt,  rebellione  facta,  frumentocommeatuque  nos- 
tras prohibere  et  rem  in  hiemem   pr5ducere ;    quod,  his 

1 1 .  magna :  with  perturbdtid ;  emphatic.  353,  d.  id,  etc. :  *  as 
was  bound  to  happen.'     How  lit.?     160,  c. 

12.  perturbatio :  'commotion.'  Neque,  etc.:  'for  there  were 
no  other  ships.'     90,  a.     How  lit.? 

13.  reportari:  ' be  carried  back.'        possent:  194,  a. 

14.  usui:  trans,  as  if  titilia.  112,  a.  constabat,  etc.:  'it  was 
clear  that  they  would  have  to  winter.'     How  lit.  ? 

15.  his  locis:  in  Britain.  in  hiemem:  '  for  the  winter.'  12,  a. 
Rations  had  been  taken  for  only  a  limited  stay  in  Britain. 

30.    2.  inter  sS  coUocuti:  159,     B.  245,  i  ;  A.  301,/;  H.  502,  i. 

5.  quae  erant:  'which  was.'  h6c  etiam  angustiSra:  'even 
smaller  (than  usual  for  two  legions)  for  this  reason,'  explained  by  th(» 
quod-c\2i\xsG.         impedimentis  :  left  in  Gaul.     311. 

6.  optimum  factu  esse :  '  that  the  best  thing  to  do  was.'  How 
lit.?        optimum:  in  predicate,  after /?jj^.     1^8,  d.        facta  :  232. 

7.  duxSrunt :  '  decided ' ;  the  subject  is  principes  in  1.  i.  rebel- 
lione facta:  'renewing  hostilities.'  How  lit?  I44,  b,  (2).  frfi- 
mento :  121,  a. 

8.  rem:  '  their  operations.'  hlls,  etc. :  Mf  these  (invaders)  should 
be,' etc.     lU,b,{6,). 


IV.  31J  First  Expedition  to  Britain  277 

superatls  aut  reditu  interclusis,  neminem  postea  belli  infe- 
rendi  causa  in  Britanniam  transiturum  conffdebant.  lo 

Itaque,  rursus  coniuratione  facta,  paulatim  ex  castris 
discedere  ac  suos  clam  ex  agris  deducere  coeperunt. 

Caesar,  anticipating  trouble,  gathers  supplies  and  hastens  repairs 
on  the  ships. 

31.  At  Caesar,  etsj  nondum  eorum  consilia  cognoverat, 
tamen  et  ex  eventu  navium  suarum,  et  ex  eo,  quod  obsides 
dare  intermiserant,  fore  id,  quod  accidit,  suspicabatur. 

Itaque  ad  omnes  casus  subsidia  comparabat.     Nam  et 
frumentum  ex  agris  cotidie  in  castra  c5nferebat  et,  quaes 
gravissime  afflictae  erant  naves,  earum  materia  atque  acre 
ad  reliquas  reficiendas  utebatur  et,  quae  ad  eas  res  erant 
Usui,    ex    continent!    comportari    iubebat.      Itaque,    cum 


9.    reditu:  'return.'     127,  a.         postea:  ' in  the  future.' 

II.   paulatim  :  one  or  two  at  a  time.     That  the  British  leaders  were 

assembled   in   the   Roman    camp    is 

clear  from  11.  1-2. 

31.    I.  cognoverat : 'was  familiar 

with.'    176,  b. 

2.  ex  .  .  .  Bu^rum:  'from  what 
had  happened  to  his  ships.'  How 
lit.  ?  ex  eo,  quod  :  '  from  the  fact 
that.'     198,  b.  'P\g\xx^  111.  —  British  coin. 

4.  ad  .  .  .  comparabat :   <  he  was       ^o^'^-  ^^^^^^  ^^^'^'^  ^  century  after 
...        -  ,  Caesar's  invasions.    Inscription,  CAMU- 

providing  for  every  emergency.'  i^^x^^^,-^,  cuno[belini].  •  of  Cunobe- 

5.  frumentum:     from     the    new    linus,  at  Camulodunum.'  modem  Col- 
harvest.     Later  a  head   of  wheat   on    Chester. 

British   coins  became  an  appropriate     ,  Cunobelinuswas  a  British  ruler,  better 

known  under  the  name  Cymbehne. 
symbol   of    the    island  s    staple   crop 

(Fig.  III).         quae  .  .  .  naves,   earum:    —earum   navium,   quae. 

165,  c. 

7.   quae :  as  antecedent  sc.  ea,  subject-accusative  with  comportari. 

ad  eas  rgs  :  '  for  that  purpose.' 


278  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  66 

summ5    studio    a    mllitibus    administraretur,    xii    navibus 
[o  ^.missis,  reliquls  ut  navigari  commode  posset,  effecit. 

The  Britons  make  a  treacherous  attackj  using  war-chariots. 

32.  Dum  ea  geruntur,  legione  ex  consuetudine  una 
frumentatum  missa,  quae  appellabatur  vii,  neque  ulla  ad  id 
tempus  belli  suspicione  interposita,  cum  pars  hominum  in 
agris  remaneret,  pars  etiam  in  castra  ventitaret,  el,  qui  pro 
sportis  castrorum  in  statidne  erant,  Caesari  nuntiaverunt, 
pulverem  maiorem,  quam  consuetudo  ferret,  in  ea  parte 
videri,  quam  in  partem  legi5  iter  fecisset.  Caesar  id,  quod 
erat,  suspicatus,  aliquid  novi  a  barbaris  initum  consilii, 
cohortes,  quae  in  stationibus  erant,  secum  in  earn  partem 

9.  summo  studio  :  *  with  the  utmost  enthusiasm.'  adroinistra- 
rgtur:  'the  work  was  carried  on.'     18^,  a. 

10.  reliquls,  etc.:  sc.  navibus  (ISl,  a);  'he  made  it  possible  to 
utilize  the  others  fairly  well  for  navigation.'     How  lit.?     203,  (3). 

32.    I.    geruntur:  190,  a.         legione:  with /m'ssd. 

2.  frumentatum:  *to  get  grain,'  from  the  fields.  231,  a.  vu: 
septima.  38,  a,  and  36.  neque,  etc. :  '  without  any  suspicion  of 
hostilities  up  to  that  time.'     How  lit.? 

3.  hominum  :  Britannorum.     98,  a. 

4.  ventitaret :  <  came  frequently,'  a  frequentative  from  venio..  78,  a. 
ei :  tnllites. 

5.  portis  castrorum  :  334,  a.        in  stati5ne  :  <on"^guard.'     81. 

6.  pulverem  :  *  (a  cloud  of)  dust.'  13,  g.  quam,  etc. :  '  than 
usual.'     197,  c.         parte:  'direction.' 

7.  quam  in  partem:  '  in  which.'  165,  a.  quo4  erat:  'which 
was  actually  the  case.' 

8.  suspicatus:  226,  c.  aliquid,  etc.:  'some  new  scheme  had 
been  worked  up.'  How  lit.?  aliquid  :  i  6'^,  and -^P,  <z.  initum: 
sc.  esse.    68,  b  and  c.        consilii :  97,  b, 

9.  cohortSs :  probably  four  in  number,  one  at  each  of  the  four 
gates  of  the  camp.  How  many  men?  307,  c.  in  stationibus: 
'  on  guard ' ;  plural  because  each  gate  was  thought  of  as  a  separate 
post. 


IV,  32]  First  Expedition  to  Britain  279 

proficisci,  ex  reliquis  duas  in  stationem  cohortes  succedere,  lo 
reliquas  armari  et  confestim  sese  subsequi  iussit. 

Cum  paul5  longius  a  castris  processisset,  su5s  ab  hosti- 
bus  premi  atque  aegre  sustinere  et,  c5nferta  legione,  ex 
omnibus  partibus  tela  conici  animadvertit.  Nam  quod, 
omni  ex  reliquis  partibus  demesso  frumento,  pars  una  erat  15 
reliqua,  suspicati  hostes,  hue  nostr5s  esse  ventures,  noctu 
in  silvis  delituerant;  tum  disperses,  depositis  armls,  in 
metend5  occupatos  subito  adorti,  paucis  interfectis  reli- 
quos,  incertis  ordinibus,  perturbaverant,  simul  equitatu 
atque  essedis  circumdederant.  20 

10.  reliquis :  six  cohorts,  of  the  loth  legion.  The  four  cohorts 
on  guard  went  with  Caesar ;  two  stood  guard  in  their  place,  and  the 
last  four  cohorts  of  the  legion  were  ordered  to  arm  and  follow  Caesar 
as  soon  as  they  could.  307,  c.  in  stationem  succedere  :  '  to  re- 
lieve guard.' 

11.  armari:  'to  arm,'  lit.  'to  arm  themselves.'  174..  confes- 
tim: 'with  all  haste.' 

12.  paulo  longius:  'some  little  distance.'  153,  a.  suos :  the 
men  of  the  7th  legion. 

13.  aegre  sustinere:  'were  holding  their  own  with  difficulty.' 
conferta  legione  :  '  since  the  legion  was  crowded  together.'  I44,  b,  (3). 
The  more  closely  the  men  stood  the  more  effective  were  the  missiles  of 
the  enemy  surrounding  them. 

14.  conici:  sc.  in  earn.     57,  b. 

15.  dSmesso:   'cut.'     i^^  ^.  (3).         una:  'only  one.' 

17.  delituerant:    'had    hidden.'  disperses,    occupatos:    sc. 
eos  (=  nostros  of  1.  16),  object  of  adorti.         depositis  armis  :    'hav-  ' 
ing  laid  aside  their  weapons.' 

18.  inmetendo:  'in  reaping.'     230,(4).         adorti:  £26,  c. 

19.  incertis  ordinibus:  'since  their  ranks  were  in  disorder,'  a 
proper  formation  being  impossible  under  the  circumstances. 

20.  essedis:  'with  war  chariots.'  Scythed  war  chariots,  with  a 
long  sharp  blade  projecting  from  each  end  of  the  axle,  were  in  use  in 
Oriental  countries,  but  the  British  chariots  to  which  Caesar  refers  were 
apparently  without  scythes.  Remains  of  chariot  wheels  have  been  found 
in  the  graves  of  warriors. 


280 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  65 


The  way  the  Britons  use  war-chariots  in  battle. 

33.   Genus  h5c  est  ex  essedis  pugnae  : 

Primo  per  omnes  partes  perequitant^et  tela  coniciunt, 
atque  ipso  terrore  equorum  et  strepitu  rotarum  ordines  ple- 
rumque  perturbant ;  et  cum  se  inter  equitum  turmas  insi- 
5  nuaverunt,  ex  essedis  desiliunt  et  pedibus  proeliantur. 

Aurigae  interim  paulatim  ex  proelia  excedunt,  atque  ita 
currus  collocant,  ut,  si  illi  a  multitudine  hostium  premantur, 
expeditum  ad  suos  receptum  habeant. 


33.    I.   ex  essedis:  mih  pugnae.     150,  d.     B.  353,  5,  n. 
2.   per    .    .    .    perequitant:    sc.    esseddrii ;    <they'    (the  chariot- 
Each  chariot  (Fig.  112)  carried  a  driver 
and  one  fighter.    As  the  drivers 


fighters)  ^ride  everywhere.' 


dashed  against  the  enemy,  the 
men  in  the  chariots  sprang  out 
and  fought  on  foot.  The  chariots 
meanwhile  withdrew  a  little 
from  the  thick  of  the  fight,  so 
that  the  drivers  could  see  how 
the  battle  was  going.  If  they 
saw  their  warriors  defeated  in 
any  part  of  the  line  they  swiftly 
drove  thither,  took  on  board 
those  hard  pressed,  and  quickly 
passed  beyond  the  reach  of 
Figure  112.  —  British  war  chariot.  danger. 

3.  terrore  equorum:  < fright  caused  by  the  horses';  subjective 
genitive.     95.         6rdin6s  :  <  the  ranks '  of  the  enemy. 

4.  sS  .  .  .  Insinu5v6runt :  'they  have  penetrated';  the  British 
cavalry  were  so  deployed  as  to  leave  spaces  through  which  the  chariots 
could  be  driven  against  the 'enemy. 

5.  pedibus:  < on  foot.'     lSl,a. 

6.  Aurigae  :  *  the  drivers.'        ita  .  .  .  ut :  191,  b. 

7.  illi:  the  chariot-fighters.         premantur:  220. 

8.  ad  suos:  *  to  their  own  lines,'  we  should  say.  receptum:  *a 
retreat.' 


IV,  34]  First  Expedition  to  Britain  281 

Ita  mobilitatem  equitum,  stabilitatem  peditum  in  proeliis 
praestant ;  ac  tantum  usu  cotidiano  et  exercitatione  efficiunt,  lo 
uti  in  declivi  ac  praecipiti  loco  incitatos  equ5s  sustinere 
et  brevi  moderari  ac  flectere,  et  per  temonem  percurrere  et 
in  iugo  insistere,  et  se  inde  in  currus  citissime  recipere  con- 
suerint. 

Caesar  brings  aid;  the  Brit07is prepare  to  attack  the  camp. 

34.  Quibus  rebus  perturbatis  nostris,  novitate  pugnae, 
tempore  opportunissimo  Caesar  auxilium  tulit ;  namque  eius 
adventu  hostes  c5nstiterunt,  nostri  se  ex  timore  receperunt. 
Quo  fact5,  ad  lacessendum  hostem  et  ad  committendum 
proelium  alienum  esse  tern  pus  arbitratus,  suo  se  loc5  con-s 
tinuit  et,  brevi  tempore  intermisso,  in  castra  legiones  reduxit. 

Dum  haec  geruntur,  nostris  omnibus  occupatis,  qui  erant 
in  agris  reliqui,  discesserunt.     Secutae  sunt  continues  com- 

9.  stabilitatem  :  '  steadiness.'         peditum  :  10,  d. 

10.  praestant :  '  exhibit ' ;  sc.  essedarii.  tantum  .  .  .  efficiunt : 
'they  become  so  expert.'     How  lit. ? 

1 1 .  incitatos  equos  sustin§re :  '  to  keep  control  of  their  horses 
at  full  gallop.'     How  lit.  ? 

12.  brevi:  for  brevi  tefnpore,  <  in  an  instant.'  moderari:  'to 
check.'  flectere:  'to  turn.'  per,  etc.:  'to  run  along  the 
pole.' 

13.  iugo  :  yokes  were  used  with  horses  as  well  as  cattle  ;  see  Fig.  29, 
p.  8.         citissime:  'with  the  utmost  quickness.'     34,  b. 

34.  I.  rebus:  ablative  of  means.  nostris:  dative  after  tulit. 
15^,  a.         novitate:  'strangeness.'     185,  a. 

4.  Quo  facto :  '  Though  this  had  been  accomplished,'  referring 
to  the  effects  of  Caesar's  arrival.     1^4,  b,  (5). 

5.  alienum:  'unfavorable.'  suo:  ' favorable,' to  himself.  How 
lit.? 

7.  nostris,  etc. :  while  the  Romans  were  busy  repairing  ships  and 
strengthening  their  defenses,  the  Britons  '  withdrew '  from  the  open 
country,  gathering  for  attack.  qui :  as  antecedent,  sc.  el  as  subject 
of  discesserunt. 


282  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  55 

plures  dies  tempestates,  quae  et  nostros  in  castris  conti- 

10  nerent  et  hostem  a  pugna  prohiberent. 

Interim  barbari  nuntios  in  omhes  partes  dimiserunt  pauci- 
tatemque  nostrorum  militum  suis  praedicaverunt  et,  quanta 
praedae  faciendae  atque  in  perpetuum  sui  liberandi  facultas 
daretur,  si  Romanes  castris  expulissent,  demonstraverunt. 

15  His  rebus  celeriter  magna  multitudine  peditatus  equitatus- 
que  coacta,  ad  castra  venerunt. 

Caesar  repels  the  attack  on  the  camp  and  pursues  the  Britons. 

35.  Caesar,  etsi  idem,  quod  superioribus  diebus  acciderat, 
fore  videbat,  ut,  si  essent  hostes  pulsl,  celeritate  perlculum 
effugerent,  tamen  n actus  equites  circiter  xxx,  quos  Commius 
Atrebas,  de  quo  ante  dictum  est,  secum  transportaverat, 
slegiones  in  acie  pro  castris  constituit.  Commisso  proeli5 
diutius  nostrorum  militum  impetum  hostes  ferre  non  potu- 
erunt  ac  terga  verterunt.  Quos  tant5  spatio  secuti,  quan- 
tum cursia  et*viribus  efficere  potuerunt,  complures  ex  eis 

9.    quae  .   .   .  contingrent :  194,  a.     B.  283 ;  H.  591,2. 

13.  praedae  faciendae:  'of  securing  booty.'  in  perpetuum: 
'forever/        sui:  154,  b.     B.  339,  5  ;  A.  504,  c\  H.  626,  3. 

14.  dargjtur:  204,  (3).        expulissent:  218^  (i),  b. 

15.  His  rebus:  'by  means  of  these  statements.'  How  lit.?  equi- 
t&tus  :  apparently  including  also  the  esseddrit,  the  close  connection  of 
whom  with  the  cavalry  has  already  been  noted. 

35.  I.  idem:  subject  of /<?r^,  explained  by  the  appositive  clause  /// 
•   •   •  effugerent.     203,  (4). 

3.  effugerent:  'they  would  escape  from.'  nactus :  61,  a,  (3), 
and  226,  c.         XXX  :  a  squad  {turma).     38,  b,  and  309,  c. 

4.  ante :  chap.  21,  14-20.  The  30  horsemen  were  too  few  to  be  of 
service  except  in  scouting  or  in  following  up  a  fleeing  enemy. 

6.  diutius:  'very  long.'     153,  a. 

7.  ac  :  'but.'  234,  b.  tanto  spatio,  etc. :  <so  far  as  their  speed 
and  strength  allowed.'  How  lit.?  I47,  c.  secati,  etc.:  sc 
nostrl. 

8.  compldrSs:  accusative,     ex  els:  91  ^d. 


IV,  37]  First  Expedition  to  Britain  283 

occiderunt;  deinde,  omnibus  longe  latequeaedificiisincensis, 
se  in  castra  receperunt.  i< 

The  Britons  sue  for  peace.     Caesar  sails  back  to  Gaul. 

36.  Eodem  die  legati,  ab  hostibus  missi,  ad  Caesarem  de 
pace  venerunt.  His  Caesar  numerum  obsidum,  quern 
ante  imperaverat,  duplicavit,  eosque  in  continentem  adduci 
iussit,  quod,  propinqua  die  aequinoctii,  infirmis  navibus 
hiemi  navigationem  subiciendam  non  existimabat.  s 

Ipse,  idoneam  tempestatem  nactus,  paulo  post  mediam 
noctem  naves  solvit ;  quae  omnes  iricolumes  ad  continentem 
pervenerunt,  sed  ex  eis  onerariae  duae  eosdem  portus,  quos 
reliquae,  capere  non  potuerunt,  et  paulo  infra  delatae  sunt. 

Legionaries  from  two  transports  are  attacked  by  the  Morini. 

37.  Quibus  ex  navibus  cum  essent  expositi  mllites  circiter 
ccc  atque  in  castra  contenderent,  Morini,  quos  Caesau,  in 

36.  2.  His  :  with  duplicavit;  kind  of  dative?  109,  a.  quem,  etc. : 
see  chap.  27,  11.  12-19. 

3.  duplicavit :  '  doubled.' 

4.  propinqua  die  aequinoctii :  '  since  the  season  of  the  equinox 
was  near  at  hand,'  a  period  when  storms  are  unusually  prevalent.  14Jf, 
b,  (3  ) .  The  equinox  fell  on  September  26,  and  Caesar  probably  left 
Britain  at  least  a  week  before  that  date.  He  had  been  on  the  island  about 
three  weeks,  and  had  hardly  been  able  to  go  out  of  sight  of  the  seashore. 

5.  hiemi,  etc.:  ^  that  the  voyage  ought  to  run  the  risk  of  stormy 
weather.'     How  lit.? 

8.  eosdem  portus  :  probably  Boulogne  and  Ambleteuse. 

9.  reliquae  :  '  as  the  rest ' ;  sc.  naves  cepsrimt.  capere  :  '  make.' 
paulo  infra:  i.e.  southwest.  Whether  the  two  transports  made  some 
harbor,  or  were  stranded  on  the  beach,  Caesar  does  not  say. 

37.  I.  Quibus  navibus :  'these  vessels,' the  two  transports  men- 
tioned in  1.  8  of  the  preceding  chapter.  essent  expositi:  'had 
been  landed.' 

2.  ccc:  trecentt,  averaging  "about  150  men  to  a  ship.  castra: 
probably  constructed  by  Publius  Sulpicius  Rufus  (or  the  protection  of 


284  .  Caesar^s  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  66 


Britanniam  proficiscens,  pacatos    reliquerat,   spe   praedae 

adducti  primo  non  ita  magno  suorum  numer5  circumste- 

s  terunt  ac,  si  sese  interfici  n5llent,  arma  ponere  iusserunt. 

Cum  illT,  orbe  facto,  sese  defenderent,  celeriter  ad  clamorem 

hominum  circiter  milia  vi  convenerunt.     Qua  re  nuntiata, 

Caesar  omnem  ex  castris  equitatum  suis  auxilia  misit. 

Interim  nostri  milites  impetum  hostium  sustinuerunt  atque 

lo  amplius  horls  quattuor  fortissime  pugnaverunt ;  et,  paucis 

vulneribus  acceptis,  complures  ex  his  occiderunt.     Postea 

vera  quam  equitatus  noster  in  conspectum  venit,  hostes, 

abiectis  armis,  terga  verterunt  magnusque  eorum  numerus 

est  occlsus. 

the  harbor  at  portius  Itius,  Boulogne;  cf.  chap.  22,  11.  23-24.' 
Morini,  etc. :  belonging  to  the  part  of  the  Morini  who  had  given 
hostages  to  Caesar  just  before  he  sailed  for  Britain  ;  cf.  chap.  22, 11.  1-12. 

4.  non  ita  magno  :  '  not  very  large.'  circumstet6runt :  so.  eos, 
'the  three  hundred.' 

5.  81  .  .  .  nollent,  ponere:  in  the  direct  form,  si  .  .  .  non  vultis^ 
pontte.        ponere  :  here  =  deponere^  *  lay  down.' 

6.  orbe  facto:  'formed  a  circle  and';  how  lit.?  7^4,  b,  (2). 
The  'circle'  formed  by  soldiers  for  defense  was  hollow  and  corre- 
sponded with  our  "hollow  square."  S38.  ad  clamorem:  'on 
(hearing)  the  shouting '  of  the  attacking  Morini.  In  Gaul  news  was 
transmitted  quickly  by  shouting  across  the  country  (VII,  3,  U.  8-13). 

7.  hominum:  \.g.  Morinorum;  dependent  on  ;///"//«.  98,  a.  vi  : 
sex.  The  number  is  probably  exaggerated  ;  in  any  case  it  evidences  a 
much  denser  population  in  this  region  than  is  implied  for  the  regions 
penetrated  in  the  expedition  against  the  Morini  and  Menapii  the 
previous  year;  cf  III,  chap.  28-29. 

8.  omnem  equitatum:  including  probably  the  cavalry  that  had 
embarked  in  the  18  transports  but  had  failed  to  reach  Britain  (chap. 
22,  11.  16-19),  '^^  well  as  the  contingent  left  with  Sulpicius  (chap.  22, 
11.  23-24) ;  the  rest  must  have  gone  with  Titurius  Sabinus  and  Cotta. 
(chap.  22,  11.  20-22). 

12.   PosteSLquam:  188,  a.        v6r6  :  236,  a. 


IV,  38]  First  Expedition  to   Britain  285 

Caesar  inflicts  punishment  upon  the  Morini  and  Menapii. 

38.  Caesar  postero  die  T.  Labienum  legatum  cum  eis 
legionibus,  quas  ex  Britannia  reduxerat,  in  Morinos,  qui 
rebellionem  fecerant,  misit.  Qui  cum  propter  siccitates 
paludum,  quo  se  reciperent,  non  haberent  (quo  perfugio 
superiore  ann5  fuerant  usi),  omnes  fere  in  potestatem  s 
Labieni  pervenerunt. 

At  Q.  Titurius  et  L.  Cotta  legati,  qui  in  Menapiorum 
fines  legiones  duxerant,  omnibus  eorum  agris  vastatis,  fru- 
mentis  succisis,  aedificiis  incensis,  quod  Menapii  se  omnes 
in  densissimas  silvas  abdiderant,  sead  Caesarem  receperunt.  lo 

Winter  quarters  in  Belgium.     Thanksgiving  decreed  at  Home. 

Caesar  in  Belgis  omnium  legi5num  hiberna  constituit. 
Eo  duae  omnino  civitates  ex  Britannia  obsides  miserunt, 
reliquae  neglexerunt. 

38.  I.  T.  LabiSnum:  he  had  probably  accompanied  Caesar  to 
Britain. 

3.  Qui  cum  :  *  And  since  they.'  184,  d'  siccitates:  plural  be- 
cause there  was  dryness  in  a  number  of  marshes;  trans,  'dryness.' 
92,  c. 

4.  quo,   etc. :  *  (a  place)    to  which  they   might   escape.'     19J^,   a. 
quo    perfugio :    i.e.    perfugmin,    quo, 
'  the  refuge  which.'    166,  b. 

5.  superiore  anno  :  56  B.C. ;  cf.  Ill, 
chap.  28-29. 

7.    Menapiorum:  n.  to  III,  28,  1.  3, 
and  Fig.  113. 

10.    in,  etc. :  cf.  I,  12,  l.'ii  and  n.  Figure   113.  —  Coin  of  the 

13.    reliquae   neglexerunt:    obsides  Menapii. 

inittere.  The  expedition  to  Britain,  as  Gold,  of  very  crude  workmanship. 
that  into  Germany,  was  followed  by  no  ^he^^ttribution  to  the  Menapii  is  not 
tangible   results ;    but  great   fame   was 

thereby  won  by  the  daring  general  for  having  opened  up  to  his  fellow- 
countrymen   new  and   extensive    regions.      Hence    the    thanksgiving 


286  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [b.c.  55 

His   rebus  gestis,  ex  litterls   Caesaris  dierum    xx    sup- 
is  plicatio  a  senatu  decreta  est. 

decreed  at  Rome,  obtained  by  his  friends  for  Caesar  in  the  face  of  all 
the  opposition  that  his  enemies  could  stir  up  (n.  to  chap.  14, 1.  14). 

14.  Bupplic3ltio :  cf.  II,  35,  11.  10-12.  This  'thanksgiving'  was 
to  be  5  days  longer  than  the  one  decreed  at  the  end  of  57  B.C., 
though  that  was  the  longest  known  up  to  that  time. 


Plate  VII 


Military  Devices 


I.   Timbered  Shed,  testudo,  with  Battering  Ram.        2.    Fire-signal  Tower. 

3.   Teni,  tabernaculum.         4.    Order  of  Battle.        5.    V^oW  liodk,  falx  f?iuralis. 

6.   Turtle-shell  roof,  testudo.  7.    Onager.  8.    Ballista. 

9.    Glans/usili  ex  argilla  (V.  43).  10.   Turtle-shell  shed,  testudo. 


COMMENTARIUS   QUINTUS 


Second  Expedition  to  Britain.     1-23 

Caesar  orders  ships  built,  ayid  quiets  disturbances  in  Illyricum. 

1.  L.  DoMiTi5,  Ap.  Claudio  consulibus,  disccdens  ab 
hibernis  Caesar  in  Italiam,  ut  quotannis  facere  consuerat, 
legatis  imperat,  quos  legionibus  praefecerat,  uti,  quam 
plurimas  possent,  hieme  naves  aedificandas  veteresque 
reficiendas  curarent.  5 


Figure  114.  —  View  across  Belgium's  fertile  fields. 
Caesar  usually  chose  the  site  of  his  winter  quarters  with  reference  to  the  grain  supply. 


1.  I.   L.  Domitio,  Ap.  Claudio  consulibus  :  54  B.C.     240,a,2ind 
^34,  a. 

2.  hibernis  :  in  Belgium  (IV,  chap.  38).         Italiam:  283yd. 

287 


288  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  64 

Earum  modum  formamque  dem5nstrat.  Ad  celeritatem 
onerandi  subductionesque  paiilo  facit  humiliores,  quam 
quibus  in  nostr5  mari  uti  consuevimus,  atque  id  eo  magis, 
quod  propter  crebras  commutati5nes  aestuum  minus 
lo  magnds  ibi  fluctus  fieri  cognoverat ;  ad  onera  ac  multi- 
tudinem  iumentorum  transportandam  paulo  latiores,  quam 
quibus  in  reliquis  utimur  maribus.  Has  omnes  actuarias 
imperat  fieri,  quam  ad  rem  humilitas  multum  adiuvat. 
Ea,  quae  sunt  usui  ad  armandas  naves,  ex  Hispania  ap- 
is portari  iubet. 

Ipse,  conventibus  Galliae  citeri5ris  peractis,  in  Illyricum 
proficiscitur,  quod  a  Pirustis  finitimam  partem  provinciae 
incursi5nibus  vastari  audiebat.  Eo  cum  venisset,  civita- 
tibus  milites  imperat  certumque  in  locum  con  venire  iubet. 
20  Qua  re  nuntiata,  Pirustae  legates  ad  eum  mittunt,  qui  do- 
ceant,  nihil  earum  rerum  publico  factum  consilio,  seseque 
paratos  esse  demonstrant  omnibus  rationibus  de  iniuriis 
satisfacere.  Percepta  oratione  e5rum,  Caesar  obsides 
imperat  eosque  ad  certam  diem  adduci  iubet ;  nisi  ita  f e-  ^ 
25  cerint,  sese  bello  civitatem  persecuturum  demonstrat.  Eis 
ad  diem  adductis,  ut  imperaverat,  arbitros  inter  civitates 
dat,  qui  litem  aestiment  poenamque  constituant. 

7.  onerandi:  'of  loading/  subductionSs  :  'beaching.'  92,  a. 
humiliores:  'shallowei.'  quam  quibus:  i.e.  gimm  eae  \ndvis\ 
sunt,  quibus. 

9.   commutationgs  aestuum  :  cf.  IV,  29, 1.  2,  and  N. 

11.  latiores:  predicative;  sc.  eds facit. 

12.  actuarias:  predicative, 'for  rapid  movement,' witii  tiie  use  of 
oars  as  well  as  sails. 

13.  humilitas  :  'lowness  '  of  the  deck  above  the  water. 

14.  Hispania:  296.         apportari :  'be  brought.' 
16.    peractis:  'finished..'         illyricum:  298. 

18.   incursionibus :  'raids.' 

26.  arbitros  :  '  referees.'     7,  c,  and  80,  b. 

27.  litem:  'the  (matter  of)  damages.' 


V,  3]  Second  Expedition  to  Britain  289 

Proceeding  to  Gaul  hejtnds  ships  ready,  visits  the  Treverans, 

2.  His  confectis  rebus  conventibusque  peractis,  in  ci- 
teriorem  Galliam  revertitur  atque  inde  ad  exercitum  profi- 
ciscitur.  Eo  cum  venisset,  circumitis  omnibus  hibernis, 
singular!  militum  studio  in  summa  omnium  rerum  inopia 
circiter  dc  eius  generis,  cuius  supra  dem5nstravimus,  naves,  s 
et  longas  xxviii,  invenit  instructas,  neque  multum  abesse 
ab  eo,  quin  paucis  diebus  deduci  possint.  Collaudatis 
militibus  atque  els,  qui  negotio  praefuerant,  quid  fieri  velit, 
ostendit,  atque  omnes  ad  portum  Itium  convenire  iubet, 
quo  ex  portu  commodissimum  in  Britanniam  traiectum  lo 
esse  cognoverat,  circiter  milium  passuum  xxx  a  continent!; 
huic  rei,  quod  satis  esse  visum  est  militum,  reliquit. 

Ipse  cum  legionibus  expeditis  iiii  et  equitibus  dccc  in 
fines  Treverorum  proficiscitur,  quod  hi  neque  ad  concilia 
veniebant   neque  imperio  parebant,  Germanosque  Trans- 15 
rhenanos  sollicitare  dicebantur. 

By  means  of  hostages  he  hinds  Indutiomarus  to  keep  the  peace. 

3.  Haec  civitas  longe  plurimum  totius  Galliae  equitatu 
valet  magnasque  habet  copias  peditum,  Rhenumque,  ut 
supra  demonstravimus,  tangit. 

In  ea  civitate  duo  de  principatu  inter  se  contendebant, 
Indutiomarus  et  Cingetorix;  e  quibus  alter,  simul  atque  des 
Caesaris  legionumque  adventQ  cognitum  est,  ad  eum  venit, 
se   su5sque    omnes   in   officio   futures   neque  ab  amicitia 

2.  5.  DC:  sescentds.  cuius:  cums  generis  naves;  trans,  cums 
as  \i  quod.        supri:  in  chap.  i. 

6.  longas:  i.e.  naves  duodeh'tgintd.  346,  a.  neque,  etc.:  'and 
that  in  a  few  days  they  would  be  about  ready  to  launch.'     How  lit.? 

7.  Collaudatis:  < warmly  commending.'     How  lit.? 

12.  huic  rei:  'for  this  purpose.'  quod  militum:  'So  many 
soldiers  as.'     97,  b. 

3.  3.   supra:  III,  11,  11.  1-2. 


290  Caesar's  Gallic   War  [B.C.  54 

populi  Romani  defecturos  confirmavit,  quaeque  in  Treveris 
gererentur,  ostendit. 

10  At  Indutiomarus  equitatum  peditatumque  cogere,  eisque, 
qui  per  aetatem  in  armis  esse  n5n  poterant,  in  silvam 
Arduennam  abditis,  quae,  ingenti  magnitudine,  per  medios 
fines  Treverorum  a  flumine  Rheno  ad  initium  Remorum 
pertinet,  bellum  parare  instituit.     Sed   postea  quam  non 

isnulli  principes  ex  ea  civitate,  et  familiaritate  Cingetorigis 
adducti  et  adventu  nostri  exercitus  perterriti,  ad  Caesarem 
venerunt  et  de  suis  privatim  rebus  ab  e5  petere  coeperunt, 
quoniam  civitati  consulere  non  possent,  veritus,  ne  ab 
omnibus  desereretur,  Indutiomarus   legatos  ad  Caesarem 

20  mittit  : 

Sese  idcirco  ab  suls  discedere  atqite  ad  eum  ventre 
noluisse,  quo  faciliiis  clvitdteni  hi  officio  contineret,  7ie 
omnis  nobilitdtis  discessu  plebs  propter  imprudentiam  Idbe- 
retur ;  itaqiie  clvitdtem  in  sud  potestdte  esse,  seqne^si  Caesar 

25  permittcrety  ad  eum  in  castra  venturuni,  et  suds  civitdtisque 
fortunds  eiiis  fidei  permissuj^tcm. 

4.  Caesar,  etsi  intellegebat,  qua  de  causa  ea  dicerentur, 
quaeque  eum  res  ab  instituto  consilio  deterreret,  tamen,  ne 
aestatem  in  Treveris  consumere  cogeretur,  omnibus  ad 
Britannicum  bellum  rebus  comparatis,   Indutiomarum   ad 

s  se  cum  cc  obsidibus  venire  iussit.  His  adductis,  in  eis  fili5 
propinquisque  eius  omnibus,  qu5s  nominatim  evocaverat, 
consolatus   Indutiomarum    bortatusque    est,   uti  in   oflficio 

II.  peraet&tem:  '  by  reason  of  age.'  in  armis  esse:  i.e.  ar/»a 
ferre. 

21.    SSsg,  etc. :  *  (saying)  that  he.'         idcirco  :  'on  this  account.' 

23.  imprudentiam:  Mack  of  foresight.'  ISbergtur  :  '  fall  away,' 
becoming  disloyal. 

4.  2.  ab  Instituto  cSnsilio  :  '  from  (carrying  out)  the  plan  (which 
he  had)  formed.' 

6.    gvocaverat:  sc.  Caesar, 


V,  5]  Second  Expedition  to   Britain  291 

maneret;  nihil5  tamen  setius,  principibus  Trever5riim  ad 
se  convocatis,  hos  singillatim  Cingetorigi  conciliavit ;  quod 
cum  merito  eius  ab  se  fieri  intellegebat,  turn  magnl  interesse  lo 
arbitrabatur,  eius  auctoritatem  inter  suos  quam  plurimum 
valere,  cuius  tarn  egregiam  in  se  voluntatem  perspexisset. 

Id  factum  graviter  tulit  Indutiomarus,  suam  gratiam 
inter  suos  minui,  et,  qui  iam  ante  inimicd  in  n5s  animd 
fuisset,  multo  gravius  hoc  dolore  exarsit.  is 

Caesar  gathers  his  forces  at  partus  Itius. 

5.  His  rebus  constitutis,  Caesar  ad  portum  Itium  cum 
legionibus  pervenit. 

Ibi  cognoscit,  lx  naves,  quae  in   Meldis  factae  erant, 
tempestate    reiectas    cursum    tenere   non    potuisse    atque 
eodem,  unde  erant  prof ectae,  revertisse  ;  reliquas  paratas  5 
ad  navigandum  atque  omnibus  rebus  instructas  invenit. 

Eodem  equitatus  totius  Galliae  convenit,  numero  milium 
quattuor,  principesque  ex  omnibus  civitatibus;  ex  quibus 
perpaucos,  quorum  in  se  fidem  perspexerat,  relinquere  in 
Gallia,   reliquos   obsidum    loc5    secum    ducere   decreverat,  10 
quod,  cum  ipse  abesset,  motum  Galliae  verebatur. 


9.  quod  cum,  etc. :  '  and  not  only  did  he  understand  that  he  was 
doing  this  in  accordance  with  what  Cingetorix  deserved.''  How  lit.? 
186,  b. 

10.  eius:   Cingetortgis.     19,  d.         magni:  103,  d. 

14.  qui:  ^although  he.'     187.     B.  283,  3,  (^;  H.  593,  2. 

15.  gravius  .  .  .  exarsit:  'on  account  of  this  grievance  he  became 
much  more  indignant.'     How  lit.? 

5.  3.  naves,  etc. :  these  vessels  had  to  be  taken  down  the  Marne 
and  the  Seine  to  the  Channel,  then  north  to  Boulogne  (portus  Itius)  ; 
see  Map  11. 

7.  numero:  1^2,  a,  2iVi6.  85.  milium:  dependent  on  equitatus. 
WO,  a,  and  309,  b. 

I 


292  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [b.o.  w 

Dumnorix  attempts  to  elude  Caesar's  vigilance,  and  is  slain. 

6.  Erat  una  cum  ceteris  Dumnorix  Aeduus,  de  quo 
ante  a  nobis  dictum  est.  Hunc  secum  habere  in  primis 
constituerat,  quod  eum  cupidum  rerum  novarum,  cupidum 
imperii,  magni  animi,  magnae  inter  Gallos  auctoritatis 
5  cognoverat.  Accedebat  hue,  quod  in  concilio  Aedu5rum 
Dumnorix  dixerat,  sibi  a  Caesare  regnum  civitatis  deferri ; 
quod  dictum  Aedui  graviter  ferebant,  neque  recusandi  aut 
deprecandi  causa  legates  ad  Caesarem  mittere  audebant. 
Id  factum  ex  suis  hospitibus  Caesar  cognoverat. 
lo  Ille  omnibus  primo  precibus  petere  contendit,  ut  in 
Gallia  relinqueretur,  partim  quod,  insuetus  navigandi,  mare 
timeret,  partim  quod  religionibus  impediri  sese  diceret. 
Postea  quam  id  obstinate  sibi  negari  vidit,  omni  spe  impe- 
trandi  adempta,  principes  Galliae  sollicitare,  sevocare  sin- 
is  gulos  hortarique  coepit,  uti  in  continent!  remanerent ;  metu 
territare : 

Non  sine  causa  fierty  ut  Gallia  omnl  nobilitdte  spolidre- 
tur;  id  esse  consilium  Ca e saris ^  ut,  qu'ds  in  conspectu 
Galliae  interficere  vereretuvy  hos  ontnes  in  Britanniam  trd- 
2o  ductos  necdret ;  fidem  reliquis  interponere,  ius  iurandum 
poscere,  ut,  quod  esse  ex  usu  Galliae  intellexissent,  com- 
muni  consilio  administrarent. 

6.   2.  ante:  I,  chap.  16-20.     Dumnorix  had  always  opposed  Caesar. 
3.   eum :  sc.  esse.    289,  c. 

6.   sibi  .  .  .  dgferri :  contrary  to  the  constitution  of  the  Aeduans, 
who  elected  a  Vergobret  annually;  see  I,  16,  11.  12-14. 

11.  insu§tu8  nSvigandi :  '  unused  to  sailing.'     230^  {i). 

12.  religionibus:  < by  religious  scruples.'        diceret:  183yb 

13.  obstinStg:  <  persistently.' 

14.  sgvoc5re :  <  to  call  aside,'  for  secret  conference.     7P,  d. 

16.  tSrritare  :  sc.  eos ;  <  he  worked  upon  their  fears  (saying).'     ISS^ 
and  313,  d.     How  lit.? 

17.  spoliarStur:  'was  being  stripped,' by  taking  the  leading  men 
to  Britain. 


V.  7]  Second   Expedition  to  Britain  293 

Haec  a  compluribus  ad  Caesarem  deferebantur. 

7.  Qua  re  cognita  Caesar,  quod  tantum  civitati  Aeduae 
dignitatis  tribuebat,  coercendum  atque  deterrendum,  qui- 
buscumque  rebus  posset,  Dumnorigem  statuebat ;  quod 
longius  eius  amentiam  progredi  videbat,  prospiciendum, 
ne  quid  sibi  ac  rel  publicae  nocere  posset.  Itaque  diess 
circiter  xxv  in  eo  loc5  commoratus,  quod  Corus  ventus 
navigationem  impediebat,  qui  magnam  partem  omnis 
temporis  in  his  locis  flare  consuevit,  dabat  operam,  ut  in 
officio  Dumnorigem  contineret,  nihil5  tamen  setius  omnia 
eius  c5nsilia  cogn5sceret;  tandem  idoneam  nactus  tem-io 
pestatem  milites  equitesque  conscendere  naves  iubet. 

At,  omnium  impeditis  animis,  Dumnorix  cum  equitibus 
Aeduorum  a  castris,  insciente  Caesare,  domum  discedere 
coepit.  Qua  re  nuntiata,  Caesar,  intermissa  profectione 
atque  omnibus  rebus  postpositis,  magnam  partem  equitatus  15 
ad  eum  insequendum  mittit  retrahique  imperat;  si  vim 
faciat  neque  pareat,  interfici  iubet,  nihil  hunc,  se  absente, 
pro  sano  facturum  arbitratus,  qui  praesentis  imperium 
neglexisset.  Ille  autem  revocatus  resistere  ac  se  manu 
defendere  suorumque  fidem  implorare  coepit,  saepe  cla-  20 
mitans,  liberum  se  liberaeque  esse  civitatis.  Illi,  ut  erat 
imperatum,  ■  circumsistunt  hominem  atque  interficiunt;  at 
equites  Aedui  ad  Caesarem  omnes  revertuntur. 


7.  3.   posset :  sc.  eum  coercere  et  deterrere. 
4.   prospiciendum  :  sc.  esse  statuebat. 

6.   eo  loco  :  portus  Itius,  Boulogne.         commoratus  :  <  while  wait- 
ing.'        Corus  :  '  from  the  northwest.' 

8.  dabat  operam  :  '  was  taking  pains.' 
10.   tempestatem  :  cf.  IV,  23, 1.  2,  and  N. 

16.   retrahi:  sc.  ewn.,  'that  he  be  brought  back.' 
18.   pro  sano:  'like  a  man  in  his  senses.'     How  lit.?        praesen- 
tis :  sc.  sui,  i.e.  Caesaris. 

20.   clamitans  :  '  crying  out.'     78,  a. 


291  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [h.c.  54 

Caesar  sails  to  Britain,  lands,  and  captures  a  stronghold. 

8.  His  rebus  gestis,  Labieno  in  continenti  cum  in 
legionibus  et  equitum  milibus  duobus  relicto,  ut  portus 
tueretur  et  rem  frumentariam  provideret,  quaeque  in 
Gallia  gererentur,  cognosceret,  consiliumque  pro  tempore 

s  et  pro  re  caperet,  ipse  cum  v  legi5nibus  et  pari  numero 
equitum,  quem  in  continenti  reliquerat,  ad  s5lis  occasum 
naves  solvit. 

Et  lenl  Africo  provectus,  media  circiter  nocte  vento 
intermisso,  cursum  non  tenuit  et,  longius  delatus  aestu,  orta 

10  luce  sub  sinistra  Britanniam  relictam  conspexit.  Tum, 
rursus  aestus  commutationem  secQtus,  remis  contendit,  ut 
eam  partem  insulae  caperet,  qua  optimum  esse  egressum 
superiore  aestate  cognoverat.  Qua  in  re  admodum  fuit 
militum  virtus  laudanda,  qui  vectoriis  gravibusque  navigiis, 

IS  non  intermisso  remigandi  labore,  longarum  navium  cursum 
adaequarunt. 

Accessum  est  ad  Britanniam  omnibus  navibus  meridiand 
fere  tempore,  neque  in  eo  loco  hostis  est  visus;  sed,  ut 
postea    Caesar  ex  captivis  cognovit,  cum  magnae   manus 

20  eo  convenissent,  multitudine  navium  perterritae,  quae  cum 
ann5tinis   privatisque,    quas   sui   quisque   commodi  causa 

8.  4.  pro  ...  re:  'as  conditions  at  the  time  might  require.'  How 
lit.? 

5.    pari:  trans,  as  if  ^^<'/^;;/. 

8.    Africo  :  '  southwest  wind.'     Caesar  probably  sailed  about  July  6. 

11.  aestus,  etc. :  the  change" of  course  is  shown  on  Map  ii,  A. 

12.  caperet:  'reach.' 

14.  laudanda:  'praiseworthy.'  vectoriis,  etc.:  'heavy  trans- 
ports.' 

15.  rSmigandi:  'of  rowing';  the  transports  were  provided  with 
oars,  in  addition  to  the  usual  sails  (Fig.  202,  in  Vocab.). 

17.    meridiano  tempore  :  '  midday.' 

21.    annotinis  :  sc.  navibus,  'ships  of  the  previous  year.' 


Plate  VIII 


Chalk  Cliffs  near  Dover 


^*^l 


Between  Dover  and  Deal.     The  cliff  is  here  about  400  feet  high.     At  the  top 
is  the  lighthouse  of  South  Foreland. 


V,  9]  Second  Expedition  to   Britain  295 

fecerat,  amplius   dccc  uno  erant  visae  tempore,  a  litore 
discesserant  ac  se  in  superiora  loca  abdiderant. 

9.  Caesar,  exposito  exercitu  et  loco  castris  idoneo  capto, 
ubi  ex  captivis  cognovit,  quo  in  loco  hostium  copiae  conse- 
dissent,  cohortibus  x  ad  mare  relictis  et  equitibus  ccc,  qui 
praesidi5  navibus  essent,  de  tertia  vigilia  ad  hostes  conten- 
dit,  eo  minus  veritus  navibus,  quod  in  litore  molli  atque  s 
aperto  deligatas  ad  ancoras  relinquebat ;  ei  praesidio  navi- 
busque  Q.  Atrium  praefecit.  Ipse,  noctu  progressus  milia 
passuum  circiter  xii,  hostium  copias  conspicatus  est. 

nil,  equitatu  atque  essedis  ad  flumen  progress!,  ex  loco 
superiore  nostros  prohibere  et  proelium  committere  coepe-  lo 
runt.  Repulsi  ab  equitatu  se  in  silvas  abdiderunt,  locum 
nacti  egregie  et  natura  et  opere  munitum,  quem  domestic! 
bell!,  ut  videbatur,  causa  iam  ante  praeparaverant ;  nam 
crebris  arboribus  succisis  omnes  introitus  erant  praeclus!. 
Ipsi  ex  silvis  rari  propugnabant,  nostrosque  intra  muni- 15 
tiones  ingred!  prohibebant.  At  milites  legidnis  septimae, 
testudine  facta  et  aggere  ad  munitiones  adiect5,  locum 
ceperunt  e5sque  ex  silvis  expulerunt,  paucis  vulneribus 
acceptis.  Sed  eos  fugientes  longius  Caesar  prosequi 
vetuit,  et  quod  loc!  naturam  ignprabat,  et  quod,  magna  20 

22  DCCC  :  octingentae ;  with  quae,  *  of  which  more  than  800.'  97,  c, 
and  129,  b. 

9.  3.  qui  .  .  ,  essent:  'to  guard  the  ships,'  How  lit.?  193,  a, 
and  11  Ji,  b. 

5.    navibus:  dative.         molli:  affording  good  anchorage. 

9.  essedis :  see  IV,  chap.  33  and  Notes.  flumen :  the  Great 
Stour ;  see  Map  1 1 . 

14.  omnes,  etc. :  '  all  the  entrances  were  obstructed.' 

15.  rari  propugnabant:  Mn  small  bodies  were  hurling  missiles.' 
How  lit.  ?     The  British  stronghold  was  perhaps  near  Canterbury. 

16.  prohibebant :  'were  trying  to  prevent.'    115,  e,  and  223,  a. 

17.  testudine:  31^5.  aggere:  probably  made  of  tree  trunks. 
3Itl. 


296  Caesar's  Gallic  War  tB.c.64 

parte  diei  consumpta,  munitioni  castrorum  tempus  relinqui 
volebat. 


A  storm  shatters  the  fleet;   Caesar  orders  repairs,  returns 
inland. 

10.  Postridie  eius  diei  mane  tripertito  milites  equitesque 
in  expeditionem  misit,  ut  eos,  qui  fugerant,  persequerentur. 
His  aliquantum  itineris  progressis,  cum  iam  extremi  essent 
in  prospectu,  equites  a  Q.  Atrio  ad  Caesarem  venerunt, 

5  qui  nuntiarent,  superidre  nocte  maxima  coorta  tempestate, 
prope  omnes  naves  afflictas  atque  in  lltus  eiectas  esse, 
quod  neque  ancorae  funesque  subsisterent,  neque  nautae 
gubernatoresque  vim  tempestatis  pati  possent ;  itaque  ex 
eo  concursu  navium  magnum  esse  incommodum  acceptum. 

11.  His  rebus  cognitis,  Caesar  legiones  equitatumque 
revocari  atque  in  itinere  resistere  iubet,  ipse  ad  naves  re- 
vertitur;  eadem  fere,  quae  ex  nuntiis  litterisque  cogn5- 
verat,  coram  perspicit,  sic  ut,  amissis  circiter  xl   navibus, 

5  reliquae  tamen  refici  posse  magno  negotio  viderentur. 

Itaque  ex  legionibus  fabros  deligit  et  ex  continenti  alios 
arcessi  iubet;  Labien5  scribit,  ut,  quam  plurimas  posset, 
els  legionibus,  quae  sin{  apud  eum,  naves  instituat.     Ipse, 

10.  I .  tripertito  :  '  in  three  columns.' 

2.  in  expeditionem  :  '  for  a  rapid  march,'  with  light  equipment. 

3.  aliquantum  itineris  :  '  some  distance.'  How  lit.  ?  extremi: 
'  the  rear '  of  the  Roman  force  was  just  visible  to  those  in  camp. 

11.  2.  in  itinere  resistere  :  to  beat  off  the  enemy,  without  halting 
for  a  pitched  battle. 

3.    nuntiis:    '  messengers,' mounted  (chap.  10,  1.  4).  litterls: 

*  dispatch,'  from  Quintus  Atrius. 

5.  negotio:  'trouble.' 

6.  fabros  :  '  mechanics. '     7,  c,  and  310,  b. 

8.  els  legionibus  :  '  with  (the  help  of)  the  legions,'  at  portus  Itius 
160,  d. 


V,  12]  Second  Expedition  to  Britain  297 

etsi  res  erat  multae  operae  ac  laboris,  tamen  commodissi- 
mum  esse  statuit,  omnes  naves  subduci  et  cum  castris  una  lo 
muniti5ne  coniungi.     In  his  rebus  circiter  dies  x  consumit, 
ne  nocturnis  quidem  temporibus  ad  laborem  militum  inter- 
missis.  , 

Subductis  navibus  castrisque  egregie  munitis,  easdem 
copias,  quas  ante,  praesidio  navibus  relinquit,  ipse  eodem,  15 
unde  redierat,  proficiscitur.  Eo  cum  venisset,  maiores  iam 
undique  in  eum  locum  copiae  Britannorum  convenerant, 
summa  imperii  bellique  administrandl  communi  c5nsili5 
permissa  Cassivellaund ;  cuius  fines  a  maritimis  civitati- 
bus  flumen  dividit,  quod  appellatur  Tamesis,  a  marl  circiter  2c 
milia  passuum  lxxx.  Huic  superiore  tempore  cum  reli- 
quis  civitatibus  continentia  bella  intercesserant;  sed,  nostro 
aclventu  permoti,  BritannI  hunc  totT  bello  imperioque  prae- 
fecerant. 

Tlie  Britons  arid  their  island. 

12.  Britanniae  pars  interior  ab  eis  incolitur,  quos  natos 
in  insula  ipsa  memoria  proditum  dicunt ;  maritima  pars  ab 
eis,  qui  praedae  ac  belli  Tnferendi  causa  ex  Belgi5  transie- 

9  res,  etc.:  'it  was  a  wearisome  and  laborious  undertaking.' 
How  lit.?     100,  d. 

10.  subduci:  the  ships  were  built  so  that  they  could  be  beached; 
chap.  1, 11.  6-10. 

15.  eodem,  etc.:  the  British  stronghold,  near  modern  Canterbury 
(chap.  9,  11.  11-19). 

20.  Tamesis  :  only  the  upper  Thames  formed  the  boundary  of  the 
territories  ruled  by  Cassivellaunus.  I4,  c.  marl:  at  the  point 
where  Caesar  landed,  near  Deal. 

12.  I.  quos,  etc. :  quos  ndtos  \esse\  is  subject  oi proditum  \esse\  ; 
'  who,  they  say,  according  to  tradition,  originated  in  the  island  itself.' 
How  lit.  ?     29Jt. 

2.  dicunt:  172,  c.  Several  ancient  peoples  considered  themselves 
"autochthones,^'  sprung  from  the  soil  in  the  region  in  which  they 
dwelt. 


298 


Caesar*s  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  64 


runt  (qui  omnes  fere  eis  nominibus  civitatum  appellantur, 
squibus  orti  ex  civitatibus  eo  pervenerunt),  et,  bello  illato, 
ibi  permanserunt  atque  agros  colere  coeperunt.  Hominum 
est  inflnita  multitud5  creberrimaque  aedificia  fere  Gallicis 
consimilia,  pecorum  magnus  numerus.  Utui>tur  aut  aere 
aut  nummo  aureo,  aut  taleis  ferreis  ad  certum  pondus  ex- 
loaminatis,  pro  nummo. 

Nascitur  ibi  plumbum  album  in  mediterraneis  regionibus, 


4.    qui,   etc. :  there  was,  for  example,  a  British  tribe  called  Aire- 
bates. 

6.   Hominum,  etc. :  *  The  population  is  beyond  number.'    How  lit.  ? 

7.  aedificia:  sc.  simt.  Gal- 
licis [aedificils]  :  large  round  huts 
of  timbers  and  wickerwork,  with  coni- 
cal thatched  roofs. 

8.  aere:  'bronze,'  bronze  coins. 
The  earliest  British  bronze  coins  yet 
discovered  date  from  a  few  years  after 
Caesar's  time. 

9.  nummo  aureo :  *  gold  coins,' 
we  should  say.  Gold  coins  began  to 
be  struck  in  Britain  at  least  a  hundred 

years  before  Caesar's  invasions  (Fig.  115).  taleis  ferreis:  <iron 
bars.'  ad,  etc. :  *  weighed  to  a  certain  standard,'  lit.  '  weight.'  The 
iron  currency  bars  that  have 


Figure  115.  —  British  gold  coin. 
Probably  in  circulation    in   Caesar's 
tinne.     Obverse,  curious  patterns;   re- 
verse, conventional  horse,  star,  chariot 
wheel. 


been  found  represent  several 
aifferent  weights,  the  heaviest 
being  twice  as  heavy  as  the 
second,  and  so  on. 

1 1 .  Nascitur  :  '-  is  found.' 
plumbum  album  :  'tin,' 
which  began  to  be  exported 
from  Cornwall  as  early  as  the 
ninth  century,  B.C.  medi- 
terrSneis  :  '  inland.'  The 
Cornish  tin  mines  were   in 


Figure  116.  —  British  helmet. 
Of  bronze  ;  found  in  the  Thames  at  London. 


reality  near  the  sea,  but  they   were  a  long  distance  from  Caesar's 
landing-place. 


V,  13]  Second  Expedition  to  Britain  299 

in  maritimis  ferrum,  sed  eius  exigua  est  copia ;  aere  utun- 
tur  importat5.  Materia  cuiusque  generis,  ut  in  Gallia,  est, 
praeter  fagum  atque  abietem. 

Leporem  et  gallinam  et  anserem  gustare  fas  non  putant ;  15 
haec  tamen  alunt  animi  voluptatisque  causa.     Loca  sunt 
temperatiora  quam  in  Gallia,  remissioribus  frigoribus. 

13.  Insula  natura  triquetra,  cuius  unum  latus  est  contra 
Galliam.  Huius  lateris  alter  angulus,  qui  est  ad  Cantium, 
quo  fere  omnes  ex  Gallia  naves  appelluntur,  ad  orientem 
solem,  inferior  ad  meridiem  spectat.  Hoc  latus  pertinet 
circiter  milia  passuum  d.  s 

12.  ferrum  :  iron  mines  were  worked  in  Sussex  from  the  prehistoric 
period  to  the  nineteenth  century.         aere  :  some  bronze  seems  to  have 
been  imported   into  Britain  (Fig.  125),  but  most  of  the  bronze  objects  " 
found  in  Britain  were  made  there,  from  native  mixtures  of  the  component 
metals  (Fig.  116). 

14.  fagum  :  '  beech.'  5,  b.  Caesar  seems  to  have  been  mistaken 
in  saying  that  the  beech  was  not  found  in  Britain  ;  but  his  opportunities 
for  direct  observation  were  limited.         abietem:    *  fir.'     10,  e. 

15.  Leporem,  etc. :  'hare,  chicken,  and  goose.'  The  origin  of  the 
superstition  it  is  difficult  to  understand ;  for  the  hare,  cf.  Levit.  xi.  6. 
ISyg,  and  234,  a.         Snaerem  :  11,  c.         gustSre  :  'to  taste.' 

16.  haec  alunt:  'they  raise  these.'  animi,  etc.:  'for  pastime 
and  amusement.'  Loca  :  '  the  region.'  6,  c.  sunt  temperatiora : 
*  has  a  milder  climate.'     How  lit.  ? 

17.  remissioribus  frigoribus  :  '  the  cold  being  less  severe.'  How 
lit.?    P^,  <:,  and  i5,/. 

13.  I.  nttura:  'in  shape';  lit. 'by  nature.'  triquetra:  'trian- 
gular.'       contra:  'opposite.' 

2.  alter  angulus  :  '  one  corner.'  ad  Cantium  :  '  by  Kent '  (Map 
12,  A)  ;  the  boundaries  of  Kent  in  Caesar's  time  are  not  known  with 
exactness. 

3.  quo:  refers  to  angu/us.  appelluntur:  '  come  to  land.'  How 
lit.?        ad  orientem  solem:  'toward  the  east.'     How  lit.  ? 

4.  inferior  [angulus]  :  see  Map  12,  B.  ad  meridiem:  'toward 
the  south.' 

5.  D  :  quingentorufn ;  how  many  English  miles  in  500  Roman  miles? 
HSj  a,  b. 


300  Caesar's  Gallic   War  [B.C.  54 

Alterum  vergit  ad  Hispaniam  atque  occidentem  solem  ; 
qua  ex  parte  est  Hibernia,  dimidi5  minor,  ut  existimatur, 
quam  Britannia,  sed  pari  spatio  transmissus,  atque  ex 
Gallia  est  in  Britanniam.  In  hoc  medio  cursu  est  insula, 
loquae  appellatur  Mona;  complures  praeterea  minores  sub- 
iectae  Insulae  existimantur ;  de  quibus  insulis  non  null! 
scripserunt,  dies  continuos  xxx  sub  bruma  esse  noctem. 
Nos  nihil  de  eo  percontationibus  reperiebamus,  nisi  certTs 
ex  aqua  mensuris  breviores  esse  quam  in  continent!  noctes 


6.  Alterum  [latus],  etc. :  'The  second  side  has  a  westerly  trend, 
toward  Spain.'  How  lit.?  Caesar's  erroneous  belief  that  Spain  ex- 
tended north  nearly  to  Britain  was  shared  by  his  contemporaries,  and 
even  by  some  writers  after  his  time.     See  Map  12. 

7.  qua  ex  parte:  'and  on  this  side.'  ctimidio  minor:  'a  half 
smaller.'     How  lit.  ?     UO. 

8.  Britannia:  sc.  est.  pari,  etc.  :  '(reached  by)  a  passage  just 
as  long  as  that  from  Gaul  to  Britain.'  How  lit.?  pari  spatio  :  de- 
scriptive ablative,  taking  the  place  of  an  adjective,  and  coordinated  with 
minor  by  sed.  transmissus  :  genitive,  depending  on  spatio.  atque  : 
233,  c. 

9.  In  .  .  .  cursu:  '  half  way  across,' between  Britain  and  Ireland. 
How  lit.?     lB2,a. 

10.  Mona:  see  Map  12.  subiectae  [esse],  etc.:  'are  thought 
to  lie  off  (the  coast  on  this  side).' 

11.  insulae:  probably  the  Hebrides  are  referred  to  non  null! 
scripserunt :  perhaps  Greek  writers,  whose  works  have  perished,  are 
meant. 

:2.  sub  bruma:  'about  the  winter  solstice.'  The  statement  re- 
garding a  period  of  thirty  days  without  the  sun  is  not  true  of  the 
Hebrides  or  of  the  other  islands  near  Scotland. 

13.  Nos:  15().  percontationibus:  'through  inquiries.' 
certis,  etc.:  'by  exact  measurements  (made)  with  a  water-clock.' 
How  lit.?  A  water-clock,  clepsydra,  was  used  in  a  Roman  camp,  espe- 
cially to  mark  the  watches.     21^.2,  e. 

14.  exaqu&:  \i\\}c\  mensuris.  150,  d.  breviorgs  :  Caesar's  ob- 
servations were  made  in  summer;  in  winter  the  nights  would  of  course 
be  longer. 


MAP  12 

Map  of  Britain  as  conci<:ived  by  Caesar 


Book  V,  13 


To  face  page  300 


EXPLANATION 

In  view  of  the  meagerness  of  Caesar's  information,  his  statement  about  the 
geography  of  Britain  is  surprisingly  near  the  truth  in  essential  particulars.  In 
this  respect  it  compares  favorably  with  the  statements  of  modern  travelers  and 
explorers  in  regard  to  regions  of  which  they  have  seen  only  a  small  part. 

He  knew  that  the  Island  was  triangular  in  shape,  and  in  his  two  expeditions 
he  had  himself  seen  a  portion  of  the  coast  facing  Gaul  (chap.  13,!.  i).  He  could 
easily  believe  that  one  corner  (A)  faced  east,  another  (B)  toward  the  south. 
His  language  implies  that  he  had  a  vague  idea  of  a  projection  eastward  (C)  at 
the  northern  extremity  (1.  18).  He  knew  the  location,  and  approximately  the 
size,  of  Ireland  (1.  7). 

Caesar,  as  other  ancients,  found  it  more  difficult  to  estimate  distances  north 
and  south  than  east  and  west.  He  fell  easily  into  the  error  of  supposing  that  the 
northern  end  of  Spain  extended  so  far  that  it  lay  west  of  the  southern  part  of 
Britain  (1.  6);  and  his  conception  of  the  relative  positions  of  the  two  Gauls,  Italy 
and  Illyricum,  was  probably  very  nearly  as  represented. 

The  strait  between  Italy  and  Sicily,  now  Strait  of  Messina,  is  called  by  Caesar 
Fretum  (C.  II,  1.  3). 


V,  14]  Second  Expedition  to  Britain  301 

videbamus.     Huius  est  longitude  lateris,  ut   fert   illorum  15 
opinio,  Dcc  milium. 

Tertium  est  contra  septentriones ;  cui  parti  nulla  est 
obiecta  terra,  sed  eius  angulus  lateris  maxime  ad  Germa- 
niam  spfectat.  Hoc  milia  passuum  dccc  in  longitudinem 
esse  existimatur.  20 

Ita  omnis  insula  est  in  circuitu  vicies  centum  milium 
passuum. 

14.  Ex  his  omnibus  longe  sunt  hOmanissimi,  qui  Can- 
tium  incolunt,  quae  regi5  est  maritima  omnis,  neque  mul- 
tum  a  Gallica  differunt  c5nsuetudine.  Interiores  plerlque 
frumenta  non  serunt,  sed  lacte  et  carne  vivunt  pellibusque 
^unt  vestlti.  s 

Omnes    vero   se   Britanni   vitro   inficiunt,    quod    caeru- 


15.  ut,  etc.  :  '  according  to  their  idea,'  i.e.  of  the  Britons.    How  lit.  ? 

16.  DCC  :  septingentorum.         milium  :  100,  b. 

17.  Tertium  [latus]  :  cf.  ilnum  (1.  i),  and  alterum  (1.  6). 
19.    Hoc:  hoc  latus.         DCCC:  octingenta. 

21.  viciSs  centum  :  '  two  thousand.''  How  lit.  ?  Caesar's  estimate 
is  nearer  the  truth  than  might  have  been  expected;  no  Roman  is 
known  to  have  sailed  around  the  island  until  more  than  a  century  after 
Caesar's  time,  in  84  A. d. 

14.  I.  his  omnibus  :  the  Britons.  97,  d,  humanissimi:  'most 
civilized.' 

2.  omnis:  'wholly.'     151.         neque:  'and  .   .   .  not.' 

3.  Interiorgs  plerlque  :  '  Those  living  in  the  interior,  for  the  most 
part.' 

4.  serunt:  'sow.'  lacte:  cf.  IV,  i,  1.  16.  131,  a.  carne: 
'meat.'     18,  a. 

5.  sunt  vestlti:  'clothe  themselves.'  17 J^..  Caesar  was  misin- 
formed about  the  life  of  the  inland  tribes  of  Britain.  It  has  been 
proved  by  discoveries  that,  long  before  his  time,  at  least  the  more  pro- 
gressive raised  crops  and  had  woolen  and  linen  clothes. 

6.  sS  vitro  inficiunt :  '  stain  themselves  with  woad,'  a  plant  from 
the  leaves  of  which  is  made  a  dye  resembling  indigo  in  color. 
caeruleum  colorem  :  '  a  bluish  color.'     80,  b. 


302  Caesar's  Gallic   War  [B.C.  54 

leum  efificit  colorem,  atque  hoc  horridiores  sunt  in  pugna 
aspectu ;  capilloque  sunt  pr5misso. 


The  Britons  fight  fiercely^  hut  Caesar  defeats  them. 

15.  Equites  hostium  essedariique  acriter  proelio  cum 
equitatu  nostro  in  itinera  conflixerunt,  ita  tamen,  ut  nostri 
omnibus  partibus  superi5res  fuerint  atque  e5s  in  silvas  col- 
lesque  compulerint ;  sed,  compluribus  interfectis,  cupidius 

5  insecuti  non  null5s  ex  suis  amiserunt. 

At  illi,  intermisso  spatio,  imprudentibus  nostris  atque 
occupatis  in  muniti5ne  castrorum,  subito  se  ex  silvls  eiece- 
runt,  impetuque  in  eos  fact5,  qui  erant  in  statione  pr5. 
castrls  collocati,  acriter   pugnaverunt ;   duabusque   missis 

losubsidid  cohortibus  a  Caesare,  atque  his  primls  legionum 
duarum,  cum  hae  perexigu5  intermisso  loci  spati5  inter  se 
c5nstitissent,  nov5  genere  pugnae  perterritis  nostris,  per 
medi5s  audacissime  perrOperunt  seque  inde  incolumes 
receperunt.     E5  die  Q.  Laberius  Durus,  tribunus  militum, 

IS  interficitur.    Illi,  pluribus  summissTs  cohortibus,  repelluntur. 

16.  T5to  hoc  in  genere  pugnae,  cum  sub  oculls  omnium 


7.  hoc  :  *  on  this  account.'  horridior§s  aspectu  :  ^  rather  wild- 
looking';  similar  was  the  use  of  war-paint  by  the  American  Indians. 
How  lit.?    142,  a. 

8.  capillo,  etc. :  'they  let  their  hair  grow  long.'     How  lit.? 

15.  I.  Equitgs,  etc.  :  cf.  IV,  33,  and  Notes.  The  narrative, 
interrupted  by  the  description  of  Britain,  is  here  resumed  from  chap. 

10.  atque,  etc. :  'and  those  the  first.'     161,  c. 

11.  perexiguo  :  'very  small.'     79,  b.         inter  s5  :  'apart.' 

12.  novo,  etc.  :  the  two  cohorts  had  evidently  not  been  on  the  first 
expedition.         per  medios  :  between  the  cohorts. 

16.  I.  genere,  etc. :  '  throughout  the  engagement,  with  fighting  of 
this' sort'  How  lit.?  sub  oculls  omnium:  i.e.  in  conspectu 
omnium. 


V,  16] 


Second  Expedition  to  Britain 


303 


ac  pro  castris  dimicaretur,  intellectum  est,  nostros  propter 
gravitatem  armorum,  quod  neque  insequi  cedentes  possent 
neque  ab  signis  discedere  auderent,  minus  aptos  esse  ad 
huius  generis  hostem  ;  equites  autem  magno  cum  periculo  s 
proelio  dimicare,  propterea  quod  illi  etiam  consult©  plerum- 
que  cederent  et,  cum  paulum  ab  legionibus  nostr5s  remo- 
vissent,  ex  essedis  desilirent  et  pedibus  dispari  proelio 
contenderent.     Accedebat  hue,  ut  numquam  conferti,  sed 


1 

St  -  v^^        .■  '-•*   *"^^"^^'  «\5I 

P 

'          -   ■            .    ,        s    :     'J 

1 

1 

tlJti,  ■ '  '■ 

r;;^"^tai 

1 

iH^^m^l^''^^  -■ 

Figure  117.  —  Scene  in  a  Roman  camp. 

Left  to  right:  background,  captives,  foreground,  legionary  in  marching  order;  cavalry 
officer;  legionaries,  one  with  head  bandaged  in  consequence  of  a  wound  ;  Roman  stand- 
ards ;  three  captured  standards,  one  in  the  left  hand  of  a  military  tribune,  the  other  two 
lying  on  the  ground  ;  commander-in-chief,  lictors,  second  in  command,  and  horn  blowers. 

2.   intellSctum  est:  < it  was  evident.'     How  lit.? 
6.    illT  ,  etc. :  ^they,'  the  Britons,  'would  fall  back  purposely.' 
8.    dispari  proelio:   'in  battle  with  the  advantage  on  their  side,' 
because  Caesar's  Gallic  cavalry  were  no  match  for  warriors  fighting  on 
foot.     How  lit.? 

9.    Accedebat  hue:    'There  was  the   further   fact  that.'         con- 
ferti: '  in  close  formation  ' 


304  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  54 

lorari  magnisque  intervallis  proeliarentur  stationesque  dispo- 
sitas  haberent,  atque  alios  alii  deinceps  exciperent,  integri- 
que  et  recentes  defatigatis  succederent. 

17.  Postero  die  procul  a  castris  hostes  in  collibus  con- 
stiterunt,  rarique  se  ostendere  et  lenius,  quam  pridie,  nos- 
tros  equites  proelio  lacessere  coeperunt.  Sed  merldie, 
cum  Caesar,  pabulandi  causa,  iii  legiones  atque  omnem 
sequitatum  cum  C.  Treb5ni5  legato  misisset,  repente  ex 
omnibus  partibus  ad  pabulatores  advolaverunt  sic,  uti  ab 
signis  legionibusque  non  absisterent. 

Nostri,  acriter  in  eos  impetu  facto,  reppulerunt  neque 
finem  sequendi  fecerunt,  quoad,  subsidio  confisi,  equites, 
locum  post  se  legiones  viderent,  praecipites  hostes  egerunt; 
magnoque  eorum  numero  interfecto,  neque  suT  colligendi 
neque  consistendT,  aut  ex  essedis  desiliendi,  facultatem 
dederunt. 

Ex  hac  fuga  protinus,  quae  undique  convenerant,  auxilia 
15  discesserunt,    neque    post    id    tempus    umquam    summis 
nobiscum  copiis  hostes  contenderunt. 


10.   rSrl:  'in  small  bodies.'        stationgs  :  here  '  reserves.' 

u.    alios,  etc. :  '  were  relieving  one  another  in  turn.'     171^  b. 

12.    dgfatigatls:  221,  a,  (4). 

17.  4.  pabulandi  causa :  '■  to  forage.'  Three  legions  and  the 
cavalry  made  a  foraging  party  of  extraordinary  size. 

6.   pabuiatorSs:    'foragers.'  advol5v6runt :    'rushed    upon.' 

How  lit.?  ab  .  .  .  absisterent:  'they  did  not  hold  back  from  the 
standards  of  the  legions,'  Ht.  'and  the  legions';  the  Britons  even 
charged  upon  the  legionaries,  formed  in  order  of  battle.  2S8,  d,  and 
3^4,^,(2). 

9.  quoad:  190^  c.  subsidio:  'on  the  support  (of  the  legions).' 
1S5,  a. 

10.  cum:  i54,  a.  praecipitSs :  accusative,  'head  over  heels.* 
151. 

11.  sui  colligendi:  15 J^,  b.      B.  339,  5  ;  A.  504,  c\  H.  626,  3. 
14.   Ex:  'after.'        auxilia:  auxilia  Britannorum, 


V,  19]  Second  Expedition  to   Britain  305 

With  great  dash  Caesar's  men  force  the  passage  of  the  Thames. 

18.  Caesar,  cognito  consilio  eorum,  ad  flu  men  Tamesim 
in  fines  Cassivellauni  exercitum  duxit;  quod  flumen  uno 
omnino  loco  pedibus,  atque  hoc  aegre,  transirl  potest.  Eo 
cum  venisset,  animadvertit,  ad  alteram  fluminis  ripam 
magnas  esse  copias  hostium  instructas.  Ripa  autem  erat  s 
acutis  sudibus  praefixis  munita,  eiusdemque  generis  sub 
aqua  defixae  sudes  flumine  tegebantur. 

His  rebus  cognitis  a  captivTs  perfugisque,  Caesar,  prae- 
misso  equitatu,  confestim  legiones  subsequi  iussit.  Sed 
ea  celeritate  atque  eo  impetu  milites  ierunt,  cum  capiteio 
solo  ex  aqua  exstarent,  ut  hostes  impetum  legionum  atque 
equitum  sustinere  non  possent  ripasque  dimitterent  ac  se 
fugae  mandarent. 

CassivelJaunus  harasses  Caesar^s  army  on  the  march. 

19.  Cassivellaunus,  ut  supra  demonstravimus,  omnI  depo- 
sita  spe  contenti5nis,  dimissis  amplioribus  copiis,  milibus 
circiter  iiii  essedariorum  relictls,  itinera  nostra  servabat; 
paulumque  ex  via  excedebat  locisque  impeditis  ac  silvestri- 

18.  I.    consilio:  the  'plan'  of  the  Britons,  revealed  in  chap.  19. 
3.    loco:   145,0.         hoc:  sc.  loco. 

6.  acutis  sudibus  :  '  with  sharp  stakes.'  praefixTs  :  '  driven  in 
front,'  at  the  water's  edge. 

10.  cum,  etc.  :  '  though  they  were  in  water  up  to  the  chin.'  How 
lit.  ?  Caesar  crossed  the  Thames  from  the  south  to  the  north  side ; 
precisely  where  he  crossed,  is  not  known.     See  Map  1 1. 

19.  2.  contentionis  :  'of  a  general  engagement.'  amplioribus 
copiis  :  '  the  greater  part  of  his  forces.' 

3.  IIII:  quattuor.  It  is  not  possible  to  determine  whether  Caesar 
means  that  Cassivellaunus  kept  in  the  field  4000  chariot-drivers,  each 
having  a  chariot  and  accompanied  by  a  warrior  (n.  to  IV,  33, 1.  2),  mak- 
ing a  force  of  8000  men,  or  whether  in  essedariortirn  both  drivers  and 
warriors  are  included ;  in  the  latter  case  there  would  be  2000  chariots, 
each  with  two  men,  making  a  totaFof  4000  men. 


306  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  54 

sbus  sese  occultabat,  atque  eis  regionibus,  quibus  nos  iter 
facturos  cognoverat,  pecora  atque  homines  ex  agris  in 
silvas  compellebat ;  et,  cum  equitatus  noster,  liberius  prae- 
dandl  vastandique  causa,  se  in  agros  effuderat,  omnibus 
viis  semitisque  essedarios  ex  silvis  emittebat,  et  magno  cum 

lo  periculo  nostrorum  equitum  cum  eis  confligebat  atque  hoc 
metu  latius  vagari  prohibebat. 

Relinquebatur,  ut  neque  longius  ab  agmine  legionum 
disced!  Caesar  pateretur,  et  tantum  in  agris  vastandis 
incendiisque  faciendis  hostibus  noceretur,  quantum  lab5re 

IS  atque  itinere  legionarii  milites  efficere  poterant. 

The  Trinovantes  and  other  peoples  submit.     Caesar  takes 
Cassivellaunus'  stronghold. 

20.  Interim  Trinovantes,  prope  firmissima  earum  re- 
gionum  civitas,  ex  qua  Mandubracius  adulescens,  Caesaris 
fidem  secutus,  ad  eum  in  continentem  venerat  (cuius  pater 
in    ea   civitate  regnum    obtinuerat   interfectusque   erat   a 

5  Cassivellauno,  ipse  f  uga  mortem  vitaverat),  legatos  ad 
Caesarem  mittunt  pollicenturque,  sese  ei  dedituros  atque 
imperata  facturos ;  petunt,  ut  Mandubracium  ab  iniuria 
CassivellaunT  defendat,  atque  in  civitatem  mittat,  qui 
praesit  imperiumque  obtineat.     His  Caesar  imperat  obsides 

loXL    frumentumque    exercitui    Mandubraciumque    ad    eos 

8.  85  effuderat:  'had  dashed  forth.'  omnibus,  etc.:  <by  all 
the  roads  and  passage-ways,'  well  known  to  the  Britons.     134^  a. 

10.  equitum:  102.        hoc  metu:  <  from  fear  of  this '  danger. 

1 1 .  vagSrI :  sc.  nostras. 

13.  discedl:  i.e.  eqintibus,  'that  (the  cavalry)  should  leave,'  etc. 
tantum  —  nocSrStur  :  '  that  so  great  harm  be  done.'     How  lit.  ? 

14.  labore  atque  itinere  :  '  by  toilsome  marching.'    238,  d. 

20.  2.  Caesaria  fidem  secutus:  'attaching  himself  to  Caesar.' 
How  lit.  ? 

8.  CassivellaunT:  <  at  the  hands  of  Cassivellaunus.'  95.  qui: 
193,  a. 


V,  22]  Second  Expedition  to   Britain  307 

mittit   III!  imperata  celeriter  fecerunt,  obsides  ad  numerum 
frumentumque  miserunt. 

21.  Trinovantibus  defensis  atque  ab  omni  militum  iniuria 
prohibitis,  Cenimagni,  Segontiaci,  Ancalites,  Bibroci,  Cassi, 
legationibus  missis,  sese  Caesar!  dedunt. 

Ab  his  cognoscit,  non  longe  ex  eo  loco  oppidum  Cassi- 
vellaiini  abesse,  silvis  paludibusque  munltum,  quo  satis  s 
magnus  hominum  pecorisque  numerus  convenerit.  Oppi- 
dum autem  Britanni  vocant,  cum  silvas  impeditas  vall5 
atque  fossa  munierunt,  quo,  incursionis  hostium  vitandae 
causa,  convenire  consuerunt. 

Eo  proficiscitur  cum  legionibus.  Locum  reperit  egregie  lo 
natura  atque  opere  munltum ;  tamen  hunc  duabus  ex  parti- 
bus  oppugnare  contendit.  Hostes,  paulisper  morati,  militum 
nostr5rum  impetum  non  tulerunt  seseque  alia  ex  parte 
oppidi  eiecerunt.  Magnus  ibi  numerus  pecoris  repertus, 
multique  in  fuga  sunt  comprehensi  atque  interfecti.  15 

An  attack  on  the  naval  camp  is  repulsed.     Cassivellaunus  yields. 

22.  Dum  haec  in  his  locis  geruntur,  Cassivellaunus  ad 
Cantium,  quod  esse  ad  mare  supra  demonstravimus,  quibus 
regi5nibus  iiii  reges  praeerant,  Cingetorix,  Carvilius,  Taxi- 
magulus,  Segovax,  nuntios   mittit  atque  his  imperat,  utT, 

21.  2.  Cgnimagni,  etc. :  some  of  these  small  states  are  located  on 
the  Map  at  the  end  of  this  volume. 

4.  eoloco:  where  Caesar  met  the  envoys.  oppidum:  'the 
stronghold  of  Cassivellaunus '  is  thought  to  have  been  in  the  vicinity 
of  St.  Albans. 

6.  Oppidum  vocant :  'call  (it)  a  stronghold.'  Several  fortified  en- 
closures of  extreme  antiquity,  intended  not  for  permanent  habitation 
but  only  for  refuge  and  defense  in  time  of  danger,  have  been  found  in 
England. 

22.  I.    in  his  locis  :  in  the  region  of  St.  Albans. 
2.    supra:  chap.  14,11.  1-3. 


308  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  64 

s  coactis  omnibus  c5piis,  castra  navalia  de  improviso  adorian- 
tur  atque  oppugnent.  Hi  cum  ad  castra  venissent,  nostri, 
eruptione  facta,  multis  eorum  interfectis,  capt5  etiam  nobili 
duce  Lugotorige,  suos  incolumes  reduxerunt. 

Cassiveliaunus,    hoc    proelio    nuntiato,    tot    detrlmentis 

loacceptis,  vastatis  finibus,  maxime  etiam  permotus  defec- 
tione  civitatum,  legat5s  per  Atrebatem  Commium  de  de- 
ditione  ad  Caesarem  mittit.  Caesar,  cum  c5nstituisset 
hiemare  in  continent!  propter  repentinos  Galliae  motus, 
neque  multum  aestatis  superesset,  atque  id  facile  extrahi 

IS  posse  intellegeret,  obsides  imperat  et,  quid  in  annos 
singulos  vectigalis  popul5  Roman5  Britannia  penderet, 
constituit ;  interdlcit  atque  imperat  Cassivellauno,  ne  Man- 
dubracio  neu  Trinovantibus  noceat. 

Caesar  returns  to  the  coast,  finds  ships  ready ^  sails  to  Gaul. 

23.  Obsidibus  acceptis,  exercitum  reducit  ad  mare,  naves 
invenit  refectas.  His  deductis,  quod  et  captivorum  mag- 
num numerum  habebat  et  non  nuUae  tempestate  de- 
perierant  naves,  du5bus  commeatibus  exercitum  reportare 
s  instituit.  Ac  sic  accidit,  uti  ex  tant5  navium  numer5  tot 
navigationibus  neque  hoc  neque  superi5re  ann5  ulla  om- 
nin5  navis,  quae  milites  portaret,  desideraretur,  at  ex  eis, 

5.    castra  nSvaiia  :  see  chap,  ir,  11.  8-13. 

8.   Lugotorige  :  10,  c.         incolumgs  :  predicative. 

14.  id,  etc. :  'and  that  this  could  easily  be  wasted,'  lit.  'drawn  out,' 
in  profitless  negotiations. 

15.  quid  —  vectig&lis  :  97,  b.        in  annos  singulos  :  '  each  year.' 
17.   interdicit,  etc. :  'laid  the  strictest  injunctions  on  Cassiveliau- 
nus.'    How  lit.  ?    115,  b, 

23.    2.    refectfis:    'repaired';   cf.  chapters  10,  11.  dgductis : 

'launched,'  lit.  'drawn  down'  to  the  water,  from  the  fortified  enclosure 
{castra  navalia,  chap.  22,  1.  5)  in  which  they  had  been  guarded  and 
repaired. 

4.    dudbus  commeStibuB  :  '  in  two  trips.'     136,  b. 


V,  24]      Division  of  the  Army  for  the  Winter       309 

quae  inanes  ex  continent!  ad  eum  remitterentur,  et  prioris 
commeatus,  expositis  militibus,   et  quas   postea   Labienus 
faciendas  curaverat,  numero  lx,  perpaucae  locum  caperent,  lo 
reliquae  fere  omnes  reicerentur. 

Quas  cum  aliquamdiu  Caesar  frustra  exspectasset,  ne 
anni  tempore  a  navigatione  excluderetur,  quod  aequinoc- 
tium  suberat,  necessarid  angustius  mllites  collocavit  ac, 
summa  tranquillitate  consecuta,  secunda  inita  cum  solvisset  is 
vigilia,  prima  luce  terram  attigit  oranesque  incolumes  naves 
perduxit. 

Division  of  the  Army  for  the  Winter.    24,  25 

Grain  being  scarce,  Caesar  for  the  icinter  divides  his  army. 

24.  Subductis  navibus  concilioque  Gallorum  Samarobrl- 
vae  peracto,  quod  e5  anno  frumentum  in  Gallia,  propter 
siccitates,  angustius  provenerat,  coactus  est  aliter  ac  superi- 
oribus  annis  exercitum  in  hlbernis  collocare  legionesque  in 
plures  civitates  distribuere.  Ex  quibus  unam,  in  Morinos  5 
ducendam,  C.  Fabio  legato  dedit,  alteram  in  Nervios  Q. 
Ciceroni,  tertiam  in  Esuvios  L.  Roscio ;  quartam  in  Remis 
cum  T.  Labieno  in  confinio  Treverorum  hiemare  iussit; 


8.  et,  etc. :  '  both  (the  ships  used)  in  the  first  trip,  (sent  back)  after 
the  soldiers  had  been  landed,  and  (other  ships)  which.' 

10.    locum  caperent :  '  reached  their  destination,'  Britain. 

12.  Quas:  'these'  ships,  sent  from  the  continent.     167. 

13.  aequinoctium  :  Caesar  must  have  left  Britain  shortly  after  the 
middle  of  September,  having  been  two  months  or  more  on  the  island. 

14.  nece^sario  angustius  :  <of  necessity  rather  closely.'     153,  a. 
24.    I.    Subductis:  cf.  chap,  i,  11.  6-7.  Samarobrivae  :  4,  a. 
3.   siccitates  :  cf.  IV,  38,  1.  3,  and  N.         aliter  ac  :  233,  €. 

6.  ducendam,  etc.:  'to  be  led  into  the  country  of  the  Morini.' 
229,  b. 

8.  in  confinio  Treverorum :  '■  on  the  Treveran  frontier.'  The 
site  of  Labienus's  camp  is  indicated  on  Map  11. 


310  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  54 

tres    in    Bellovacis    collocavit:     his    M.    Crassum    et    L. 

loMunatium  Plancum  et  C.  Trebonium  legates  praefecit. 

Unam  legionem,  quam  proxime  trans  Padum  conscripse- 

rat,  et  cohortes  v  in  Eburones,  quorum  pars  maxima  est 

inter  Mosam  ac  Rhenum,  qui  sub  imperio  Ambiorlgis  et 

Catuvolcl  erant,   misit.     His  militibus  Q.  Titurium  Sabi- 

15  num  et  L.  Aurunculeium  Cottam  legates  praeesse  iussit. 

Ad  hunc  modum  distributis  legionibus,  facillime  inopiae 

rel  frumentariae    sese   mederi   posse  existimavit.     Atque 

harum   tamen   omnium    legi5num    hiberna    praeter    earn, 

quam  L.  Rosci5  in  pacatissimam  et  quietissimam  partem 

2oducendam  dederat,  milibus  passuum  c  continebantur.  Ipse 
interea,  quoad  legion es  collocatas  munitaque  hiberna  co- 
gnovisset,  in  Gallia  morari  constituit. 

Tasgetius  murdered,  Caesar  transfers  Plancus  to  the  country  of 
the  Camutes. 

25.  Erat  in  Carnutibus,  summ5  loco  natus,  Tasgetius, 
cuius  mai5res  in  sua  civitate  regnum  obtinuerant.  Huic 
Caesar  pr5  eius  virtute  atque  in  se  benevolentia,  quod  in 
omnibus  bellis  singular!  eius  opera  fuerat  usus,  maiorum 
5  locum  restituerat.  Tertium  iam  hunc  annum  regnantem, 
inimici  palam,  multis  ex  civitate  auctoribus,  interfecerunt. 

Defertur  ea   res  ad  Caesarem.     I  lie  veritus,  quod   ad 

9.   M.  Crassum  :  quaestor ;  see  Vocab.  under  CrassuSj  (3) . 

1 1 .  trans  Padum :  north  of  the  Po,  in  Cisalpine  Gaul ;  Caesar 
writes  from  the  point  of  view  of  one  in  Rome. 

16.   inopiae— medgri :  '  to  remedy  the  shortage '  (Fig.  1 14).   106„  b. 

20.  C  :  centum.  Caesar  perhaps  means  that  no  two.  camps  were 
more  than  100  Roman  miles  apart ;  if  so,  his  estimate  is  somewhat 
under  the  truth.     SI. 

25.    I.   summo  loc6  nStus  :  *  of  the  highest  rank  by  birth.'    128,  a. 

3.  virtClte  :  'efficiency.'  in  s6  benevolentia:  Moyalty  to  him- 
self.'    150,  d. 

7.   quod,  etc. :  *  because  a  large  number  were  implicated.'    How  lit.'? 


V,  26]         Attacks  on  Caesar's  Winter  Camps  311 

plures  pertinebat,  ne  civitas  eorum  impulsu  deficeret,  L. 
Plancum  cum  legi5ne  ex  Belgio  celeriter  in  Carnutes  pro- 
ficisci  iubet  ibique  hiemare,  quorumque  opera  cogn5verat  lo 
Tasgetium  interfectum,  h5s  comprehensos  ad  se  mittere. 

Interim  ab  omnibus  legatls  quaestoreque,  quibus  legiones 
tradiderat,  certior  factus  est,  in  hiberna  perventum  locum- 
que  esse  munltum. 

Attacks  of  the  Gauls  upon  Caesar's  Winter  Camps 

1.  Destruction  of  the  force  under  Scobinus  and  Cotta  hy 
Ambiorix,  26-37 

Ambiorix  attacks  the  camp  of  Sabinus  and  Cotta^  parleys. 

26.  Diebus  circiter  xv,  quibus  in  hiberna  ventum  est, 
initium  repentini  tumultus  ac  defectionis  ortum  est  ab 
Ambiorlge  et  Catuvolc5 ;  qui  cum  ad  fines  regni  sui  Sabino 
Cottaeque  praesto  fuissent  frumentumque  in  hiberna  com- 
portavissent,  Indutiomari  Treverl  nuntiis  impulsi,  suos  con-s 
citaverunt,  subitoque  oppressis  lignatoribus,  magna  manu 
ad  castra  oppugnatum  venerunt. 

Cum  celeriter  nostri  arma  cepissent  vallumque  ascendis- 
sent,  atque  una  ex  parte,  Hispanis  equitibus  emissis, 
equestrl   proeli5  superiores  fuissent,  desperata  re,  hostes  ic 

II.  comprehensos,  etc.:  *  to  take  into  custody  and  send  to  him.' 
228,  a. 

26.    I.    Diebus  .  .   .  quibus:  ^  About  fifteen  days  after.' 
3.    Ambiorlge  et  Catuvolco  :  chap.  24,  11.  13-14.    19,  d,  and  10,  c. 
Sabino,  etc. :  '  had  met  Sabinus  and  Cotta,'  whom  they  came  to  meet 
at  the  Eburonian  frontier  {ad  fines  regni  sui).     How  lit.? 

5.  Treveri:  genitive.         suos:  the  Eburones. 

6.  lignatoribus :  *  wood  foragers,'  soldiers  detailed  to  get  wood 
(Fig.  136,  p.  402).         manu:  1S7,  b. 

8.  vallum  :  the  camp  of  Sabinus  and  Cotta  was  perhaps  on  the  site 
of  modern  Limburg;  see  Map  11. 


312  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [b.c.  54 

suos   ab    oppugnatione   reduxerunt.     Turn  suo  more  con- 
clamaverunt,  uti  aliqui  ex  nostrls  ad  colloquium  pr5diret : 
Habere  sese^  quae  de  re  cornmunl  dicere  vellenty  quibus 
rebus  controversids  minui  posse  sperdrent. 

27.    Mittitur   ad    eos   coUoquendl  causa   C.    Arpineius, 

eques    Romanus,    familiaris   Q.   Tituril,   et   Q.    Junius   ex 

Hispania  quidam,  qui  iam  ante,  missu  Caesaris,  ad  Ambi- 

origem  ventitare  consuerat ;  apud  qu5s  Ambiorix  ad  hunc 

s  modum  iocutus  est : 

Sese  pro  Caesaris  in  se  beneficils  plurimum  et  cdnfiteri 
debere,  quod,  eius  opera,  stlpendid  liberdtus  esset,  quod  Atua- 
tucis,flnitiinis  suis,  pendere  cdnsuesset,  quodque  el  et  filius 
et  frdtris  filius  a  Caesare  rernissi  essenty  quos   Atuatucl, 

lo  obsidum  numero  missos,  apud  se  in  senntute  et  catenls  tenu- 
issent ;  neque  id,  quod  fecerit  de  oppugndtioue  castroruni,  a?it 
iudicio  aut  voluntdte  sudfecisse,  sed  codctu  clvitdtis,  suaqite 
esse  eius  modi  imperia^  ut  non  minus  habere t  iuris  in  se 
multitudo,  quam  ipse  in  multitudinem. 

IS  Clvitdtl  porro  hanc  fuisse  belli  causam,  quod  repentlnae 
Gallorum  coniurdtionl  resistere  non  potuerit.  Id  se  facile 
ex  humilitdte  sud  probdre  posse,  quod  nd?i  aded  sit  imperltus 
rerum,  ut  suls  copils  populum  Romdnum  superdrl  posse 
confldat.     Sed  esse  Galliae  commune  consilium ;  omnibus 

20  hlbemls  Caesaris  oppugnandls  hunc  esse  dictiim  diem,  ne 

12.    aliqui:  ^9,  a. 

14.    controveralas  :  'the  questions  at  issue.' 

27.  2.  Q.  Tituril :  Q.  Titurius  Sabinus,  called  Sabinus  in  1.  3  of 
chap.  26,  and  elsewhere.     Cf.  chap.  24,  1.  14.     19,  a-c. 

3.    missu  Caesaris  :  'sent  by  Caesar.'     How  lit.? 

6.  Sgse,  etc. :  Sese  cdnfiteri,  pro  Caesaris  beneficils  in  se,  (se)  et 
plurimum  debere.     213,  b. 

8.   el :  for  sibi,  referring  to  Ambiorix. 

12.   iudicio:    ISS.  coSctfl   civitStis :    'forced   by   his   state.' 

How  lit.?  suaque,  etc.:  *and  that  the  conditions  of  his  authority 
were  such.' 


V,  28]         Attacks  on  Caesar's  Winter  Camps  313 

qua  legio  alteri  legioni  subsidid  venire  posset.  Non  facile 
Gallos  Gallls  riegdre  potuisse^praesertim  cum  de  recuperandd 
communl  libertdte  consilium  initum  videretur. 

Quibus  qiioitiam  pro  pietdte  satisfecerit^  habere  nunc  se 
rationem  officii  pro  benejiciis  Caesaris  ;  monere^  ordre  Titu-  25 
riump7'd  hospitio^  ut  suae  ac  mllitum  salutl  consulat.  Mag- 
nam  ma^mm  Germdnorum  conductam  Rhmum  trdnsisse ; 
hanc  affore  blduo.  Ipsorum  esse  consilium,  velintne  prius 
quam  finitimi  sentiant,  eductos  ex  hibernls  mtlites  aut  ad 
Ciceronem,  aut  ad  Labienum,  dedUcere,  quorum  alter  milia  30 
passuum  circiter  L,  alter paulo  amplius  ab  els  absit.  Illud 
se  polliceri  et  iUre  iurando  conflrmdre,  tutum  se  iter  per  suds 
fines  daturum.  Quod  cum  facial,  et  clvitdtl  sese  consulere, 
quod  hibernls  levetur,  et  Caesari  pro  eius  meritis  grdtiam 
referre.  35 

Hac  oratione  habita,  discedit  AmbiorTx. 

Cotia  refuses  to  receive  advice  from  Ambiorix,  an  enemy; 
jSabinus  trusts  him. 

28.  Arpineius  et  Junius,  quae  audierunt,  ad  legates 
deferunt.     Illi,   repentina  re   perturbatl,  etsi  ab  hoste  ea 

23.  initum :  sc.  esse. 

24.  Quibus,  etc.  :  '  Since  he  had  done  his  duty  by  them  and  by  his 
country,'  in  attacking  the  Roman  camp.  Duty  to  one's  country  is  here 
expressed  by  pietdte  \  cf.  Fig.  25.  How  lit.?  habere,  etc.:  'he 
recognized  (his)  obligation.'     How  Ht.? 

27.  conductam:  \.e.  condtictam  mercede;  'mercenaries.' 

28.  Ipsorum  esse  consilium :  '  They  (the  Roman  officers)  were 
to  decide.'     HowHt.?     9/i,  d.         velintne  :  ^0^,  (i). 

33.  Quod  cum  f aciat :  '  in  doing  this.'         clvitati:  105. 

34.  hibernls  levetur :  '  it  would  be  relieved  of  the  winter  encamp- 
ment.' 127,  a,  and  335,  b.  gratiam  referre:  'and  would  show 
his  gratitude.'  This  wily  and  lying  speech  lured  the  Roman  force  to 
its  destruction. 

28.  2.  etsi  .  .  .  dicebantur :  implies  Caesar's  disapproval  of  the 
consideration  afforded  to  Ambiorix's  statement. 


314  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  64 

dicebantur,  tamen  non  neglegenda  existimabant,  maxime- 
que  hac  re  permovebantur,  quod  civitatem  ign5bilem  atque 

s  humilem    Eburonum  sua  sponte  populo  Romano  bellum 
facere  ausam  vix  erat  credendum. 

Itaque  ad  consilium  rem  deferunt,  magnaque  inter  eos 
exsistit  controversia.  L.  Aurunculeius  compluresque  tri- 
buni    militum   et    primorum    ordinum    centuriones    nihil 

lotemere  agendum,  neque  ex  hibernis  iniussu  Caesaris  dis- 
cedendum  existimabant;  quantasvis  Gallorum,  magnas 
etiam  copias  Germanorum  sustinerl  posse,  munitls  hibernis, 
docebant : 

Rern    esse   testimonio^   quod  prlmum    hostium  impetutn^ 

IS  multis  ultro  vulneribus  illdtls^  fortissime  sustmuej'itit ;  re 
frumentdrid  non  premi ;  intered  et  ex  proximis  hibernis 
et  d  Caesare  conventura  subsidia  ;  postremo,  quid  esse  levins 
aut  turpius,  quaniy  auctore  hoste^  de  summls  rebus  capere 
consilium  ? 

29.  Contra  ea  Titurius  sero  facturos  clamitabat,  cum 
maiores  manus  hostium,  adiunctls  Germdnls,  convenissenty 
aut  cum,  aliquid  calamitdtis  in  proximis  hibernis  esset 
acceptum. 

4.   igndbilem:  *  obscure '  (Fig.   118.) 

6.   ausam    [esse]  :    62.  vix   erat   crSdendum :    '  was    hardly 

credible/     How  lit.  ? 
9.   primorum  ordinum  centuridnes  :  cf.  I,  41,  1.  7  and  N. 

1 1 .    quantasvis  :  copias ;  '  any  force 
of  Gauls,'  no  matter  how  great. 

15.   rS,   etc.:    ^  that   there    was    no 
difficulty  about  supplies.'     How  lit..? 

17.  quid  esse  :  217 y  c. 

18.  auctore  hoste :  *on  the  advice 
Figure  118.  — Coin  of  the        of  an  enemy.'     i44,  ^  (2). 

Eburones.  29.    i.    s6r6 :  'too  hite.'         factu- 

Gold.    The  curved  designs  on  the  ob-    ^^s  :  se  factilrds  esse.        clSmitabat : 
verse  perhaps  represent  boar's  tusks.     '  kept  protesting  loudly.'     7^,  a. 


V,  29]  Destruction  of  Sabinus  and  Cotta         315 

B  re  vent  consiilendi  esse  ocedsionem.      Caesar  em  ^  se  arbi-  s 
trdrl,  profectiim  in  Italiam  ;  neque  aliter  Carmites  interfici- 
e7idl  Tasgetii  consilium  fuisse  capturos,  neque  Ebiirones,  si 
ille   adesset,   tantd  contemptione  nostrl  ad  castra  venturos 
esse. 

Sese  non  hostem  auctorem,  sed  rem  spectdre :  subesse  \o 
Rheniim  ;  magno  esse  Germdnts  dolorl  Ariovistl  mortem  et 
siipeidores  nostrds  victorids  ;  drdere  Gal  Ham  ^  tot  contumelils 
acceptls^  sub  populi  Romdnl  imperium  reddctam,  superiore 
glorid  rei  mllitdris  exstinctd,  Postremo,  quis  hoc  sibi  per- 
'sudderet^  sine  certd  spe  Ambiorigem  ad  eius  modi  consilium  15 
descendisse  ? 

Suam  sententiam  in  utramque  partem  esse  tutam :  si 
nihil  esset  dilrius,  nillld  cum  periculo  ad proximam  legionem 
perventuros ;  si  Gallia  omnis  cum  Germdnis  consentiret 
anam  esse  in  celeritdte  positam.  salUtem.  Cottae  quidem  20 
atque  eorum,  qui  disseiitirent,  consilium  quem  habere  exi- 
tum  ?  in  quo  si  non  praesens  periculum,  at  certe  longinqud 
obsidione  fames  esset  timenda. 

6.  Italiam:  283,  b.         interficiendi,  etc. :  chap.  25. 

7.  SI  adesset  ,  .♦.  venturos  esse  :  ^15,  (3). 

8.  nostrl:  155.         ad,  etc. :  x.o..  castra  oppugndturos  esse. 

10.  SSb§,  etc. :  '•  that  he  had  regard  not  for  the  enemy  as  adviser, 
"but  for  (the  facts  of)  the  situation.' 

11.  Germanis,  dolori:  112,  b.  Ariovistl  mortem:  nothing 
is  known  about  the  death  of  Ariovistus,  who  was  last  mentioned  in 
Book  I,  chap.  53. 

12.  victorias  :  over  Ariovistus  (I,  30-54),  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri 
(IV,  1-15),  and  the  expedition  into  Germany  in  the  previous  year  (IV, 
16-19).         ardere  :  '  was  ablaze.' 

14.  exstinota:  ^obscured.'         quis,  etc. :  217,  a. 

15.  ad  .  .  .  descendisse:  ^  had  resorted  to.' 

17.  in  utramque  partem  :  '  for  either  alternative.'  si  .  .  .  durius  : 
'if  nothing  serious  should  happen.'     How  lit.? 

20.  unam  —  salutem  :  'their  only  safety.'     S5S,  d. 

21.  dissentirent :  '  disagreed  with  him.'        habere:  217,0. 


316  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  54 

After  heated  argument  Sahinus  persuades  Cotta  to  accept  Ambi- 
orix^s  guarantees  of  safety  and  leave  the  camp. 

30.  Hac  in  utramque  partem  disputatione  habita,  cum  a 
Cotta  primlsque  ordinibus  acriter  resisteretur, 

*  Vincite,'  inquit,  *  si  ita  vultis,*  Sablnus,  et  id  clariore 
v5ce,  ut  magna  pars  militum  exaudiret;  'neque  is  sum,' 

5  inquit,  *  qui  gravissime  ex  vobis  mortis  periculo  terrear. 
Hi  sapient;  si  gravius  quid  accident,  abs  te  rationem  repo- 
scent ;  qui,  si  per  te  liceat,  perendin5  die,  cum  proximis 
hibernis  coniuncti,  communem  cum  reliquis  belli  casum 
sustineant,  non,  reiecti  et  relegati  longe  a  ceteris,  aut  ferro 

loaut  fame  intereant' 

31.  Consurgitur  ex  consilio;  comprehendunt  utrumque 
et  orant,  ne  sua  dissensione  et  pertinacia  rem  in  summum 
periculum  deducant ;  facilem  esse  rem,  sen  maneant^  sen 
proficlscantiir,  si  modo  ununt   omnes  sentiant  ac  probent ; 

s  contra  in  dissensione  nullam  se  salutem  perspiceir. 

Res  disputatione  ad  mediam  noctem  perducitur.  Tan- 
dem dat  Cotta,  permotus,  manus ;  superat  sententia  Sabini. 
Pronuntiatur,  prima  luce  itur5s. 

30.  I.  in  utramque  partem:  *  on  both  sides.'  disputatione: 
*  discussion.' 

2.  ordinibus:  =  centurionibus.  Scriter  resisteretur  :  vigor- 
ous opposition  was  still  offered.' 

3.  Vincite:  ^  Have  your  own  way.'  et  id:  161,  c.  clSriore 
voce  :  '  raising  his  voice.'     How  lit.  ? 

5.  ex  vobis  :  97yd.        terrear:  19^,  a. 

6.  HI  sapient :  '  These,'  the  soldiers,  spoken  with  a  gesture,  ^  will 
understand.'        si,  etc. :  206,(4). 

7.  si  .  .  .  liceat :  ^  if  you  would  consent.'  perendino  dig  :  '  day 
after  tomorrow.' 

9.   relSgStl :  '  treated  as  outlaws.' 

31.  I.  Consurgitur  :' all  stood  up.'  How  lit.?  comprehendunt: 
by  the  hand.         utrumque  :  Sa])inus  and  Cotta. 

2.    dissgnsione:  *  disagreement.' 

7.    dat  —  manus  :    '  yielded ' ;    Sabinus  was  the  senior  officer. 


V,  31]  Destruction  of  Sablnus  and  Cotta  317 

Consumitur  vigiliis  reliqua  pars  noctis,  cum  sua  quisque 
miles  circumspiceret,  quid  secum  portare  posset,  quid  ex  lo 
instrumento  hibernorum  relinquere  cogeretur.     Omnia  ex- 
c5gitantur,  quare  nee  sine  periculo  maneatur  et  langu5re 
militum  et  vigiliis  periculum  augeatur. 

Prima  luce  sic  ex  castris  proficlscuntur,  ut  quibus  esset 
persuasum,  non  ab  hoste,  sed  ab  homine  amicissimo  con- 15 
silium    datum,    longissimo    agmine    maximisque    impedi- 
mentis. 


Figure  119.  —  Looking  down  into  a  depression  thought  by  some  to  be 
the  valley  where  the  ambuscade  took  place. 

10.  quid:  '  (to  see)  what' 

11.  instrumento:  'outfit.'  Omnia,  etc.:  'Every  reason  was 
thought  of  (to  prove  to  themselves)  both  why  they  could  not  remain 
without  danger  and  (why)  the  danger  would  be  increased  by  the  ex- 
haustion of  the  soldiers  resulting  from  (unrelieved)  watches.'  How 
lit.? 

14.  ut  .  .  .  persuasum:  'like  men  convinced,'  i.e.  ut  ('as')  ei, 
quibus  persuasum  esset  (subjunctive  of  characteristic). 

16.   longissimo,  etc. :  with  disregard  of  every  precaution. 


318  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  54 

Tlie  Roman  force^  enticed  into  a  defile,  is  treacherously  attacked. 

32.  At  hostes,  postea  quam  ex  nocturno  fremitu  vigili- 
isque  de  profectione  eorum  senserunt,  collocatis  insidiis 
bipertito  in  silvis  opportune  atque  occulto  loco  a  milibus 
passuum  circiter  duobus,  Romanorum  adventum  exspecta- 

5  bant ;  et  cum  se  maior  pars  agminis  in  magnam  convallem 
demlsisset,  ex  utraque  parte  eius  vallis  subit5  se  ostenderunt 
novissim5sque  premere  et  primos  prohibere  ascensu  atque, 
iniquissimo  nostris  loco,  proelium  committere  coeperunt. 

33.  Turn  demum  Titurius,  qui  nihil  ante  providisset, 
trepidare  et  concursare  cohortesque  disp5nere,  haec  tamen 
ipsa  timide  atque  ut  eum  omnia  deficere  viderentur ;  quod 
plerumque  els  accidere  consuevit,  qui  in  ipso  negotio  con- 

5  silium  capere  coguntur. 

At  Cotta,  qui  cogitasset,  haec  posse  in  itinere  accidere, 
atque  ob  eam  causam  profectionis  auctor  non  fuisset,  nulla 
in  re  communi  saluti  deerat;  et  in  appellandis  cohortan- 
disque   militibus    imperatoris,    et  in  pugna  militis,  officia 

10  praestabat.     Cum  propter  longitudinem  agminis  non  facile 
per  se  omnia  obire  et,  quid  qu5que  loco  faciendum  esset, 

32.  3.  bipertito  :  ^at  two  points,'  on  opposite  sides  of  a  depression 
through  which  the  road  ran  (Fig.  119).         5:  'off' ;    N.  to  II,  8, 1.  10. 

5.    sS  .   .   .   dgmisisset  :    "^had    passed    down.'  convallem: 

<  defile.' 

7.  novisBimos,  etc. :  the  enemy  crowded  toward  those  in  the  rear 
and  checked  the  advance  of  those  in  front. 

33.  I.  qui:  'since  he.'     194,  ^-     B.  283,  3,  ^ ;  A.  535,  e;  H.  592 

2.  trepidare  :' was  greatly  agitated.'  182.  concursare  :•  rushed 
from  place  to  place.' 

3.  ut,  etc. :  '  (in  such  a  way)  that  all  (his  resources)  seemed  to  fail 
him.'         quod  :  /V/,  (/uotf. 

4.  in  ipso  negotio  :  'in  the  emergency.' 
7.    auctor:  'in  favor  of.'     How  lit.? 

1 1 .    omnia  obIre  :  '  to  look  after  everything.' 


V,  341  Destruction  of  Sabinus  and  Cotta         319 

pr5videre  possent,  iusserunt  pronuntiarl,  ut  impedimenta 
relinquerent  atque  in  orbem  consisterent. 

Quod  consilium,  etsi  in  eius  modi  casu  reprehendendum 
non  est,  tamen  incommode  accidit ;  nam  et  nostris  militi-  is 
bus  spem  minuit  et  hostes  ad  pugnam  alacriores  effecit, 
quod  n5n  sine  summ5  timore  et  desperatione  id  factum 
videbatur.  Praeterea  accidit,  quod  fieri  necesse  erat,  ut 
vulgo  milites  ab  signis  discederent,  quaeque  quisque  eorum 
carissima  haberet,  ab  impedimentis  petere  atque  arripere  20 
properaret,  clamore  et  fletu  omnia  complerentur. 

34.  At  barb^ris  consilium  non  defuit.  Nam  duces 
eorum  t5ta  acie  pr5nuntiari  iusserunt,  ne  quis  ab  loc5 
discederet :  illdriim  esse  praedam  atque  illis  reservdri, 
quaecumqtie  Romdni  reliquissent ;  proinde  omnia  m  vie- 
torid  posita  existimdrent.  s 

Nostri,  tametsi  ab  duce  et  a  fortuna  deserebantur,  tamen 
omnem  spem  salutis  in  virtute  p5nebant,  et  quotiens  quae- 
que cohors  procurrerat,  ab  ea  parte  magnus  numerus  hos- 
tium  cadebat.  Qua  re  animadversa  Ambiorix  pronuntiari 
iubet,  ut  procul  tela  coniciant  neu  propius  accedant  et,  10 
quam  in  partem  R5mani  impetum  fecerint,  cedant  (levitate 

12.  iussSrunt  pronuntiari :  '  they,'  Cotta  and  Sabinus,  *  gave  orders 
that  the  word  be  passed.' 

13.  relinquerent:  ^that  (the  men)  should  abandon.'  orbem: 
*  circle,'  corresponding  with  our  hollow  square.     SS8. 

14.  reprehendendum  non  est :   'it  is  not  to  be  criticized.' 

15.  incommode  accidit :  '  turned  out  unfortunately.'  militibus  : 
109,  a. 

17.    non  sine:  239, g.  desperatione:  'despair.' 

20.  carissima :  '  most  dear,'  predicative ;  petere  ab  impedimentis 
(ea)  quae  quisque  carissima  haberet.  haberet:  220.  arripere: 
'  carry  off,'  before  the  enemy  should  loot  the  abandoned  baggage. 

34.  I.  consilium:  'presence  of  mind,' contrasted  with  the  confu- 
sion and  panic  on  the  Roman  side. 

10.    coniciant :  '  that  (his  men)  hurl.' 


320  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [3.0.54 

armorum  et  cotidiana  exercitatione  nihil  eis  noceri  posse), 
rursus  se  ad  signa  recipientes  Insequantur. 

35.  Quo  praecepto  ab  eis  diligentissime  observat5,  cum 
quaepiam  cohors  ex  orbe  excesserat  atque  impetum  fece- 
rat,  hostes  velocissime  refugiebant.  Interim  eam  partem 
nQdari   necesse   erat   et   ab    latere   apert5   tela   recipere. 

5  Rursus,  cum  in  eum  locum,  unde  erant  egressi,  reverti 
coeperant,  et  ab  eis,  qui  cesserant,  et  ab  eis,  qui  proximi 
steterant,  •  circumveniebantur ;  sin  autem  locum  tenere 
vellent,  nee  virtuti  locus  relinquebatur,  neque  ab  tanta 
multitudine  coniecta  tela  conferti  vitare  poterant. 

lo  Tamen,  tot  incommodis  conflictatT,  multis  vulneribus 
acceptis,  resistebant,  et  magna  parte  diei  c5nsumpta,  cum  a 
prima  luce  ad  horam  octavam  pugnaretur,  nihil,  quod  ipsis 
esset  indignum,  committebant.  Tum  T.  Balventio,  qui 
superiore  anno  primum  pilum  duxerat,  vir5  forti  et  mag- 

is  nae   auctoritatis,    utrumque   femur    tragula   traicitur ;    Q. 

12.  nihil,  etc. :  ^  (saying  that)  no  harm  could  be  done  to  them.' 

13.  se :  object  oi  recipientes ',  '(the  Romans)  returning  to  their 
standards,'  to  the  place  in  the  circle  whence  they  had  made  a  charge. 

35.    I.  praecepto:  'order.'         eis:  barbaris. 

2.  quaepiam:  'any.'     Ji9,a. 

3.  refugigbant:  'would  rush  back  in  flight.'  175^  d.  eam 
partem  :  the  charging  cohort. 

4.  ab  latere  aperto  :  '  on  the  exposed  side,'  the  right  side,  unpro- 
tected by  a  shield.     126,  c. 

5.  eum  locum:  in  the  circle.         ggreasi,  etc. :  sc.  milites. 
7.    locum  tengre  :  in  the  circle,  without  charging. 

ID.   confllctati:  'although  harassed.' 

12.  horam  octSvam  t  2Jf2,  a.  pugnSrStur:  18j^,  a.  ipsis 
indignum  :  '  unworthy  of  them.'     1^2,  b. 

13.  T.  Balventio:  109,  a. 

14.  superiore,  etc. :  Balventius  had  been  the  first  centurion  of  the 
legion  the  year  before ;  he  was  now  serving  probably  as  a  veteran  vol- 
unteer {evocdiiis).     316. 

15.  auctoritatis :' influence.'    100,  a.        femur  :' thigh  '    lS,d. 


V,  37]  Destruction  of  Sabinus  and  Cotta  321 

Lucanius,  eiusdem  ordinis,  fortissime  pugnans,  dum  circum- 
vent5  filio  subvenit,  interficitur;  L.  Cotta  legatus,  omnes 
cohortes  ordinesque  adhortans,  in  adversum  os  funda 
vulneratur. 

Sabinus  ayid  others  surrender  to  Amhiorix,  and  are  cut  doimi. 

36.  His  rebus  perm5tus,  Q.  Titurius,  cum  procul  Am- 
biorigem  suos  cohortantem  conspexisset,  interpretem  suum, 
Cn.  Pompeium,  ad  eum  mittit  rogatum,  ut  sibi  mllitibusque    . 
parcat.     Ille  appellatus  respondit : 

Si  velit  seaim  colloqul,  licere ;  sperdre,  a  multitudme  im- s 
petrm'l  posse,  quod  ad  mllitum  salutem  pertineat ;  ipsi  vero 
nihil  nocituni  trt,  inqne  earn  rem  se  suant  fidem  interponere. 

Ille  cum  Cotta  sauci5  communicat,  si  videatur  pugna  ut 
excedant  et  cum  Ambiorige  una  colloquantur ;  spe7'dre,  ab 
eo  de  Slid  ac  mtlitum  salute  impetrdrl  posse.     Cotta  se  ad  lo 
armatum  hostem  iturum  negat,  atque  in  eo  perseverat. 

37.  Sabinus,  qu5s  in  praesentia  tribunes  militum  circum 
se   habebat,  et   primorum    ordinum  centuriones,   se  sequi 

i6.    eiusdem  ordinis  :  '-  of  the  same  rank,'  a  first  centurion.         cir- 
cumvento  :  'who  had  been  surrounded.'     227,  a,  (4). 

17.  filio  subvenit:  '  came  to  the  rescue  of  his  son.'    175,  b. 

18.  ordines  :  here  'centuries.'         in  adversum  6s:  'full  in   the 
face.'         funda  :  by  a  sling-shot. 

36.  2.  cohortantem  :  228,  c.         interpretem  :  10,  e. 

4.  parcat:  'to  spare.'     199,  a. 

5.  impetrari,  etc. :  '  that  the  request  might  be  granted,  so  far  as  the 
safety  of  the  soldiers  was  concerned.' 

6.  quod:  the  antecedent  is  implied  in /w/^/r^rf.    194, f-         ipsi: 
Titurius  Sabinus.         vero  :  236,  a. 

7.  nocitum  iri:  future  infinitive  passive;  'that  no  harm  should  be  ' 
done.'     54,  and  73,  d. 

8.  Ille:  Titurius  Sabinus.         videatur:  204,(4). 

10.    de,  etc. :  '  for  their  own  safety  and  that  of  the  soldiers.'     157,  d. 

37.  I.  quos  tribunos  :  eos  tribunos,  quos.        in  praesentia:  'at 
the  time.' 


322 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  54 


iubet  et,  cum  propius  Ambiorigem  accessisset,  iussus  arma 
al)icere,  imperatum  facit  suisque,  ut  idem  faciant,  imperat. 
5  Interim,  dum  de  condicionibus  inter  se  agunt  longiorque 
consult5  ab  Ambiorige  Tnstituitur  sermo,  paulatim  circum- 
ventus  interficitur. 


Gotta  dies  heroically  Jighting.     The  soldiers  spared  by  the  day's 
slaughter  at  night  end  their  own  lives. 

Tum  vero  suo  more  *  Vict5riam  '  conclamant  atque  ulu- 
latum  tollunt  impetuque  in  nostras  facto  5rdines  perturbant/ 

lo  Ibi  L.  Cotta  pugnans  interficitur  cum  maxima  parte 
militum. 

Reliqui  se  in  castra  recipiunt,  unde  erant  egressi.  Ex 
quibus  L.  Petrosidius  aquilifer,  cum  magna  multitudine 
hostium  premeretur,  aquilam   intra  vallum  proiecit;    ipse 

15  pro  castris  fortissime  pugnans  occiditur.  lUi  aegre  ad 
noctem  oppugnati5nem  sustinent;  noctu  ad  unum  omnes, 
desperata  salute,  se  ipsi  interficiunt. 


3.    Ambiorigem:  123.,  b. 


Figure  120.  — Statue  of  Ambiorix. 


6.   sermo:  'talk/    12.  b. 

8.  vaoxe.  136,c.  uluUtum  : 
'  yell,'  a  kind  of  war  whoop. 

13.  aquilifer:  < eagle  bearer.' 
.i2J^,b,{i).         cum:  'although.' 

16.  ad  unum:  'to  a  man.' 
rhey  probably  killed  one  another. 

17.  se  ipsi  :  162,  c.  The 
number  of  Roman  soldiers  that 
perished  was  probably  above  5000. 
We  are  told  that  when  Caesar 
heard  of  this  disaster  he  vowed 
that  he  would  cut  neither  hair  nor 
heard  till  he  had  wreaked  ven- 
iijeance  on  Ambiorix  and  the  Ebu- 
rones.  Ambiorix  is  now  regarded 
by  some  as  a  national  hero,  as  a 


V,  39]  Heroic   Defence  of  Cicero's  Camp  323 

Pauci,  ex  proelio  elapsi,  incertis  itineribus  per  silvas  ad 
T.  Labienum  legatum  in  hiberna  perveniunt  atque  eum  de 
rebus  gestis  certiorem  faciunt.  20 

2.    Heroic  defence  of  Cicero's  camp  against  the  Servians. 

S8-45 

A  fierce  attack,  inspired  by  Amhiorix,  is  made  on  Cicero's  camp. 

38.  Hac  victoria  sublatus,  Ambiorix  statim  cum  equitatu 
in  Atuatucos,  qui  erant  eius  regno  finitirni,  proficlscitur ; 
neque  noctem  neque  diem  intermittit,  peditatumque  sese 
subsequi  iubet.  Re  demonstrata  Atuatucisque  concitatis, 
postero  die  in  Nervios  pervenit  hortaturque,  ne  sui  in  per-  5 
petuum  liberandi  atque  ulciscendi  Romanos  pro  eis,  quas 
acceperint,  iniuriis  occasionem  dimittant;  interfectos  esse 
legdtos  duos  magnamqiie  partem  exercitus  interlsse  de- 
monstrat;  nihil  esse  negotil,  siibito  oppt-essam  legionem, 
quae  cum  Cicerone  hiemet^  interfici;  se  ad  earn  rem  pro-  ic 
fitetur  adiutorem.     Facile  hac  oratione  Nervils  persuadet. 

39.  Itaque  confestim  dimissTs  niintils  ad  Ceutrones, 
Grudios,  Levac5s,  Pleumoxios,  Geidumnos,  qui  omnes  sub 
eorum  imperio  sunt,  quam  maximas  possunt  manus,  cogunt, 
et  de  improvise  ad  Ciceronis  hiberna  advolant,  nondum  ad 
eum  fama  de  Titurii  morte  perlata. 

defender  of  his  people's  liberties  against  Roman  aggression ;  a  statue 
has  been  erected  in  his  honor  at  Tongres  (Fig.  120). 

38.  4.  Re:  'what  had  been  done.'  concitatis:  'stirred  up.' 
M^^,  (2). 

5.    ne,  etc. :  '  not  to  lose  the  chance.'         sul:  151^,  b. 

8.  Iggatos  duos :  Sabinus  and  Cotta.  magnam  partem :  in 
reality  about  one  fifth  of  Caesar's  legionaries. 

9.  nihil,  etc. :  '  that  it  would  be  no  trouble  suddenly  to  crush  the 
legion  .  .  .  and  destroy  it.'     How  lit.?     57,  a,  and  228,  a. 

10.  sS,  etc. :  'he  promised  his  cooperation.'     How  lit..?     115,  a. 

39.  I.  Ceutrones,  etc  :  small  Belgic  peoples,  clients  of  the  Nervii. 
3.    eorum:  Nerviorem.         quam  maximas:  153,  c. 


324  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [B.C.  54 

Huic  quoque  accidit,  quod  fuit  necesse,  ut  non  nulli 
milites,  qui  lignationis  munitionisque  causa  in  silvas  dis- 
cessissent,  repentino  equitum  adventii  interciperentur. 
His  circumventis,  magna  manu  Eburones,  Nervii,  Atu- 
loatuci  atque  horum  omnium  s'ocii  et  clientes  legionem 
oppugnare  incipiunt.  Nostri  celeriter  ad  arma  concurrunt, 
vallum  conscendunt.  Aegre  is  dies  sustentatur,  quod 
omnem  spem  hostes  in  celeritate  ponebant  atque,  banc 
adepti  victoriam,  in  perpetuum  se  fore  victdres  confidebant. 

40.  Mittuntur  ad  Caesarem  confestim  a  Cicer5ne  litterae, 
magnis  prdpositis  praemiis,  si  pertulissent ;  obsessis  omni- 
bus viis,  missi  intercipiuntur.  Noctii  ex  ea  materia,  quam 
munitionis  causa  comportaverant,  turres  admodum  cxx 
sexcitantur;  incredibili  celeritate,  quae  deesse  operi  vide- 
bantur,  perficiuntur. 

Hostes  postero  die,  multo  mai5ribus  coactis  copiis,  castra 
oppugnant,  fossam  complent.  Eadem  rati5ne,  qua  pridie, 
a  nostris  resistitur. 

6.  Huic :  Cicero ;  the  probable  location  of  his  camp  is  indicated 
on  Map  II.         quod  :  for  id,  quod. 

7.  lignationis,  etc.:  'to  get  timber  for  the  fortification'  of  the 
camp  (Fig.  136).     How  lit.  ?        discessissent :  220. 

12.  vallum  conscendunt:  they  stood  on  the  rampart,  behind  the 
palisades  {valll).     333. 

13.  banc  adepti  victoriam:  =  si  hanc  victoriam  adepti  esse  tit. 
227,  a,  {2). 

40.  I.  Mittuntur:  emphatic  position.  863,  a.  ad  Caesarem  : 
at  Samarobriva. 

2.  SI  pertulissent :  si  nilntii  eas  litter  as  pertulissent. 

3.  misBl:  'those  who  had  been  sent.'    227,  a,  (4). 

4.  turrSs  :  333.  admodum  :  '  fully.'  CXX :  centum  7nginti. 
Unless  the  camp  were  larger  than  would  seem  to  have  been  required 
for  a  single  legion,  the  120  towers  must  have  been  about  40  feet  apart ; 
if  so,  men  on  the  towers  could  defend  the  short  spaces  between  with 
any  kind  of  missile.     Ordinarily  such  towers  were  about  80  feet  apart. 

5.  excitantur  :  '  were  erected.' 


V,  41]  Heroic  Defence  of  Cicero's  Camp  325 

Hoc  idem  reliquis  deinceps  fit  diebus.  Nulla  pars  noc-  lo 
turn!  temporis  ad  laborem  intermittitur ;  non  aegris,  n5n 
vulneratis  facultas  quietis  datur.  Quaecumque  ad  proximi 
diei  oppugnationem  opus  sunt,  noctu  comparantur ;  multae 
praeustae  sudes,  magnus  muralium  pilorum  numerus  insti- 
tuitur;  turres  contabulantur,  pinnae  loricaeque  ex  cratibus  is 
attexuntur. 

Ipse  Cicer5,  cum  tenuissima  valetudine  esset,  ne  noc- 
turnum  quidem  sibi  tempus  ad  quietem  relinquebat,  ut 
ultro  militum  concursu  ac  vocibus  sibi  parcere  cogeretur. 

The  crafty  parleying,  which  was  Sabinus^s  undoing,  has  no 
effect  on  Cicero. 

41.  Tunc  duces  principesque  Nervi5rum,  qui  aliquem  ser- 
monis  aditum  causamque  amicitiae  cum  Cicerone  habebant, 
coUoqui  sese  velle  dicunt.  Facta  potestate,  eadem,  quae 
Ambiorix  cum  Titurio  egerat,  commemorant :  Omnem 
Galliam  esse  in  armis  ;  Germdnos  Rheniun  trdnslsse ;  Cae-s 
saris  reliqudrurnque  hiberna  oppugndrl. 

Addunt  etiam  de  Sabini  morte ;   Ambiorigem  ostentant 

12.  vulneratis:  227, a,  {\).  facultSs  quietis  :  ' chance  to  rest/ 
How  lit.?     10,  e.         Quaecumque  :  50,  a. 

14.  praeustae  sudes:  'stakes  hardened  at  the  ends  by  burning'; 
the  stock  of  ordinary  weapons  had  given  out.  muralium  pilorum: 
'  of  wall-pikes ' ;  heavy  pikes,  to  be  hurled  from  the  towers. 

15.  contabulantur:  '  were  provided  with  floors.'  pinnae:  'bat- 
tlements.' lorTcae  ex  cratibus:  'breastworks  of  wattle,' made  by 
interweaving  branches,  and  put  up  as  screens  to  protect  the  soldiers  in 
the  towers.     98,  b,  and  150,  d. 

16.  attexuntur:  'were  attached,'  lit.  'woven,'  'to  the  towers.' 

17.  cum:  187.  tenuissima  valetudine:  'in  very  delicate 
health.'     11^2,  a. 

41.    I.    sermonis  aditum:  ' pretext  for  an  interview.' 
7.    ostentant,  etc. :  '  they  pointed  to  Ambiorix  in  order  to  inspire 
credence.' 


326  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  64 

fidei  faciundae  causa.      Errdre  eos  dicunt,  si  qtiicquam  ab 
his  praesidii  sperent,  qui  suls  rebus  diffldant ; 

lo  Sese  tamen  hoc  esse  in  Ciceronem  populumque  Romdnum 
animo,  tit  nihil  nisi  hiberna  recusent,  atque  hanc  inveterd- 
scere  cdnsiietudinem  nolint ;  licere  illls  per  se  incolumibus 
ex  hlbernls  discedere  et^  qudscumqiie  in  partes  velint^  sine 
metu  proficlscl. 

15      Cicer5  ad  haec  unum  modo  respondit : 

Non  esse  cdnsiietudinem  popull  Romania  accipere  ab  hoste 
armdto  condicionem  ;  si  ab  armls  discedere  velintj  se  adiu- 
tore  utantur  legdtosque  ad  Caesarem  mitt  ant ;  sperdre^  pro 
eius  iustitid,  quae  petierint,  impetrdturos. 

The  Nerviana  besiege  the  camp.    Fire  rages  among  the  huts. 

42.    Ab  hac  spe  repulsi,  Nervii  vallo  pedum  x  et  fossa 

pedum  XV  hiberna  cingunt.     Haec  et  superiorum  ann5rum 

c5nsuetudme  a  nobis  cogn5verant  et,  quosdam  de  exercitu 

nacti  captlvos,  ab  his  docebantur  ;  sed  nulla  ferramentorum 

scopia,  quae  esset  ad  hunc  usum  idonea,  gladiis  caespites 

8.  faciundae :  6 J,.,  b.  ErrSre :  '  were  deluding  themselves.'' 
eos:  Cicero  and  his  men.         quicquam  praesidii:  'any  help  at  all.' 

9.  his  :  the  Romans  in  the  other  camps.  qui,  etc.  :  '  who  were 
in  desperate  straits.'     How  lit.?     62,  znd  135,  a. 

10.  hoc  esse  —  animo  :  'had  this  feeling.'     How  lit. ?     143,6. 

12.  consuetudinem :  'custom'  of  imposing  winter  camps  upon 
them.         per  se  :  'so  far  as  they,'  the  Nervii,  '  were  concerned.' 

17.  arm&to:  'in  arms.'  ab  armls  discSdere :  in  our  idiom, 
*  to  lay  down  their  arms.'  aS,  etc. :  '  they  might  utilize  him  as 
mediator.'     131,/. 

18.  spSrSre  :  sc.  j^,  Cicero. 

42.    I.   spS:  '  hope  '  of  cozening  Cicero.         pedem  X:  in  height. 
2.    pedum  XV:  in  width,  at  the  top.     100,  a. 

4.  nfllia,  etc.:  *  having  no  stock  of  iron  tools.'     144}  bf  (3). 

5.  asset:  194)  a.        caespitSs  :  10^(4^ 


V,  43]  Heroic   Defence  of  Cicero's  Camp  327 

circumcidere,  manibus  sagullsque  terram  exhaurire  coge- 
bantur. 

Qua  quid^m  ex  re  hominum  multitudo  cognosci  potuit ; 
nam  minus    horls   tribus  milium  passuum   iii  in   circuitu 
munitionem  perfecerunt.      Reliquis  diebus  turres  ad   alti-  lo 
tudinem  valli,  falces  testudinesque,  quas  idem  captlvi  docu- 
erant,  parare  ac  facere  coeperunt. 

43.  Septim5  oppugnationis  die,  maximo  coorto  vent5, 
ferventes  fusili  ex  argilla  glandes  fundis  et  fervefacta 
iacula  in  casas,  quae  more  Gallic5  stramentls  erant  tectae, 
iacere  coeperunt.  Hae  celeriter  ignem  comprehenderunt 
et  venti  magnitQdine  in  omnem  locum  castrorum  distu-s 
lerunt.  Hostes  maximo  clamore,  sicuti  parta  iam  atque 
explorata  victoria,  turres  testudinesque  agere  et  scalis 
vallum  ascendere  coeperunt. 

At  tanta  militum  virtus  atque  ea  praesentia  animl   fuit 

6.  circumcidere:  'cut';  lit.  'cut  around.'  sagulis :  'in  their 
cloaks.'     348,  and  131,  a.         exhaurire  :  'to  take  out.' 

ID.    turres:  movable  ' towers.'         ad:  'proportioned  to.' 

II.  falces  :  large  'hooks'  for  pulling  down  the  palisade.  testu- 
dines :  '  turtle-shell  sheds,'  probably  less  solid  than  those  built  by  the 
Romans.     3^2,  a. 

43.  2.  ferventes,  etc. :  '  red-hot  balls  of  kneaded  clay,'  which  would 
not  crack  to  pieces  when  heated.  Experiments  have  shown  that  red- 
hot  balls  of  clay  the  size  of  one's  fist  when  thrown  will  retain  their  heat 
long  enough  to  ignite  straw.     98,  b.  fervefacta  iacula  :  '  burn- 

ing javelins.' 

3.    casas:  'huts.'     335,  b.        stramentis  :  'with  thatch.' 

5.  venti  magnitudine :  'by  reason  of  the  force  of  the  wind.' 
distulerunt :  hae  casae  ignem  disUderunt,  the  huts  being  looked  upon 
as  agents.  Probably  the  high  wind  carried  bits  of  burning  thatch  all 
over  the  camp.     239,  h. 

6.  sicuti:  'just  as  if.' 

7.  agere :  '  to  move  up.'  The  Gauls  were  using  Roman  methods 
of  attack.     342,azxidib.         scalis  :  'with  scaling-ladders.'     3^2,  d. 

9.  At:  236,  a,  ea  praesentia  animi:  'such  their  presence  of 
mind.' 


328  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  54 

lout,  cum  iindique  flamma  torrerentur  maximaque  telorum 
multitudine  premerentur,  suaque  omnia  impedimenta 
atque  omnes  fortunas  conflagrare  intellegerent,  non  modo 
demigrandi  causa  de  vallo  decederet  nemo,  sed  paene  ne 
respiceret  quidem  quisquam,  ac  tum  omnes  acerrime  for- 

istissimeque  pugnarent. 

Hie  dies  nostris  longe  gravissimus  fuit ;  sed  tamen  hunc 
habuit  eventum,  ut  eo  die  maximus  numerus  hostium  vul- 
neraretur  atque  interficeretur,  ut  se  sub  ipso  vallo  constl- 
paverant  recessumque  primis  uitiml  non  dabant. 

20  Paulum  quidem  intermissa  flamma,  et  quodam  loc5  turrl 
adacta  et  contingente  vallum,  tertiae  cohortis  centuriones 
ex  eo,  quo  stabant,  loco  recesserunt  suosque  omnes  rem5- 
verunt,  nutu  vocibusque  hostes,  sT  introire  vellent,  vocare 
coeperunt ;  quorum  progredl  ausus  est  nemo.    Tum  ex  omni 

25  parte  lapidibus  coniectis  deturbati,  turrisque  succensa  est. 


10.  cum:  187.  flamma  torrSrentur :' they  were  being  scorched 
by  the  flames.'    92,  b. 

12.  conflagrSre:  'were  on  fire.' 

13.  demigrandi  causa:  Mn  order  to  withdraw'  temporarily  to 
rescue  his  valuables  or  get  a  brief  respite.  paene,  etc. :  '•  but  hardly 
any  one  even  looked  around.' 

14.  tum  :  emphatic, '  then,'  above  all  other  times. 

18.  ut:  *  since.'  sub,  etc.:  Miad  crowded  together  close  up  to 
the  rampart.' 

19.  recessum  .  .  .  dabant:  '  those  behind  would  not  give  those  in 
front  a  chance  to  draw  back.' 

20.  intermissa  flamma :  the  Gauls  dared  not  risk  moving  forward 
the  wooden  towers  while  the  flames  were  at  their  height.       loc5  :  11^5,  c. 

22.  recessSrunt :  '  drew  back.' 

23.  si:  ^04,(4).         introire:  '  to  come  inside.' 

25.  lapidibus  :  the  supply  of  ordinary  weapons  had  given  out. 
Practice  in  hurling  the  pike  enabled  Roman  soldiers  to  throw  stones 
effectively.  Both  pike-hurling  and  stone-throwing  find  a  parallel  in  the 
throwing  of  hand  grenades  in  the  Great  War.  dfiturbatl :  sc  sunt ; 
<■  they  were  forced  back  in  disorder.' 


V,  44]  Heroic  Defence  of  Caesar's  Camp  329 

Brave  deeds  of  two  rival  centurions,  Pullo  and  Vorenus. 

44.  Erant  in  ea  legidne  fortissimi  virl,  centuriones,  qui 
primls  ordinibus  appropinquarent,  T.  Pullo  et  L.  Vorenus. 
Hi  perpetuas  inter  se  contr5versias  habebant,  uter  alter! 
anteferretur,  omnibusque  annis  de  loco  summis  simultatibus 
contendebant.  5 

Ex  his  Pullo,  cum  acerrime  ad  muniti5nes  pugnaretur, 
'  Quid  dubitas,'  inquit,  *  Vorene  ?  aut  quern  locum  tuae  pro- 
bandae  virtutis  exspectas  ?  hie  dies  de  nostris  controversiis 
iudicabit.' 

Haec  cum  dixisset,  procedit  extra  munitiones,  quaeque  lo 
pars  hostium  confertissima  est  visa,  in  eam  irrumpit. 

Ne  Vorenus  quidem  sese  turn  vallo  continet,  sed,  om- 
nium veritus  existimationem,  subsequitur. 

Mediocrl  spatio  rellcto,  Pullo  pilum  in  hostes  immittit 
atque  unum  ex  multitudine  procurrentem  traicit;  quo  per- 15 
cusso  et  exanimato,  hunc  scutis  protegunt  hostes,  in  ilium 
universi  tela  coniciunt  neque  dant  progrediendi  facultatem. 
Transfigitur  scutum  PullonI  et  verutum  in  balteo  defigitur. 

44.  I.  Erant:  90,  a.  qui,  etc.:  'who  were  nearing  the  first 
rank,'  the  position  of  centurion  of  first  rank.     191^,  a,  and  315,  a. 

4.  anteferretur,  etc. :  '  should  have  the  preference  over  the  other,' 
as  the  better  man.  69,  b,  and  20 J^,  (3).  omnibus  annis  :  'year  in 
year  out^'  de  loco  :  '  for  advancement.'  summis  simultatibus  : 
'with  the  utmost  bitterness.' 

6.  acerrime  —  pugnaretur:  ' the  fighting  was  the  very  hottest.' 

7.  Quid:  'Why.'    118,  e,         locum:  'opportunity.' 

II.    eam:  ea?n  partem.     165,  c.        irrumpit:  '  he  rushed.' 

14.  Mediocrl  spatio  relicto :  'At  a  moderate  distance,'  perhaps 
four  or  five  rods  from  the  enemy.   . 

15.  quo:  refers  to  the  wounded  Gaul,  who,  as  protegunt  implies, 
was  not  killed ;  trans,  as  if  et  hoc,  'and  since  he  was  made  breathless 
by  the  blow.'     How  lit.  ? 

16.  protegunt:  'protected.'         ilium:  Pullo. 

18.  Pulloni:  109,  a.  verutum:  the  same  'dart'  that  pierced 
Pullo's  shield.        balteo  :  '  sword-belt.'     322,  e. 


330  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  54 

Avertit  hie   casus  vaglnam    et   gladium    educere    cdnantl 
2odextram    moratur    manum,    impeditumque   hostes  circum- 
sistunt.      Succurrit    inimicus    illi    Vorenus    et    laboranti 
subvenit. 

Ad  hunc  se  confestim  a  Pulldne  omnis  multitudo  con- 
vertit;  ilium  verut5  transfixum  arbitrantur.  Vorenus 
25  gladio  rem  comminus  gerit  atque,  un5  interfecto,  reliquos 
paulum  propellit;  dum  cupidius  instat,  in  locum  deiectus 
inferiorem  concidit.  Huic  rursus  circumvent©  subsidium 
fert  Pullo,  atque  amb5  incolumes,  compluribus  interfectis, 
summa  cum  laude  sese  intra  munitiones  recipiunt. 
30  Sic  fortuna  in  contentione  et  certamine  utrumque  ver- 
savit,  ut  alter  alteri  inimicus  auxilio  salutique  esset,  neque 
diiudicarl  posset,  uter  utri  virtute  anteferendus  videretur. 

Word  of  Cicero's  desperate  plight  finally  reaches  Caesar. 

45.  Quant5  erat  in  dies  gravior  atque  asperior  oppug- 
natio,    et    maxime   quod,    magna  parte    militum   confecta 

19.  v&ginam :  ^scabbard.'  conanti:  sc.  ei,  'as  he'  (lit.  'to 
him')  '  was  attempting.' 

20.  impgditum  :  sc  eum. 

21.  Succurrit  illi:  'ran  to  his  rescue.'  How  lit..?  inimicus: 
'  adversary.' 

25.  rem  comminus  gerit:  '  engaged  in  close  fighting.'     115^  b. 

26.  in,  etc. :  'stumbling'  (lit.  'thrown  down')  'into  a  hollow.' 
28.    ambo:  'both.'     57,  c. 

30.  contentione  et  certtmine :  '  in  contest  and  combat.' 
utrumque  versavlt :  '  shifted  (the  positions  of)  both.' 

31.  alter  alteri:  i7i,^.         alteri,  auxilio  :  7 i;?,  ^. 

32.  diiudicSri:  '  be  determined.'  utri :  'to  the  other.'  2Sy  a^ 
and  107,  a.  virtute,  etc. :  '  should  seem  worthy  to  be  considered 
superior  in  point  of  valor.'     i^^,  a. 

45.  I.  Quanto,  etc:  'The  harder  and  more  violent  —  the  more 
frequently  dispatches.'  How  lit.?  11^0.  B.  223  ;  A.  414,  «;  H.  471, 
10.         in  digs  :  '  day  by  day.' 

2.    maximg  quod:  'chiefly  because.'         confecta :  'enfeebled.' 


V,  46]  Heroic  Defence  of  Cicero^s  Camp  331 

vulneribus,    res    ad    paucitatem    defensorum    pervenerat, 
tanto  crebriores  litterae  nuntiique  ad  Caesarem  mitteban- 
tur ;    quorum    pars,    deprehensa,    in  conspectu  nostrorum  s 
militum  cum  cruciatu  necabatur. 

Erat  unus  intus  Nervius,  nomine  Vertico,  loco  natus 
honesto,  qui  a  prima  obsidione  ad  Cicer5nem  perfugerat 
suamque  el  fidem  praestiterat.  Hie  servo  spe  libertatis 
magnisque  persuadet  praemiis,  ut  litteras  ad  Caesarem  lo 
deferat.  Has  ille  in  iacul5  illigatas  effert  et,  Callus  inter 
Gallos  sine  ulla  suspicione  versatus,  ad  Caesarem  pervenit. 
Ab  e5  de  periculls  Ciceronis  legionisque  cogn5scitur. 

3.  Crushing  defeat  of  the  beleaguering  Gauls  hy  Caesar. 

46-52 

Caesar  makes 'hurried  preparations,  and  proceeds  hy  forced 

marches  to  relieve  Cicero. 

46.  Caesar,  acceptis  litteris  h5ra  circiter  undecima  diei, 
statim  nuntium  in  Bellovac5s  ad  M.  Crassum  quaestorem 
mittit,  cuius  hlberna  aberant  ab  eo  milia  passuum  xxv ; 
iubet  media  nocte  legionem  proficlsci  celeriterque  ad  se 
venire.     Exit  cum  nuntio  Crassus.    Alterum  ad  C.  Fabium  s 

5.    dgpreheusa:  <  caught.' 

7.  unus  :  'one,'  the  only  Nervian.  intus  :  in  the  camp.  loco, 
etc. :  'of  good  family.'     128,  a. 

8.  5  prima  obsidione  :  '  soon  after  the  beginning  of  the  siege.' 
152,  a. 

II.  in  iaculo  illigatas:  'tied  in  a  javelin.'  The  javelin  may  have 
been  split ;  the  dispatch,  written  on  papyrus,  may  have  been  put  be- 
tween the  parts,  the  javelin  then  being  tied  with  cords  as  if  acciden- 
tally split  and  repaired.  inter  Gallos  versStus :  '  mingling  with 
Gauls.' 

13.    Ab  e6  —  cognoscitur  :   Caesar  ab  eo  cognoscit. 

46.  I.  Caesar  :  at  Samarobriva.  hora  undecima  :  about  5  p.m.  ; 
it  was  now  early  autumn.     2Ii.2,  a  and  b. 

5.    Alterum:  sc.  niintium.         C.  Fabium:  chap.  24,  11.  5-6. 


332  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  54 

legatum  mittit,  ut  in  Atrebatium  fines  legionem  adducat, 
qua  sibi  iter  faciendum  sciebat.  Scribit  Labieno,  si  rei 
publicae  commod5  facere  posset,  cum  legione  ad  fines 
Nerviorum    veniat.       Reliquam    partem    exercitus,    quod 

lo  paulo  aberat  longius,   non  putat  exspectandam ;    equites 
circiter  cccc  ex  proximis  hibernis  cogit. 

47.  Hora  circiter  tertia  ab  antecursoribus  de  Crassi  ad- 
ventu  certior  factus,  eo  die  milia  passuum  xx  procedit. 
Crassum  Samarobrlvae  praeficit  legionemque  ei  attribuit, 
quod  ibi  impedimenta  exercitus,  obsides  civitatum,  litteras 

s  publicas  f rumentumque  omne,  quod  eo,  tolerandae  hiemis 

causa,  devexerat,  relinquebat.     Fabius,  ut  imperatum  erat, 

non  ita  multum  moratus,  in  itinere  cum  legione  occurrit. 

Labienus,   interitu   SabinT  et  caede  cohortium  cognita, 

cum  omnes  ad  eum  Treverorum  copiae  venissent,  veritus 

lone,   si  ex   hibernis  fugae    similem   profectionem    fecisset, 
hostium  impetum  sustinere   non   posset,  praesertim   qu5s 

6.  ut :  '(directing  him)  to.'  199,  a.  Caesar  would  have  to  march 
through  the  country  of  the  Atrebatians  (Fig.  121)  in  order  to  reach 

Cicero^s  camp,  in  the  country  of  the 
Nervians.     See  Map  11. 

7.  rei  publicae  commodo :  'con- 
sistently with  the  public  interest.' 
1S8. 

9.    veniat:  216.       Reliquam  par- 
Figure  121.—  Coin  of  the         *e"^  exercitus  :   chap.  24,  11.  7,  10. 
Atrebatians.  *7.    i.    antecursoribus:  'advance 

Gold.     Obverse,   crude  head,  with    guard  '  of  Crassus. 
mark  on  right  cheek.    Reverse,  fanci-         3.    Crassum.  etc.  :  Caesar  left  Sama- 
fui  horse,  and  crescent.  robriva  before  Crassus  arrived. 

4.  impedimenta:  311.  litterSs  publicas:  'state  documents,' 
such  as  dispatches  and  accounts . 

7.  non  ita,  etc. :  '  with  very  little  delay.'  How  lit.?  occurrit: 
so.  Caesar f. 

1 1 .  praesertim  quos,  etc  :  '  especially  since  he  knew  that  they.* 
184,  b. 


r,  48]  The  Relief  of  Cicero  333 

recent!    victoria   efferri   sciret,    litteras    Caesari    remittit, 
quanto  cum  periculo  legionem  ex  hibernis  educturus  esset ; 
rem  gestam  in  Eburonibus  perscribit ;  docet,  omnes  equi- 
tatus  peditatusque  copias  Treverorum  iii  milia  passuum  is 
longe  ab  suis  castris  consedisse. 

48.  Caesar,  c5nsili5  eius  probato,  etsi  opinione  trium 
legiqnum  deiectus  ad  duas  redierat,  tamen  unum  communis 
salutis  auxilium  in  celeritate  ponebat.  Venit  magnis  iti- 
neribus  in  Nerviorum  fines. 

Ibi  ex  captlvis  cognoscit,  quae  apud  Ciceronem  gerantur,  s 
quantoque  in  periculo  res  sit.     Tum  cuidam  ex  equitibus 
Gallis  magnis  praemiis  persuadet,  uti  ad  Ciceronem  epis- 
tulam  deferat. 

Hanc  Graecis  conscriptam  litteris  mittit,  ne,  intercepta 
epistula,  nostra  ab  hostibus  consilia  cognoscantur.  Si  ad-  lo 
ire  non  possit,  monet,  ut  tragulam  cum  epistula  ad  ammen- 
tum  deligata  intra  munitionem  castrorum  abiciat.  In 
litteris  scrlbit,  se  cum  legionibus  profectum  celeriter  affore; 
hortatur,  ut  pristinam  virtutem  retineat. 

Gallus,  perlculum  veritus,  ut  erat  praeceptum,  tragulam  is 
mittit.    Haec  casu  ad  turrim  adhaesit,  neque  a  nostris  bidu5 

13.  quanto,  etc. :  '  (explaining)  how  dangerous  it  would  be  for  him 
to  withdraw  the  legion.'     How  lit.?     201^,  (3). 

14.  rem  gestam :  '  what  had  taken  place/  referring  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  force  under  Sabinus  and  Cotta. 

48.  I.  opinione,  etc. :  '■  disappointed  in  his  expectation  of  (having) 
three  legions  he  had  been  reduced  to  two,'  the  legion  which  he  had  had 
at  Samarobriva,  and  the  ojie  under  Fabius  that  had  joined  him. 

3.    magnis  itineribus  :  S29. 

7.    epistulam:  Metter.' 

9.  Graecis  litteris  :  in  Greek  characters,  not  Greek  words  ;  some  of 
the  Nervians  apparently  could  read  Latin. 

1 1 .  adire  :  ^  to  reach  '  the  camp.  ammentum  :  '  thong  '  attached 
to  a  javelin  and  used  in  throwing. 

16.    turrim:  IJi^b.         adhaesit:  'stuck.'        neque:  'and  not' 


334  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  54 

animadversa,  tertio  die  a  qu5dam  milite  conspicitur,  dempta 
ad  Cicer5nem  defertur.  Ille  perlectam  in  conventu  mili- 
tum  recitat  maximaque  omnes  laetitia  afficit.  Turn  fumi 
aoincendiorum  procul  videbantur ;  quae  res  omnem  dubita- 
tionem  adventus  legionum  expulit. 

Caesar  approaching,  the  Oauls  turn  from  Cicero^ s  camp  to  attack 

him. 

49.  Galli,  re  cognita  per  exploratores,  obsidionem  re- 
linquunt,  ad  Caesarem  omnibus  copiis  contendunt.  Haec 
erant  armata  circiter  milia  lx. 

Cicero,  data  facultate,  Galium  ab  eodem  Verticone,  quem 
5  supra  demonstfavimus,  repetit,  qui  litteras  ad  Caesarem 
deferat ;  hunc  admonet,  iter  caute  dlligerenterque  f aciat ; 
perscribit  in  litterls,  hostes  ab  se  discessisse  omnemque  ad 
eum  multitudinem  convertisse.  Quibus  litterls  circiter 
media  nocte  Caesar  allatis  suos  facit  certiores  e5sque  ad 
lodlmicandum  animo  confirmat. 

Postero  die,  luce  prima,  movet  castra ;  et  circiter  milia 
passuum  iiii  progressus,  trans  vallem  magnam  et  rivum 
multitudinem  hostium  c5nspicatur.    Erat  magni  periculi  res, 

17.  dSmpta:  <  was  taken  down  and.'     228,  a. 

18.  perlSctam  —  recitat:  sc.  earn;  ^ after  he  had  read  it  through 
he  read  it  aloud.'     227,  a. 

19.  afflcit:  'filled'  fumi  incendiorum  :  of  burning  villages, 
set  on  fire  as  Caesar's  relieving  force  passed  through  ;  the  plural  implies 
more  than  one  fire. 

49.    I .  r6  :  '  the  fact '  of  Caesar's  approach.         per  :  123,  a. 

4.  Galium,  etc. :  '  asked  the  same  Vertico  ...  for  another  Gaul.' 
116,  b. 

5.  supra  :  chap.  45,  11.  7-12.         qui,  etc  :   19S,  a. 

6.  hunc,  etc.:  'warned  him'  (Caesar)  'to  proceed  with  caution." 
200,  a. 

12.  rIvum  :  'brook,'  flowing  in  a  'wide  valley.' 

13.  Erat,  etc. :  'It  was  extremely  hazardous.'     How  lit.? 


V.  50]  The  Relief  of  Cicero  335 

tantulis  copiis  inlquo  loco  dimicare ;  turn,  quoniam  obsidi- 
one  liberatum  Cicer5nem  sciebat,  aequo  animo  remittendum  15 
de  celeritate  existimabat.  Consedit  et,  quam  aequissimo 
potest  loco,  castra  communit,  atque  haec,  etsi  erant  exigua 
per  se,  vix  hominum  milium  vii,  praesertim  nullis  cum 
impedimentis,  tamen  angustiis  viarum,  quam  maxime  potest, 
contrahit,  eo  consilio,  ut  in  summam  contemptionem  hosti-  20 
bus  veniat.  Interim,  speculatoribus  in  omnes  partes  dimissis, 
explorat,  quo  commodissime  itinere  vallem  transire  possit. 

Caesar,  encamped,  pretends  fear,  lures  the  Oavls  on,  routs  them. 

50.  Eo  die,  parvulis  equestribus  proelils  ad  aquam  factis, 
utrlque  sese  suo  loco  continent :  Galll,  quod  ampliores 
copias,  quae  nondum  convenerant,  exspectabant ;  Caesar, 
si  forte  timoris  simulatione  hostes  in  suum  locum  elicere 
posset,  ut  citra  vallem  pro  castris  proelio  contenderet ;  si  5 
id  efficere  non  posset,  ut,  exploratis  itineribus,  minore  cum 
periculo  vallem  rivumque  transiret. 

Prima  luce  hostium  equitatus  ad  castra  accedit  proeli- 
umque  cum  nostris  equitibus  committit.  Caesar  consulto 
equites  cedere  seque  in  castra  recipere  iubet ;  simul  ex  10 

15.  aequo,  etc. :  'that  without  anxiety  he  could  slacken  his  pace.' 
How  lit.  ? 

17.  haec  :  object  of  contrahit ;  '  this  '  camp,  '  although  it  was,'  etc. 

18.  vix,  etc.:  '(containing)  barely  7000  men';  the  two  legions 
with  Caesar  averaged  hardly  3500  men  each.     100,  d,  and  307,  b. 

19.  angustiis,  etc. :  '  by  making  the  passages  as  narrow  as  possible.' 
S54,  b,  and  Fig.  185. 

20.  consilio:  128.         hostibus  :  trans,  as  if  >^^j-//«w.     109,  a. 
50.    I.  ad  aquam:  'by  the  water,' the  brook  mentioned  chap.  49, 

1.  12. 

3.  Caesar,  etc. :  Caesar  {se  continet  suo  loco]  ut,  si  .  .  .  posset, 
citra  vallem  .   .  .  contender ent. 

4.  suum  locum :  '  a  position  favorable  to  himself.'  157,  e, 
Slicere  :  '  to  entice.' 


336  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  54 

omnibus  partibus  castra  altiore  vallo  munlri  portasque 
obstrui  atque  in  his  administrandis  rebus  quam  maxime 
concursari  et  cum  simulatione  agi  timoris  iubet. 

51.  Quibus  omnibus  rebus  hostes  invitati  copias  tradu- 
cunt  aciemque  iniquo  loco  c5nstituunt ;  nostris  vero  etiam 
de  vallo  deductis,  propius  accedunt  et  tela  intra  muniti- 
onem  ex  omnibus  partibus  coniciunt  praeconibusque  cir- 

5  cummissis  pronuntiari  iubent : 

Seu  quis,  Gallus  seu  Romdnus,  velit  ante  horam  tertiam 
ad  se  trdnsire,  sine  perlculo  licere  ;  post  id  tempus  non  fore 
potestdtem. 

Ac  sic  nostros  contempserunt,  ut,  obstructis  in  speciem 
loportis  singulis  ordinibus   caespitum,  quod    ea   non   posse 
introrumpere  videbantur,  alii  vallum   manu  scindere,  alii 
fossas  complere  inciperent. 

Tum  Caesar,  omnibus  portis  eruptione  facta  equitatuque 
emisso,  celeriter  hostes  in  fugam  dat,  sic  uti  omnino  pug- 
15  nandi  causa  resisteret  nemo,  magnumque  ex  eis  numerum 
occidit  atque  omnes  armis  exuit. 

Caesar,  joining  Cicero,  praises  him  and  his  men. 

52.  Longius  prosequi  veritus,  quod  silvae  paludesque 
intercedebant   neque    etiam    parvulo    detrimenta   ill5rum 

12.  obstrui:  < be  blocked  up.' 

13.  concursari:  'that  the  men  rush  about.'  73,  d.  agi:  'go 
through  their  motions.'     How  lit.? 

51.  I.  copiSis  traducunt :    copias  rfvum  trdducunt.     114^  a. 

4.  praeconibus,  etc. :  *  they  sent  criers  around  '  the  camp,  '  direct- 
ing that  the  announcement  be  made.'     How  lit.? 

9.  in  speciem :  *  for  show.'  The  barriers  in  the  gates,  of  turf  and 
only  the  breadth  of  a  sod  in  thickness,  seemed  solid  but  were  easily 
pushed  over  from  the  inside. 

10     e5  —  introrumpere  :  'to  break  in  that  way,'  through  the  gates. 

14.  omnino  —  nemo  :  '  no  one  at  all.' 

52.  2.  neque  .  .  .  relinqui:  'and  that  no  opportunity  was  left 
for  (inflicting)  even  a  trifling  loss  upon  them.'     How  lit.? 


V,  52]  Caesar's   Repressive   Measures  337 

locum  reliriqui  videbat,  omnibus  suis  incolumibus  eodem 
die  ad  Ciceronem  pervenit. 

institutas  turres,  testudines  munitionesque  hostium  ad-s 
miratur ;  producta  legione,  cognoscit,  n5n  decimum  quem- 
que  esse  reliquum  mllitem  sine  vulnere ;  ex  his  omnibus 
iudicat  rebus,  quanto  cum  perlculo  et  quanta  cum  virtute 
res  sint  administratae.  Ciceronem  pro  eius  merito  legio- 
nemque  collaudat ;  centuriones  singillatim  tribunosque  lo 
militum  appellat,  quorum  egregiam  fuisse  virtutem  testi- 
monio  Ciceronis  cognoverat. 

De  casu  Sabini  et  Cottae  certius  ex  captivis  cognoscit. 
Postero  die,  contione  habita,  rem  gestam  proponit,  milites 
consolatur  et  conf irmat ;  quod  detrimentum  culpa  et  teme- 15 
ritate  legati  sit  acceptum,  hoc  aequiore  animo  ferundum 
docet,  quod,  beneficio  deorum  immortalium  et  virtute  eo- 
rum  expiato  incommodo,  neque  hostibus  diutina  laetitia 
neque  ipsis  longior  dolor  relinquatur. 

5.  turrSs,  etc. :  chap.  42,  11.  lo-ii,  and  Notes. 

6.  producta  :  '  drawn  up '  for  review.  non,  etc. :  '  that  not  one 
soldier  in  ten  had  escaped  un wounded.'     Howlit..'*     170,  a. 

9.   res,  etc.:  'the  operations  '  for  defence  ^were  handled.'        eius 
merito  :  Cicero's  heroic  defence  is  famous  in  military  annals. 
II.    appellat:  Uie  addressed'  in  complimentary  terms. 

13.  certius  :  an  earlier  report  had  come  from  Labienus  (chap.  37). 

14.  contione:  'an  assembly.'  rem,  etc. :  'set  forth  what  had 
happened.' 

15.  quod  dStrimentum :  id  detritnenttwi,  quod.  culpa  et 
temeritate  :  '  through  the  culpable  rashness.'     2S8,  d. 

16.  hoc  :  '  on  this  account.'  aequiore  animo  :  '  with  the  greater 
tranquillity.' 

18.    expiato:  'atoned  for.' 

53-58.  Summary.  A  report  of  the  relief  of  Cicero's  camp  was  quickly 
conveyed  to  Labienus,  encamped  on  the  Treveran  border  (Map  ll)  ;  but 
notwithstanding  this  victory  Caesar  found  it  increasingly  difficult  to  prevent 
revolts.  Finally  Indutiomarus  and  the  Treverans  made  an  attack  on  Labienus, 
who  first  feigned  fear,  then  surprised  and  routed  them.    Indutiomarus  was  slain. 


COMMENTARIUS   SEXTUS 


Second  Expedition  into  Germany.    9-29 

Caesar  bridges  the  Rhine ^  crosses,  makes  terms  with  the  Uhii, 

9.  Caesar,  postquam  ex  Menapiis  in  Treveros  venit, 
duabus  de  causis  Rhenum  transire  constituit ;  quarum  una 
erat,  quod  German!  auxilia  contra  se  Treveris  miserant, 
altera,  ne  ad  eos  Ambiorix  receptum  haberet.     His  con- 

s  stitutis  rebus,  paulum  supra  eum  locum,  quo  ante  exercitum 
traduxerat,  facere  pontem  instituit.  Nota  atque  instituta 
ratione,  magno  militum  studio,  paucis  diebus  opus  efficitur. 
Firmo  in  Treveris  ad  pontem  praesidio  rellcto,  ne  quis  ab 
his  subito  motus  oreretur,  reliquas  copias   equitatumque 

10  traducit. 

Ubii,  qui  ante  obsides  dederant  atque  in  dediti5nem  ve- 
nerant,  purgandi  sul  causa  ad  eum  legates  mittunt,  qui 
doceant,  neque  auxilia  ex  sua  civitate  in  Trever5s  missa 
neque  ab  se  fidem  laesam ;    petunt  atque  orant,  ut  sibi 

1-8.  Summary.  Early  in  53  b.c.  Caesar  heard  that  .the  Nervians  and 
several  other  peoples  were  preparing  for  war.  By  sudden  movements  he 
forced  the  Nervians,  Senones,  and  Menapians  to  sue  for  peace,  and  marched 
into  the  country  of  the  Treverans,  who  had  meanwhile  been  defeated  by 
Labienus. 

9.     4.    Ambiorix:  cf.  N.  to  V,  37,  1.  17. 

5.  ante  :  in  55  B.C. ;  see  IV,  17-19,  and  Notes. 

6.  Nota  .  .  .  studio:  'Since  the  plan  (of  such  a  bridge)  was 
familiar  and  had  been  tried,  (and)  the  soldiers  worked  with  much 
enthusiasm.'     How  lit.? 

9.    orergtur :  61^  b. 

12.    sui:  /54,  ^,  and  ;^50,  (i).         qui  doceant :  193,  a. 
14.   fidem  laesam  [esse]  :  *  (their)  pledge  had  been  violated/ 

338 


MAP  13 

Operations  of  53  and  52  b.c. 


Books  VI,  VII. 


To  face  page  338 


EXPLANATION 
I.  March  into  the  Arvernian  country,  52  B.C.  (VII.  8).  2.  "Winter  quarters 
(VII.  9).  3.  Base,  52  r..c.  (VII.  10).  4.  Vellaunodunum  captured  (VII.  ii). 
5.  Cenabum  destroyed  (VII.  11).  6.  Noviodunum  captured  (VII.  12).  7.  Ava- 
ricum  destroyed  (VII.  14-28).  8.  Gergovia  blockaded  (VII.  36  ff.).  9.  Junc- 
tion with  Labienus  (VII.  62).     10.    Defeat  of  Vercingetorix  (VII.  67). 


VI,  10]         Second  Expedition  into  Germany  339 

parcat,  ne  communi  odio  German5rum  innocentes  pro  no-  is 
centibus  poenas  pendant;   si  amplius  obsidum  velit  dari, 
pollicentur.     Cognita  Caesar  causa  reperit,  ab  Suebis  au- 
xilia  missa  esse ;    Ubiorum   satisfactionem  accipit,  aditus 
viasque  in  Suebos  perquirit. 

He  finds  it  mnpossible  to  reach  the  Suebi. 

10.  Interim  paucis  post  diebus  fit  ab  Ubiis  certior,  Sue- 
bos omnes  in  unum  locum  copias  cogere  atque  els  nationi- 
bus,  quae  sub  eoruni  sint  imperi5,  denuntiare,  ut  auxilia 
peditatus  equitatusque  mittant.  His  cognitis  rebus,  rem 
frumentariam  providet,  castris  idoneum  locum  deligit ;  s 
Ubiis  imperat,  ut  pecora  deducant  suaque  omnia  ex  agrls 
in  oppida  conferant,  sperans,  barbaros  atque  imperit5s 
homines,  inopia  cibariorum  adductos,  ad  iniquam  pugnandi 
condici5nem  posse  deduci;  mandat,  ut  crebros  explora- 
tores  in  Suebos  mittant,  quaeque  apud  eos  gerantur,  co- lo 
gnoscant. 

I  Hi  imperata  faciunt  et,  paucis  diebus  inter  missis,  referunt : 
Suebos  omnes,  posted  quam  certiores  nuntii  de  exercitu 
Rdmdiidrum  venerint,  cum  omnibus  suls  sociorumque  copizs, 
quds  coegissent,  penitus  ad  extremos  fines  se  receptsse ;  xs 
silvam,  esse  ibi  Inflnitd  magnitudine,  quae  appelldtur 
Bacenis  ;  hanc  longe  intrdrsus  pertinere  et,  pro  ndtlvd  muro 

15.  communT  odio  :' indiscriminate  hatred/  innocentSs,  etc. : 
'  the  innocent  for  the  guilty.'     81. 

16.  amplius  obsidum:  'more  hostages.'  97,  b.  B.  201,  2;  A. 
346,^,3;  H.  442. 

19.    Suebos:  282.     perquirit:  < made  careful  inquiry  about.' 

10.    2.  in  anum  locum,  etc. :  cf.  IV,  19,  11.  5-12. 

9.  crebros :  '  a  great  many.'  The  scouts  were  of  course  Ubians ; 
cf.  chap.  29, 1.  I. 

15.  extremos  fines:  'the  most  remote  part  of  their  country.' 
152,  a. 

17.  pro  nativd  muro  :  'as  a  natural  barrier.' 


340  Caesar's  Gallic  War  fB.c.  53 

obicctam^  Cheritscos    ab    Suebls    Siiebosque    ab    Cheritscis 
iniuriis  incursidnibiisqiie  prohibere ;  ad  eius  silvae  initium 
20  Snebos  adventum  Romdndrum  exspectdre  constituisse. 

The  customs  of  the  Gauls  and  Germans  contracted. 
11-28. 

Political  conditions  in  Gaul  ;  motives  for  leadership. 

11.  Quoniam  ad  hunc  locum  perventum  est,  non  alienum 
esse  videtur,  de  Galliae  Germaniaeque  moribus  et,  quo 
differant  hae  nationes  inter  sese,  proponere. 

In  Gallia  non  solum  in  omnibus  civitatibus  atque  in 
5  omnibus  pagis  partibusque,  sed  paene  etiam  in  singulis 
domibus  facti5nes  sunt,  earumque  factionum  principes 
sunt,  qui  summam  auctoritatem  eorum  iudicio  habere  ex- 
Istimantur,  quorum  ad  arbitrium  iQdiciumque  summa 
omnium  rerum  consiliorumque  redeat. 


18.  ab  :  ^  on  the  part  of.' 

19.  iniuriis,  etc. :  'protected  .  .  .  from  destructive  raids.'  238yd, 
and  127,  a. 

11.  I,  Quoniam,  etc. :  'Since  we  have  reached  this  point 'in  the 
narrative.  73,  d.  ali§num  :  'out  of  place.'  The  digression  which 
follows  was  introduced  to  gratify  Roman  readers,  who  were  eager  to 
have  information  about  the  new  countries ;  it  is  regarded  by  historians 
as  a  source  of  information  of  prime  importance  regarding  poetical  insti- 
tutions and  conditions  of  life  in  Northern  Europe  in  antiquity.  Cf.  n. 
at  end  of  chap.  23. 

2.  d6  —  proponere:  'to  give  an  account  of.'  qu5  :  'in  what 
respect,'  introduces  an  indirect  question. 

5.  partibus:  'districts.'     289,  c. 

6.  domibus  :  20,  c.        factionSs  :  '  party  divisions.' 

7.  eorum:   Gallorum.         iudicio:   138. 

8.  qu5rum :  refers  to  (^/)  qui  .  .  .  extstimantur ;  'so  that  the 
final  decision  in  respect  to  all  affairs  and  projects  is  referred  to  their 
arbitrament  and  judgment.'    How  lit.  ?    194,  ^' 


VI,  12]  The  Customs  of  the  Gauls  341 

Idque  eiiis  rei  causa  antiquitus  institutum  videtur,  neio 
quis  ex  plebe  contra  potentidrem  auxilii  egeret ;  suos  enim 
quisque  opprimi  et  circumvenirl  non  patitur,  neque,  aliter 
si  faciat,  ullam  inter  su5s  habet  auctoritatem.  Haec  eadem 
rati5  est  in  summa  totius  Galliae ;  namque  omnes  civitates 
divlsae  sunt  in  duas  partes.  is 

12.  Cum  Caesar  in  Galliam  venit,  alterius  factionis  prin- 
cipes  erant  Aedui,  alterius  Sequani.  Hi  cum  per  se  minus 
valerent,  quod  summa  auctoritas  antiquitus  erat  in  Aeduis 
magnaeque  eorum  erant  clientelae,  Germanos  atque  Ario- 
vistum  sibi  adiunxerant  eosque  ad  se  magnis  iactUris  pol-  s 
licitationibusque  perduxerant. 

Proeliis  ver5  compluribus  factis  secundis,  atque  omni 
nobilitate  Aeduorum  interfecta,  tantum  potentia  anteces- 
serant,  ut  magnam  partem  clientium  ab  Aeduis  ad  se  tradu- 


10.  Id  —  Institutum  [esse]  videtur:  ^that  practice  seems  to 
have  become  established.'  eius  rei  causa:  'with  this  object  in 
view,' referring  to  the  clause  «(?  .  .  .  egeret.     How  lit.  ?     161,  a. 

11.  auxilii:  127,  d.         egeret:  'lack.' 

12.  quisque:  'each  (leader).'  neque  .  .  .  faciat,  habet: 
207,  (2). 

14.  rati5,  etc. :  '  This  same  condition  holds  true  of  the  whole  of 
Gaul'     How  lit.? 

15.  divisae:  148,c.         partes:  '  groups,' explained  in  chap.  12. 
12.    I.  Cum:  <  (At  the  time)  when.'     185,  b.         alterius:  22,  b, 

and  171,  b. 

2.  HI:  'The  latter.'  Previously  the  Arvernians  had  held  a  position 
of  leadership  ;  cf.  I,  31,  11.  10-28. 

4.  clientelae  :  'dependencies,'  states  acknowledging  the  sovereignty 
of  the  Aeduans. 

5.  eos  ad  se  .  .  .  perduxerant:  '  had  won  them  over.'  iactu- 
rls  :  '  pecuniary  sacrifices.' 

7.  omnI  nobilitate  :  cf.  I,  31,  1.  21  and  N. 

8.  tantum  —  antecesserant :  'they  had  so  far  outstripped  (the 
Aeduans).' 

9.  clientium  :  dependent  states  are  here  meant. 


342  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  53 

lo  cerent  obsidesque  ab  eis  principum  fUios  acciperent,  et 
publice  iurare  cogerent,  nihil  se  contra  Sequanos  c5nsilii 
inituros,  et  partem  f  initimi  agri  per  vim  occupatam  possi- 
derent  Galliaeque  totius  principatum  obtinerent.  Qua 
necessitate    adductus,    Diviciacus,    auxilii   petendi   causa, 

IS  R5mam  ad  senatum  profectus,  infecta  re  redierat. 

Adventu  Caesaris  facta  commutatidne  rerum,  obsidibus 
Aeduis  redditis,  veteribus  clientelis  restitutis,  novis  per 
Caesarem  comparatis,  quod  ei,  qui  se  ad  eorum  amicitiam 
aggregaverant,  meliore  condicione  atque  aequiore  imperio 

20  se  uti  videbant,  reliquls  rebus  eorum  gratia  dignitateque 
amplificata,  Sequani  principatum  dimiserant. 

In  e5rum  locum  Remi  successerant ;  quos  quod  adae- 
quare  apud  Caesarem  gratia  intellegebatur,  ei,  qui  propter 
veteres  inimicitias  nullo  modo  cum  AeduTs  coniungi  pote- 

25  rant,  se  Remis  in  clientelam  dicabant.     Hos  illi  diligenter 

11.  pablice:  'for  the  state.'  iurSre :  as  subject  sc.  eos,  i.e. 
Aeduorum  prmcipes.         nihil  —  consilii:  <  no  scheme.'     91,  a. 

12.  occupatam  possidgrent :  <  seized  .  .  .  and  retained  in  their 
possession.'     228,  a. 

14.  Diviciacus,  etc. :  the  statement  of  Diviciacus  himself  on  this 
point  is  summarized  by  Caesar,  I,  31,  11.  29-33. 

15.  infects  rg  :  'without  accompHshing  his  purpose.'     How  lit.  ? 

16.  Adventu:  7^7,  b.  facta,  etc.:  the  ablatives  absolute  are 
best  translated  by  clauses.  II^U,  b,  (2)  and  (3).  commutatione 
rgrum  :  '  a  complete  change  of  relations.' 

17.  AeduiB  :  dative.         novis  :  sc  clientelis. 

18.  comparatis  :  for  the  Aeduans.  sg,  etc. :  *  had  joined  them- 
selves to  them  as  allies.'     How  lit.  ? 

20.  8g  atl :  '  that  they  enjoyed.'  reliquls  rgbus  :  <  in  all  other 
respects '  also. 

22.  quos  .  .  .  intelleggbatur :  '  and  since  it  was  understood  that 
they  (the  Remi)  stood  equally  high  in  Caesar's  favor.'     How  lit.  ? 

24.  inimicitias:  'enmities.'         coniungi:  111^. 

25.  Rgmis,  etc. :  'attached  themselves  as  dependents  to  the  Remi.' 
How  lit.  ? 


VI,  13]  The  Customs  of  the  Gauls  343 

tuebantur  ;  ita  et  novam  et  repente  collectam  auctoritatem 
tenebant.  Eo  turn  statu  res  erat,  ut  longe  principes  habe- 
rentur  Aedui,  secundum  locum  dignitatis  Remi  obtinerent. 

TJie  tivo  riding  classes,  and  the  common  people,  in  Gaul. 

13.  In  omni  Gallia  e5rum  hominum,  qui  aliquo  sunt 
numero  atque  honore,  genera  sunt  duo ;  nam  plebes  paene 
servorum  habetur  loco,  quae  nihil  audet  per  se,  nulli  adhi- 
betur  c5nsili6.  Plerique,  cum  aut  acre  alien5  aut  magni- 
tudine  tribiit5rum  aut  iniuria  potentiorum  premuntur,  sese  s 
in  servitutem  dicant  nobilibus ;  quibus  in  hos  eadem  omnia 
sunt  iura,  quae  dominis  in  servos. 

Sed  de  his  duobus  generibus  alterum  est  druidum, 
alterum  equitum. 

Tlie  Druids :  their  power  as  priests  and  judges,  their  organiza- 
tion, their  teachings  about  the  soul. 

Illi  rebus  dlvlnis  intersunt,  sacrificia  publica  ac  privata  lo 
pr5curant,  religiones  interpretantur;   ad  hos  magnus  adu- 

26.  repente  collectam :  '  suddenly  acquired,'  in  the  brief  period 
since  the  defeat  of  Ariovistus,  five  years  before. 

13.  I.  aliquo,  etc. :  'are  of  any  account  and  (receive)  recognition.' 
How  lit.?     143,^. 

3.  servorum  loco  :  '  as  slaves.*  288,  b.  null!  consilio  :  '  to  no 
consultation.'     23,  a. 

4.  aere  alieno  :  'by  debt.'     How  lit.? 

5.  tributorum  :  '■  of  the  taxes.'  ses§,  etc. :  'attach  themselves  as 
bondmen.'     How  lit.  ? 

6.  quibus,  etc. :  'and  these  have  over  them.'     167,  and  111. 

7.  quae,  etc.:  sc.  sunt;  'as  masters  (have)  over  slaves.' 

8.  alterum  [genus]:  171,  b.  druidum:  '  (that  of )  the  Druids,' 
a  priesthood  possessing  great  power  in  Gaul  and  Britain.  Very  little 
is  known  of  the  Druids  in  Caesar's  time  beyond  what  he  tells  us  in  this 
book. 

10.  nil,  etc. :  'the  former  have  charge  of  the  services  of  worship.' 
sacrificia  —  procurant ;  '  regulate  the  sacrifices.' 

1 1 .  religiones  interpretantur  :  '  settle  religious  questions.'    238,  a. 


344  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  63 

lescentium  numerus  disciplinae  causa  concurrit,  magn5que 
hi  sunt  apud  eos  hon5re.  Nam  fere  de  omnibus  contrd- 
versiis   publicis    privatisque   constituunt   et,    si   quod   est 

isfacinus  admissum,  si  caedes  facta,  si  de  hereditate,  de 
finibus  controversia  est,  idem  decernunt,  praemia  poe- 
nasque  constituunt ;  si  qui,  aut  privatus  aut  populus,  eorum 
decreto  non  stetit,  sacrificiis  interdicunt. 

Haec  poena  apud  eos  est  gravissima.     Quibus  ita  est 

20  interdictum,  hi  numerd  impi5rum  ac  scelerat5rum  habentur, 
his  omnes  decedunt,  aditum  eorum  sermonemque  defu- 
giunt,  ne  quid  ex  contagione  incommodi  accipiant,  neque 
his  petentibus  ius  redditur  neque  honos  ullus  communi- 
catur. 

25  His  autem  omnibus  druidibus  praeest  Onus,  qui  summam 
inter  eos  habet  auctoritatem.  H5c  mortu5  aut,  si  qui  ex 
reliquis   excellit   dignitate,    succedit;    aut,    si   sunt   plures 

12.  disciplinae  caus^ :  '  in  order  to  receive  instruction.'    How  lit.? 
81. 

13.  hi:  the  Druids.         eos:  Gallos. 

14.  quod:  adjective  form.     1^9,  a^Tcc^A  168. 

15.  facta:  sees/.        hereditate:  'an  inheritance.' 

16.  finibus:  here  'boundaries.'  Idem  dScernunt :  'they  like- 
wise render  judgment.' 

17.  qui :  substantive  form  ;  '  any  (party)  '  to  a  controversy,  '  whether 
.  .  .  or,'  etc.     49,  a. 

18.  dScrgto :  'decision.'     138.         sacrificiis  interdicunt:  'they 
exclude  (the  offender)  from  the  sacrifices.'     127f  a. 

19.  Quibus  :  dative  ;  '  on  whom  such  an  interdict  has  been  laid.' 

20.  numero,  etc. :  'as  wicked  and  crime-polluted  men.'     How  lit.? 

21.  his:    dative;    'these   all    men   avoid.'      109,  d.        dSfugiunt: 
'shun.' 

22.  contagione:  'contact '  with  the  excommunicated. 

23.  petentibus:  'though  they  may  seek  (justice).'       honSs  :  ISyOy 
and  d. 

26.  Hoc  mortuS:  'When  he'  (the  arch-Druid)  'dies.'     160,  b. 

27.  ezcelUt:  ' is  preeminent.'    205 f  (i).        dignitate:  'in  stand- 
ing.'    142,  a. 


VI,  14]  The  Customs  of  the  Gauls  345 

pares,  suffragio  druidum,  non  numquam  etiam  armis,  de 
principatu  contendunt. 

Hi  certo  anni  tempore  in  finibus  Carnutum,  quae  regio  30 
totius  Galliae  media  habetur,  consldunt  in  loco  consecrat5. 
Hue  omnes  undique,  qui  controversias  habent,  conveniunt 
eorumque  decretis  iudiciisque  parent. 

Disciplina  in    Britannia  reperta  atque  inde  in  Galliam 
translata  esse  existimatur,  et  nunc,  qui  diligentius  eam  rem  35 
cognoscere  volunt,  plerumque  illo  discendi  causa  proficis- 
cuntur. 

14.  Druides  a  bello  abesse  consuerunt  neque  tributa 
una  cum  reliquis  pendunt,  militiae  vacationem  omniumque 
rerum  habent  immunitatem.  Tantis  excitati  praemiis,  et 
sua  sponte  multi  in  disciplinam  conveniunt  et  a  parentibus 
propinquisque  mittuntur.  5 

Magnum  ibi  numerum  versuum  ediscere  dicuntur. 
Itaque   ann5s   non  nulli  vicenos  in  disciplina  permanent. 

28.   pares:  \.&.,  pares  dignitdte.         suffragio:  '  by  vote.' 

30.  quae  regio  :  '  a  region  which.'     165,5.     Carnutum:  Fig.  122. 

31.  considunt :  'hold  a  meeting.'  loco  conseorato  :  the 'hal- 
lowed spot '  was  probably  a  sacred  grove.     145,  a. 

34.  Disciplina:  'The  system'  of  the  Druids.  reperta,  trans- 
lata: 221,  b.  It  is  not  now  possible  to  determine  the  truth  of  the 
tradition  recorded  by  Caesar,  that  Druidism  originated  in  Britain. 

35.  diligentius:  'with  special  thoroughness.'  earn  rem:  'the 
system.'     160,  d. 

14.  2.  una  cum  reliquis:  'at  the  same  rate  as  the  rest';  the 
Druids  paid  taxes  at  a  lower  rate  than  ordinary  citizens,  or  were  not 
legally  bound  to  pay  taxes  at  all.  pendunt:  n.  to  I,  36,  1.  14. 
militiae  :  80,  b.  vacationem,  etc. :  '  exemption  from  '  (lit.  '  of) 
'  military  service  and  freedom  from  all  (public)  burdens.'     81. 

4.  in  disciplinam  :  'to  receive  instruction,'  from  the  Druids.  How 
lit.?         parentibus:  81. 

5.  mittuntur:  sc.  imdti ;  so  to-day  many  "are  sent"  to  school. 

6.  versuum :  '  lines ' ;  the  metrical  form  was  probably  adopted  to 
facilitate  memorizing.         ediscere  :  '  to  learn  by  heart.' 

7.  vicenos  :  S6.         in  disciplina :  '  under  instruction.' 


346 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  63 


Neque  fas  esse  existimant  ea  litteris  mandare  cum  in 
reliquis  fere  rebus,  publicis  privatisque  rationibus,  Graecis 

lo  litteris  utantur.  Id  mihi  duabus  de  causis  instituisse 
videntur,  quod  neque  in  vulgus  disci plinam  efferri  velint, 
neque  eos,  qui  discunt,  litteris  confisos,  minus  memoriae 
studere  ;  quod  fere  plerisque  accidit,  ut  praesidio  litterarum 
dlligentiam  in  perdiscendo  ac  memoriam  remittant. 

IS  In  prlmis  hoc  volunt  persuadere,  non  interire  animas, 
sed  ab  aliis  post  mortem  transire  ad  alios;  atque  h5c 
maxime  ad  virtutem  excitari  putant,  metu  mortis  neglecto. 


Figure   122.  —  Coin  of  the 
Carnutes. 


8.  ea  :  the  teachings  set  forth  in  verse.         litteris  :  <  to  writing,'  we 
should  say.         cum:  'although.'     187. 

9.  rationibus:    'accounts,'  inclu  W'  «»>de»'     ebus  but  added  as  a 
concrete  example;  trans,  'as  in,'  etc.  Graecis  litteris:  'Greek 

characters,'  used  in  writing  the  Gallic 
languages  (cf.  I,  29,  1.  i).  Gallic  coins 
occasionally  had  inscriptions  in  the  Latin 
~j  alphabet,  in  imitation  of  Roman  coins 
(Fig.  122). 

II.    quod  .  .   .  velint :' because  (as 

it  has  been  suggested)  they  do  not  wish 

to  have  their  body  of  teachings  spread 

Bronze.     Obverse,  head,  Venus;    abroad  among  the  common  people,'  who 

inscription,  pixTiLos,  a  name.    Re-  would  remain  in  subjection  to  the  druidi- 

verse.lion-headedgriffinholdinpdown        i         •     ^1        j  1  i  ^1 

aman:  inscription  P.IX  or  PiLx.        ^^^    priesthood    only    SO    long  as  they 

should  be  kept  in  ignorance.     183,  a. 

12.  discunt :  vivid  use  of  the  indicative  ;  cf.  220.  litteris  :  135,  a. 
minus  —  studere  :  'pay  too  little  heed.' 

13.  quod:  'and  this.'  167.  .  praesidio  littorSrum :  'through 
reliance  upon  written  records.'     How  lit.  ? 

14.  perdiscendo:  'learning  by  heart.'  230,  {4).  The  truth  of 
this  statement  is  unquestioned. 

15.  animus  :  '  the  soul,'  as  life-principle  ;  the  doctrine  of  transmigra- 
tion of  souls,  or  metempsychosis,  was  widely  accepted  in  antiquity,  and 
is  held  to-day  by  the  Buddhfsts.     92,  a. 

16.  aliis,  alios  :  171,  b,  and  164,  a.         h6c  :  '  by  this  (belief).' 

17.  excitSri:  impersonal;  'men  are  spurred  on.'  metfl,  etc. : 
lU.  b,  (3). 


VI,  16]  The  Customs  of  the  Gauls  347 

Multa  praeterea  de  sideribus  atque  eorum  motu,  de  mundi 
ac  terrarum  magnitudine,  de  rerum  natura,  de  deorum  im- 
mortalium  vi  ac  potestate  disputant  et  iuventuti  tradunt.      20 

Tlie  knights  :  their  warlike  occupation,  and  their  retainers. 

16.  Alterum  genus  est  equitum.  Hi,  cum  est  usus 
atque  aliquod  helium  incidit  (quod  fere  ante  Caesaris  ad- 
ventura  quotannis  accidere  solebat,  uti  aut  ipsi  iniurias  in- 
ferrent  aut  illatas  propulsarent),  omnes  in  hello  versantur, 
atque  eorum  ut  quisque  est  genere  copiisque  araplissimus,  s 
ita  plurimos  circum  se  amhactos  clientesque  hahet.  Hanc 
unam  gratiam  potentiamque  noverunt. 

Superstitions  of  the  Gauls  ;  their  human  sacrifices. 

16.  Natio  est  omnis  Gallorum  admodum  dedita  reli- 
gionihus,  atque  oh  eam  causam,  qui  sunt  affecti  graviorihus 
morhis  quique  in  proeliis  perlculisque  versantur,  aut  pro 
victimis  homines  immolant  aut  se  immolaturos  vovent,  ad- 
ministrisque  ad  ea  sacrificia  druidihus  utuntur,  quod,  pros 
vita  hominis  nisi  hominis  vita  reddatur,  non  posse  deorum 

18.  Multa — disputant:  'They  treat  many  subjects.'  sideri- 
bus: 'heavenly  bodies.'        mundi:   ' the  universe.' 

19.  terrarum  :  for  ordis  terrdrutn,  'the  earth.' 

15.  I.    Alterum:  cf.  chap.  13,1.8.         cum:  'whenever.' 75^,  <2. 

2.  aliquod:  It.9,  a.        incidit:  'breaks  out.'        quod:  'and  this.' 

5.  eorum,  etc.  :  'each  knight  has  about  him  the  greatest  number 
of  vassals  and  retainers  that  his  social  position  and  resources  will  war- 
rant.'    How  lit.?     A  notable  example  is  Orgetorix  (I,  4,  11.  4-7). 

6.  Hanc,  etc.  :  '  This  (numerousness  of  retinue)  is  the  only  sign  of 
influence  and  power  that  they  recognize.'     How  lit.  ?     116,  b. 

16.  I.  omnis:  'as  a  whole.'  dedita:  'devoted.'  1^8,  c.  re- 
ligionibus  :  '  religious  observances.' 

3.  morbis:  'diseases.'         pro  victimis  :  'as  victims.' 

4.  immolant :  '  offer  up.'  se  immolaturos  :  i.e.  se  immoldtiiros 
esse  homines  pro  victimis.  vovent :  '  vow.'  administris  :  '  as 
officiating  priests.'    7,  c,  and  131,  f. 


348  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  63 

immortalium  numen  placarl  arbitrantur;  publiceque  eius- 
dem  generis  habent  instituta  sacrificia. 

Alii  immani  magnitudine  simulacra  habent,  qu5rum  con- 
lotexta  viminibus  membra  vivis  hominibus  complent;  quibus 
succensis,  circumvent!  flamma  exanimantur  homines. 

Supplicia  eorum,  qui  in  furto  aut  latrocinio  aut  aliqua 
noxia   sint   comprehensT,   gratiora    dis   immortalibus   esse 
arbitrantur;  sed  cum  eius  generis  copia  defecit,  etiam  ad 
is  innocentium  supplicia  descendunt. 

The  gods  worshipped  by  the  Gauls. 
17.    Deorum    maxime  Mercupum  colunt.      Huius    sunt 
plurima  simulacra;    hunc  omnium  invent5rem  artium  fe- 

7.  numen:  ^majesty  ;' lit.  *  nod.'        pl5c5ri:  'be  appeased.' 

8.  habent  instituta:  229,  a.  B.  337,  7;  A.  497,  d;  H.  431,  3. 
sacrificia  :  human  sacrifices  were  offered  at  times  in  Eastern  lands  (cf., 
tor  example,  2  Kings,  iii.  27),  and  in  ancient  Mexico  ;  and  even  at  Rome 
an  instance  of  human  sacrifice  is  reported  as  late  as  216  b.  c. 

9.  simulacra :  ^  images '  of  wickerwork,  having  some  resemblance 
to  the  human  form. 

10.  VI VIS  :  'living.'         quibus:  et  els  {simuldcris^. 

12.  Supplicia:  92,  a.  furto:  'theft.'  latrociniS  :  'highway 
robbery.' 

13.  noxia  :  'crime.'        gratiora:  '  more  acceptable.' 
15.    dgscendunt:  'resort.' 

17.  I.  Deorum:  dependent  on  maxitne.  97,  e.  Mercurium : 
in  the  case  of  Mercury  and  the  other  gods  mentioned,  Caesar  gives  the 
name  of  the  Roman  divinity  whose  attributes  and  functions  seemed  to 
him  to  correspond  most  nearly  with  those  of  the  Gallic  divinity ;  the 
Gallic  names  were  of  course  not  known  to  Roman  readers. 

2.  simulacra:  since  the  Gauls  began  making  statues  only  after  the 
Roman  conquest,  it  has  been  suggested  that  the  '  images '  of  Mercury 
referred  to  here  were  the  huge  upright  stones  (menhirs)  of  which  several 
groups  must  have  been  seen  by  Caesar  in  Gaul  (Fig.  123),  and  that  these 
were  associated  in  some  way  with  the  worship  of  the  Gallic  divinity 
identified  by  him  with  this  god.  Pillars  of  a  certain  type  were  sacred 
to  Hermes,  the  Greek  god  corresponding  with  Mercury,  inventorem  : 
80j  b,         artium:    'arts.'     81.        iexyxnt.  172,  c. 


VI,  17]  The  Customs  of  the  Gauls  349 

runt,  hunc  viarum  atque  itinerum  ducetn,  hunc  ad  quaestus 
pecuniae  mercaturasque  habere  vim  maximam  arbitrantur ; 
post  hunc,  Apollinem  et  Martem  et  lovem  et  Minervam.  5 

De  his  eandem  fere,  quam  reliquae  gentes,  habent  opi- 
nionem  :  Apollinem  morb5s  depellere,  Minervam  operum 
atque  artificiorum  initia  tradere,  lovem  imperium  caelestium 
tenere,  Martem  bella  regere. 

Huic,  cum  proehS  dlmicare  constituerunt,  ea,  quae  belldio 
ceperint,  plerumque  devovent ;  cum  superaverunt,  animalia 
capta  immolant  reliquasque  res  in  unum  locum  conferunt. 


Figure  123.  —  Sacred  stones  called  Menhirs. 

Probably  thought  by  Caesar  to  be  images  of  Mercury.  These  Menhirs  are  near  that 
part  of  the  west  coast  where  Caesar  and  his  army  witnessed  the  •  sea-fight  with  the 
Venetans  (III,  14,  1.  25).    In  the  background  is  a  modern  windmill. 

3.  viarum:  Mercury  is  'giiide  for  roads'  in  that  he  points  out  the 
road,  and  '  for  journeys '  because  he  accompanies  the  traveler  on  the 
way.         quaestus:  'acquisition.'     92,  a. 

4.  mercaturas  :  ^  commercial  transactions.' 

7.  Apollinem,  etc. :  the  infinitive  clauses  are  appositional.  12,  d. 
operum,  etc. :  '  imparts  the  elements  of  the  trades  and  crafts.' 

8.  caelestium  :  <■  the  gods '  as  dwellers  in  the  sky  {caelum). 

II.  ceperint:  subjunctive  in  implied  indirect  discourse,  for  the 
future  perfect   indicative.  cum    superaverunt :    post   victoriam. 

animalia  :  16,  b,  and  80,  b. 


350  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  53 

Multis  in  civitatibus  harum  rerum  exstructos  tumulos  locis 
c5nsecratis  conspicarl  licet ;  neque  saepe  accidit,  ut 
isneglecta  quispiam  religione  aut  capta  apud  se  occultare 
aut  posita  tollere  auderet,  gravissimumque  ei  rei  supplicium 
cum  cruciatu  constitutum  est. 

18.    Galli  se  omnes  ab  Dite  patre  pr5gnatos  praedicant 

idque   ab  druidibus   proditum    dicunt.      Ob   earn   causam 

spatia  omnis  temporis  non  numerd  dierum,  sed  noctium 

finiunt ;  dies  natales  et  mensium  et  annorum  initia  sic  ob- 

s  servant,  ut  noctem  dies  subsequatur. 

Strange  customs  of  the  Gauls. 
In  reliquis  vitae  institutis  hoc  fere  ab  reliquis  differunt, 
quod  suos  liberos,  nisi  cum  adoleverunt,  ut  munus  militiae 

13.  tumulos  :  such  piles  of  booty  would  after  a  time  rot  down  and 
be  covered  with  vegetation,  presenting  the  appearance  of  a  mound. 

15.  quispiam:  49,  a.  capta:  neuter  plural,  accusative.  227, 
^,(4).         apudsg:  '  in  his  possession.' 

16.  posita  tollere  :  'to  take  away  what  had  been  deposited'  as  an 
offering  to  the  gods,  as  Achan  did  (Joshua,  chap.  7,  verses  20-22). 
supplicium,  etc. :  like  the  terrible  doom  of  Achan  (Josh.  7,  23-26). 

18.  I .  Dite  patre :  Caesar  identifies  the  Gallic  divinity  with  a 
Roman  god  of  the  Underworld  known  in  earlier  times  as  '•  Father  Dis ' 
{Dls  pater),  later  generally  called  Pluto.     128,  b. 

2.  Ob  earn  causam :  because  sprung  from  the  god  of  the  Under- 
world, the  realm  of  darkness  and  night. 

4.  finiunt :  '  measure.'  The  ancient  Germans  also  reckoned  time 
by  the  number  of  nights ;  traces  of  this  reckoning  remain  in  our  words 
"fortnight"  (=  fourteen  nights)  and  "sennight"  (=  seven  nights,  i.e. 
a  week) .         dies  nSit^lSs  :  '  birthdays.' 

5.  ut,  etc. :  instead  of  saying  "  the  first  day  of  the  month,"  as  we  do, 
the  Gauls  said  *  the  first  night  of  the  month,' '  the  first  night  of  the  year,' 
*  birthnight,'  etc.  Primitive  peoples  find  it  more  difficult  to  keep  track  of 
time  by  days  than  by  nights  because  it  is  easier  to  note  the  changes  of 
the  moon  than  of  the  sun.    So  Indians  reckoned  time  by  "  moons." 

6.  hoc:  142,  a.        ab  reliquis  :  '  from  all  other  people.'     171,  a. 

7.  adol6v6runt :  *  have  grown  up.'  mdnus  militiae  :  '  military 
service.' 


VI,  19]  The  Customs  of  the  Gauls  351 

sustinere  possint,  palam  ad  se  adire  non  patiuntur,  filium- 
que  puerili  aetate  in  publico  in  conspectu  patris  assistere 
turpe  ducunt.  ic 

19.  Viri,  quantas  pecunias  ab  uxoribus  dotis  nomine 
acceperunt,  tantas  ex  suis  bonis,  aestimatione  facta,  cum 
dotibus  communicant.  Huius  omnis  pecuniae  coniunctim 
ratio  habetur  fructusque  servantur ;  uter  eorum  vita  supe- 
ravit,  ad  eum  pars  utriusque  cum  fructibus  superiorum  s 
temporum  pervenit. 

Viri  in  uxores,  sicuti  in  liberos,  vitae  necisque  habent 
potestatem ;  et  cum  pater  familiae,  illustriore  loco  natus, 

8.  sg  :  only  the  fathers  are  referred  to,  as  shown  by  1.  9. 

9.  puerili  aetate:  'while  in  the  age  of  childhood.'  How  lit.? 
US,  a. 

10.  turpe  :  predicative,  'consider  it  disgraceful  for  a  son  ...  to  ap- 
pear.' On  public  occasions  the  Gauls  would  appear  armed ;  it  was 
thought  in  bad  form  for  an  armed  man  to  have  with  him,  in  a  public 
place,  a  son  who  was  not  also  armed. 

19.  I.  Viri:  'husbands';  German  J/<2««  is  similarly  used.  pe- 
cunias :  '  property  '  in  general ;  trans,  as  if  tantas  pecunias,  quantas. 
dotis  nomine  :   '  as  dowry.'     17,  c, 

2.  bonis  : 'possessions.'  aestimatione  facta  :' making  an  esti- 
mate of  value.'     II^I^,  b,  (2). 

3.  communicant:  'set  aside.'  From  his  own  pr6perty  the  hus- 
band set  aside  an  amount  equal  to  the  dower  received  with  the  wife. 
The  income  from  this  common  fund,  or  estate,  was  saved  up  and 
added  to  the  principal;  when  the  husband  or  wife  died  the  whole 
went  to  the  survivor.  coniunctim,  etc.  :  '  a  joint  account  is  kept.' 
How  lit.? 

4.  fructus :  'income.'  92,  a.  uter:  'whichever,'  husband  or 
wife.         vita:   11^2,  a. 

5.  utriusque:  'of  both.'  51.  The  custom  could  have  prevailed 
only  among  the  higher  classes,  on  account  of  the  abject  poverty  of  the 
common  folk  (chap.  13,  11.  2-4). 

7.  in:  'over.'  vitae,  etc.:  among  the  early  Romans  also  the 
father  had  '  the  power  of  life  and  death  '  over  his  household. 

8.  pater  familiae:  'the  head  of  a  family.'  illustriore  loco 
natus  :  '  of  higher  rank.'     128,  a. 


352 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  53 


decessit,  eius  propinqui  cdnveniunt  et,  de  morte  si  res  in 
lo  suspicionem  venit,  de  uxoribus  in  servilem  modum  quaesti- 

onem  habent  et,  si  compertum  est,  igni  atque  omnibus  tor- 

mentis  excruciatas  interficiunt. 

Funera  sunt  pro  cultu  Gallorum  magnifica  et  sumptuosa ; 

omniaque,  quae  vivis  cordi  fuisse  arbitrantur,  in  ignem  in- 
isferunt,  etiam  animalia,  ac  paulo  supra  banc  memoriam  servi 


9.  d6,  etc. :  '  if  suspicion  has  arisen  regarding  (the  cause  of)  death.' 
How  lit.? 

10.  u:soribus  :  the  plural  implies  the  existence  of  polygamy  among 
the  higher  classes  in  Gaul.         in,  etc. :  *  an  examination  like  that  of 

slaves,'  under  torture.  How 
lit.  ?  Roman  law  and  custom 
sanctioned  the  torture  of 
slaves  on  the  death  of  a 
master  under  suspicious  cir- 
cumstances. 

1 1 .  compertum  est :  im- 
personal, *  (their  guilt)  has 
been  proved.'  igni,  etc. : 
'agonize  and  kill  them  with 
fire  and  every  instrument  of 
torture.'    228,  a,  and  205  (3). 

13.  Funera:  'funerals.' 
13,  e.  pro  cultti  :  *  con- 
sidering the  civilization,' 
which  in  art  as  in  life  seemed 
to  the  Roman  crude  (Fig. 
124).  magnifica:  'splen- 
did.' SI.  sumptuosa: 
'  costly.'     15,  /. 

14.  cordi  fuisse:  'were 
dear.'     How  lit.?     /O,^,  and 

Figure  124.  — Gallic  bronze  bracelets.        112,  b.  Ignem:    of  the 

Bronze  bracelets  and  neck  rings  were  popular     funeral  pyre.     The  ashes  were 

ornaments  in  ancient  Gaul.  sometimes  buried   in   WOOden 

buckets  adorned  with  bronze  ornaments  (Fig.  125  ;  wood  restored). 
15.   supra  hanc  memoriam :  '  before  our  time.'    How  lit.  ? 


VI,  20] 


The  Customs  of  the  Gauls 


353 


at  clientes,  qu5s  ab  els  dilectos  esse  constabat,  iustis  fune-  - 
bribus  confeclis,  urta  cremabantur. 

TJieir  precautions  in  dealing  with  rumors  affecting  public  safety. 
20.  Quae  civitates  commodius  suam  rem  publicam  ad- 
ministrare  existimantur,  habent  legibus  sanctum,  si  quis 
quid  de  re  publica  a  finitimis  rumore  aut  fama  acceperit, 
uti  ad  magistratum  deferat  neve  cum  quo  alio  communicet, 
quod  saepe  homines  temerarios  atque  imperitos  falsTs  ru-  5 
moribus  terrerl  et  ad  facinus  impelli  et  de  summis  rebus 
consilium  capere  cognitum  est. 

Magistratus,  quae  visa  sunt,  occultant,  quaeque  esse  ex 
usu  iudicaverunt,  multitudini  produnt.  De  re  publica  nisi 
per  concilium  loqui  n5n  conceditur.  ic 

16.  dilectos  esse:  '  were  loved.'  iustis,  etc  :  '  on  the  comple- 
tion of  the  regular  funeral  rites.' 

17.  una:  'at  the  same  time,'  with  the  body  of  the  master.  The 
burning  of  favorite  dependents  on  their  master's  funeral  pyre  was  probably 
intended  to  continue  their  service  for 

him  in  the  other  world.    Interment  with- 
out burning  was  also  in  vogue  in  Gaul. 
20.    I.    Quae    civitates:    i.e.   eae 
civttdtesy  quae.  rem    publicam  : 

'public  affairs.' 

2.  habent,  etc.:  '  have  it  ordained 
by  law  that  if  anybody  has  heard  any- 
thing.'    45,  a. 

3.  d6  re  publica:  'touching  the 
public  interest.'     How  lit.? 

4.  n§ve  :  'and  not.'        qu6:^5, «. 

5.  falsis:  'baseless.'      83j  a.     Cf. 


IV 


,5,11.  5-13- 
8.    visa  sunt 


i.e.  visa  sunt  occul- 
tanda,  '  which  they  have  thought  best  to 
conceal.'         quaeque  :  et  {en)  quae. 

10.   per  concilium  :  '  at  an  assem- 
bly' duly  convoked,  lit.  'through  (the  medium  of)  an  assembly.'    Very 
few  states  could  have  enforced  this  regulation  for  any  length  of  time. 


Figure, 125. —  bucKci  m  which 
burnt  human  bones  were  found  ; 
imported  from  Gaul  into  Britain 
in  Caesar's  time. 


354  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  53 

Altogether  different  are  the  beliefs  and  customs  of  the  Germans. 

21.  German!  multum  ab  hac  consuetudine  differunt. 
Nam  neque  druides  habent,  qui  rebus  divinls  praesint,  ne- 
que  sacrificiis  student.  Deorum  numero  eos  solos  ducunt, 
quos  cernunt  et  qu5rum  aperte  opibus  iuvantur,  Solem  et 

s  Vulcanumet  Lunam;  reliquos  ne  fama  quidem  acceperunt. 
Vita  omnis  in  venationibus  atque  in  studiis  rei  militaris 
consistit ;  a  parvis  labori  ac  duritiae  student. 

The  Germans  do  not  take  to  farming,  arid  have  no  private  land. 

22.  Agri  culturae  non  student,  maiorque  pars  eorum 
victus  in  lacte,  caseo,  came  consistit.  Neque  quisquam 
agri  modum  certum  aut  fines  habet  propri5s ;  sed  magistra- 
tes ac  principes  in  annos  singulos  gentibus  cognationibus- 

sque  hominum,  quique  una  coierunt,  quantum  et  quo  loco 

21.  I.  Germani,  etc. :  '  The  German  mode  of  life  and  goverament 
differs  greatly  from  that  described.'     How  lit.  ?     238,  b. 

2.    druides:  there  were  priests  among  the  Germans,  but  they  did 

not  form  a  dominant  class,  as  the  Druids  did  in  Gaul.         rgbus  divi- 

nlB:  chap.  13, 1.  ID,  and  N.        praesint:  193,  a.    B.  282,  2;  A.  531,2. 

3.   Deorum,  etc. ;  the  religion  of  the  Germans  in  Caesar's  time  was 

a  primitive  nature-worship. 

5.  Vulcanum  :  god  of  fire.  Lunam  :  the  ho.st  of  Ariovistus  dared 
not  fight  before  the  new  moon  (I,  50, 11.  1 1-17).         reliquos  :  sc  deos. 

6.  vgnationibus :  'hunting'  92,  a.  in,  etc.:  'in  warlike 
pursuits.' 

7.  &  parvis  :  '  from  childhood.'         duritiae  :  '  hardship.' 
22.    2.   lacte:  10,  g.         c5se6  :  'cheese.'         carne  :  18,  a. 

3.  fines  proprios  :  '  lands  of  his  own ' ;  there  was  no  private  own- 
ership of  land.     Cf  IV,  i,  11.  13-15. 

4.  in  annos  singulds :  'each  year.'  gentibus:  'clans.'  cog- 
nationibus  :  '  those  connected  by  blood,'  groups  of  families. 

5.  quique,  etc.:  'and  (to  those)  who  have  joined  together,'  asso- 
ciating themselves  for  the  purpose.  quantum  —  agri,  etc. :  'as  much 
land  as  they  deem  proper,  and  in  whatever  place  (they  think  best).' 


VI,  23]  The  Customs  of  the  Germans  355 

visum  est  agri,  attribuunt,  atque  anno  post  alio  transire 
cogunt. 

Eius  rei  multas  afferunt  causas  :  ne,  assidua  consuetu- 
dine  capti,  studium  belli  gerendi  agri  cultura  commutent; 
ne  latos  fines  parare  studeant,  potentioresque  humili5res  lo 
possessionibus  expellant;  ne  accuratius  ad  frigora  atque 
aestus  vitandos  aedificent ;  ne  qua  oriatur  pecuniae  cupi- 
ditas,  qua  ex  re  factiones  dissensionesque  nascuntur ;  ut 
animi  aequitate  plebem  contineant,  cum  suas  quisque  opes 
cum  potentissimis  aequari  videat.  is 

TJieir  ambitions  are  military;  but  they  protect  a  guest. 

23.  Civitatibus  maxima  laus  est,  quam  latissime  circum 
se,  vastatis  finibus,  solitudines  habere.  Hoc  proprium 
virtutis  existimant,  expulsos  agrls  finitimos  cedere,  neque 
quemquam  prope  audere  cdnsistere ;  simul  hoc  se  fore  tu- 
tiores  arbitrantur,  repentinae  incursi5nis  timore  sublato.       s 

Cum  bellum  civitas  aut  illatum  defendit  aut  infert,  magis- 

6.   visum  est :    sc.  eis  {7nagistrdtibus  ac  prificipibiis) .  anno  : 

140.        Cf.  IV,  I,  11.  9-13.         alio  :  adverb,  'to  another  place.' 

8.  Eius  rei  causas  :  '  explanations  of  this  practice,'  defined  by  the 
^/-clauses  and  ///-clause  following.  assidua,  etc. :  '  captivated  by 
the  attractiveness  of  permanent  residence.'     How  lit.  ? 

9.  cultura:   139.     A.  417,  b;   H.  478,  4. 

II.    accuratius:  ' with  too  great  pains.'         frigora:  92,  c. 

13.  dissenslones  :' dissensions.'  81.  nascuntur:  indicative  as 
expressing  the  view  of  the  writer ;  cf.  220. 

14.  animi  aequitate:  'in  a  state  of  contentment.'  How  lit.? 
cum,  etc. :  '  each  one  seeing.' 

15.  cum  potentissimis  :  cum  opibiis  potentissiniorum.     238,  b. 
23.    I.   maxima  laus  :  '  the  highest  distinction.'         quam:  153,  c. 

2.  proprium  virtutis  :  ' a  proof  of  valor.'    How  lit.?    102.     Cf.  IV, 

3, 11.  1-5- 

3.  neque  quemquam  :  'and  that  no  one.'     168,  and  49,  a. 

5.  incursionis  :  'raid.'         timore:  i44> '^^  (3)- 

6.  bellum  illatum  defendit :  '  repels  an  attack  that  has  been  made.' 


356  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [B.C.  53 

tratus,  qui  ei  bello  praesint  et  vitae  necisque  habeant 
potestatem,  deliguntur.  In  pace  nullus  est  communis 
magistratus,  sed  principes  regionum  atque  pagdrum  inter 

losuos  ius  dicunt  contr5versiasque  minuunt. 

Latrocinia  nullam  habent  infamiam,  quae  extra  fines 
cuiusque  civitatis  fiunt,  atque  ea  iuventutis  exercendae  ac 
desidiae  minuendae  causa  fieri  praedicant.  Atque  ubi  quis 
ex  principibus  in  concilia  dixit,  se  ducem  fore,   qui  sequl 

[5  velint,  profiteantur,  c5nsurgunt  ei,  qui  et  causam  et  homi- 
nem  probant,  suumque  auxilium  pollicentur  atque  a  mul- 
titudine  collaudantur;  qui  ex  his  secuti  non  sunt,  in 
desertorum  ac  proditorum  numero  ducuntur,  omniumque 
his  rerum  postea  fides  derogatur. 

7.  praesint :  193,  a.     B.  282,  2  ;  A.  531,  2  ;  H.  590. 

8.  communis  :  '  common '  to  a  whole  people  or  tribe. 

9.  principes,  etc. :  '  the  head  men  of  divisions  and  districts.'  Noth- 
ing is  known  about  the  details  of  the  German  civil  administration  in 
Caesar's  time ;  these  probably  varied  somewhat  among  the  different 
peoples. 

ID.   ius  dicunt :  'administer  justice.' 

II.  Latrocinia :  'marauding  expeditions  '  outside  their  own  borders 
have  generally  been  considered  by  barbarous  peoples  as  not  merely 
permissible   but   even   praiseworthy.  habent :  '  involve.'         infa- 

miam :  '  disgrace.' 

13.  dSsidiae  :  'indolence.'  praedicant:  'they  (the  Germans) 
declare.'         quis  :  4.9,  a. 

14.  ducem:  'leader'  of  an  expedition  or  raid.  qui  :  as  ante- 
cedent supply  ei,  subject  of  profiteantur. 

15.  profiteantur:  '  that  they  .  .  .  are  to  volunteer.'     216. 

17.  ex  his:  'of  those'  who  have  offered  to  follow.  In  this  volun- 
tary relation  between  the  chieftain  as  leader  and  his  followers  lies  the 
origin  of  the  peculiar  relation  between  lord  and  vassal  in  the  Middle 
Ages. 

18.  dSsertorum,  etc. :  '  as  deserters  and  traitors.'  SI.  omnium 
rSrum  fld6s  :  '  confidence  in  all  matters,'  not  merely  in  respect  to  war- 
like prowess. 

19.  his:  dative.     109  'b.         dSrogStur  :  'is  withdrawn.' 


VI.  24] 


The  Customs  of  the  Germans 


357 


Hospitem   violare  fas  n5n  putant;   qui  quacumque  deao 
causa  ad  eos  venerunt,  ab  iniuria  prohibent,  sanctos  habent, 
bisque  omnium  domus  patent  victusque  communicatur. 


Tlie  Gauls,  once  superior  to  the  Germans,  are  now  inferior. 

24.  Ac  fuit  antea  tempus,  cum  Germanos  Galli  virtute 
superarent,  ultro  bella  inferrent,  propter  hominum  multi- 
tudinem  agrique  inopiam  trans  Rhenum  colonias  mitterent. 
Itaque  ea,  quae  fertilissima  Germaniae  sunt,  loca,  circum 
Hercyniam  silvam,  quam  Eratosthenl  et  quibusdam  Graecis  s 


qui:  as  antece- 

50,  a. 


20.   Hospitem  violare :  '  to  maltreat  a  guest.' 
dent  supply  eos,  object  oi prohibent.        quacumque 

References.  The  statements  in  chapters  22  and  23  about  the  institutions 
of  the  early  Germans  are  of  particular  interest;  for  they  reveal  the  applica- 
tion, in  a  crude  way,  of  principles  of  government  the  fuller  outworking  of 
which  in  the  feudal  system  and  in  the  English  Constitution  have  had  much  to 
do  with  shaping  the  political  history  of  Europe,  and  even  of  America.  Ref- 
erences are:  Stubbs,  Constitutional  History  of  England,  vol.  I,,  chaps,  i  and 
2;  Taylor,  Origin  and  Growth  of  the  English  Constitution,  book  I.,  chaps. 
I,  2;  Adams,  Civihzation  during  the  Middle  Ages,  chap.  5;  Hallam,  View 
of  the  State  of  Europe  during  the  Middle  Ages,  chap.  2. 

24.   2.    inferrent,  mitterent :  238,  a. 

3.  trans  Rhenum ;  the  Gauls  in  earlier  times  had  not  only  held  ex- 
tensive regions  east  of  the  Rhine,  but 
had  pressed  far  down  into  Italy,  giving 
to  Cisalpine  Gaul  its  name.  The 
•Boii  (as  noted  elsewhere)  gave  their 
name  to  "  Bohemia,"  and  coins  struck 
by  different  branches  of  the  Boii, 
east  of  the  Rhine  and  in  northern 
Italy,  have  been  found  (Fig.  126  and 
Vocab.  under  Boii).        colonias  :  81. 

4.  fertilissima  :  '  most  productive.' 
81.         loca:  accusative. 

5.  Hercyniam  silvam :  see  Vocab.  Eratosthenl :  see  Vocab. 
quibusdam  :  168.  Graecis  :  it  is  not  now  possible  to  determine  to 
what  Greek  writers  Caesar  refers. 


Figure  126.  —  Coin  of  the  Boii. 

Silver ;   probably  struck  east  of  the 
Rhine,  while  the  Boii  still  dwelt  there. 
Reverse,  serpent  with  a  lion's  head. 


358  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  53 

fama  notam  esse  video,  quam  illi  Orcyniam  appellant, 
Volcae  Tectosages  occupaverunt  atque  ibi  consederunt ; 
quae  gens  ad  hoc  tempus  his  sedibus  sese  continet  sum- 
mamque  habet  iustitiae  et  bellicae  laudis  opinionem. 

lo  Nunc,  quod  in  eadem  inopia,  egestate,  patientia,  qua 
ante,  German!  permanent,  eodem  victu  et  cultu  corporis 
utuntur,  GallTs  autem  provinciarum  propinquitas  et  trans- 
marinarum  rerum  notitia  multa  ad  copiam  atque  usus 
largitur,  paulatim  assuefacti  superarl  multisque  victi  proeliis, 

15  ne  se  quidem  ipsi  cum  illls  virtute  comparant. 

The  Hercynian  forest,  and  the  wonderful  animals  found  in  it. 

25.  Huius  Hercyniae  silvae,  quae  supra  demonstrata 
est,   latitude  vim  dierum  iter  expedite  patet ;    non  enim 

6.  video :  Caesar  evidently  had  before  him  the  works  of  the  Greek 
writers  referred  to.  He  probably  kept  at  his  headquarters  copies  of 
writings  that  he  thought  might  be  in  any  way  useful  in  his  campaigns. 

7.  Volcae  Tectosages  :  see  Vocab.  under  Tectosages. 

8.  quae  gens:  'and  that  people.'  ad  .  .  .  continet:  'to  this 
day  continues  to  maintain  itself/  a  Gallic  outpost,  as  it  were,  on  German 
soil.  summam  :  353,  d. 

9.  bellicae,  etc. :  '  reputation  for  .  .  .  prowess  in  war.' 

10.  in,  etc. :  'in  the  (same  condition  of)  poverty,  privation,  (and) 
endurance  as  before.'     23J^,  a. 

12.  provinciarum:  the  two  provinces.  Cisalpine  Gaul  and  "the 
Province"  in  Transalpine  Gaul.  transmarinarum,  etc. :  '  familiarity 
with  products  brought  across  the  sea,'  which  entered  Gaul  chiefly 
through  the  port  of  Massilia.     How  lit.  ?     293,  a. 

13.  multa:  'many  articles,'  not  contributing  to  the  "simple  life." 
ad  .  .  .  largitur  :  '  supply  in  abundance  for  common  use.'     How  lit.  ? 

15.   ipsI:   Galli.         illis  :  trans,  as  if  GermanU. 

25.    I.    supra :  chap.  24,  1.  5. 

2.  latitude:  'breadth,'  from  north  to  south.  villi,  etc  :  21^3,  c. 
expedito :  'for  an  unencumbered  (traveler),'  who  might  average  20 
miles  a  day ;  if  so,  the  '  nine  days'  journey '  would  be  a  rough  equiva- 
lent of  180  miles. 


VI,  26]         Animals  in  the  Hercynian   Forest  359 

aliter  flniri  potest,  neque  mensuras  itinerum  n5verunt.  Ori- 
tur ab  Helvetiorum  et  Nemetum  et  Rauracorum  finibus,  rec- 
taque  fluminis  Danuvii  regione  pertinet  ad  fines  Dacorum  s 
et  Anartium ;  hinc  se  flectit  sinistrorsus,  diversis  a  flumine 
regionibus,  multarumque  gentium  fines  propter  magnitu- 
dinem  attingit;  neque  quisquam  est  huius  Germaniae,  qui 
se  aut  adisse  ad  initium  eius  silvae  dicat,  cum  dierum  iter 
LX  processerit,  aut,  quo  ex  loco  oriatur,  acceperit ;  multaque  lo 
in  ea  genera  ferarum  nasci  constat,  quae  reliquis  in  locis 
visa  non  sint ;  ex  quibus  quae  maxime  differant  a  ceteris 
et  memoriae  prodenda  videantur,  haec  sunt. 

26.  Est  bos  cervl  figura,  cuius  a  media  fronte  inter  aures 
unum  cornu  exsistit,  excelsius  magisque  derectum  his,  quae 

3-  neque,  etc. :  '  and  (the  people)  have  no  system  of  measuring  dis- 
tances,' by  paces  and  miles  (243,  a)  such  as  the  Romans  had.  How 
lit.  ?         Oritur  :  sc.  ea  (Hercynia  silvd) . 

4.  finibus:  'frontiers.'  rgcta,  etc. :  '  following  the  line  of  the 
Danube  it  extends  '     How  lit.  ? 

5.  regione  :  136,  b. 

6.  sinistrorsus  :  '  to  the  left '  of  the  Danube,  spreading  out  north- 
ward, toward  the  Carpathian  Mountains.  diversis,  etc. :  '  in  a  direc- 
tion away  from  the  river.'     92,  a. 

8.  huius  Germaniae  :  '  of  this  (part  of)  Germany,'  the  western  part. 

9.  initium  :  the  eastern  limit.         dicat :   19^,  a.         cum  :   187 . 

11.  ferarum:  'wild  animals.'  quae:  'such  as.'  194,  ct.  ^^c- 
liquis  locis  :  'any  other  places.' 

12.  ex  quibus  quae:  et  ex  els  {ed)  quae. 

13.  memoriae:  dative;  trans.,  'seem  worthy  of  mention.'  How 
lit.?         haec:  161,  a. 

26.  I.  Est :  90,  a.  bos,  etc. :  'an  ox  having  the  form  of  a  stag.' 
Caesar  is  describing  the  reindeer,  with  which  the  American  caribou  is 
closely  related.  As  a  descriptive  term  bos  was  applied  also  to  the  ele- 
phant, one  name  of  which  was  Lilca  bos,  '  Lucanian  cow.'  18,  a. 
figura:  143,  a.         media:  152,  a.         aures:  'ears.'     82,  c. 

2.  unum  cornu :  reindeer  and  caribou  shed  their  antlers  each  year, 
and  Caesar's  informant  may  have  seen  a  reindeer  which  had  lost  one 
antler,  but  had  not  yet  shed  the  other.     In  the  Provincial  Museum  at 


360  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  53 

nobis  nota  sunt,  cornibus;    ab  eius  summo  sicut  palmae 
ramlque  late  diffunduntur.     Eadem  est  feminae  marisque 
5  natura,  eadem  forma  magnitudoque  cornuum. 


Figure  127.  —  Caribou  with  one  horn. 
In  the  Provincial  Museum  at  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 


Victoria,  British  Columbia,  there  is  a  degenerate  caribou  which,  when 
shot,  had  only  one  antler  (Fig.  127).  excelsius,  etc. :  'higher  and 
straighter.'     30,  and  129,  a. 

3.  ab  eiua  summo  :  '  at  the  end  of  the  antler.'  How  lit.  ?  slcut, 
etc.:  'hands'  (i.e.  with  fingers  extended)  'and  branches,  as  it  were, 
are  widely  spread  out.'  The  aptness  of  the  description,  and  the  com- 
parison with  the  deer-horns  familiar  to  the  Romans  {nobis  nota  sunt)^ 
suggest  that  Caesar  had  probably  obtained  an  antler  of  a  reindeer. 
The  error  of  placing  a  single  antler  at  the  middle  of  the  forehead  of 
the  reindeer  may  be  due  to  an  interpreter's  misunderstanding ;  if  so, 
the  error  is  certainly  no  more  remarkable  than  that  mistranslation  of 
Exodus  (chapter  34,  verse  29),  which  led  Michael  Angelo  to  put  horns 
on  his  famous  statue  of  Moses. 

4.  fSminae,  etc. :  *the  natural  characteristics  of  the  male  and  the 
female.'        maris:  13,  g. 

5.  eadem,  etc. :  here  again  Caesar  was  misinformed;  the  antlers  of 
the  female  reindeer  are  somewhat  smaller  than  those  of  the  male , 


VI,  27]         Animals  in  the  Hercynian  Forest 


361 


27.  Sunt  item,  quae  appellantur  alces.  Harum  est 
consimilis  capris  figura  et  varietas  pellium,  sed  magnitudine 
paulo  antecedunt  mutilaeque  sunt  cornibus  et  crura  sine 
nodis  articulisque  habent,  neque  quietis  causa  procumbunt, 
neque,  si  quo  affllctae  casu  conciderunt,  erigere  sese  auts 
sublevare  possunt. 

His  sunt  arbores  pro  cubilibus ;  ad  eas  se  applicant,  at- 
que  ita,  paulum  mode  reclinatae,  quietem  capiunt.  Quarum 
ex  vestigiis  cum  est  animadversum  a  venatdribus,  quo  se 
recipere  consuerint,  omnes  eo  loco  aut  ab  radicibus  subru-  lo 


27.  I.  alcSs :  'moose.'  The  American  moose  closely  resembles 
the  European  elk,  to  which  Caesar  refers  ;  the  American  elk  belongs  to 
a  different  genus. 

2.  capris:  \.^.  figurae  (dative)  caprarum^'-  (\W€)  that  of  goats'; 
brachylogy.  238,  b.      varietSs  : 
'  mottled  appearance.' 

3.  antecedunt:  'they  sur- 
pass (the  reindeer).'  muti- 
lae,  etc. :  '  their  horns  present 
a  broken  appearance  '  (Fig.  128). 
How  lit.?  cornibus:  1^2,  a. 
crura:  Megs.'     13, g. 

4.  nodis  articulisque: 
'  nodes  and  joints.'  In  this  state- 
ment Caesar  reflects  the  condi- 
tion of  scientific  knowledge  in  his  time.  The  even  more  marvelous  uni- 
corn found  a  place  in  a  textbook  of  Natural  History  as  late  as  the 
fourteenth  century.  In  England  down  to  the  nineteenth  century  the 
belief  was  still  current  that  elephants  have  no  joints  in  their  legs, 
quietis  :  10,  e. 

5.  afElictae  :  '  thrown  down.'  erigere,  etc. :  '  to  assume  a  stand- 
ing position,  or  raise  themselves  up.' 

7.  sunt  pro  cubilibus:  'serve  as  resting-places.'  ad,  etc.: 
^they  lean  up  against  these.' 

8.  reclinatae  :  '  leaning  to  one  side ' ;  lit.  '  leaned  back.' 

9.  cum:  185,  b.        venatoribus :  'hunters.'     7J^,a. 

10.  omnes:  viiih  arbores.     353.  d.         ab  :  'at.'     126,  c. 


Figure  128. — Horns  of  a  Moose. 


362  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  53 

unt  aut  accidunt  arbores,  tantum,  ut  summa  species  earum 
stantium  relinquatur.  Hue  cum  se  consuetudine  reclina- 
verunt,  infirmas  arbores  pondere  affllgunt  atque  una  ipsae 
concidunt. 

28.  Tertium  est  genus  eorum,  qui  uri  appellantur.  Hi 
sunt  magnitudine  paul5  infra  elephantos,  specie  et  colore  et 
figura  tauri.  Magna  vis  eorum  est  et  magna  velocitas, 
neque  homini  neque  ferae,  quam  c5nspexerunt,  parcunt. 
s  Hos  studiose  foveis  capt5s  interficiunt.  Hoc  se  labore 
durant  adulescentes  atque  h5c  genere  venationis  exercent, 
et  qui  plurimos  ex  his  interfecerunt,  relatis  in  publicum 
cornibus,  quae  sint  testim5nio,  magnam  ferunt  laudem. 
Sed  assuescere  ad  homines  et  mansuefieri  ne  parvuli  quidem 
10  excepti  possunt. 

Amplitudo  cornuum  et  figura  et  species  multum  a  nostr5- 

11.  accidunt:  <cut  into.'  tantum,  etc. :  *  (only)  so  much  that 
the  trees  retain  perfectly  the  appearance  of  standing  firmly.''     How  lit.? 

12.  Hue:  in  has  arbores.  consuetudine:  136,  c.  This  won- 
derful story  may  have  originated  in  a  distorted  account  of  a  kind  of  pit- 
fall, made  by  covering  a  deep  hole  with  timber  so  weakened  by  notches 
that  a  heavy  animal  passing  above  would  break  through. 

28.  I .  urT :  '  wild  cattle,'  now  extinct ;  sometimes  confused  with  the 
aurochs,  or  European  buffalo,  of  which  a  few  herds  still  exist  in  game 
preserves.  The  '  wild  cattle '  had  spreading  horns,  like  those  of  our 
Texas  cattle,  and  it  is  thought  that  they  represented  the  primitive  stock 
firom  which  our  domestic  cattle  are  descended.  The  last  specimen  died 
in  1627. 

2.  elephantos:  ^ the  elephant.'  92j  a.  specie:  14S,a.  co- 
lore :  80,  b. 

3.  tauri:  i.e.  of  a  domestic 'bull.' 

4.  parcunt:  < spare';  they  attack  indiscriminately.     105. 

5.  studiSsS  :<  diligently.'  foveis  :' by  means  of  pitfalls.'  cap- 
tds:  228,  a.        sS  durant :  'they  develop  hardihood.'     How  lit. .-^ 

7.  relatis,  etc. :  'publicly  exhibiting  the  horns  as  a  trophy.' 

8.  sint:   193,  a.         testimonio  :  112,  a. 

9.  assugscere,  etc. :  'become  domesticated.'  mansugfieri :  '  be 
tamed.'        n6,  etc. :  '  not  even  if  very  young  when  caught.' 


VI,  29]  Caesar  returns  to  Gaul  363 

rum  bourn  cornibus  differt.  Haec  studiose  conquTsita  ab 
labrTs  argento  circumcludunt  atque  in  amplissimis  epulis 
pro  poculis  utuntur. 

Caesar  returns  to  Gaul,  cuts  down  the  farther  end  of  the  bridge. 

29.  Caesar,  postquam  per  Ubi5s  exploratores  comperit, 
Suebos  sese  in  silvas  recepisse,  inopiam  frumenti  veritus, 
quod,  ut  supra  dem5nstravimus,  minime  omnes  Germani  agri 
culturae  student,  constituit  n5n  pr5gredi  longius ;  sed,  ne 
omnino  metum  reditus  sui  barbaris  tolleret  atque  ut  eorum  s 
auxilia  tardaret,  reducto  exercitu,  partem  ultimam  pontis, 
quae  rlpas  Ubi5rum  contingebat,  in  longitudinem  pedum 
cc  rescindit,  atque  in  extreme  ponte  turrim  tabulatorum 
IV  constituit  praesidiumque  cohortium  xii,  pontis  tuendi 
causa,  ponit  magnisque  eum  locum  munitionibus  firmat.         ic 

El  loco  praesidioque  C.  Volcacium  Tullum  adulescentem 
praefecit. 

12.  conquisita:  < collect  and.'  228,  a.  ab  labris,  etc.  :  'mount 
them  with  silver  at  the  rim.'     How  lit.  ? 

13.  in  amplissimis  epulis:  'at  their  more  elaborate  feasts.'  The 
principal  beverage  was  beer. 

14.  utuntur:  sc.  /lis ;  'use  them  as  drinking  cups.'  Such  drinking 
horns  continued  in  use  in  the  Middle  Ages;  in  later  times  horns  of 
cattle  were  made  into  "  powderhorns,"  the  use  of  which  in  this  country 
continued  till  after  the  Revolutionary  War.  Drinking  horns  were  used 
also  by  the  early  Greeks. 

29.  I.  Caesar,  etc. :  the  narrative,  broken  off  at  chapter  10,  is  here 
resumed. 

3.    supra:  chap.  22,  11.  1-2;  cf.  IV,  i,  11.  12-15. 

8.  in  extreme  ponte :  'on  the  end  of  the  bridge,'  in  the  river,  200 
Roman  feet  from  the  east  bank.  The  bridge  here  probably  crossed 
a  small  island,  which  furnished  a  secure  foundation  for  the  tower. 
tabulatorum  iv  :  '  four  stories  high.'     How  lit.  ?     100,  a. 

10.  munitionibus  :  of  a  fortified  enclosure  at  the  end  of  the  bridge, 
on  the  west  bank. 


COMMENTARIUS   SEPTIMUS 


Beginning  of  a  General  Uprising ;  First  Movements,     i-io 
The  Gauls  secretly  plan  a  general  upnsirig. 

1.    QuiETA  Gallia,  Caesar,  ut  constituerat,  in  Italiam  ad 

conventus  agendos  proficiscitur.     Ibi  cognoscit  de  P.  Clodii 

caede ;    de  senatusque  c6nsult5  certior   factus,  ut   omnes 

iuniores  Italiae  coniurarent,  dilectum  tota  provincia  habere 

s  instituit. 

Eae  res  in  Galliam  Transalpinam  celeriter  perferuntur. 
Addunt  ipsi  et  affingunt  rum5ribus  Galli,  quod  res  poscere 

1-10.  The  Circumstances.  During  the  sixth  year  of  the  Gallic  War 
(53  B.C.)  the  restlessness  of  the  conquered  states  became  increasingly  mani- 
fest, but  all  attempts  to  revolt  were  sternly  repressed  h^  Caesar.  After  his 
return  from  the  second  expedition  into  Germany  (VI,  29),  Caesar  devoted 
himself  particularly  to  the  chastisement  of  the  Eburones,  but  narrowly  escaped 
the  loss  of  a  legion,  which  was  stationed  at  Atuatuca  in  command  of  Quintus 
Cicero  and  was  attacked  by  a  force  of  marauding  Sugambrians  (VI,  30-44). 

Before  the  close  of  the  winter  53-52  B.C.  the  Gauls  began  to  organize  a 
general  rebellion.  The  earlier  part  of  the  Seventh  Book,  which  is  devoted 
to  the  events  of  52  B.C.,  deals  with  the  first  movements  of  the  Gauls  and  with 
Caesar's  counter-movements,  which  were  characterized  by  amazing  quickness 
of  decision,  energy,  and  despatch. 

1.  I.  Quigta  Gallia :  the  "calm  before  the  storm.''  I44,  fi,  (3). 
Italiam:  Cisalpine  Gaul.     283,  b.         ad,  etc. :  N.  to  I,  54,  1.  8. 

2.  P.  Clodii:  killed  in  January,  52  B.C.,  in  an  encounter  with  his 
personal  enemy,  T.  Annius  Milo.  Riots  ensued  at  Rome,  and  the 
Senate  ordered  out  all  men  throughout  Italy  capable  of  bearing  arms. 

4.  iuniorSs  :  men  between  the  ages  of  17  and  46.  coniflrSlrent : 
'should  together  take  the  oath'  that  they  would  obey  the  consuls, 
dllgctum  :  Mevy.'    307,  a.       -pTOviacidt.  \  =  citen'dre  pr&i'htcul.    28 J^. 

7.  Addunt  et  affingunt:  'added  to  (the  facts)  and  embellished 
(them)  with  rumors.'  175,  b.  quod  :  =  id  qiiod,  explained  by  rcti- 
nerl  .  .  .  posse;  "the  wish"  was  "father  to  the  thought."  rfia : 
'the  condition  of  affairs.' 

364 


Plate  IX 


Appliances  for  Siege  and  Defense 


p^/"^       i'* 


I.    Caesar's  Works  before  Alesia  (VII.  72,  73)  :  la,  Cippi  ;   \b^  Lilia  ;  ic,  Stimuli. 

2.  Agger,  etc.  (VII.  24).         3.    Gallic  City  Wall  (VII.  23). 

4,  5.    Movable  Breastworks, //«/(??. 

6.    Rampart  of  Camp,  with  Passageway  and  Towers. 

7.    Movable  Tower,  turris  anibulatoria.         8.    Catapult,  catapulta. 

9.   Sapper's  Hut,  vinea. 


VII,  2]  General   Uprising  in   Gaul  365 

videbatur,  retinerl  urbano  motu  Caesarem  neque  in  tantls 
dissensionibus  ad  exercitum  venire  posse. 

Hac  impulsi  occasione,  qui  iam  ante  se  populi  Roman!  lo 
imperid  subiect5s  dolerent,  liberius  atque  audacius  de  bello 
c5nsilia  inire  incipiunt.  Indictis  inter  se  principes  Galliae 
concilils  silvestribus  ac  remotis  locis  querunter  de  Acconis 
morte ;  hunc  casum  ad  ipsos  recidere  posse  demonstrant ; 
miserantur  communem  Galliae  f ortunam  ;  omnibus  pollici- is 
tationibus  ac  praemiis  deposcunt,  qui  belli  initium  faciant 
et  sul  capitis  periculo  Galliam  in  llbertatem  vindicent.  In 
primis  rationem  esse  habendam  dicunt,  prius  quam  eorum 
clandestlna  c5nsilia  efferantur,  ut  Caesar  ab  exercitu  inter- 
cludatur :  20 

Id  esse  facile,  quod  neque  legiones  audeant,  absente  im- 
perdtore,  ex  Jiibeimis  egredt,  neque  imperdtor  sine  praesidio 
ad  legiones  pervenlre  possit ;  postremo  in  acie  praestdre 
interfici,  quam  non  veterem  belli  gloriam,  libertdtemque^ 
quam  a  m,aidribus  acceperint^  recuperdre.  25 

The,  Garnutes  lead  in  revolt,  massacre  the  Romans  in  Cenabum. 

2.  His  rebus  agitatis,  profitentur  Carnutes,  se  nullum 
periculum  communis  salutis  causa  recusare,  principesque 

8.  urbano  motu  :  'the  disturbances  in  the  city,'  in  Rome- 

9.  dissensionibus  :  'strifes.' 

10.  qui:  'since  they.'     194,  c.         ante:  adverb. 

13.  Acconis  :  a  leader  in  uprisings  the  previous  year  (VI,  4,  44). 

14.  ad  ipsos  recidere  :   '  might  fall  upon  themselves.' 

15.  omnibus  pollicitationibus  :  'by  every  sort  of  promise.' 

17.  sui,  etc.  :  'at  the  ri.sk  of  their  lives  would  assert  the  freedom 
of  Gaul.'     How  lit.? 

18.  rationem  esse  habendam:   'that  a  plan  should  be  devised.' 
22.    hibernis :  6  legions  at  Agedincum  (3,  Map  13),  2  among  the 

Lingones  (2,  Map  13),  and  2  near  the  Treveran  frontier. 

2.    I.  profitentur:  at  a  meeting  of  representatives  of  Gallic  states. 
2.    principgs,  etc  :  'that  they  will  be  the  first  of  all  to  make  war.' 


366  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  62 

ex   omnibus   bellum    facturos  poUicentur   et,  quoniam    in 
praesentia  obsidibus   cavere  inter  se  non    possint,  ne  res 

s  efferatur,  at  iure  iurando  ac  fide  sanciatur,  petunt,  collatis 
militaribus  signis,  quo  more  e5rum  gravissima  caerimonia 
continetur,  ne,  facto  initio  belli,  ab  reliquis  deserantur. 
Tum,  collaudatis  Carnutibus,  dat5  iure  iurando  ab  omni- 
bus, qui  aderant,  tempore  eius  rei  c5nstitut5,  a  concilio 
lo  disceditur. 

3.  Ubi  ea  dies  venit,  Carnutes,  Cotuato  et  Conconneto- 
dumno  ducibus,  desperatis  hominibus,  Cenabum  signo  dato 
concurrunt  civesque  Romanes,  qui  negotiandi  causa  ibi 
constiterant,  in  his  C.  Fufium  Citam,  honestum  equitem 

s  Romanum,  qui  rei    frumentariae  iussu  Caesaris  praeerrat, 
interficiunt  bonaque  eorum  diripiunt. 

Celeriter  ad  omnes  Galliae  civitates  fama  perfertur. 
Nam  ubi  quae  maior  atque  illustrior  incidit  res,  clamore 
per  agros  regionesque  significant ;    hunc  alii  deinceps  ex- 

3.  quoniam,  etc.:  '  since  at  the  time  they  could  not  bind  one  an- 
other for  mutual  protection  by  an  exchange  of  hostages.' 

5.  fidg:  'a  pledge  of  honor.'  sanciatur:  sc.  ut ;  *  that  (the 
compact)  be  ratified.'  199,  a.  collatis  signis:  <  by  placing  their 
standards  close  together,'  signifying  inviolable  alliance  for  war. 

6.  more  eorum  :  ^  in  accordance  with  their  custom.'  136,  c.  gra- 
vissima :  '  most  solemn.' 

9.  eius  rei :  the  commencing  of  hostilities. 

10.  discSditur:  '  they  went  away.'     78,  cf,  and  175,  d. 

3.    I.   di§s  :  the 'day' appointed  for  commencing  hostilities.    SI, a. 

2.  dSsperStls  :  here  an  adjective.         Cgnabum  :   Map  13.     119,  a. 

3.  negotiandi:  the  Roman  citizens  engaged  in  business  in  Gallic 
cities  were  chiefly  money-lenders  who  furnished  capital  for  various  enter- 
prises, and  dealers  in  supplies,  particularly  of  grain  ;  cf.  p.  xxviii. 

6.  interficiunt :  the  massacre  of  the  Roman  citizens,  well  organized 
in  advance,  took  place  at  daybreak  (1.  11). 

8.  quae:  'any.'     168.         clSmore :  *  by  shouting.' 

9.  per  agros  regiSngsque :  'across  the  country.'  How  lit.? 
bunc  [clamorem],  etc- :  'others  in  turn  take  up  the  shouting.' 


VII,  4]  General    Uprising  in  Gaul  367 

cipiunt  et  proximis  tradunt,  ut  turn  accidit.       Nam  quae  lo 
Cenabi  oriente  sole  gesta  essent,  ante  primam  c5nfectam 
vigiliam  in  finibus  Arvern5rum  audita  sunt,  quod  spatium 
est  milium  passuum  circiter  clx. 

The  Arverni  revolt,  under  the  leadership  of  Vercingetorix. 

4.  Simili  ratione  ibi  Vercingetorix,  Celtilli  filius,  Arver- 
nus,  summae  potentiae  adulescens,  cuius  pater  prfncipatum 
totius  Galliae  obtinuerat  et  ob  earn  causam,  quod  regnum 
appetebat,  a  civitate  erat  interfectus,  convocatis  suis 
clientibus  facile  incendit.  Cognito  eius  c5nsilio,  ad  arma  s 
concurritur.  Prohibetur  a  Gobannitione,  patruo  suo,  reli- 
quisque  principibus,  qui  banc  temptandam  fortunam  non 
existimabant ;  expellitur  ex  oppido  Gergovia ;  non  destitit 
tamen,  atque  in  agris  habet  dilectum  egentium  ac  perdi- 
torum.  ic 

Hac  coacta  manu,  quoscumque  adit  ex  civitate,  ad  suam 
sententiam  perducit ;  hortatur,  ut  communis  libertatis  causa 

11.  Cenabi:  146.  gesta  essent:  adversative,  'although  these 
things  had  been  done/    194,  d.        ante  .  .  .  vigiliam  :  228,  b,  and  242'>  c 

12.  quod  spatium:  'a  distance  which.'  Perhaps  men  had  been 
posted  in  advance  along  the  roads  leading  from  Cenabum,  in  readiness 
to  transmit  the  news  ;  otherwise  the  population  must  have  been  so  dense 
over  the  country  that  neighbors  were  within  hailing  distance.     165,  b. 

4.  I.    ibi:  in  the  country  of  the  Arvernians  ;  Map  13. 

2 .  principatum  totius  Galliae  :  '  a  position  of  leadership  through- 
out the  Celtic  country,'  on  account  of  his  influence.     287,  b. 

3.  earn:  161,  a.         causam:  explained  by  the  ^//^^-clause. 

5.  clientibus  :  a  feudal  following,  like  that  of  Orgetorix  (I,  4). 

6.  ad  arma  concurritur  :  '  they  rushed  to  arms.'  How  lit.  ?  73,  d. 
patruo  :  '  uncle,'  on  his  father's  side. 

7.  hanc,  etc.  :  *that  fortune  ought  not  to  be  tempted  in  this  way ' ; 
cf.  Fig.  198.     How  lit.? 

II.  quoscumque,  etc.:  'all  the  men  of  his  state  whom  he  ap- 
proached.'    50,  a. 


308  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  52 

arma  capiant,  magnlsque  coactis  copiis  adversaries  suos,  a 
quibus  paul5  ante  erat  eiectus,  expellit  ex  civitate.     Rex 
IS  ab  suis   appellatur.      Dimittit   qu5que   versus    legationes ; 
obtestatur,  ut  in  fide  maneant. 

Vercingetorix  wins  over  many  states,  including  the  Bituriges. 

Celeriter  sibi  Senones,  Parisi5s,  Pictones,  Cadurcos,  Tu- 
ronos,  Aulercos,  Lemovices,  Andes  reliquosque  omnes, 
qui  Oceanum  attingunt,  adiungit ;    omnium    consensu  ad 

2oeum  defertur  imperium.  Qua  oblata  potestate,  omnibus 
his  civitatibus  obsides  imperat,  certum  numerum  militum 
ad  se  celeriter  adduci  iubet,  armorum  quantum  quaeque 
civitas  domf  quodque  ante  tempus  efficiat,  constituit ;  in 
primis  equitatui  studet. 

25  Summae  diligentiae  summam  imperil  severitatem  addit ; 
magnitudine  supplicii  dubitantes  cogit.  Nam,  maiore  com- 
misso  delicto,  igni  atque  omnibus  tormentis  necat,  leviore 
de  causa  auribus  desectis,  aut  singulis  effossis  oculis,  domum 
remittit,  ut  sint  reliquis  documento  et  magnitudine  poenae 

30  perterreant  alios. 

5.  His  supplicils  celeriter  coacto  exercitu,  Lucterium 
Cadurcum,  summae  hominem  audaciae,  cum  parte  copia- 
rum    in   Rutenos    mittit;    ipse    ia   Bituriges    proficiscitur. 

13.    advers&rios  :  *  opponents,'  such  as  Gobannitio. 

16.    obtestatur:  'he  adjured  (his  allies),'  through  his  envoys. 

22.  Armorum  quantum,  etc.:  'how  great  a  supply  of  arms  each 
state  should  furnish.'     97,  b. 

23.  domi:  'of  its  own  manufacture,' lit.  'at  home.'  11^6.  quod, 
etc. :  '  and  before  what  time ' ;  Vercingetorix  fixed  the  date  for.  delivery. 

26.  dubitantes  :  '  those  who  hesitated '  to  join  him.      227,  a,  (4). 

27.  dglicto  :  'offence.'         uecat :  2,z.  eiun  qui  id  commiserat. 

28.  leviore  dg  causa  :  \.q.  si  qui  levius  peccdvermtt.  auribus, 
etc. :  '  he  cut  off  their  ears,  or  gouged  out  one  eye,  and.'     />^4,  b,  (2). 

29.  documento:  'a  warning.'     112.  b. 

5.  3.  Rutenos,  etc  :  Vercingetorix  (Figures  18,  145)  proceeds 
with  great  energy  against  the  states  friendly  to  Caesar. 


VII,  6]  General   Uprising  in  Gaul  369 

Eius  adventu  Bituriges  ad  Aeduos,  quorum  erant  in  fide, 
legates  mittunt  subsidium  rogatum,  quo   facilius   hostiums 
copias  sustinere  possint. 

Aedui  de  consilio  legatorum,  quos  Caesar  ad  exercitum 
reliquerat,  copias  equitatus  peditatusque  subsidio  Biturigi- 
bus  mittunt.  Qui  cum  ad  flumen  Ligerim  venissent,  quod 
Bituriges  ab  Aeduls  dividit,  paucos  dies  ibi  morati  neque  lo 
flumen  transire  ausi,  domum  revertuntur  legatlsque  nostris 
reniintiant,  se  Bitiirigimi  perfidiani  veritos  revertisse,  qiii- 
biis  id  consilii  fidsse  cognoverint,  ut,  si  Jlumefi  trdnslssent, 
una  ex  parte  ipsi,  altera  Arverni  se  circumsisterent.  Id 
eane  de  causa,  quam  legatis  pronuntiarunt,  an  perfidia  15 
adducti  fecerint,  quod  nihil  n5bis  constat,  non  videtur  pro 
certo  esse  ponendum. 

Bituriges  eorum  discessu  statim  se  cum  Arvernis  coniun- 
gunt. 

Caesar  leaves  Cisalpine  Gaul,  proceeds  to  Narbo,  in  the  Province. 

6.  His  rebus  in  Italiam  Caesari  nuntiatis,  cum  iam  ille 
urbanas  res  virtute  Cn.   Pompei  commodiorem  in  statum 

4.  quorum,  etc. :  '  in  whose  allegiance  they  were.'  The  Aeduans 
were  at  the  head  of  one  league  of  Gallic  states,  the  Arvernians  of  the 
other  (I,  31,  11.  10-28). 

5.  rogatum:  231,  a.         hostium  :  the  Arvernian  army. 

7.  legatorum:  these  had  been  left  'with  the  army'  when  it  was 
placed  in  winter  quarters  at  the  end  of  53  B.C.     813,  a. 

9.    Biturigibus:   19,  e,  2in6.  112,  b.       Qui:  167.       Ligerim:   18,  e. 

11.  ausi:  62.         domum:  20,  c,  2Lnd  1 19,  d. 

12.  veritos  :  61,  a,  (2),  and  227,  a,  (i).  quibus,  etc. :  'having 
found  out  that  the  Bituriges  had  the  design.'     97,  b,  and  21J^,  a. 

15.  -ne  .   .   .  an:  201^,  (i).     B.  162,4;  A.  335;  H.  380. 

16.  fecerint :  the  object  is  Id.  nihil :  adverbial  accusative. 
118,  c.         nobis:   156.         pro  certo  :  'ascertain.'     154,  a. 

6.  I .    Italiam  :  Caesar  was  in  Cisalpine  Gaul.     283,  b,  and  256. 

2.  urbanas  res:  ''affairs  in  the  city,'  Rome;  see  chap,  i,  11.  2-9, 
and  Notes.  virtute  :  '  through  the  energetic  action.'  The  break 
between  Caesar  and  Pompey  did  not  come  till  two  years  later.     258. 


370  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [B.C.  52 

pervenisse  intellegeret,  in  Transalpinam  Galliam  profectus 
est. 

s  Eo  cum  venisset,  magna  difficultate  afficiebatur,  qua 
ratione  ad  exercitum  pervenire  posset.  Nam  si  legiones 
in  provinciam  arcesseret,  se  absente  in  itinere  proeli5  dlmi- 
caturas  intellegebat ;  si  ipse  ad  exercitum  contenderet,  ne 
eis  quidem  eo  tempore,  qui  quietl  viderentur,  suam  salutem 

10  recte  committi  videbat. 

7.  Interim  Lucterius  Cadurcus  in  Rutenos  missus  eam 
civitatem  Arvernis  conciliat.  Progressus  in  Nitiobroges 
et  Gabalos,  ab  utrisque  obsides  accipit  et,  magna  coacta 
manu,  in  provinciam  Narbonem  versus  irruptionem  facere 

5  contendit. 

Qua  re  nuntiata,  Caesar  omnibus  c5nsiliis  antevertendum 
existimavit,  ut  Narbonem  proficlsceretur.  Eo  cum  venis- 
set, timentes  c5nfirmat,  praesidia  in  Rutenis  provincialibus, 
Volcis  Arecomicis,  Tolosatibus  circumque  Narbonem,  quae 

loloca  hostibus  erant  finitima,  constituit,  partem  copiarum 
ex  provincia  supplementumque,  quod  ex  Italia  adduxerat, 
in  Helvi5s,  qui  fines  Arvernorum  contingunt,  convenire 
iubet. 


5.  magna,  etc. :  'he  experienced  great  difficulty  in  devising  a  plan 
for  reaching  his  army.'     How  lit.  ? 

6.  posset:  204,  (2).         legiongs :  see  chap,  i,  1.  22,  dnd  n. 

8.  ipse  :  alone,  or  with  only  a  small  military  escort. 

9.  eo  tempore  :  'at  so  critical  a  time.'     How  lit.? 

7.  I.    RutSnos:  282.         missus:  chap.  5,11.  1-3. 

2.    Nitiobroggs,   Gabalos :    west,   and   east,   of  the  Ruteni ;    see 

Map  Gallia. 

4.    versus  :  '  in  the  direction  of.'     123,  c.         irruptionem  :  •  raid.' 
6.    omnibus,  etc. :  '  that  setting  out  for  Narbo  should  precede  all 

(forming  of)  plans.'     How  lit.  .'' 

8.  provinci&libus  :  a  part  of  the  Ruteni  were  in  the  Province. 

9.  quaeloca:   {iti)  locls  quae.     165,  c. 

II.    supplSmentum :  'raw  contingent';  cf.  chap.  i.  11.  3-5. 


VII,  8]  General   Uprising  in  Gaul  371 

Caesar  crosses  the  Cevennes  through  deep  S7iow,  surprising  the 

Arverni. 

8.  His  rebus  comparatis,  represso  iam  Lucterio  at  re- 
mot5,  quod  intrare  intra  praesidia  periculosum  putabat,  in 
Helvids  proficiscitur.  Etsi  mons  Cebenna,  qui  Arvernos 
ab  Helvils  discludit,  durissimo  tempore  anni  altissima  nive 
iter  impediebat,  tamen,  discussa  nive  in  altitudinem  pedum  s 
sex  atque  ita  viis  patefactis  summo  militum  sudore,  ad 
fines  Arvernorum  pervenit.  Quibus  oppressis  inopinan- 
tibus,  quod  se  Cebenna  ut  muro  munit5s  existimabant, 
ac  ne  singular!  quidem  umquam  homini  eo  tempore  annl 
semitae  patuerant,  equitibus  imperat,  ut,  quam  latissime  lo 
possint,  vagentur  et  quam  maximum  hostibus  terrorem 
inferant. 

Celeriter  haec  fama  ac  nuntiis  ad  Vercingetorigem  per- 
feruntur;  quem  perterriti  omnes  Arverni  circumsistunt 
atque  obsecrant,  ut  suis  fortunis  consulat  neu  se  ab  hos-  is 
tibus  diripi  patiatur,  praesertim  cum  videat  omne  ad  se 
bellum  transiatum.  Quorum  ille  precibus  permotus,  castra 
ex  Biturigibus  movet  in  Arvern5s  versus. 


8.    I.    His,  etc. :  '  Having  completed  these  preparations.' 

2.  intra  praesidia:  ^within  the  (chain  of)  garrisons'  by  which 
Caesar  had  secured  the  western  frontier  of  the  Province.  periculo- 
sum :  75,  /;  84,  and  148,  d.         putabat:  sc.  Lucterius. 

3.  proficiscitur  :  sc.  Caesar. 

4.  durissimo  tempore  :  'the  most  inclement  season.' 

5.  discussa  nive:  'the  snow  was  cleared  away'  in  the  pass  by 
which  he  crossed  the  Cevennes.     Cf.  Map  13,  (i).     I44,  b,  (2). 

6.  summo  sudore  :  'with  the  utmost  effort.'    1S6,  b.     How  lit.? 

9     ne,  etc. :  '  not  even  for  one  man  alone,'  not  to  speak  of  an  army. 
10.    semitae  :  mountain  '  trails.'        patuerant :   '  were  passable.' 
13.   fama:  'by  report;  '  less  definite  than  nuntiis,  'by  messages.' 

15.  suis:  'their  own.'         neu:   199, d. 

16.  cum:   18Ii,b.         omne:  353,  d. 

18.    in.    .   .versus:   123,  c.         Arvernos:  282. 


372  Caesar's  Gallic  War  Ib.c.  52 

Caesar  assembles  his  legions;    he  leaves  two  at  Agedincum  and 
starts  for  Oorgobina,  besieged  by  Vercingetorix. 

9.  At  Caesar,  biduum  in  his  locis  moratus,  quod  haec 
de  Vercingetorige  usu  ventura  opinione  praeceperat,  per 
causam  supplement!  equitatusque  cogendl  ab  exercitu  dis- 
cedit,  Brutum  adulescentem  his  copiis  praeficit ;  hunc 
smonet,  ut  in  omnes  partes  equites  quam  latissime  perva- 
gentur :  Daturum  se  operaniy  ne  longitis  trldtio  a  castris 
absit. 

His  constitutis  rebus,  suis  inopinantibus,  quam  maximis 
potest  itineribus,  Viennam  pervenit.  Ibi  nactus  recentem 
10  equitatum,  quem  multis  ante  diebus  e5  praemiserat,  neque 
diurno  neque  nocturno  itinere  intermisso,  per  fines  Aedu5- 
rum  in  Lingones  contendit,  ubi  duae  legi5nes  hiemabant, 
ut,  si  quid  etiam  de  sua  salute  ab  Aeduis  iniretur  consihi, 
celeritate  praecurreret.  E5  cum  pervenisset,  ad  reliquas 
15  legiones  mittit  priusque  omnes  in  unum  locum  cogit,  quam 
de  eius  adventu  Arvernis  nuntiari  posset. 

Hac  re  cognita,  Vercingetorix  rursus  in  Bituriges  exer- 
citum  reducit,  atque  inde  profectus  Gorgobinam,  Boiorum 

9.  I.  haec  dS  Vercingetorige  :  '■  these  movements  on  the  part  of 
Vercingetorix.' 

2.  usu  ventura  [esse]  :  ^  would  take  place;'  lit.,  *  would  come  in 
experience.'     142,a.         opinione  praecSperat :  '  had  conjectured.' 

3.  per  causam,  etc. :  'making  a  pretext  of  bringing  together  his 
new  force,'  etc.     How  lit.  ? 

6.    Datiirum  [esse]  .  .  .  absit :  said  as  a  blind,  to  prevent  infor- 
mation regarding  his  plans  from  reaching  the  enemy. 
9.    nactus,  etc.  :  '  finding  his  cavalry  refreshed.' 

12.  duae  legiongs :  see  (2)  on  Map  13. 

13.  quid,  etc. :  '  any  design  involving  his  personal  safety.'  97yd; 
353,  d. 

14.  celeritate:  *  by  quickness  of  movement.'  praecurreret: 
that  he  might  forestall  (it).' 

16.    nuntiari  posset:  *  any  report  could  reach.'     73,  d\  189yb, 
18.    Boiorum,  etc. :  I,  28,  11.  15-18  ;  also,  N.  to  VI,  24,  1.  3. 


VII,  10] 


General   Uprising  in  Gaul 


373 


oppidum,  quos  ibi,  Helvetico  proelio  victos,  Caesar  colloca- 
verat  Aeduisque  attribuerat,  oppugnare  instituit.  2c 

10.  Magnam  haec  res  Caesari  difficultatem  ad  c5nsilium 
capiendum  afferebat :  si  reliquam  partem  hiemis  uno  loco 
legiones  contineret,  ne,  stlpendiariis  Aeduorum  expugna- 
tls,  cuncta  Gallia  deficeret,  quod  nullum  amicis  in  e5 
praesidium  videret  positum  esse ;  si  maturius  ex  hibernis  5 
educeret,  ne  ab  re  frumentaria  duris  subvectionibus  labo- 
raret. 


10.    I.    haec  res  :  '  This  movement' of  Vercingetorix. 
3.    ne,  etc. :  if  Caesar   failed   to  protect   the  Gauls  pledged  to  his 
interest,  he  would  soon  find  them  enemies. 


Figure  129.  —  Low  ground  northeast  of  Bourges,  ancient  Avaricum. 


4.  cuncta  Gallia  :  '  the  whole  of  Gaul.'  amicis  :  '  for  those 
(who  were)  friendly  (to  him).'         eo  :  Caesar. 

6.  educeret :  sc.  legiones.  ab  :  ^  in  respect  to.'  diiris  sub- 
vectionibus :  '■  on  account  of  difficulties  of  transportation,'  caused  by 
the  bad  state  of  the  roads  toward  the  end  of  winter. 


374  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  52 

Praestare  visum  est  tamen  omnes  difficultates  perpeti, 
quam,  tanta  contumelia   accepta,  omnium    suorum  volun- 

lotates  alienare.  Itaque  cohortatus  Aeduos  de  supportando 
commeatu,  praemittit  ad  Boios,  qui  de  suo  adventu  doceant, 
hortenturque,  ut  in  fide  maneant  atque  hostium  impetum 
magno'  animo  sustineant.  Duabus  Agedinci  legi5nibus 
atque  impedimentis  totius  exercitus  relictis,  ad  Boios  pro- 

15  ficiscitur. 

The  Siege  and  Destruction  of  Avaricum.     23-31 

The  ingenious  construction  of  Gallic  city  walls. 

23.    Muri  autem  omnes  Gallici  hac  fere  fdrma  sunt. 

Trabes  derectae,  perpetuae  in  longitudinem  paribus  inter- 
vallis,  distantes  inter  se  binos  pedes,  in  sol5  collocantur. 
Hae  revinciuntur  intrdrsus  et  multo  aggere  vestiuntur;  ea 

9.  tanta  contumSlia  accepts :  'by  acquiescing  in  so  great  an 
indignity '  as  the  capture  of  Gorgobina  by  Vercingetorix  would  be. 
suorum:  '  who  were  loyal  to  him.'         voluntates  :  '  the  good  will. 

u.    qui,  etc.  :  '  (messengers)  to  explain.'     193,  a. 

14.    totius  exercitus  :  ten  legions,  besides  auxiliary  troops.    208. 

11-22.  Summary.  Caesar  in  rapid  succession  captures  Vellaunodunum, 
Cenabum,  and  Noviodunum  (4,  5,  and  6  on  Map  13),  and  marches  toward 
Avaricum  (7  on  Map  13).  This  city  the  Gauls,  contrary  to  the  advice  of  Ver- 
cingetorix, resolve  to  defend.  Caesar  besieges  it,  and  Vercingetorix  is  unable 
to  gain  any  advantage  over  him. 

23.  2.  Trabgs,  etc.: 
beams  at  right  angles  to  the 
course  of  the  wall  were  laid 
in  a  row  two  feet  apart  along 
the  entire  length  of  the  wall. 

4.    revinciuntur  intror- 

sus  :  '  are  made  fast  inside  ' 

the  wall,  probably  by  means 

of  crossbeams  parallel  with 

.1  „  1: ,     r  .1  „  ..,^11    ^^,   •  ,  !•  a.  a.   Roman  agger,  with  a  tower  on  the  raised 

the  line  01  the  wall,  as  indi-   ^     '      ,       ,     z\,       ,,      .     . ,  v  ui 

front  facing  the  Gallic  wall,  and  a  higher  movable 

Gated  in  Plate  IX,  3.       vesti-    tower  further  back. 

untur  :   *  are  covered.'  b.  Section  of  Gallic  wall  surmounted  by  a  tower. 


Mb 

^^^IfWlmm^A 

^^^0v.;j^3f^,^*#»'—  - ' 

Figure  1 

30.     Section  of  works  at 
Avaricum. 

MAP  14 
The  Siege  of  Avaricum 


Book  VII,  15-28 


To  face  page  374 


SCALE   OF   LNGLI&H   MILLS 

fi  ^  ik  ^ 


EXPLANATION 

The  city  of  Avaricum,  on  the  site  of  modern  Bourges,  was  situated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  two  streams,  now  called  Yevre  and  Auron,  and  was  protected  by 
marshes  on  three  sides.  It  was  surrounded  by  a  strong  wall  (outlined  in  blue), 
and  was  reckoned  by  its  inhabitants  the  most  beautiful  city  in  Gaul. 

Caesar  encamped  on  the  higher  ground  on  the  side  of  the  city  free  from  marshes. 
Selecting  a  favorable  point  of  approach  he  commenced  the  construction  of  a 
huge  embankment,  agger,  consisting  of  two  parallel  dikes,  or  viaducts,  terminat- 
ing in  a  long  embankment  near  the  wall  and  parallel  with  it. 

The  siege  embankment,  composed  largely  of  timber,  was  in  part  destroyed  by 
fire,  and  the  city  was  finally  taken  by  assault. 


VII,  24]       Siege  and   Destruction  of  Avaricum  375 

autem,  quae  diximus,  intervalla  grandibus  in  fronte  saxis  s 
efferciuntur. 

His    collocatis    et    coagmentatis,    alius    insuper     ordo 
additur,  ut  idem  illud  intervallum  servetur  neque  inter  se 
contingant  trabes,  sed,  paribus  intermissis  spatiis,  singulae 
singulis  saxis  interiectls  arte  contineantur.     Sic  deinceps  lo 
omne  opus  contexitur,  dum  iusta  muri  altitude  expleatur. 

The  Gauls  set  the  agger  on  fire  and  make  a  fierce  attack. 

24.  His  tot  rebus  impedita  oppugnatione,  mllites,  cum 
toto  tempore  frigore  et  assiduTs  imbribus  tardarentur, 
tamen  continenti  labore  omnia  haec  superaverunt  et  die- 
bus  XXV  aggerem  latum  pedes  cccxxx,  altum  pedes  lxxx 
exstruxerunt.  5 

Cum  is  murum  hostium  paene  contingeret,  et  Caesar 
ad  opus  consuetudine  excubaret  mllitesque  hortaretur, 
ne  quod  omnino  tempus  ab  opere  intermitteretur,  paulo 
ante  tertiam  vigiliam  est  animadversum,  fumare  aggerem, 
quern  cunlculo  hostes   succenderant,  eodemque    tempore,  lo 

5 .  fronte :  the  outside  of  the  wall ;  the  large  stones  tightly  fitted 
the  spaces  between  the  ends  of  the  beams. 

6.  efferciuntur  :  *  are  closely  packed.' 

7.  coagmentatis:  ' fastened  together.' 

8.  idem  illud  intervallum:  two  feet.  inter,  etc. :  *  touch  one 
another.'     169. 

9.  singulae,  etc. :  '■  the  individual  (beams)  are  held  in  position  by 
tightly  fitting  a  stone  between'  each  two.     How  lit. ? 

II.    iusta:  'proper.'         expleatur:   'is  reached.'     190,  b. 

24.    I.    oppugnatione:  S^O.         cum:  'although.' 

2.  tempore:  1^7,0.  frigore:  it  was  still  winter,  probably  in 
March  (chap.  32,  1.  4).         assiduis  :  'continual.'     81. 

4.  CCCXXX :  trecentos  et  triginta,  measured  where  the  siege  bank 
faced  the  wall  (Map  14,  and  Fig.  130).  LXXX  :  octogintd.  The  un- 
usual height  is  explained  by  the  existence  of  a  gully  in  front  of  the  wall. 

7.    excubaret :  '  was  watching.' 

9.  fumare  aggerem  :  '  that  the  siege  embankment  was  smoking.' 

10.  cunlculo  :  '  by  means  of  a  countermine,'  run  out  underneath. 


376  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [b.c.  52 

toto  muro  clamore  sublato,  duabus  portis  ab  utroqiie 
latere  turrium  erupti5  f iebat ;  alii  faces  atque  aridam 
materiem  de  muro  in  aggerem  eminus  iaciebant,  picem 
reliquasque   res,   quibus  ignis   excitari   potest,   fundebant, 

IS  ut,  quo  primum  occurreretur  aut  cui  rel  ferretur  auxilium, 
vix  rati5  iniri  posset. 

Tamen,  quod  institute  Caesaris  duae  semper  legiones 
pr5  castris  excubabant  pluresque,  partitls  temporibus,  erant 
in  opere,  celeriter  factum  est,  ut  alii  eruptionibus  resisterent, 

20  alii  turres  reducerent  aggeremque  interscinderent,  omnis 
vero  ex  castris  multituda  ad  restinguendum  concurreret. 

An  instance  of  extraordinary  bravery. 

25.  Cum  in  omnibus  locis,  consumpta  iam  reliqua 
parte  noctis,  pugnaretur  semperque  hostibus  spes  victoriae 
redintegraretur,  eo  magis,  quod  deustos  pluteos  turrium 
videbant  nee  facile  adire  apert5s  ad  auxiliandum  animad- 

11.  portis:  134,  a.  ab  utroque  latere  :  'on  both  sides 'of  the 
siege  embankment,  designated  by  the  movable  towers  now  at  the  corners 
(Plate  IX,  2). 

12.  fao6s:  'firebrands.'     17,  c.         &ridam :  81. 

15.  ut,  etc. :  'so  that  it  was  hardly  possible  to  decide  at  what  point 
a  counter-attack  should  first  be  made,  or  to  what  part  reinforcements 
should  be  sent.'     How  lit.? 

17.   Institute,  etc. :  136,  c.  -The  legionaries  on  duty  worked  in  shifts. 

20.  turrgs,  etc. :  they  first  drew  back  the  towers,  so  as  to  remove 
these  beyond  the  reach  of  the  flames,  then  cut  the  siege  embankment 
in  two  in  order  to  confine  the  fire  to  the  part  already  burning. 

21.  ad  restinguendum  :  'to  put  out  (the  fire).'     230,  (3). 

25.    2.  hostibus  :   109,  a.     B.  188,  i,  n.  ;  A.  -^77  ;  H.  425,  4,  n. 

3.  deustos,  etc. :  sc.  esse,  'that  the  breastworks  of  the  towers  were 
burned ' ;  these  were  wooden  screens,  probably  protected  by  hides,  on 
the  front  of  the  towers. 

4.  nee,  etc.:  sc.  mllites;  'and  that  it  was  not  easy  for  the  men 
exposed'  to  the  enemy's  missiles  'to  come  forward  to  help'  in  putting 
out  the  fire.     The  artillery  was  placed  in  the  towers,  which  were  there- 


VII,  26]      Siege  and  Destruction  of  Avaricum  377 

vertebant,  semperque   ipsi  recentes   defessis    succederents 
omnemque  Galliae  salutem  in  illo  vestlgio  temporis  posi- 
tam  arbitrarentur,  accidit,  inspectantibus  nobis,  quod,  dig- 
num  memoria  visum,  praetereundum  n5n  existimavimus. 

Quidam  ante  portam  oppidi  Gallus  per  manus  sebl  ac 
picis  traditas  glebas  in  Ignem  e  regione  turris  proiciebat ;  lo 
scorpione  ab  latere  dextro  traiectus  exanimatusque,  conci- 
dit.  Hunc  ex  proximis  unus  iacentem  transgressus,  eodem 
illo  mQnere  fungebatur ;  eadem  ratione,  ictii  scorpionis,  ex- 
animato  altero,  successit  tertius,  et  tertid  quartus,  nee  prius 
ille  est  a  propugnatoribus  vacuus  rellctus  locus,  quam,  is 
restlncto  aggere  atque  omni  ex  parte  summotis  hostibus, 
finis  est  pugnandi  factus.. 

Tlie  defenders,  despairing,  plan  to  jlee,  hut  are  thivarted. 

26.  Omnia  expert!  Galli,  quod  res  nulla  successerat, 
poster5  die  c5nsilium  ceperunt  ex  oppido  profugere,  hor- 
tante  et  iubente  Vercingetorlge.     Id  silentio  noctis  conati, 

fore  special  objects  of  attack  ;  the  towers  were  finally  saved,  perhaps  by 
throwing  earth  against  the  parts  that  caught  fire. 

5.    ipsi:  'on  their  side.'         recentgs,  defessis  :  227,  a,  (4). 

7.  accidit:  sc.  /V/;  'there  happened,  under  my  own  observation, 
(something)  which.'  How  lit.?  156.  dignum :  predicative,  after 
visum.     142,  b. 

9.  per,  etc.  :  'lumps  of  tallow  and  pitch  passed  from  hand  to  hand,' 
till  they  reached  the  Gaul  who  threw  them.  The  siege  embankment, 
built  of  green  timber  and  earth  and  stones,  did  not  burn  readily. 

10.  e  regione  turris  :  '  directly  in  a  line  with  one  of  the  towers  '  on 
the  siege  embankment,  hence  within  range.     How  lit.  ? 

1 1 .  scorpione,  etc. :  *  his  right  side  pierced  with  a  (bolt  from  a) 
scorpion.'     How  lit.  ?     SJ^S,  a. 

12.  Hunc,  etc.  :  'stepping  over  him  as  he  lay.' 

14.  tertio :  ictii  scorpioiiis  exanimdto  tertio  {Gallop,  successit 
quartus  {Gallus).         prius  ....   quam:   189,  a. 

15.  propugnatoribus:  'defenders.'         vacuus:   predicative. 


378  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  52 

n5n  magna  iactura  su5rum  sese  effecturos  sperabant,  prop- 
sterea  quod  neque  longe  ab  oppido  castra  Vercingetorigis 

aberant,  et  palus  perpetua,  quae  intercedebat,  Romanos  ad 

insequendum  tardabat. 

lamque    hoc    facere    noctu    apparatant,    cum    matres 

familiae  repente  in  publicum  pr5currerunt  flentesque  pr5- 
loiectae  ad  pedes  suorum  omnibus  precibus  petierunt,  ne  se 

et  communes  llber5s  hostibus  ad  supplicium  dederent,  quos 

ad  capiendam  fugam  naturae  et  virium  infirmitas  impediret. 

Ubi  eos  in  sententia  perstare  viderunt,  quod  plerumque  in 

summo  periculo  timor  misericordiam  non  recipit,  conclamare 
15  et  significare  de  fuga  Romanis  coeperunt. 

Quo  timore  perterriti  Galli,  ne  ab  equitatu  Romanorum 

viae  praeoccuparentur,  c5nsili5  destiterunt. 

In  a -final  assault  the  Romans  capture  Avaricum,  sparing  none. 

27.    Postero  die  Caesar,  promota  turri  perfectisque  operi- 

bus,    quae   facere   instituerat,    magno    coorto    imbri,    non 

inutilem  banc  ad  capiendum  consilium  tempestatem  arbi- 

tratus,  quod  paulo  incautius  custodias  in  muro  dispositas 

5  videbat,  suos  quoque  languidius  in  opere  versari  iussit  et, 

26.  4.  non  magna  :  'no  great.'     289,  g. 

6.  et :  correlative  with  ?teque.    233,  a.      palus  :  cf.  chap.  19, 11.  i-io. 

7.  tardabat:  'would  delay.' 

8.  apparabant :  '  they  were  preparing.' 

10.    proiectae:  'casting  themselves.'        suorum:   ' of  their  (hus- 
bands).' 

14.    non,  etc. :  'knows  no  pity.'     177,  c,  and  175,  c. 

16.  Quo,  etc. :  '  frightened  by  this  '  (giving  of  notice  to  the  Romans) 
'and  fearing  that.'     How  lit.? 

17.  praeoccuparentur:  ' be  seized  in  advance.'     202. 

27.  2.  imbri:   15,  c.         n6n  inutilem  :   239,  g. 

4.  incautius:  ' rather  carelessly.'     153,  a. 

5.  languidius  :  'quite  lazily'  according  to  appearances,  in  order  to 
deceive  the  enemy. 


VII,  28]      Siege  and  Destruction  of  Avaricum  379 

quid  fieri  vellet,  ostendit.  Legiones  intra  vineas  in  occulto 
expeditas  cohortatus,  ut  aliquando  pro  tantis  laboribus 
fructum  victoriae  perciperent,  eis,  qui  primi  murum  ascen- 
dissent,  praemia  proposuit  mllitibusque  signum  dedit. 

III!  subitd  ex  omnibus  partibus  evolaverunt  murumque  lo 
celeriter  compleverunt 

28.  Hostes,  re  nova  perterriti,  muro  turribusque  deiecti, 
in  foro  ac  locis  patentioribus  cuneatim  constiterunt,  hoc 
animo,  ut,  si  qua  ex  parte  obviam  veniretur,  acie  Instructa 
depugnarent.  Ubi  neminem  in  aequum  locum  sese  demit- 
tere,  sed  toto  undique  muro  circumfundi  viderunt,  veriti,  ne  5 
omnino  spes  fugae  tolleretur,  abiectis  armis  ultimas  oppidi 
partes  continent!  impetu  petiverunt,  parsque  ibi,  cum 
angusto  exitu  portarum  se  ipsi  premerent,  a  militibus,  pars 
iam  egressa  portis  ab  equitibus  est  interfecta.  Nee  fuit 
quisquam,  qui  praedae  studeret.  Sic,  et  Cenabi  caede  et  lo 
labore  operis  incitati,  non  aetate  c5nfectis,  non  mulieribus, 
non  Infantibus  pepercerunt. 

Denique  ex  omnT  numero,  qui  fuit  circiter  milium  xl, 
vix  Dccc,  qui,  primo  clamore  audito,  se  ex  oppido  eiecerant, 
incolumes   ad    Vercingetorigem    pervenerunt.      Quos   ille  is 
multa  iam  nocte  silentio  ex  fuga  excepit,  et  veritus,  ne  qua 

9.  praemia  :  318.         signum  :  326^  b. 

28.    I .  turribus  :  on  the  walls  of  Avaricum  (chap.  22, 1.  9).     127^  a. 

2.  cuneatim:  ''in  wedge-shaped  masses.'     77. 

3.  SI,  etc. :  Mf  an  attack  should  be  made  from  any  quarter.'     How 
lit.? 

4.  depugnSrent :  ^  they  would  fight  it  out.' 

5.  circumfundi :  impersonal, '  that  they '  (the  Romans)  '■  distributed 
themselves  thickly.'     How  lit.?     17 U. 

8.    a  militibus  :  sc.  interfecta  est. 

10.  quisquam:   168.         studeret:   19^^  a.         Cenabi:  I46. 

11.  non,  etc.:    239,  a.       aetate    confectis :    Uhe  aged.'     How 
lit? 

15.    Vercingetorigem:  In  Fig.  131  a  modern  designer  represents 


380 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  52 


in  castris  ex  eorum  concursu  et  misericordia  vulgi  seditio 
oreretur,  procul  in  via  dispositis  familiaribus  suis  principi- 
busque  civitatum,  disparand5s  deducendosque  ad  su5s 
2ocuravit,  quae  cuique  civitatl  pars  castr5rum  ab  initio 
obvenerat. 


Figure  131.  —  Vercingetorix  viewing  the  burning  of  Avaricum. 


Vercingetorix  with  a  group  of  Gallic  soldiers  as  viewing  from  a  distance 
the  burning  of  Avaricum  after  the  slaughter  of  the  inhabitants. 

17.  sgditio:  'mutiny.' 

18.  orergtur:  61,  b.  procul,  etc.:  'he  stationed  personal  rep- 
resentatives and  leading  men  of  the  (different)  states  along  the  road  at 
a  distance'  from  the  camp,  in  order  to  intercept  the  fugitives,  *  (and).' 

19.  disparandos,  etc. :  '  he  had  them '  (the  fugitives)  '  divided  up 
and  conducted  in  each  case  to  the  men  of  their  own  state,  (who  were) 
in  the  part  of  the  camp  that  had  from  the  first  been  assigned  to  that 
state.'  How  lit.?  The  10,000  defenders  of  Avaricum  had  been  drawn 
from  different  states  (chap.  21,  1.  6).     229,  b. 

"  It  b  prpbable^"  says  Desjardins,  "  that  if  the  orders  of  the  Gallic 


VII,  36]  The  Siege  of  Gergovia  381 

The  Siege  of  Gergovia.     36-51 

Caesar  arrives  at  Gergovia  and  fortifies  two  camps. 

36.  Caesar  ex  eo  loco  quintis  castris  Gergoviam  pervenit 
equestrique  eo  die  proelio  levi  facto,  perspecto  urbis  situ, 
quae,  posita  in  altissimo  monte,  omnes  aditus  difficiles  habe- 
bat,  de  oppugnatione  desperavit,  de  obsessione  non  prius 
agendum  constituit,  quam  rem  frumentariam  expedlsset.       5 

At  Vercingetorix,  castris  prope  oppidum  positis,  medi- 
ocribus  circum  se  intervallis  separatim  singularum  civitatum 

chief  had  been  obeyed,  and  Avaricum  had  been  burned,  as  he  wished 
to  have  it,  Caesar  and  his  army  would  have  had  the  lot  of  Napoleon  after 
the  burning  of  Moscow." 

29-35.  Summary.  Vercingetorix,  calling  together  the  Gallic  leaders, 
reminded  them  that  at  the  outset  he  had  opposed  the  defense  of  Avaricum, 
and  encouraged  them  with  the  hope  of  ultimate  victory.  He  undertook  to 
win  over  the  remaining  states  that  had  not  yet  joined  in  the  revolt,  and  levied 
more  troops. 

Representative  Aeduans  appealed  to  Caesar  to  settle  a  dispute  between 
two  claimants  for  the  office  of  Vergobret;  he  proceeded  to  Decetia  {Decize), 
ascertained  the  facts,  and  gave  the  office  to  Convictolitavis.  He  sent  four 
legions  north  under  Labienus,  and  himself  led  six  legions  southward  into  the 
Arvernian  country.  He  marched  first  along  the  east  bank  of  the  Elaver 
{Allier),  Vercingetorix  marching  on  the  opposite  side;  by  a  clever  ruse  (p.  xv) 
he  crossed  the  river  behind  Vercingetorix,  who  proceeded  rapidly  toward 
Gergovia,  Caesar  following  (Map  13). 

36.  I.  eo  loco:  the  place  where  Caesar  encamped  after  crossing 
the  Elaver  {Allier).  quintis  castris:  'in  five  marches,'  encamp- 
ments being  counted  as  marches  because  at  the  close  of  each  day's 
march  a  camp  was  fortified.    l/fTy  c,  and  331,  a.       Gergoviam  :  119,  a. 

2.  equestrl,  etc. :  Vercingetorix  had  reached  Gergovia  first. 

3.  monte,  etc. :  Gergovia  lay  on  a  high,  narrow  plateau,  accessible 
only  from  the  south  and  southeast.     See  Map  15. 

4.  oppugnatione,  obsessione  :  340. 

5.  expedisset :  Miad  arranged  for.'     189,  b. 

6.  castris  .  .  .  positis :  on  an  elevated  terrace,  adjoining  the  town 
on  the  south;  marked  Gallic  Encampment  on  Map  15. 

7.  separatim  :  the  soldiers  of  each  state  had  a  separate  camp. 


382  Caesar's  Gallic   War  [B.C.  52 

copias  collocaverat,  atque  omnibus  eius  iugi  collibus  occu- 
patis,  qua  despici  poterat,  horribilem  speciem  praebebat : 

lo  principesque  earum  civitatum,  quos  sibi  ad  c5nsilium 
capiendum  delegerat,  prima  luce  cotldie  ad  se  convenire 
iubebat,  seu  quid  communicandum,  seu  quid  administran- 
dum  videretur ;  neque  ullum  fere  diem  intermittebat,  quin 
equestri  proelio,  interiectis  sagittariis,  quid  in  quoque  esset 

IS  animi  ac  virtutis  suorum,  periclitaretur. 

Erat  e  regione  oppidi  collis  sub  ipsis  radicibus  mentis, 
egregie  munitus  atque  ex  omni  parte  circumcisus ;  quem  si 
tenerent  nostrl,  et  aquae  magna  parte  et  pabulatione  libera 
prohibituri  hostes  videbantur.     Sed  is  locus  praesidi5  ab 

20  his  non  nimis  fTrm5  tenebatur.  Tamen  silentid  noctis 
Caesar,  ex  castrTs  egressus,  prius  quam  subsidio  ex  oppido 
veniri  posset,  deiecto  praesidio,  potitus  loco,  duas  ibi 
legiones  collocavit  fossamque  duplicem  duodenum  pedum 


8.  eius  iugi  collibus:  'the  minor  elevations  of  the  height,'  the 
points  of  vantage  on  the  mountain,  about  and  below  the  town.     160yd. 

9.  qu5,  etc.  :  '  where  a  view  over  the  plain  could  be  had.'  How 
lit.?     75,^.         horribilem :' formidable.'     <^/. 

13.  neque,  etc.  :  *and  he  allowed  hardly  a  day  to  pass  without  try- 
ing.'    201,  a. 

14.  interiectis  sagittSrils  :  'placing  archers  among  (the  cavalry).' 
How  lit.  ?  quid,  etc  :  i.e.  quid  animi  ac  virtutis  {97,  b)  in  quoque 
suorum  (97,  a)  esset  (204,  2). 

16.  §  regione  oppidi:  'directly  opposite  the  town,'  on  the  south. 
collis  :  White  Rock  (La  Roche  Blanche),  near  the  village  of  the  same 
name  (Map  15). 

17.  munitus  :  principally  by  nature.       circumcisus  :  'precipitous.' 

18.  aquae,  etc. :  the  Gauls  probably  obtained  water  from  the  Auzon. 

19.  hostSs  :  accusative.         ab  his  :  ab  hostibus. 

21.  castris  :  marked  Large  Camp  on  Map  15.  subsidio,  etc.: 
'  before  relief  could  come.'     How  lit.  .^     75,  d,  and  112,  a. 

22.  loco:   131,  c.        ibi:  on  White  Rock. 

23.  fossam,  etc. :  '  two  (parallel)  trenches,  each  12  feet  wide.'  How 
lit.  ?     According  to  the  excavations,  which  have  brought  to  light  many 


VII,  36] 


The  Siege  of  Gefgovia 


383 


a  maioribus  castris  ad  min5ra  perduxit,  ut  tuto  ab  repen- 
tlno  hostium  inciirsu  etiam  singuli  commeare  possent.  25 


Figure  132.  —  Gergovia. 
East  end  of  the  plateau  of  Gergovia  and  upper  half  of  slope  down  toward  White  Rock, 
as  seen  from  an  elevation  just  above  the  village  of  Jussat. 

traces  of  Caesar's  works  near  Gergovia,  the  hastily  dug  trenches  were 
hardly  more  than  six  feet  wide.         duodenum  :  22,  c. 

24.  minora  [castra]  :  on  White  Rock,  marked  Small  Camp  on 
Map  15,  As  this  contained  two  legions,  in  the  large  camp  there  must 
have  been  stationed  four  legions  besides  the  cavalry  and  auxiliaries. 

37-45.  Summary.  Leading  Aeduans,  including  Convictolitavis,  turned 
against  Caesar,  and  a  body  of  10,000  Aeduan  soldiers,  sent  to  serve  under  him, 
was  moved  to  defection.  Caesar  by  prompt  action  won  back  the  allegiance 
of  the  soldiers,  but  in  his  absence  from  Gergovia  the  Gauls  fiercely  attacked 
both  camps.     The  Aeduan  revolt  was  temporarily  checked. 

Anticipating  more  serious  trouble,  however,  Caesar  began  to  plan  how  he 
could  withdraw  from  Gergovia,  and  reunite  his  forces,  without  giving  the 
impression  that  he  was  fleeing  from  the  enemy.  In  order  to  frighten  the 
Gauls  he  resolved  to  make  a  feint  assault.  He  sent  part  of  his  forces  around, 
as  if  to  threaten  an  exposed  point  west  of  the  town  (D  on  Map  15),  thus 
drawing  off  the  Gauls  from  their  encampment,  which  he  prepared  to  attack 
in  force. 


384  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [b.c.  52 

46.  Murus  oppidi  a  planitie  atque  initio  ascensus  recta 
regione,  si  nullus  anfractus  intercederet,  mcc  passus 
aberat ;  quicquid  hue  circuitus  ad  molliendum  clivum 
accesserat,   id    spatium    itineris    augebat.     A   medi5   fere 

5  colie  in  longitudinem,  ut  natura  montis  ferebat,  ex  grandi- 
bus  saxis  vi  pedum  murum,  qui  nostrorum  impetum  tar- 
daret,  praeduxerant  Galli  atque,  inferiore  omni  spatio  vacuo 
relicto,  superiorem  partem  collis,  usque  ad  murum  oppidi, 
densissimis  castris  compleverant. 

10  Milites,  dato  signo,  celeriter  ad  munitionem  perveniunt 
eamque  transgressi  trinis  castris  potiuntur ;  ac  tanta  f  uit 
in  castris  capiendls  celeritas,  ut  Teutomatus,  rex  Nitio- 
brogum,  subito  in  tabernaculo  oppressus,  ut  meridie  con- 

46.  I.  pl^nitiS,  etc. :  the  lower  ground  at  the  right  of  the  Small 
Camp  and  just  above  the  Parallel  Trenches;  E  on  Map  15.  rSctS 
regione  :  '  in  a  straight  line.' 

2.  SI,  etc.  :  '  if  there  should  be  no  deviation.'  How  lit.  ?  anfrSctus  : 
79,  d.  MCC :  7Pitlle  ducentds,  somewhat  more  than  an  English  mile. 
38,  a,  b,  and  2 A3,  b. 

3.  quicquid  .  .  .  augebat:  'the  distance  to  be  traversed  was  in- 
creased by  every  detour  (made)  in  order  to  render  (the  ascent  of)  the 
slope  easy.'  How  lit.?  The  wall  of  Gergovia  lay  almost  \ooo  feet 
above  the  point  where  the  legions  started. 

4.  A,  etc. :  'about  halfway  up  the  height.'     126,  c,  and  152,  a. 

5.  in,  etc. :  'following  the  long  side  of  the  mountain  as  the  contour 
permitted.'     How  lit.  ? 

6.  murum  :  marked  Wall  6  feet  high  on  Map  15.  tardSret : 
193,  a. 

7.  inferiore  spatio :  the  sloping  mountain  side  below  the  wall, 
vacuo:  predicative.     lJ^S,c.  • 

8.  superiorem  partem  collis  :  Gallic  Encampment  on  Map  15. 

9.  densissimis  castris:  'with  camps  (standing)  close  together' ; 
each  camp  contained  the  troops  of  a  single  state,  in  accordance  with 
the  arrangement  described  in  chap.  36,  11.  6-8.     153,  a. 

II.    trims  castris  :  '  three  camps.'     37,  e,  and  131,  c. 
13.    conquieverat :  '  he  was  having  a  nap ' ;  lit. '  had  taken  complete 
rest.' 


L:^^ 


,7,i2a«?4ii£: ^.x>j.sias'.iii^.  .s£-iar__ 


VII,  47]  Siege  of  Gergovia  385 

quieverat,  superiore  corporis  parte  nuda,  vulnerato  equo, 
vix  se  ex  manibus  praedantium  militum  eriperet.  is 

Flushed  with  victory,  the  soldiers  do  not  retreat  as  ordered. 

47.  Consecutus  id,  quod  animo  proposuerat,  Caesar 
receptui  cani  iussit,  legionisque  x,  quacum  erat,  continuo 
signa  c5nstituit.  At  reliquarum  legionum  milites,  non 
exaudlto  sono  tubae,  quod  satis  magna  valles  intercedebat, 
tamen  a  trlbunls  militum  legatlsque,  ut  erat  a  Caesare  s 
praeceptum,  retinebantur  ;  sed,  elati  spe  celeris  victoriae  et 
hostium  fuga  et  superiorum  temporum  secundis  proeliis, 
nihil  adeo  arduum  sibi  esse  existimaverunt,  quod  non  vir- 
tute  consequi  possent,  neque  flnem  prius  sequendi  fecerunt 
quam  muro  oppidi  portisque  appropinquarunt.  lo 

Turn  vero,  ex  omnibus  urbis  partibus  orto  clamore,  qui 
longius  aberant,  repentlno  tumultu  perterritl,  cum  hostem 
intra  portas  esse  existimarent,  sese  ex  oppido  eiecerunt. 
Matres  familiae  de  muro  vestem  argentumque  iactabant 
et,  pectore  nudo  prominentes,  passTs  manibus  obtestabantur  is 

47.  I.  id,  etc. :  'what  he  had  in  mind,'  that  is,  to  give  the  enemy 
a  good  scare  by  a  bold  dash,  so  as  to  be  able  to  retire  from  Gergovia 
without  discredit. 

2.  receptui,  etc  :  'gave  orders  that  the  recall  be  sounded.'  326,  c. 
How  lit?     112,  a,  2in6.  73,  d. 

3.  signa  constituit :  '  brought  to  a  halt  the  standards.'  324^5,(2). 
non  exaudlto  :  'though  they  did  not  hear.'     How  lit.  ?     14Ai  b,  (5). 

4.  tubae:  326,  a,  (i).  valles:  a  depression  in  the  slope,  just 
west  of  the  village  of  Gergovie ;  Caesar  with  the  tenth  legion  was  east 
of  this  depression  (Map  15,  loth  Legion,  ist  Position). 

6.  retinebantur:  'an  attempt  was  being  made  ...  to  hold  the 
soldiers  .   .  .  back.'     How  lit.?     115,  e. 

10.    portis  :  probably  at  the  points  marked  A  and  B  on  Map  15. 

12.  longius,  etc.  :  the  Gauls  who  were  some  distance  inside  the 
wall.         hostem  :  the  Romans. 

'14.    vestem:  'clothing.'         argentum :  'silver.' 

15.  pectore:  'breast.'  prominentes  :' leaning  forward'  pas- 
sis  manibus:  N.  to  H,  13,  1.  13, 


386  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  52 

Romanos,  ut  sibi  parcerent  neu,  sTcut  Avarici  fecissent,  ne 
a  mulieribus  quidem  atque  Tnfantibus  abstinerent ;  non 
nullae  de  muro  per  manus  demissae  sese  militibus  tradebant. 
L.  Fabius,  centurio  legionis  viii,  quern  inter  suos  eo  die 
2odixisse  constabat,  excitarl  se  Avaricensibus  praemiTs  neque 
commissurum,  ut  prius  quisquam  murum  ascenderet,  tres 
suos  nactus  manipulares  atque  ab  eis  sublevatus,  murum 
ascendit ;  h5s  ipse  rursus  singul5s  exceptans  in  miirum 
extulit. 

Tlie  Gauls  rally  and  attack  the  Romans. 

48.    Interim  el,  qui  ad  alteram  partem  oppidi,  ut  supra 

demonstravimus,    munitionis    causa    convenerant,    prlm5 

exaudito  clamore,  inde  etiam  crebris  nuntiis  incitatl,  oppi- 

dum  a  Romanis  teneri,  praemissis  equitibus  magno  cursu 

s  e5  contenderunt. 

Eorum  ut  quisque  primus  venerat,  sub  muro  consistebat 
su5rumque  pugnantium  numerum  augebat.  Quorum  cum 
magna  multitude  convenisset,  matres  familiae,  quae  paulo 
ante  Romanis  de  muro  manus  tendebant,  suos  obtestarl  et 
10  more  Gallicd  passum  capillum  ostentare  llberosque  in  c5n- 
spectum  proferre  coeperunt. 

16.  neu,  etc.:  'and  not  refuse  to  spare  even  women.'  How  lit.? 
199,  d.         Avarici:  I46.         fgcissent :  220. 

18.    d§missae  :  '  being  let  down '  outside  the  wall. 

20.  Avaricensibus  praemils  :  '  the  prizes  (oflfered)  at  Avaricum ' ; 
see  chap.  27,  11.  6-9.  neque,  etc.:  'and  that  he  was  not  going  to 
let  any  one  scale  the  wall  ahead  of  him.'     How  lit.? 

22.  suos  manipul5r§s  :  'men  of  his  maniple.' 

23.  hos  singulos  exceptans  :  '  taking  hold  of  them,  one  at  a  time.' 
48.    I.  el:  Galli.      alteram  partem  :  see  chap.  44,  1.  11.       suprft: 

chap.  44,  11.  10-16,  and  chap.  45,  II.  13-14- 

6.  Eorum,  etc. :  'In  succession  as  each  came  up.'  sub  mdro ; 
'at  the  foot  of  the  wall,'  on  the  outside. 

10.  passum  capillum  :  '  their  hair  disheveled.* 

11.  proferre:  'to  bring  out.'     69,  b. 


VII,  50]  Siege  of  Gergovia  387 

Erat  Romanis  nee  loco  nee  numero  aequa  contentio , 
simul  et  cursu  et  spatio  pugnae  defatigati,  non  facile  re- 
centes  atque  integros  sustinebant. 

49.  Caesar  cum  iniqu5  loco  pugnari  hostiumque  copias 
augeri  videret,  praemetuens  suis,  ad  T.  Sextium  legatum, 
quern  min5ribus  castris  praesidio  reliquerat,  misit,  ut  co- 
hortes  ex  castris  celeriter  educeret  et  sub  infim5  colle  ab 
dextro  latere  hostium  constitueret,  ut,  sT  nostros  loc5  depul-5 
SOS  vidisset,  quo  minus  llbere  hostes  insequerentur,  terreret. 

Ipse,  paulum  ex  eo  loco  cum  legione  progressus,  ubi 
constiterat,  eventum  pugnae  exspectabat. 

The  Romans  fight  stubbornly,  though  against  ovenvhelming  odds. 

50.  Cum  acerrime  comminus  pugnaretur,  hostes  loco  et 
numero,  nostri  virtute  conflderent,  subito  sunt  Aedui  visi 
ab  latere  nostris  aperto,  quos  Caesar  ab  dextra  parte  ali5 
ascensu,  manus  distinendae  causa,  miserat. 

Hi  similitudine  armorum  vehementer  nostros  perterrue-s 
runt,  ac  tametsi  dextris  umerTs  exsertis  animadvertebantur, 

13.  spatio:  'duration.'  non,  etc.:  'they  could  not  easily  hold 
out  against.' 

49.  2.  praemetuens  suis  :  '  becoming  anxious  about  his  men.' 

4.  sub  infimo  colle  :  '  at  the  foot  of  the  hill '  on  which  the  small 
camp  was;  see  Map  15,  Sextius,  ist  Position. 

5.  loco  depulsos  :  '  forced  from  their  position.' 

6.  quo,  etc.  :  '  deter  the  enemy  from  pursuing  them  further.'  How 
lit.?     201,  a. 

7.  progressus,  etc. :  see  Map  15,  loth  Legion,  2d  Position. 

50.  I.  hostes:  ^o..  conflderent.         loco:  135,  a. 

2.    Aedui,  etc. :  see  chap.  45, 11.  24-25  ;  Map  15,  Aeduans. 

4.  manus,  etc.  :  'to  separate  the  (enemy's)  forces  '  by  a  diversion. 

5.  similitudine  armorum:  'from  the  likeness  of  their  arms'  to 
those  of  the  hostile  Gauls. 

6.  dextris,  etc. :  '  it  was  noticed  that  they  had  their  right  shoulders 
bare.'     Howht.?     172,  d;  a.\so  191,  a. 


388  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  52 

quod  insigne  pacatorum  esse  consuerat,  tamen  id  ipsum 

sui  fallendi  causa  milites  ab  hostibus  factum  existimabant. 

E5dem  tempore  L.  Fabius  centurio,  quique  una  murum 

10  ascenderant,  circumventi  atque  interfecti,  muro  praecipita- 

bantur. 

Tlie  heroic  self-sacrijice  of  Marcus  Petronius. 

M.  Petronius,  eiusdem  legionis  centurio,  cum  portas  ex- 
cldere  c5natus  esset,  a  multitudine  oppressus  ac  sibi  de- 
sperans,    multis   iam   vulneribus    acceptis,    manipularibus 
15  suis,  qui  ilium  secutT  erant, 

'  Quoniam,'  inquit,  *  me  una  voblscum  servare  non  pos- 
sum, vestrae  quidem  certe  vitae  prospiciam,  quos,  cupiditate 
gloriae  adductus,  in  periculum  deduxi.  Vos,  data  facultate, 
vobis  c5nsulite.' 
20  Simul  in  medios  hostes  irrupit  duobusque  interfectls  re- 
liquos  a  porta  paulum  summovit.  Conantibus  auxiliari 
suis, 

*  Frustra,'  inquit,  *  meae  vitae  subvenire  conamini,  quern 
iam  sanguis  viresque   deficiunt.     Proinde  abite,  dum   est 
25  facultas,  vosque  ad  legionem  recipite.' 

Ita  pugnans,  post  paulum  concidit  ac  suTs  saluti  fuit. 

7.  quod,  etc.  :  '  the  customary  sign  indicating  those  at  peace.'    How 
Ht.? 

8.  sui:  154,  b.     B.  339,  5  ;  A.  504,  c\  H.  626,  3. 

12.    eiusdem  legionis  :  the  8th  ;  see  chap.  47,  1.  19.         excidere  : 
*to  hew  down.' 

14.   manipularibus  :  dative  after  tnguit. 

16.  Quoniam,  etc.:    211,  b,{2).         mg  :    158,  b.  voblscum: 
125,  c. 

17.  vestrae  vitae,  quos  :  '  for  the  lives  of  you,  whom.'     How  lit.  ? 
92,  b,  and  164,  b. 

23.   meae  vitae,  quem :  i.  e.  7>ltae  tnei  (genitive),  quetu. 

25.  v6s  :  o\i)t.QXo{  recipite.     158,  b. 

26.  ac,  etc. :  'and  saved  his  men.'     How  lit.  ?     112,  b. 


VII,  51]       Caesar's   Retirement  from  Gergovia  389 


The  Romans  retire,  ivith  severe  losses. 

51.  Nostri,  cum  undique  premerentur,  xlvi  centurioni- 
bus  amissis,  deiecti  sunt  loco.  Sed  intolerantius  Gallos 
insequentes  legio  x  tardavit,  quae  pro  subsidio  paulo  ae- 
quiore  loco  c5nstiterat.  Hanc  rursus  xiii  legionis  cohortes 
exceperunt,  quae,  ex  castris  minoribus  eductae,  cum  T.  s 
Sextio  legat5  ceperant  locum  superiorem.  Legiones,  ubi 
primum  planitiem  attigerunt,  infestis  contra  hostes  signis 
constiterunt.  Vercingetorix  ab  radicibus  collis  su5s  intra 
munitiones  reduxit. 

Eo  die  milites  sunt  paulo  minus  dcc  desiderati.  ic 

51.  I.  XLVI:  quadrdgitita  sex.  As  the  centurions  led  their  men, 
the  percentage  of  casualties  was  proportionately  much  higher  than 
among  the  common  soldiers  (1.  lo). 

2.  deiecti  sunt  loco:  'were  forced  down  from  their  position."" 
intolerantius:  'with  considerable  violence.' 

3.  paulo  aequiore  loco:  see  Map  15,  loth  Legion,  3d  Position. 

6.  locum  superiorem:  see  Map  15,  Sextius,  2d  Position. 

7.  infestis,  etc. :  '  they  halted  and  faced  the  enemy.'  How  lit.  ? 
325,  and  i^-^j  b,  (2).  That  the  soldiers,  swept  down  the  slope  by  an 
overwhelming  force,,  rallied  even  when  supported  by  the  loth  and  13th 
legions,  is  all  the  more  remarkable  in  view  of  the  severe  losses  among 
their  officers. 

10.  DCC:  septingenti.  129,  b.  If  the  losses  among  the  common 
soldiers  had  been  in  proportion  to  those  among  the  centurions,  the 
number  would  have  been  considerably  above  two  thousand. 

52-56.  Summary.  .  Caesar  addressed  his  soldiers,  rebuking  them  for  not 
obeying  the  order  to  halt,  but  nevertheless  paying  a  tribute  to  their  bravery. 
Afterwards  he  drew  up  in  battle  order,  but  Vercingetorix  did  not  come  down 
to  tight.  Caesar  retired  from  Gergovia,  and  recrossed  the  Elaver  {Allier),  to 
the  east  side. 

Two  prominent  Aeduans,  who  had  heretofore  been  loyal  to  Caesar,  now 
left  him,  and  joined  their  countrymen  in  declaring  for  Vercingetorix;  they 
destroyed  Caesar's  supplies  at  Noviodunum  {Nevers),  burning  the  town. 
Caesar  pushed  rapidly  northward,  and  forded  the  Liger  {Loire)  in  the  face 
of  the  enemy. 


390  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  52 

General  Uprising,  with  Vercingetorix  in  Command.    63-68 

The  Aeduans  lead;   Vercingetorix  assumes  command. 

63.  Defectione  Aeduorum  cognita,  bellum  augetur. 
Legationes  in  omnes  partes  circummittuntur ;  quantum 
gratia,  auct5ritate,  pecunia  valent,  ad  sollicitandas  civitates 
nituntur ;  nacti  obsides,  quos  Caesar  apud  e5s  deposuerat, 
5  horum  supplicio  dubitantes  territant.  Petunt  a  Vercinge- 
torige  Aedui,  ut  ad  se  veniat  rationesque  belli  gerendi 
communicet.  Re  impetrata  contendunt,  ut  ipsTs  summa 
imperii  tradatur,  et,  re  in  contr5versiam  deducta,  totius 
Galliae  concilium  Bibracte  indicitur. 
10  Eodem  conveniunt  undique  frequentes.  Multitudinis 
suffragiis  res  permittitur ;  ad  unum  omnes  Vercingetorlgem 
probant  imperatorem. 

Ab  h5c  concilio  RemI,  Lingones,  Treveri  afuerunt :  illi, 

57-62.  Summaiy.  While  Caesar  was  engaged  in  the  operations  about 
Gergovia  and  in  checking  the  first  attempts  of  the  revolting  Aeduans,  Labienus 
with  four  legions  advanced  from  Agedincum  (modern  S^ns)  toward  the  north- 
west and  captured  Metlosedum  (Me/un ;  Map  13).  Thence  he  proceeded  to 
the  neighborhood  of  Lutecia,  a  town  of  the  Parisii  on  an  island  in  the  Seine, 
which  forms  the  heart  of  modern  Paris  (Fig.  133).  He  defeated  the  Parisii 
and  their  allies  in  battle,  and  marching  sou'h  rejoined  Caesar  (at  9  on  Map  13). 

63.  I .  Dgfectidne  Aedu5rum :  the  Aeduans,  after  much  dissen- 
sion, had  finally  cast  in  their  lot 
with  Vercingetorix. 

2.  circummittuntur:  'were 
sent  in  all  directions'  by  the 
Aeduans.  *  quantum,  etc.  :  '  to 
the  limit  of  their  influence.' 

5.    dubitantSs  territant:  cf. 
Figure   133.  — Coin  of  thTParisii.      chap.  4,  11.  25-30  and  NN. 

Gold.   Fanciful  designs  .  ^'    rationfia,   etc.:    'work  out 

the  plan  of  campaign  with  (them).' 
9.    Bibracte  ;  145,  b,  and  1(7,  c.     See  Fig.  41,  p.  42. 
II.   ad  linum :  <  to  a  man  * ;  the  vote  was  unanimous. 
13.  illl;  <the  former,'  including  both  the  Remi  and  the  Lingones* 


VII,  64]  Vercingetorix  in  Command  391 

quod  amicitiam  Romanorum   sequebantur ;    Treveri,  quod 
aberant  longius   et   a   Germanis    premebantur,   quae    fuit  is 
causa,  quare  tot5  abessent  bello  et  neutris  auxilia  mitterent. 

Magno  dolore  Aedui  ferunt  se  deiectos  prlncipatu, 
queruntur  fortunae  commutationem  et  Caesaris  in  se  in- 
dulgentiam  requirunt,  neque  tamen,  suscepto  bello,  suum 
consilium  ab  reliquis  separare  audent.  Inviti  summae  20 
spei  adulescentes,  Eporedorix  et  Viridomarus,  Vercinge- 
torigi  parent. 

64.  I  lie  imperat  reliquis  civitatibus  obsides  itemque  el 
rei  constituit  diem  ;  omnes  equites,  xv  milia  numero,  celeri- 
ter  convenire  iubet.  Peditatu,  quem  antea  habuerit,  se, 
fore  contentum  dicit,  neque  fortunam  temptaturum  aut  in 
acie  dimicaturum ;  s 

Sedy  quoniam  abundet  equitdtu^  perfacile  esse  factu  fru- 
mentdtionibus  pdbuldtionibusque  Romdnos  prohibere;  aequo 
modo  animo  sua  ipsi  frumenta  corrumpant  acdificiaque  in- 
cendant,  qua  rel  familidris  iacturd  perpetuiLm  imperium 
libertdtemqiie  se  consequl  videant.  lo 

16.  toto  bello:   li;r,c.         abessent:  'they  held  aloof.' 

17.  se  deiectos  [esse]  prlncipatu:  'that  they  had  been  forced 
out  of  their  position  of  leadership ' ;  cf.  VI,  12,  11.  27-28. 

19.  indulgentiam  :  'favor.'         requirunt:  '  they  greatly  misccd.' 

20.  Inviti:  'Unwillingly,'  151. 
summae  spei :  '  of  the  greatest  prom- 
ise.'    100^  a. 

64.  I .  Ille :  Vercingetorix.  ei 
rei :  the  delivery  of  the  hostages  to  him. 

3.  Peditatu:  i 55,  ^.     B.  219,  i. 

4.  neque  .  .  .  videant:   the  policy        p^^^^^  1 34. -Coin  of  the 
of  Vercingetorix  was  to  avoid  a  decisive  Senones 
battle  with  infantry.                                                Bronze.      Fanciful     designs    taken 

6.    frumentationibus  :     '  from    get-  from  aninnals  ;  reverse,  wolf  and  boar. 

tine  ffrain  '  '^"  ^^®  obverse,   four  Greek  letters, 

^  ^         *  ,    .  ,       AFHA,    abbreviation   of   Agfedillus   or 

9.    qua    .    .    .    lactura:    '  since  by  g^^e  similar  name. 

this  sacrifice  of  property.' 


392  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  62 

His  constitutis  rebus,  Aeduis  Segusiavisque,  qui  sunt 
finitiml  provinciae,  x  milia  peditum  imperat;  hue  addit 
equites  dccc.  His  praeficit  fratrem  Eporedorigis  bellum- 
que  inferrl  Allobrogibus  iubet.     Altera  ex  parte  Gabalos 

IS  proxim5sque  pagos  Arvernorum  in  Helvios,  item  Rutenos 
Cadurcosque  ad  fines  Volcarum  Arecomicorum  depopu- 
landos  mittit.  Nihilo  minus  clandestlnis  nuntils  legationi- 
busque  Allobrogas  sollicitat,  qu5rum  mentes  nondum  ab 
superiore  bello  resedisse  sperabat.     Horum  principibus  pe- 

20  cunias,  civitati  autem  imperium  totius  provinciae  pollicetur. 

Caesar  takes  account  of  his  forces,  sends  for  German  cavalry. 

65.  Ad  hos  omnes  casus  provisa  erant  praesidia  cohor- 
tium  duarum  et  viginti,  quae,  ex  ipsa  coacta  provincia  ab 
L.  Caesare  legato,  ad  omnes  partes  opponebantur.  Helvii 
sua  sponte  cum  finitimis  proelid  congressi  pelluntur  et, 
5  C.  Valerio  Donnotauro,  Cabiiri  filio,  prIncipe  civitatis, 
compluribusque  aliis  interfectis,  intra  oppida  murosque 
compelluntur.  AUobroges,  crebris  ad  Rhodanum  disposi- 
tis  praesidiis,  magna  cura  et  dlligentia  suos  fines  tuentur. 

Caesar,  quod  hostes  equitatu  superi5res  esse  intellege- 

10  bat  et,  interclusis  omnibus  itineribus,  nulla  re  ex  provincia 

atque  Italia  sublevari   poterat,  trans   Rhenum  in   Germa- 

niam  mittit  ad  eas  civitates,  quas  superioribus  annis  paca- 

verat,  equitesque  ab  his  arcessit  et  levis  armaturae  pedites, 

12.   provinciae:  290.         hue:  for  /lis, 'to  these.'' 

15.    Helvios  :  west  of  the  Rhone  ;  see  Map  Gallia. 

19.    superiore  bello  :  the  uprising  of  the  AUobroges  in  61  B.C. 

65.    I.  Ad  hos  omngs  c5sus  :  '  To  meet  all  these  conditions.' 

3.  ad  .   .  .  oppongbantur :  'were  posted  to  secure  every  point.' 

5.  Cab uri  filio  :  see  I,  47, 11.  10-13.       prIncipe  :' first  magistrate.' 

6.  intra,  etc. :  'into  their  fortified  towns  and  behind  walls.' 
10.   interclusis,  etc.:    *  since  all  the  roads  were  blocked.' 

12.  e5s  civitates:  the  Ubii  were  friendly  to  Caesar  (IV,  16,  11. 
19-20)  ;  what  other  German  states  are  here  referred  to  we  do  not  know. 
BuperioribuB  annla :  55  and  53  B.  c.  (IV,  16-19,  and  VI,  9-28). 


MAP  i6 

Victory  of  Caesar  over  Vercingetorix 
Book  VII,  66-68  To  face  page  3q2 


Scale  of  English  Miles. 

1 1 1 


Scale  of  Roman  Miles. 

r 1 \ i 1 

o        I         234 


EXPLANATION 

Vercingetorix  drew  up  his  infantry  in  front  of  his  three  camps,  on  the  bank  of 
a  river,  and  ordered  his  cavalry  to  attack  Caesar's  army,  vi^hich  was  marching 
toward  the  river  on  the  opposite  side. 

Caesar's  legionaries,  though  surprised,  held  their  own  until  finally  the  German 
cavalry  in  Caesar's  employ  hurled  back  the  Gallic  cavalry,  which  suffered  complete 
defeat. 


VII,  66]  Vercingetorix  in  Command  393 

qui  inter  eos  proeliarl  consuerant.     Eorum  adventu,  quod 
minus  idoneis  equis  utebantur,  a  tribunis  mTlitum  reliquis-  is 
que  equitibus  Romanis   atque   evocatis  equos   sumit   Ger- 
manlsque  distribuit. 

Vercingetorix  encamps  7iear  Caesar,  addresses  his  troops. 

66.  Interea,  dum  haec  geruntur,  hostium  copiae  ex 
Arvernis  equitesque,  qui  toti  Galliae  erant  imperati,  conve- 
niunt.  Magno  h5rum  coacto  numero,  cum  Caesar  in  Se- 
quanos  per  extremes  Lingonum  fines  iter  faceret,  quo 
facilius  subsidium  provinciae  ferri  posset,  circiter  milias 
passuum  x  ab  Romanis  trinis  castris  Vercingetorix  c5n- 
sedit,  convocatisque  ad  concilium  praefectis  equitum, 
venisse  tempus  victoriae  dem5nstrat : 

Ftigere  in  provinciam  Romdnos  Gallidque  excedere.     Id 
sibi  ad  praesentem  obtinendam   libertdtem  satis  esse ;    ad  lo 
reliqul  temporis  pdcem  atqiie  otium  pariim  proficl ;  maiori- 
bus   enim   codctis  copils   reversuros    neqiie  finem    bellandl 
facturos. 

Proinde  in  agmine  impedltos  adoriantur.     St  pedites  suls 

14.  qui  ,  .  consuerant :  in  the  manner  previously  described  (I, 
48, 11.  12-20).    Caesar  had  previously  had  a  division  of  German  cavalry. 

15.  minus  idoneis  equis :  cf.  IV,  2,  11.  3-7,  and  p.  xxviii. 

66.  I .  dum,  etc. :  while  Caesar  was  collecting  forces  from  the 
Province  and  from  Germany.     190,  a. 

4.  extremos  Lingonum  fines  :  '■  the  most  distant  (part  of  the) 
country  of  the  Lingones ' ;  i.e.  the  southeastern  part, '  most  distant '  from 
Agedincum,  chief  city  of  the  Senones  (Fig.  134),  which  was  Caesar's 
principal  base  for  the  operations  of  52  B.C.     See  Map  13. 

6.  trinis  castris:  marked  V,  V,  V,  on  Map  16,  which  represents 
the  location  as  fixed  by  Napoleon,  about  40  miles  northeast  of  Dijon. 
The  battle  was  probably  fought  north  of  Dijon,  and  much  nearer ;  but 
Napoleon's  plan  indicates  the  relative  positions  clearly.       trims  :  37,  e. 

9.    Fugere,  etc. :  213,  b.         Id  :  the  retreat  to  the  Province. 

12.    reversuros  [esse]  :  sc.  Romdnos. 

14.  \.vci.-^Qdi\X.b9>'.  ^z.eos  (^  —  Rdmanos).  If  the  legionaries,  thus  caught 
at  a  disadvantage,  should  attempt  to  defend  the  baggage-train,  their 


394  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  52 

^s  auxilitim  ferant  at  que  in  eo  morentur^  iter  facer e  tion  posse  ; 
si,  id  quod  magis  fiiturum  coiifldat,  rellctis  impedlmentis 
suae  salUti  consulant,  et  usu  rerum  necessdridrum  et  digni- 
tdte  spolidtum  Irl.  Nam  de  equitibus  kostium,  quin  nemo 
eorum  progredl  modo  cxtrd  agmen  audeat,  ne  ipsos  quidem 

20  debere  dubitdre. 

Id  quo  maiore  faciant  animd,  copids  se  omnes  pro  castrls 
habiturum  et  terrorl  hostibus  futurum. 

^  Conclamant  equites,  sanctissimo  iure  iurando  confirmari 
oportere,  ne  tecto  recipiatur,  ne  ad  llberos,  ne  ad  parentes, 

25  ne  ad  uxorem  aditum  habeat,  qui  non  bis  per  agmen  hos- 
tium  perequitarit. 

The  cavalry  of  Vercingetorix  is  defeated  by  Caesar^ s  cavalry. 

67.    Probata   re   atque    omnibus    lure    iurando    adactis, 

poster©  die,  in  tres  partes  distributo  equitatu,  duae  se  acies 

ab  duobus  lateribus  ostendunt,  una  a  primo  agmine  iter 

impedire  coepit.     Qua  re  nuntiata,  Caesar  suum  quoque 

5  equitatum,  tripertita  divisum,  contra  hostem  ire  iubet. 

Pugnatur  una  omnibus  in  partibus.  Consistit  agmen; 
impedimenta  intra  legiones  recipiuntur.     Si  qua  in  parte 

retreat  would  be  stopped  ;  if  they  should  abandon  the  baggage-train  and 
try  to  defend  only  themselves,  they  would  be  cut  off  from  their  supplies. 

18.  dignitate  spoliStum  iri :  'would  be  despoiled  of  their  pres- 
tige.'        hostium  :  the  Romans. 

21.   Id  faciant :    '  That  they  might  make  the  attack."*     How  lit.  ? 

23.  lure  iiirando :  explained  by  the  ^/-clauses  following.  Cf.  p. 
446,  11.  16-19,  and  N.     IS,  h. 

24.  recipiatur:  cf.  qui  in  1.  25,  '(the  man)  who.' 

67.    I.  iure  iurando  :  the  oath  given  in  11.  23-26  above. 

2.  duae  acigs,  una  [acies]  :  the  three  divisions  of  Gallic  cavalry, 
marked  g,  g,  g,  on  Map  16. 

3.  lateribus,  prTmo  agmine  :  'flanks,'  'van,'  of  the  Romans. 

5.    equitatum,  tripertito  divlaum :  marked  e,  e,  e,  on  Map  16. 
7.    impedimenta,  etc  :  each  legion  formed  a  hollow  square  {orbis, 
SS8)  about  its  baggage  {328) .    Caesar  was  surprised. 


VII,  68]  Vercingetorix  Defeated  395 

nostri  laborare  aut  gravius  premi  videbantur,  eo  signa  in- 
ferrl  Caesar  aciemque  constitui  iubebat ;  quae  res  et  hostes 
ad    insequendum    tardabat    et    nostros    spe    auxilii    con-io 
firmabat. 

Tandem  German!  ab  dextro  latere  summum  iugum  nacti 
hostes  loco  depellunt;  fugientes  usque  ad  flumen,  ubi  Ver- 
cingetorix cum  pedestribus  copils  consederat,  persequuntur 
compluresque  interficiunt.  Qua  re  animadversa,  reliqui,  15 
ne  circumirentur,  veriti,  se  fugae  mandant.  Omnibus 
locis  fit  caedes. 

Tres  nobilissiml  AeduT  capti  ad  Caesarem  perducuntur : 
Cotus,  praefectus  equitum,  qui  contr5versiam  cum  Con- 
victolitavi  proximis  comitiis  habuerat,  et  Cavarillus,  qui  20 
post  defectionem  Litavicci  pedestribus  copils  praefuerat, 
et  Eporedorix,  quo  duce  ante  adventum  Caesaris  Aedui 
cum  Sequanis  bello  contenderant. 

Vercingetorix  and  his  army  take  refuge  at  Alesia. 

68.  Fugato  omni  equitatu,  Vercingetorix  copias  suas, 
ut  pro  castris  coUocaverat,  reduxit  protinusque  Alesiam, 
quod  est  oppidum  Mandubiorum,  iter  facere  coepit  celeri- 
terque  impedimenta  ex  castris  educi  et  se  subsequi  iussit. 

Caesar,  impedlmentis  in  proximum  collem  deductis,  dua-s 
bus  legionibus  praesidio  relictis,  seciitus  hostes,  quantum 
die!  tempus  est  passum,  circiter  iii  milibus  ex  novissimo 
agmine  interfectis,  altero  die  ad  Alesiam  castra  fecit. 

Perspecto  urbis  situ  perterritisque  hostibus,  quod  equitatu, 
qua  maxime  parte  exercitus  confidebant,  erant  pulsi,  adhor- 10 
tatus  ad  laborem  milites  circumvallare  instituit. 

12.  Germani:  from  the  favorable  position  which  they  had  reached 
on  the  height  (x  on  Map  16)  the  German  cavalry  charged  the  Gallic 
cavalry  with  irresistible  momentum.    Cf.  chap.  70, 11.  5-10 ;  80, 11.  19-22. 

14.    pedestribus  copils:  Map  16,  G,  G,  G. 

68.    6.    legionibus:   abl.  abs.  with  relictis.        praesidio:   112,  a. 

8.    altero  die:  —  poster o  die,  'the  next  day.'     Cf.  Map  13. 


396  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [b.c.  52 

The  Siege  and  Fall  of  Alesia.     69-90 
Caesar  commences  to  surround  Alesia  ivith  a  line  of  works. 

69.  Ipsum  erat  oppidum  Alesia  in  colle  summo,  ad- 
modum  edito  loco,  ut  nisi  obsidione  expugnari  non  posse 
videretur.  Cuius  collis  radices  duo  duabus  ex  partibus 
flumina  subluebant. 
5  Ante  oppidum  planities  circiter  milia  passuum  iii  in  lon- 
gitudinem  patebat;  reliquis  ex  omnibus  partibus  coUes, 
mediocri  interiecto  spatio,  pari  altitudinis  fastigio  oppidum 
cingebant. 

Sub  muro,  quae  pars  collis  ad  orientem  solem  spectabat, 
lohunc  omnem   locum  copiae   Gallorum    compleverant   fos- 
samque  et  maceriam  in  altitudinem  vi   pedum  praeduxe- 
rant. 

Eius  munitionis,  quae  ab  Romanis  instituebatur,  circuitus 

69.  I.  Alesia,  etc. :  Alesia  was  situated  on  the  top  of  an  oval  hill 
now  called  Mont  Auxois,  a  part  of  which  is  occupied  by  the  village  of 
Alise-Ste-Reine  (see  Map  17).  The  highest  point  is  more  than  500 
feet  above  the  beds  of  the  small  streams  on  either  side  (Fig.  135). 
The  accuracy  of  Caesar's  description  has  been  attested  by  discoveries 
made  in  the  course  of  excavations  in  1862-65,  ^^d  since  1900. 

Various  objects  found  at  Alesia  are  reproduced  in  this  book;  see 
Figures  44,  49,  50,  138,  144,  190;  cf.  also  Fig.  i. 

2.    obsidione:  31^.0. 

4.  flumina:  the  Ose  and  the  Oserain.         sublugbant :  'washed.' 

5.  planiti€s  :  '  the  plain '  of  Les  Lautnes  (pronounced  la  16m). 

7.  spatio :  the  average  distance  between  the  height  of  Alesia  and 
the  tops  of  the  surrounding  hills  is  about  a  mile.  pari,  etc. :  '  having 
a  like  elevation.'     How  lit.  ? 

9.  Sub  muro,  etc. :  '  Below  the  wall,'  on  the  side  facing  the  east. 

10.  hunc  omnem  locum:  'all  the  space.'     IGOyd. 

11.  maceriam:  <wall  of  loose  stones,'  without  mortar;  Map  17. 
13.    Eius   munitiSnis :    'of  the   line   of  investment,'  a  series   o! 

fortified    camps,   between   which    at    intervals    were    the   'redoubts,' 
castella. 


VII,  70]  The  Siege  and  Fall  of  Alesia 


397 


XI  milia  passuum  tenebat.     Castra  opportunis  locis  erant 
posita  ibique  castella  xxiii  facta  ;  quibus  in  castellis  interdiu  15 
stationes  ponebantur,  ne  qua  subito  eruptio  fieret;    haec 
eadem  noctu  excubitoribus  ac  firmis  praesidiis  tenebantur. 

TJie  Gauls  attempt  to  stop  the  work,  and  are  driven  hack. 

70.   Opere   Instituto    fit    equestre    proelium    in   ea    pla- 
nitie,  quam,  intermissam  collibus,  tria  milia  passuum  in  Ion- 


Figure   135.  —  The  hill  of  Alesia,  as  seen  from  the  southeast. 

14.  tenebat:  'extended.'  Castra:  plural.  The  infantry  camps 
are  those  marked  A,  B,  C,  D  on  Map  17  ;  the  camps  marked  G,  H,  I,  K 
were  probably  occupied  by  cavalry. 

16.  stationes:   'outposts.' 

17.  excubitoribus  ac  flrmis  praesidiis:  'by  strong  garrisons  of 
men  in  bivouac,'  sleeping  under  arms  in  the  open ;  the  redoubts  were 
fortified  enclosures  without  tents.     238  d. 

70.  2.  intermissam  collibus:  'free  from  hills,'  lit.  'left  off  by 
hills.' 


398  Caesar's  Gallic   War  [B.C.  52 

gitudinem  patere  supra  demonstravimus.      Summa  vl  ab 

utrisque  contenditur. 
5      Laborantibus    nostris    Caesar    Germanos    summittit    le- 

gionesque  pro  castrls  constituit,  ne  qua  subito  irruptio  ab 

hostium  peditatu  flat.     Praesidio  legionum  addito,  nostris 

animus  augetur;  hostes,in  fugam  coniecti,  seipsi  multitudine 

impediunt  atque   angustioribus    portTs  rellctis    coartantur. 
10  German!  acrius  usque  ad  munitiones  persequuntur.     Fit 

magna  caedes ;  non  nulli,  relictis  equTs,  fossam  transire  et 

maceriam  transcendere  conantur. 

Paulum    legiones    Caesar,   quas    pro  vallo    cdnstituerat, 

promoveri  iubet.     Non  minus,  qui  intra  munitiones  erant, 
15  Galli  perturbantur ;  veniri  ad  se  confestim  existimantes,  ad 

arma  conclamant ;  n5n  nulli,  perterritT,  in  oppidum  irrumpunt. 

Vercingetorlx   iubet    portas    claudi,    ne    castra    nudentur. 

Multls  interfectis,  compluribus  equis  captis,  German!  sese 

recipiunt. 

3.  BuprSl:  chap.  69,11.  5-8.  Summa,  etc.:  'Both  sides  fought 
with  their  utmost  strength.'     How  lit:  ? 

5.  Laborantibus:  'hard  pressed.'  How  lit.?  Germanos: 
mercenaries,  consisting  of  cavalry,  and  light-armed  troops,  trained  to 
fight  with  them,  brought  from  Germany  to  offset  the  superiority  of 
Vercingetorix  in  cavalry  (chap.  65,  11.  9-17). 

6.  castris  :  plural,  as  in  chap.  69,1.  14.         irruptio:  'attack.' 

7.  Praesidio:  'support.'         nostris:  109,  a. 

9.  portis,  etc. :  'gate -openings '  in  the  wall  of  loose  stones  (chap.  69, 
11.  lo-ii  ;  a,  b,  c,  on  Map  17),  '  (which  had  been)  left  rather  narrow'; 
it  is  not  probable  that  gates  had  been  placed  in  the  openings.  co- 
artantur :  '  were  jammed  together.'     352,  a. 

13.  pro  vSllo :  probably  the  rampart  of  the  infantry  camps  alone 
(A,  B,  C,  D,  on  Map  17)  is  meant. 

15.   veniri:  trans,  'that  the  Romans  were  coming.'     73,  d. 

17.  portas  :  here  'gates'  of  the  town,  through  which  panic-stricken 
Gauls  rushed,  in  the  effort  to  escape  from  their  threatened  camp  into 
the  city.  castra :  on  the  east  side  of  Alesia,  between  the  city  wall 
and  the  wall  of  loose  stones. 


m.  71]  The  Siege  and  Fall  of  Alesia  399 

Vercingetorix  summons  all  Gaul  to  the  rescue,  arid  apportions 
the  available  provisions. 

71.  Vercingetorix,  prius  quam  munitiones  ab  Romanis 
perficiantur,  consilium  capit,  omnem  ab  se  equitatum  noctu 
dimittere.  Discedentibus  mandat,  ut  suam  quisque  eorum 
civitatem  adeat  omnesque,  qui  per  aetatem  arma  ferre 
possint,  ad  bellum  cogant.  Sua  in  illos  merita  proponit  s 
obtestaturque,  ut  suae  salutis  rationem  habeant,  neu  se, 
optime  de  communi  libertate  meritum,  hostibus  in  cruciatum 
dedant.  Quod  si  indiligentiores  fuerint,  milia  hominum 
delecta  lxxx  una  secum  interitiira  demonstrat ;  ratione 
initd,  se  exigne  dierum  xxx  Jiabere  frumentiim,  sed  paulo  lo 
etiam  longiiis  tolerdrt  posse  parcendo. 

His  datls  mandatis,  qua  erat  nostrum  opus  intermissum, 
secunda   vigilia   silentio   equitatum  dlmittit.     Frumentum 
omne  ad  se  referri  iubet;  capitis  poenam  eis,  qui  non  pa- 
ruerint,  constituit;  pecus,  cuius  magna  erat  copia  a  Man- is 
dubils  compulsa,  viritim  distribuit;    frumentum  parce  et 

71.    2.  perficiantur:  189,  b.     B.  292;  A.  551,  ^,  N.  2  ;  H.  605,  i. 

3.  Discgdentibus :  sc.  eis  {equitibus),  implied  in  the  preceding 
equitatum. 

4.  omnes  :  object  oi  cogant.        per  aetatem:  'by  reason  of  age.' 

7.  meritum:  participle;  'who  had  rendered  most  excellent  service 
in  behalf  of  their  common  liberty.'     How  lit.  ? 

8.  Q\xo6.'.  118,  d.        indiligentiores:  'too  remiss.' 

9.  ratione  inita :  '  (he  said  that),  having  made  calculation.'    21S,  b. 
10     dierum  XXX  :  '  (to  last)  30  days.'     How  lit.  ?     100,  a. 

11.  parcendo:  'by  reducing  the  rations,'  we  should  say.  How 
lit.  ?     230,  (4). 

12.  erat,  etc. :  '  there  was  a  break  in  our  line  of  works,'  the  contra- 
vallation,  which  there  had  not  been  time  to  complete. 

13.  secunda  vigilia :  21^.2,  c.  Frumentum  omne:  in  the  city; 
Vercingetorix  put  the  inhabitants  under  martial  law. 

14.  capitis  poenam  :  '  the  penalty  of  death.'  paruerint :  sub- 
junctive in  implied  indirect  discourse,  as  part  of  the  notice  given  to  the 
Alesians. 


400  Caesar*s  Gallic  War  [B.C.  52 

paulatim  metiri  Tnstituit.  Copias  omnes,  quas  pro  oppido 
collocaverat,  in  oppidum  recipit.  His  rati5nibus  auxilia 
Galliae  exspectare  et  bellum  administrare  parat. 

Description  of  the  inner  line  of  Caesar's  siege  works. 
72.   Quibus  rebus  cognitis  ex  perfugis  et  captivis,  Caesar 
haec  genera  munitionis  instituit. 

Fossam  pedum  xx  derectis  lateribus  duxit,  ut  eius  fossae 
solum  tantundem  pateret,  quantum  summae  fossae  labra 
5  distarent.  Reliquas  omnes  munltiones  ab  ea  fossa  pedes 
cccc  reduxit,  hoc  c6nsili5,  quoniam  tantum  esset  necessario 
spatium  complexus,  nee  facile  totum  opus  corona  mllitum 
cingeretur,  ne  de  improviso  aut  noctu  ad  munltiones  multi- 
tude hostium  advolaret,  aut  interdiu  tela  in  nostros,  operi 
10  destinat5s,  conicere  possent. 

Hoc  intermisso  spatio,  duas,  f ossas  xv  pedes  latas,  eadem 

17.   pro  oppido  :  in  the  encampment  on  the  east  side. 

72.  2.  haec:  'the  following.'  161,  a.  munitionis:  <  works,' 
together  forming  the  contravallation,  the  purpose  of  which  was  to  hem 
in  Vercingetorix  and  protect  Caesar's  forces  against  attack  from  within 
(Map  17,  Contravallation)  .     92,  b. 

3.  Fossam,  etc.:  'a  trench  twenty  feet  (in  width),  with  vertical 
sides,'  much  harder  for  an  enemy  to  fill  and  cross  than  the  ordinary 
triangular  trench  {SSS)  ;  it  ran  across  the  plain  west  of  the  town,  be- 
tween the  Ose  and  the  Oserain  (Map  17,  Trench  20  Feet  Wide). 

4.  solumi,  etc. :  '  the  bottom  was  as  broad  as  the  distance  between 
the  edges  at  the  top.'     How  lit.  ? 

6.  CCCC :  quadringentos.  The  distance,  as  shown  by  excavation, 
averages  so  much  more  than  400  Roman  feet,  that  it  has  been  suggested 
that  Caesar  intended  to  write  passils  or  passibus.  hoc,  etc. :  i.e.  hoc 
cdnsilio,  ne,  quoniam  .  .  .  cingeretur,  de  improviso  .  .  .  possent. 
esset  —  complexus,  cingerStur  :  220. 

7.  nee,  etc. :  '  and  the  whole  line  of  works  could  not  easily  be 
manned  with  a  continuous  cordon  of  soldiers.'     How  lit.  ? 

II.  spati5  :  refers  to  pedes  CCCC  above.  duSs  fossSs :  Map  17. 
where  it  will  be  observed  that  the  outer  trench  ran  only  to  the  edges 
of  the  plain,  while  the  inner  trench  was  continued  around  the  town, 


MAP  17 
The  Siege  of  Alesia 


Book  VII,  69-90 


To  face  page  400 


SCALE  OF  ENGLISH  MILES 


SCALE  OF  ROMAN  MILES 


T 


EXPLANATION 

Caesar's  lines  of  works  about  Alesia  encompassed  a  circuit  of  1 1  Roman  miles 
on  the  inside,  14  miles  on  the  outside. 

In  the  plain  west  of  the  city,  and  at  other  points  where  required,  there  were 
two  systems  of  defenses,  one  to  protect  Caesar's  men  against  the  attacks  of  Ver- 
cingetorix  in  the  city,  the  other  as  a  defense  against  the  relieving  army. 

Camps  of  infantry  were  probably  located  at  A,  B,  C,  D;  of  cavalry,  at  G,  H,  I, 
K.     The  redoubts,  castella  (chap.  69),  are  numbered  i  to  23. 

On  the  west,  along  the  edge  of  the  plain,  a  trench,  or  moat,  20  feet  wide,  with 
vertical  sides,  was  constructed  (chap.  72,  11.  3-5).  Further  west,  in  this  order, 
'goads,'  stimuli;  *  wolf-holes,'  lUia  ;  'boundary  posts,'  cippi  ;  two  V-shaped 
'trenches,'  fossae;  'rampart,'  agger,  and  'palisade,'  vallus,  with  a  'breastwork,' 
lorTca,  and  'battlements,'  pinnae  ;  also  'towers,'  turres,  at  intervals  of  80  feet. 
These  defenses  formed  the  line  of  contravallation  (chap.  72-73). 

The  same  defenses,  in  a  reverse  series,  the  '  goads '  being  furthest  outside,  the 
rampart  inside,  formed  the  line  of  circumvallation  (chap.  74). 


VII,  72]  The  Siege  and   Fall  of  Alesia  401 

altitudine,   perduxit ;   quarum  interi5rem  campestribus  ac 
demissis  locis  aqua,  ex  flumine  derivata,  complevit. 

Post  eas  aggerem  ac  vallum  xii  pedum  exstruxit.     Huic 
lorlcam  pirfnasque  adiecit,  grandibus  cervis  eminentibus  ad  i 
commissuras  pluteorum  atque  aggeris,  qui  ascensum  hos- 
tium   tardarent,    et   turres   toto   opere    circumdedit,    quae 
pedes  Lxxx  inter  se  distarent. 

forming  a  part  of  the  contra vallation.         eadem  altitudine  :    of  the 
same  depth,  8  or  9  feet ;  these  trenches  were  V-shaped. 

12.  mteriorem  :  s,c.  fossam.         campestribus:  'in  the  plain.' 

13.  demissis:  Mow.'  flumine:  the  Oserain.  derivata: 
'  drawn.'  Silt,  evidencing  the  action  of  running  water,  was  found  in 
the  inner  trench. 

14.  Post  eas :  '•  Behind  these,'  on  the  side  away  from  the  town. 
aggerem :  '  bank,'  made  of  the  earth  thrown  out  of  the  nearer  trench. 
vallum:  masculine,  'palisade,'  Uke  the  palisade  of  a  camp  (333). 
xn  pedum:  measured  from  the  surface  of  the  ground  beside  the 
'bank'  to  the  top  of  the  'palisade.'  Huic:  singular  because  the 
'bank'  and  the  'palisade'  are  thought  of  as  forming  one  fortification; 
'to  this  rampart.' 

15.  loricam :  a  'breastwork,'' made  by  weaving  supple  branches 
closely  together  on  the  exposed  side  of  the  palisade.  pinnas  :  '  bat- 
tlements,' covered  with  wickerwork  and  projecting  above  the  palisade, 
behind  which  the  soldiers  could  find  shelter  after  hurling  their  weapons 
over  the  palisade.  cervis  :  '  stags,'  large  limbs  of  trees  and  tops  of 
young  trees,  from  which  the  foliage  and  twigs  had  been  removed,  the 
branches  being  stripped  of  their  bark  and  sharpened ;  these  were 
planted  along  the  bank  at  the  foot  of  the  palisade,  projecting  outwards 
over  the  trench  and  towards  the  town  (Plate  IX,  i,  the  projecting 
branches  at  the  foot  of  the  tower).         eminentibus  :  'projecting.' 

16.  ad  commissuras,  etc. :  '  along  the  line  where  the  wood  con- 
struction was  fitted  to  the  XidsiSa^ piutedrum  here  including  the  '  palisade  ' 
{vdllus),  the  'breastwork'  {lortca),  and  the  'battlements'  {pinnas). 
How  lit.  ? 

17.  tardarent:  193,  a.         opere:   'the  hne  of  works.'         quae,' 
etc. :  194,  a. 

18.  pedes  LXXX:  artillery  was  mounted  in  the  towers  (chap.  81,  11. 
14-15;  chap.  82,  11.  1-5);    the  spaces   between  the  towers  could  be 


402 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  62 


73.  Erat  eodem  tempore  et  materiari  et  frumentari  ev 
tantas  munitiones  fieri  necesse,deminutis  nostris  copils,  quae 
longius  a  castrls  progrediebantur ;  ac  non  numquam  opera 
nostra  Galli  temptare  atque  eruptioiiem  ex  oppido  pluri- 
5  bus  portis  summa  vi  facere  conabantur.  Quare  ad  haec 
rursus  opera  addendum  Caesar  putavit,  quo  min5re  numero 
militum  munitiones  defend!  possent. 

Itaque,    truncis    arborum    aut   admodum    firmis   ramis 

abscisis,  atque  horum  delibratis  ac  praeacutis  caciiminibus, 

lo  perpetuae  fossae  quinos  pedes  altae  ducebantur.     Hue  illi 

stipites  demissi,  et  ab  infimo  revincti,  ne  revelli  possent, 


covered  also  by  hand-thrown  missiles,  in  case  the  enemy  should  burst 

through  the  palisade. 

73.    I.    Erat  —  necesse  :    as    subject   mdteridri   (Fig.    136)  and 

friimentdrl  are  coordinated  with  munitiones  fieri -,  Mt  was  necessary 
both  to  get  timber  and  to  secure  grain  and 
to  carry  on  the  construction  of  these  ex- 
tensive fortifications.'     How  lit.  ? 

2.  dgminutis,  etc. :  '  with  (consequent) 
weakening  of  our  forces.'     How  lit.  ? 

3.  longius:  the  supplies  of  timber  and 
grain  near  the  camp  were  soon  exhausted. 

6.  addendum  [esse]  :  <  that  an  addition 
ought  to  be  made.'     75,  e. 

8.  admodum     firmis 
large  limbs,'  probably   not 
or  five  inches  in  diameter. 

9.  horum,  etc. :  '  the  ends  (of  their 
branches)  barked  and  sharpened  to  a  point.' 

10.  perpetuae:  *  continuous,'  running 
parallel  with  the  rampart,  at  the  points 
where  needed,  on  the  side  toward  the  town. 
quinos  :  distributive  ;  '  each  five  feet  deep.' 

S6.         Htlc:  'Into  these,'  the  parallel  trenches.        illl  stlpit6s :  <the 
stocks'  of  trees,  prepared  as  described.     160,  d. 

1 1 .   revincti :  '  fastened  down ' ;  how  the  stocks  were  fastened  at 
the  bottom  we  do  not  know.        ab  Infimd :  126^  c,  and  154^  a. 


t 

',1 
1 

y 

WttS 

\ 

J 

W: 

I, 

rftmls  :     'very 
less   than   four 


Figure  136.  —  A  Roman 
soldier  cutting  timber. 


VII,  73]  The  Siege  and  Fall  of  Alesia  403 

ab  ramis  eminebant.  Quini  erant  ordines,  coniunctl  inter 
se  atque  implicati ;  qu5  qui  intraverant,  se  ipsi  acutissimis 
vallis  induebant.     H5s  cippos  appellabant. 

Ante  hos,  obliquis  ordinibus  in  quincuncem  dispositis,  is 
scrobes  in  altitudinem  trium  pedum  fodiebantur,  paulatim 
angustiore  ad  infimum  fastigio.  Hue  teretes  stipites  femi- 
nis  crassitudine,  ab  summo  praeacuti  et  praeusti,  demitte- 
bantur  ita,  ut  non  amplius  digitis  iiii  ex  terra  eminerent ; 
simul,  cdnflrmandl  et  stabiliendi  causa,  singuli  ab  Infim5  2c 
solo  pedes  terra  exculcabantur ;    reliqua   pars  scrobis  ad 

12.  ab,  etc.:  'had  their  branches'  (these  having  been  barked 
and  sharpened)  'projecting'  above  the  ground.  How  lit.?  126,  c. 
Quinl  ordines:  'five  rows,'  one  in  'each  (trench)';  cf.  Plate  IX,  i. 

13.  implicati:  'interwoven,'  the  parallel  trenches  being  near  to- 
gether, quo,  etc. :  '  and  any  who  tried  to  enter  these '  rows  of 
branches,  corresponding  with  the  barbed  wire  entanglements  of  modern 
fortifications.     How  lit.  ? 

14.  vallis  :  '  points.'  se  induebant :  '  would  pierce  themselves.' 
cippos  :  '  boundary  posts,'  jestingly  named  from  their  resemblance  to 
the  firmly  set  stocks  of  trees  and  posts  used  by  surveyors  to  mark 
boundaries,  especially  in  regions  where  boundary  posts  of  stone  were 
hard  to  procure.         appellabant:  ' the  soldiers  called.'     172,  c. 

15.  Ante  :  '  In  front  of,'  on  the  side  toward  the  town.  obliquis, 
etc. :  '  in  slanting  rows  having  a  quincuncial  arrangement.'     How  lit.  ? 

16.  scrobes:  'holes.'        fodiebantur:  'were  dug.'     57,  b. 

17.  angustiore,  etc.:  'the  side  gradually  narrowing  toward  the 
bottom,' like  a  funnel.  How  lit.?  Hue:  'Into  these.'  teretgs  : 
'smooth.'  feminis  crassitudine:  'of  the  thickness  of  a  thigh.' 
18,  d,  and  11^3,  a. 

18.  ab,  etc. :  'sharpened  at  the  top  and  hardened  (at  the  point)  by 
burning.' 

19.  amplius,  etc. :  'more  than  four  finger-breadths,' about  equiva- 
lent to  three  inches.     2Ji3,  a. 

20.  stabiliendi,  etc.:  'to  gve  them  a  solid  setting.'  How  lit.? 
singuli,  etc.  :  '  earth  was  packed  about  them  by  treading,  to  the  depth 
of  a  foot  from  the  bottom,'  lit.  '  feet  in  each  case  from  the  bottom  were 
trodden  with  earth.'     Cf.  Figures  i  and  2. 


404 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


IB.C.  57 


occultandas  insidias  viminibus  ac  virgultis  integebatur. 
Huius  generis  oct5ni  ordincs  ducti  ternos  inter  se  pedes 
distabant.  Id,  ex  similitudine  floris,  lilium  appellabant. 
25  Ante  haec  taleae,  pedem  longae,  ferrels  hamfs  infixis, 
totae  in  terram  infodiebantur,  mediocribusque  intermis- 
sis  spatiis,  omnibus  locis  disserebantur,  quos  stimulos 
nominabant. 


y 


Caesar  completes  a  similar  outer  line  of  works. 

74.    His  rebus  perfectis,  regiones  secutus  quam  potuit 
aequissimas  pr5  loci  natura,  xiiii  milia  passuum  complexus 

22.  insidias:   '  the  pitfall.'         integebatur:  '  was  covered  up.' 

23.  octoni  ordines  :  '  eight  rows  in  each  case,'  wherever  the  wolf- 
holes  were  used ;  they  were  not  needed  at  all  points 
of  the  contravallation. 

24.  floris  :  13,  c.         lilium  :  '•  lily,'  the  name  being 
suggested  by  the  appearance  of  the  stalk  of  the  lily 
rising  from  its  funnel-shaped 
circlet  of  leaves;  now  "wolf- 
pit"  or  "wolf-hole.". 

25.  taleae:  'blocks' 
(Fig.  137).  ferrels,  etc. : 
'  with  barbed  hooks,  of  iron, 
set  in.' 

26.  infodiebantur,  etc. : 
'■  were  buried  in  the  ear?:h,' 
only   the   barbed   iron   pro- 
jecting.     How  lit.  ? 

27.  disserSbantur :  <•  were  planted  here 
and  there.'  Several  of  the  irons  have  been 
found   (Fig.  138).  stimulos:  'goads,' so 

called  from  the  likeness  of  the  projecting  points 
to  the  sharp  end  of  a  goad. 

74.    I.   regiongs,  etc. :' following  a  course 
over  the  most  nearly  level  stretches  that  the  configuration  of  the  country 
afforded.'     How  lit.? 

2.    complexus  :    participle;   *  he  embraced  (a  circuit  of)  fourteen 
miles  and.'    $28,  a. 


Figure    137,  —  A 
"goad,"  stimulus. 

a.  Wcx)den  block, 
talea,  in  which  the 
barbed  hook  was  set. 

b.  Barbed  hook,  of 
Iron. 


tne  St; 


Figure  138.  —  Barbed 

hooks. 
Barbed  iron   hooks,  found 
at  Alesia.    The  wooden  blocks 
had  rotted  away. 


VII,  75]  The  Siege  and   Fall  of  Alesia  405 

pares  eiusdem  generis  munitiones,  diversas  ab  his,  contra 
exteriorem  hostem  perfecit,  ut  ne  magna  qaidem  multitu- 
dine,  si  ita  accidat,  munitionum  praesidia  circumf undl  pos-  s 
sent ;  ac  ne  cum  periculo  ex  castris  egredi  cogatur,  dierum 
XXX  pabulum  frumentumque  habere  omnes  convectum 
iubet. 

The  Gauls  gather  a  great  army  for  the  relief  of  Alesia. 

75.  Dum  haec  ad  Alesiam  geruntur,  Galli,  concilio  prin- 
cipum  indicto,  non  omnes,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  ut 
censuit  Vercingetorix,  convocandos  statuunt,  sed  certum 
numerum  cuique  civitati  imperandum,  ne,  tanta  multitu- 
dine  confusa,  nee  moderari  nee  discernere  suos  nee  frumen-s 
tandi  rationem  habere  possent. 

Imperant   Aeduis   atque   eorum   clientibus,   Segusiavis, 
Ambivaretis,  Aulercis  Brannovlcibus,  miha  xxxv;  parem 

3.  pares:   ^corresponding.'        diversas:    'facing  in  the  opposite 
direction  '  from  the  inner  line  of  works  ;  see  Map  17,  Circumvallation. 

4.  exteriorem   hostem :  a  relieving  force.     A  view  of  a  section 
of  the  outer  works  is  shown  in  Fig.  i .  multitudine  :   sc.  hostium. 

5.  SI,  etc.:    si  ?nagna    mtdtitudd  veniat.  circumfundi:    'be 
completely  surrounded.' 

6.  ex  oastris  egredi :  in  order  to  secure  forage  and  grain. 

7.  XXX  :  cf.  chap.  71,  1.  10, 
and  N.  omnes  :  'all'  his  forces. 
convectum:  'collected.'     229,  a. 

75.    I.    ad:    120,   a.  Galli, 

etc. :    in    response    to    the   appeal 
of  Vercingetorix  (chap.  71). 

4.  ne,  etc.:  '(fearing)  that  .  .  .     pigure   139.  — Coin  of  the  Aulerci 
they  would    not  be  able  either   to  Cenomani. 

manage  (it)  or  .  .   .  or.'  tanta,  Gold.    Reverse,  human  headed  horse 

etc.:    '  if  so  enormous  a  host  should      gallopingover  a  prostrate  man.    The  driver 

be  massed  together.'     lU,  b,  (4).       ^^°^^  ^^•'^^ ^ ^''^"'^^'  P^''^^?^  °^  mistletoe. 

5.  frumentandi,  etc. :  'to  make  systematic  provision  for  supplying 
grain.' 

7.    clientibus:  'dependent  states.' 


406  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  52 

numerum  Arvernis,  adiunctis  Eleutetls,  Cadurcis,  Gabalis, 

loVellavils,  qui  sub  imperio  Arvernorum  esse  consuerunt ; 
Sequanis,  Senonibus,  Biturigibus,  Santonis,  Rutenis,  Car- 
nutibus  duodena  milia ;  Bellovacis  x ;  totidem  Lemovici- 
bus ;  octona  Pictonibus  et  Turonis  et  Parlsiis  et  Helvetils ; 
sena  Andibus,  Ambianis,  Medio matricis,  Petrocoriis,  Ner- 

15  vils,  Morinis,  Nitiobrogibus ;  quinque  mllia  Aulercis  Ceno- 
manis ;  totidem  Atrebatibus ;  iiii  Veliocassis ;  Aulercis 
Eburovicibus  in ;  Rauracis  et  Boiis  bina :  xxx  universis 
civitatibus,  quae  Oceanum  attingunt  quaeque  eorum  con- 
suetudine  Aremoricae  appellantur,   quo   sunt   in    numero 

20  Coriosolites,  Redones,  Ambibarii,  Caletes,  Osism;,  Veneti, 
Lexovii,  Venelli. 

Ex  his  BellovacI  suum  numerum  n5n  compleverunt,  quod 
se  suo  nomine  atque  arbitrio  cum  Romanis  bellum  gestu- 
res  dicerent   neque   cuiusquam  imperi5   obtemperaturos ; 

25rogati  tamen  a  Commio,  pro  eius  hospitio  duo  milia  una 
miserunt. 

12.  duodSna  milia  :  '  twelve  thousand  each/  or  72,000  for  these 
six  states.  The  total  levy,  amounting  to  287,000  men,  shows  that  after 
six  years  of  war  the  population  of  Gaul  must  have  been  considerably 
larger  than  is  ordinarily  supposed.  The  population,  in  Caesar's  time, 
of  the  territory  west  of  the  Rhine  has  been  estimated  as  high  as  "  20  to 
30  millions." 

15.    Aulercis  CSnomaniB :  Fig.  139. 

21.  Venelli:  in  the  list  of  revolting  states  we  do  not  find  the 
Remi  and  the  Lingones,  who  remained  friendly,  nor  the  Treverans, 
who  were  pressed  by  the  Germans  (chap.  63,  11.  13-17),  nor  the 
Aquitanian  states. 

22.  numerum:  *  contingent.'        quod  .  .  .  dicerent:  183,  d. 

23.  8u6,  etc. :  'on  their  own  responsibility  and  in  their  own  way.' 
How  lit.? 

25.  pro  eiuB  hospitiS :  *in  consideration  of  their  relations  of  hos- 
pitality with  him';  n.  to  I,  31,  1.  23.  ana  :  'at  the  same  time' 
with  the  other  states. 


VII,  76]  The  Siege  and  Fall  of  Alesia 


407 


Commius,  Viridomarus,  Eporedorix,  and  Vercassivellaunus  are 
placed  in  command  of  the  Gallic  army  of  relief 

76.  Huius  opera  Commii,  ut  antea  demonstravimus, 
fideli  atque  utilT  superi5ribus  annis  erat  usus  in  Britannia 
Caesar  ;  quibus  ille  pro  meritis  civitatem  eius  immunfem 
esse  iusserat,  iura  legesque  reddiderat  atque  ipsi  Morinos 
attribuerat.  Tanta  tamen  universae  Galliae  consensid  fuit  s 
libertatis  vindicandae,  et  pristinae  belli  laudis  recuperandae, 
ut  neque  beneficiis .  neque  amicitiae  memoria  moverentur, 
omnesque  et  animo  et  opibus  in  id  bellum  incumberent. 

Coactis   equitum   mllibus    viii  et  peditum  circiter  ccl, 
haec    in    Aeduorum    finibus    recensebantur,    numerusque  lo 
inibatur,    praefecti    constituebantur ;     Commio    Atrebati, 


76.  I.  Commii:  after  the  final  defeat  of  the  Gauls  Commius  seems 
to  have  established  himself  as  a  ruler  in  Britain,  and  to  have  left  sons 
who  were  rulers,  who  issued  coins  in 
imitation  of  Roman  coins  struck  near 
the  beginning  of  the  Empire.  Three 
sons  of  Commius  are  named  on  coins, 
Verica  or  Virica,  Tincommius,  and 
Eppillus  {29 Jf,  and  Fig.  140). 

3.  quibus,  etc. :  trans,  as  if  ^^ 
pro  his  meritis.  civitatem  :  the 
Atrebates.  immunem  :  '  free  from 
tribute.'  Apparently,  as  implied  also 
by  iUra  legesque  reddiderat,  the  Atre- 


Figure   140.     British  coin,  struck 
by  a  son  of  Commius. 

Gold ;  dated  about  the  beginning  of 
the  Christian  era.  Inscription :  VIR 
[ica]  rexcom[mi]  f[ilius],' Virica. 

bates  had  become  a  dependency  of    king,  son  of  Commius.' 

some  other  state. 

4.  ipsi:  to  Commius  ;  the  Morini  had  been  hard  to  manage. 

5.  Tanta,  etc. :  '  So  strong  was  the  common  purpose  of  entire  Gaul 
to  recover  its  liberty.' 

7.  moverentur:  the  subject  is  implied  in  Galliae;  'men  were  in- 
fluenced.' 

8.  -que:    'but.'  23  J^,  b.        incumberent:    '  were  devoting  them- 
selves.' 

10.    recensSbantur  :  '  were  reviewed ' ;  we  say  '  mobilized.' 


408  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  62 

Viridomaro  et  Eporedorlgl  Aeduls,  Vercassivellauno  Ar- 
vern5,  consobrino  Vercingetorigis,  summa  imperil  traditur. 
His   delecti   ex  civitatibus   attribuuntur,   quorum    consilio 

IS  bellum  administraretur. 

Omnes  alacres  et  fiduciae  pleni  ad  Alesiam  proficlscuntur ; 
neque  erat  omnium  quisquam,  qui  aspectum  mode  tantae 
multitudinis  sustineri  posse  arbitraretur,  praesertim  ancipiti 
proelio,  cum  ex  oppido  erupti5ne  pugnaretur,  foris  tantae 

20  copiae  equitatus  peditatusque  cernerentur. 

TJie  Gallic  force  in  Alesia  faces  starvation  ;  Critognatus  pro- 
poses to  sustain  life  by  eating'the  non-combatants. 

77.  At  ei,  qui  Alesiae  obsidebantur,  praeterita  die, 
qua  auxilia  suorum  exspectaverant,  consumpto  omni 
frumento,  Inscii,  quid  in  Aeduis  gereretur,  conciIi5  coacto 
de  exitu  suarum  fortunarum  consultabant.  Ac  variis  dic- 
5  tis  sententiis,  quarum  pars  deditionem,  pars,  dum  vires 
suppeterent,  eruptionem  censebat,  non  praetereunda  oratio 
Critognati  videtur  propter  eius  singularem  et  nefariam 
crudelitatem. 

Hie,  summo  in  Arvernis  ortus  loco  et  magnae  habitus 
lo  auctoritatis, 

13.  cdnsobrmd:  'cousin.'  summa  imperii:  the  commander- 
in-chief,  Vercingetorix,  was  shut  up  in  Alesia. 

14.  dSlgcti:  'men  chosen';  delegates,  forming  a  kind  of  general 
staff.  quorum  cousilio :  'in  accordance  with  whose  counsel.' 
193,  a. 

16.   fiduciae:  'confidence.'        ad:  'for.'     120,  a. 

18.  ancipiti  proelid  :  'with  fighting  on  two  sides.' 

19.  foris:  'on  the  outer  side.' 

77.  I.  Alesiae:  I46.  praeterita  di6  :  the  limit  of  30  days  had 
passed  (chap.  71,  1.  10).     21,  a. 

6.  suppeterent:  subjunctive  in  implied  indirect  discourse.     S14->  ^• 

7.  vidStur,  etc.:  sc.  ;/i//n ;  'the  speech  of  Critognatus  should  not, 
I  think,  be  passed  over.'         nef Iriam  :  'atrocious.' 

9.    loc6  :  128,  a.         magnae  auctoritatis:  100,  d. 


VII,  77]  The  Siege  and  Fall  of  Alesia 


409 


'  Nihil,'  inquit,  '  de  eorum  sententia  dicturus  sum,  qui 
turpissimam  servitutem  deditionis  nomine  appellant;  neque 
hos  habendos  civium  loco  neque  ad  concilium  adhibendos 
censeo.  ^  Cum  his  mihi  res  sit,  qui  eruptionem  probant; 
qu5rum  in  consilio,  omnium  vestrum  consensu,  pristinae 
residere  virtutis  memoria  videtur.  Animi  est  ista  mollitia, 
non  virtus,  paulisper  inopiam  ferre  non  posse.  Qui  se 
ultro  mortl  offerant,  facilius  reperiuntur,  quam  qui  dolorem 
patienter  ferant. 


Figure  141.  —  Alise-Ste-Reine,  the  modern  city  on  the  site  of  Alesia. 
The  point  against  the  sky-line  at  the  left  is  the  statue  of  Vercingetorix  (Fig.  142). 

II.    Nihil,  etc. :  211,  d,  (3),  and  280. 

14.  Cum,  etc. :  '  Let  me  deal  (only)  with  those.'     180,  b. 

15.  oinnii;im,  etc:  'according  to  the  common  feeling  of  you  all.' 
91,  c,  and  138. 

16.  residere  —  videtur  :  '•  is  seen  to  linger.'  ista  :  for  istud,  ad- 
dressed to  those  who  would  risk  all  by  an  immediate  sortie,  explained 
by  the  appositional  infinitive  cI^msq patilisper  .  .  .  posse;  'that  is  lack 
of  resolution  on  your  part.'     160,  a,  and  e. 

18.    offerant:  194,  a-        reperiuntur:  sc.  et.        quam:  quam  ei. 


410  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  62 

20  '  Atque  ego  banc  sententiam  probarem  (tantum  apud  me 
dignitas  potest),  si  nuUam  praeterquam  vitae  nostrae  iactu- 
ram  fieri  viderem  ;  sed  in  consilio  capiendd  omnem  Galliam 
respiciamus,  quam  ad  nostrum  auxilium  concij:avimus. 
Quid,  bominum  mllibus  lxxx  uno  loco  interfectls,  propin- 

25  quis  consanguineTsque  nostrls  animi  fore  existimatis,  si 
paene  in  ipsis  cadaveribus  proelio  decertare  cogentur } 
Nolite  b5s  vestro  auxilio  exspoliare,  qui  vestrae  salutis 
causa  suum  periculum  neglexerunt,  nee  stultitia  ac  temeri- 
tate  vestra  aut  animi  imbecillitate  omnem  Galliam  proster- 

3onere  et  perpetuae  servituti  subicere. 

*  An,  quod  ad  diem  non  venerunt,  de  eorum  fide  con- 
stantiaque  dubitatis  ?  Quid  ergo  ?  Romanos  in  illls 
ulterioribus  munitionibus  animine  causa  cotidie  exerceri 
putatis  ?     Si  illorum  nuntiis  confirmari  non  potestis,  omni 

35  aditu  praesaepto,  his  utimini  testibus,  appropinquare  eorum 

20.  ego  :  87,  d.  banc  sententiam :  in  favor  of  a  sortie.  tan- 
tum, etc. :  'so  great  weight  does  the  standing  (of  its  advocates)  carry 
with  me.' 

21 .  iacturam  :  '  loss ' ;  nil  Ham  iacturant  praeterquam  vitae  nostrae 
{iactHram^. 

23.  respiciamus:  180,  a.  concitSvimus :  *  we  have  sum- 
moned.' 

24.  Quid  —  animi:  '  what  feelings.'  milibus  LXXX  :  the  number 
of  the  army  of  Vercingetorix,  not  counting  the  inhabitants  of  Alesia 
(chap.  71,1.  9). 

27.  Nolite  —  exspoliare  :' do  not  rob.'  181,  b.  auxilio  :  7^7, «. 
qui,  etc. :  the  relieving  force. 

28.  stultitia,  etc. :  '  by  your  folly  and  rashness  or  weakness  of  reso- 
lution, utterly  cast  down.' 

31.  iLn;  179,a,  {2).  B.  162,  4, «;  A.  335,^;  H.  380,  3.  vCnB- 
runt:  176,  a. 

33.  animi  causa  :  '  for  the  sake  of  amusement.'  -ne  :  179,  a,{\). 
exercSri :  'are  exerting  themselves.'     174- 

34.  illorum  :  the  Gallic  forces  on  the  way. 

35.  praesaepto:  'shut  off.'        his:  the  Romans. 


VII,  77]  The  Siege  and   Fall  of  Alesia  411 

adventum  ;  cuius  rei  timore  exterriti,  diem  noctemque  in 
opere  versantur. 

*  Quid  ergo  me!  consilii  est  ?  Facere,  quod  nostri  ma- 
iores  nequaquam  pari  bello  Cimbrorum  Teutonumque  fece- 
runt ;  qui  in  oppida  compulsi  ac  simili  inopia  subacti,  40 
eorum  corporibus,  qui  aetate  ad  bellum  inutiles  videbantur, 
vitam  toleraverunt  neque  se  hostibus  tradiderunt.  Cuius 
rel  si  exemplum  non  haberemus,  tamen  libertatis  causa 
institui  et  posteris  prodi  pulcherrimum  iudicarem. 

'  Nam  quid  illi  simile  bello  fuit  ?  Depopulata  Gallia,  45 
Cimbri,  magnaque  illata  calamitate,  finibus  quidem  nostris 
aliquando  excesserunt  atque  alias  terras  petierunt ;  iura, 
leges,  agros,  libertatem  nobis  reliquerunt.  Romani  vero 
quid  petunt  aliud  aut  quid  volunt,  nisi,  invidia  adducti, 
quos  fama  nobiles  potentesque  bello  cognoverunt,  horumso 
in  agris  civ.itatibusque  considere  atque  his  aeternam  iniun- 
gere  servitutem  ?  Neque  enim  umquam  alia  condicione 
bella  gesserunt.  Quod  si  ea,  quae  in  longinquis  nationibus 
geruntur,  ignoratis,  respicite  finitimam    Galliam,  quae,  in 

38.  Quid,   etc.:    'What,  then,  is  my  proposal?'        Facere:    i.e. 
tneum  consilium  est  facere. 

39.  Cimbrorum:  'with  the  Cimbrians' and  Teutons  ;  N.  to  1, 33,1.  17. 

40.  subacti:  'reduced  to  straits.' 

42.    Cuius,  etc. :  'And  if  we  had  no  precedent  for  such  a  course.' 
How  lit.  ? 

44.  institui:    sc.    exemplum,   'that   a    precedent   be   established.' 
pulcherrimum:  'a  most  noble  thing.'     28,  a. 

45.  quid,  etc.:    'what  resemblance  had  that  war  to  the  present 
one?'     How  lit.?         Depopulata  :  5P, /5. 

49.  invidia  :  '  envy.' 

50.  ftmt  nobiles  potentesque  bello :  2S9,  c. 

51.  iniungere :    'to    fasten    upon,'   as    a    yoke    is    fastened   upon 
oxen. 

52.  alia  condicione:  'on  (any)  other  principle.' 

54.    finitimam    Galliam  :    '  the    neighboring    (part    of    Gaul) .' 
152,  a. 


412  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [b.c  52 

55  pr5vinciam  redacta,  iure  et  legibus  commutatis,  securibus 
subiecta,  perpetua  premitur  servitute.' 

The  residents  of  Alesia  with  wives  and  children  are  driven 
outside  the  walls;  Caesar  refuses  to  receive  them. 

78.  Sententiis  dictis,  c5nstituunt,  ut  el,  qui  valetudine 
aut  aetate  inutiles  sint  bello,  oppido  excedant,  atque  omnia 
prius  experiantur,  quam  ad  CritognatI  sententiam  descen- 
dant ;  Hid  tamen  potius  utendiim  cdnsilid,  si  res  cogat  atqiie 

sauxilia  morentur,  quam  aut  deditionis  aut  pads  subeundam 
condicionem. 

Mandubii,  qui  eos  oppido  receperant,  cum  liberis  atque 

uxoribus  exire  coguntur.     Hi,  cum  ad  muniti5nes  Roma- 

norum  accessissent,  flentes  omnibus  precibus  5rabant,  ut 

10  se   in    servitutem    receptos    cibo    iuvarent.       At    Caesar, 

dispositis  in  vallo  custodiis,  recipi  prohibebat. 

The  cavalry  of  the  Oallic  army  of  relief  attacks  fiercely,  is  repulsed. 

79.  Interea  Commius  reliquique  duces,  quibus  summa 
imperii  permissa  erat,  cum  omnibus  copiis  ad  Alesiam 
perveniunt  et,  colle  exteriore  occupato,  non  longius  mille 
passibus  ab  nostris  munitionibus  considunt. 

55.  securibus  :  '  the  axes '  of  the  lictors,  symbols  of  authority ;  see 
Plate  II,  4. 

78.  I.  valgtudine:  'by  reason  of  health.' 

5.    subeundam  [esse]  condicionem:  'submit  to  terms.' 
7.    Mandubii:  the  inhabitants  of  Alesia  and  those  who  had  fled 
into  the  city  from  the  surrounding  country. 

10.  s6  —  receptos  :' receive  them  —  and.'     228,  a. 

11.  recipi:  sc.  eos.  Cast  out  by  Vercingetorix  and  rejected  by 
Caesar,  the  women  and  children  and  men  unfit  for  war  perished  miser- 
ably in  the  spaces  between  the  town  walls  and  the  Roman  contravalla- 
tion.  Caesar's  army  at  the  time  was  suffering  from  lack  of  supplies 
(C.  111,47,  11-  16-21).     223,  a. 

79.  I.  Commius:  chap.  76,1.  I.         ducSs :  chap.  76,11.  11-13. 
3.   colle  exteriore:  southwest  of  Alesia;    see  Map  17,  Encamp- 
ment OF  Gallic  Relieving  Army. 


VII,  801  The  Siege  and  Fall  of  Alesia  413 

Postero  die,  equitatu  ex  castris  educto,  omnem  earn 
planitiem,  quam  in  longitudinem  tria  milia  passuum  patere 
demonstravimus,  complent,  pedestresque  copias,  paulum 
ab  eo  loco  abditas,  in  locis  superioribus  constituunt. 

Erat  ex  oppidd  Alesia  despectus  in  campum.  Con- 
currunt,  his  auxiliis  vlsis ;  fit  gratulatio  inter  eos  atque  lo 
omnium  animi  ad  laetitiam  excitantur.  Itaque,  productis 
copiis,  ante  oppidum  consldunt  et  proximam  fossam  crati- 
bus  atque  aggere  explentseque  ad  eruptionem  atque  omnes 
casus  comparant. 

80.  Caesar,  omni  exercitu  ad-utramque  partem  munitio- 
num  disposito,  ut,  si  usus  veniat,  suum  quisque  locum 
teneat  et  noverit,  equitatum  ex  castris  educi  et  proelium 
committi  iubet.  Erat  ex  omnibus  castris,  quae  summum 
undique  iugum  tenebant,  despectus,  atque  omnes  mllitess 
intenti  pugnae  proventum  exspectabant. 

Galli  inter  equites  raros    sagittarios    expeditosque  levis 
armaturae  interiecerant,  qui  suls   cedentibus   auxilio   suc- 
currerent    et    nostrorum     equitum     impetus     sustinerent. 
Ab    his    complures,    de   improvise   vulneratl,    proelid   ex-  lo 
cedebant. 

6.   planitiem,  etc. ;  see  chap.  69, 11.  5-8. 

8.  abditas:  ^ drew  back  and.'     228,  a. 

9.  Concurrunt :  '■  They '  (the  Gauls  in  the  town)  '  rushed  together.' 
12.    proximam  fossam:    the  trench  nearest  the  city;    "Trench 

20  FEET  wide"  on  Map  17. 

80.    I.  utramque,  etc. :  both  the  inner  and  the  outer  lines  of  works. 

3.  castris:  the  cavalry  camps  were  probably  those  marked  G,  H, 
I,  K  on  Map  17. 

4.  castris,  etc.:  the  infantry  camps  (A,  B,  C,  D),  in  which  were 
the  inllites. 

6.  proventum:  'issue.' 

7.  inter  equites,  etc. :  N.  to  chap.  18,  1.  4. 

8.  qui,  etc. :  '  in  order  that  these  might  furnish  support.'     193,  a, 
and  112,  a. 

10.  complures  :  of  Caesar's  cavalry. 


414  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  52 

Cum  su5s  pugna  superiores  esse  Galli  confiderent  et 
nostros  multitudine  premi  viderent,  ex  omnibus  partibus  et 
ei,  qui  munitionibus  continebantur,  et  hi,  qui  ad  auxilium 

IS  convenerant,  clamore  et  ululatu  suorum  animos  confirma- 
bant.  Quod  in  conspectu  omnium  res  gerebatur  neque 
recte  aut  turpiter  factum  celari  poterat,  utr5sque  et  laudis 
cupiditas  et  timor  ignominiae  ad  virtutem  excitabat. 

Cum  a  meridie  prope  ad  solis  occasum   dubia  victoria 

20  pugnaretur,  Germani  una  in  parte  c5nfertis  turmis  in 
hostes  impetum  fecerunt  eosque  propulerunt ;  quibus  in 
fugam  coniectis,  sagittarii-  circumventi  interfectique  sunt. 
Item  ex  reliquis  partibus  nostri,  cedentes  usque  ad  castra 
insecuti,  suT  colligendi  facultatem  non  dederunt. 

25  At  el,  qui  ab  Alesia  processerant,  maesti,  prope  vict5ria 
desperata,  se  in  oppidum  receperunt. 


13.  nostros  :  eqiiites  ',  the  infantry  did  not  go  into  action. 

14.  munitionibus  :  of  the  town. 

15.  ululatu:  N.  to  V,  37,  1.  8.  If  upwards  of  200,000  men  were 
shouting  and  shrieking  at  once,  the  noise  in  the  Roman  lines  across  the 
plain,  where  the  sounds  from  both  sides  met,  must  have  been  terrific ; 
even  the  noise  at  one  of  the  great  football  games  would  furnish  no 
standard  of  comparison.  The  Romans  underarms  in  the  camps  were 
probably  silent,  awaiting  a  signal  for  action. 

16.  rgs  gergbatur  :  '  the  engagement  was  going  on.' 

17.  rgctS,  etc. :  'and  no  brave  or  cowardly  action.'     How  lit.? 

18.  ignominiae:  disgrace.'     81. 

19.  Cum,  etc. :  'After  the  battle  had  been  raging  .  .  .  with  victory 
in  doubt.'     How  lit.  ? 

20.  GermSni:  the  German  cavalry  rendered  effective  service  on 
several  critical  occasions  (chap.  67,  11.  12-15,  ^"d  70,  11.  5-12). 

22.  sagittSrii,  etc.:  among  the  cavalry;  they  had  not  yet  learned 
to  keep  up  with  the  horsemen  by  taking  hold  of  the  horses'  manes, 
as  the  Germans  did  (I,  48,  11.  18-20). 

23.  c6dentgs  :  '  the  enemy  in  retreat.'     How  lit.  ?    221,  a,  (4). 

24.  sui:  15Ji,  b.     B.  339,  5  ;  A.  504,  c ;  H.  626,  3. 

25.  maeati:  'in  sadness.'     151. 


VII,  81J  The  Siege  and   Fall   of  Alesia 


415 


A  second  attack,  by  night,  is  equally  unsuccessful. 

81.  Uno  die  intermisso,  Galll,  atque  hoc  spatio  magno 
cratium,  scalarum,  harpagonum  numero  effect5,  media 
nocte  silentio  ex  castris  egressi,  ad  campestres  munitiones 
accedunt.  Subito  clamore  sublat5,  qua  significatione,  qui 
in  oppido  obsidebantur,  de  suo  adventu  cognoscere  pos-s 
sent,  crates  prdicere,  fundis,  sagittis,  lapidibus  nostros  de 
vallo  proturbare  reliquaque,  quae  ad  oppugnationem  per- 
tinent, parant  administrare.  Eodem  tempore,  clamore  ex- 
audito,  dat  tuba  signum  suis  Vercingetorix  atque  ex  oppidd 
educit.  ic 

NostrT,  ut  superioribus   diebus   suus   cuique   erat   locus 
attributus,  ad  munitiones  accedunt;  fundis  librilibus  sudi- 

81.  I.  hoc  spatio:  'dur- 
ing this  interval.'     147,  c. 

2.  scalarum  :  '  ladders.' 
harpagonum:  'grappling- 
hooks,'  for  pulling  down  the 
Roman  breastworks  and  pali- 
sades.    12,  c. 

3.  campestres  :  west  of  the 
town,  and  nearest  the  Gallic 
encampment. 

4.  qua  significatione :  tit 
ea  significatidne,  'that  by  this 
sign.'     19S,  a. 

5.  obsidebantur :  vivid  use 
of  the  indicative.     Cf.  220. 

7.  vailo :  of  the  circum- 
vallation,  running  from  the  Ose 
to  Flavigny  Heights.  pro- 
turbare :  'dislodge.' 

9.  dat  tuba  signum  :  Ver- 
cingetorix had  adopted  the 
Roman  system  of  signals.  S26, 
a,  (I),  and  II,  20,  1.  3. 


Figure  142. 


Statue  of  Vercingetorix  at 
Alesia. 

12.   fundis  librilibus:  'pound-weight  slings';  whether  these  were 


416  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [b.c.  52 

busque,  qiias  in  opere  disposuerant,  ac  glandibus  Gallos 
proterrent.     Prospectu  tenebris  adempto,  multa  utrimque 

IS  vulnera  accipiuntur.  Complura  tormentis  tela  coniciuntur. 
At  M.  Antonius  et  C.  Trebonius  legati,  quibus  hae  partes 
ad  defendendum  obvenerant,  qua  ex  parte  nostr5s  premi 
intellexerant,  his  auxili5  ex  ulterioribus  castellis  deduct5s 
summittebant. 

82.  Dum  longius  a  munitione  aberant  Galli,  plus  mul- 
titudine  telorum  proficiebant ;  postea  quam  propius  suc- 
cesserunt,  aut  se  stimulis  inopinantes  induebant  aut  in 
scrobes   delati   transfodiebantur  aut  ex  vallo  ac  turribus 

straiecti  pilis  muralibus  interibant.  Multis  undique  vulne- 
ribus  acceptis,  nulla  munitione  perrupta,  cum  lux  appe- 
teret,  veriti,  ne  ab  latere  apert5  ex  superioribus  castris 
eruptiane  circumvenirentur,  se  ad  su5s  receperunt. 

At  interiores,  dum  ea,  quae  a  Vercingetorige  ad  erup- 

lotianem  praeparata  erant,  pr5ferunt,  priores  fossas  explent, 

slingshots  of  stone  weighing  about  a  Roman  pound,  or  stones  of  a  pound 
weight  hurled  with  the  help  of  a  cord  attached  to  them,  we  do  not 
know ;  Balearic  slingers  were  trained  to  hurl  stones  weighing  a  pound. 
85.  sudibus  ;  '  stakes,'  with  pointed  ends  hardened  by  fire,  for  use  as 
javelins  {praeiistae  sudes ;  cf.  V,  40,  1.  14  and  N.). 

13.  disposuerant :  *  had  piled  at  intervals,'  as  reserve  ammunition. 
79,  d.         glandibus  :  probably  leaden  '  bullets '  ;  N.  to  II,  10,  1.  2. 

14.  proterrent:  'drove  back.'  tenebris:  'by  the  darkness'; 
the  attack  began  at  midnight  (1.  2).  multa,  etc. :  the  soldiers  could 
not  parry  the  blows  with  their  shields  because  they  could  not  see  the 
missiles  coming. 

16.   M.  Antonius:  the  first  mention  of  Mark  Antony  by  Caesar, 
hae  partgs  :  '  this  portion  '  of  the  fortifications,  in  the  plain. 
82.    3.   stimulis,  etc. :  chap.  73,  11.  25-28,  and  Notes. 

4.  scrobes:  chap.  73,11.  15-24.  dgiati:  'stumbling.'  How 
lit.?        transfodiSbantur  :  'were  impaled.'    57,  b. 

5.  trSiectl,  etc. :  '  transfixed  by  wall  pikes ' ;  N.  to  V,  40.  1.  14. 
7.    superioribus  castris  :  on  Flavigny  Heights ;  marked  A,  B. 

9.  interiorgs  :  the  Gallic  army  in  Alesia. 

10.  pridrSs   fossSs :    precisely  what   trenches   are  meant  we  do 


VII,  83]  The  Siege  and  Fall  of  Alesia  417 

diutius  in  his  rebus  administrandis  morati,  prius  suos  dis- 
cessisse  cogndverunt,  quam  munltionibus  appropinquarent. 
Ita  re  infecta  in  oppidum  reverterunt. 

Tlie  Gauls  plan  a  surprise,  and  make  a  last  desperate  assault. 

83.  Bis  magn5  cum  detriment5  repulsi,  Galh,  quid  agant, 
consulunt;  locorum  peritos  adhibent;  ex  his  superi5rum 
castrorum  situs  munitionesque  cognoscunt. 

Erat  a  septentrionibus  coUis,  quern  propter  magnitudi- 
nem   circuitus  opere  circumplecti  non    potuerant   nostri;s 


Figure  143.  —  A  characteristic  bit  of  the  slope  at  Alesia. 
On  the  south  side,  near  the  top,  facing  Flavigny  Heights. 

not  know ;  evidently  not  the  same  as  proximam  /ossam,  chap.  79, 
1.  12. 

13.    re  infecta:  '  without  accomplishing  their  purpose.' 

83.  I.  Bis  .  .  .  repulsi:  first  in  an  attack  with  cavalry  (chap.  80), 
then  in  an  attack  with  infantry  (chap.  81-82). 

2.  locorum,  etc.:  'they  brought  in  men  who  knew  the  ground.' 
How  lit?     102. 

4.    a  septentrionibus  :  'on  the  north.'         collis  :  Mont  Rda. 


418  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [bc.  62 

necessario  paene  iniquo  loc5  ef  leniter  declivi  castra  fece- 
rant.  Haec  C.  Antistius  Reginus  et  C.  Caninius  Rebilus 
legati  cum  duabus  legion ibus  obtinebant. 

Cognitis  per  exploratores  regionibus,  duces  hostium  LX 

lomilia  ex  omni  numerd  deligunt  earum  civitatum,  quae 
maximam  virtutis  opini5nem  habebant ;  quid  quoque  pacto 
agi  placeat,  occulte  inter  se  constituunt;  adeundi  tempus 
definiunt,  cum  meridies  esse  videatur.  His  cdpiis  Vercas- 
sivellaunum  Arvernum,  unum  ex  mi  ducibus,  propinquum 

15  Vercingetorigis,  praeficiunt. 

lUe  ex  castris  prima  vigilia  egressus,  prope  confecto  sub 
lucem  itinere,  post  montem  se  occultavit,  militesque  ex 
nocturno  labore  sese  reficere  iussit.  Cum  iam  meridies 
appropinquare  videretur,  ad  ea  castra,  quae  supra  demon- 

20  stravimus,  contendit ;  eodemque  tempore  equitatus  ad  cam- 
pestres  munltiones  accedere  et  reliquae  copiae  pr5  castris 
sese  ostendere  coeperunt. 

Vercingetorix  attacks  the  Roinan  works  on  the  inner  side. 

84.  Vercingetorix,  ex  arce  Alesiae  suos  conspicatus,  ex 
oppido  egreditur;  crates,  longurios,  musculos,  falces  reli- 
quaque,  quae  erupti5nis  causa  paraverat,  profert. 

6.  ISniter  dSclivi :  '  gently  sloping '  toward  the  city ;  hence  offer- 
ing an  advantage  to  a  force  attacking  from  the  north.  castra  :  D  on 
Map  17. 

11.  virtutis  opinionem  :  'reputation  for  courage.'  quid,  etc. : 
*  what  plan  they  would  deem  it  best  to  carry  out,  and  in  what  way.' 

12.  adeundi,  etc. :  'they  fixed  as  the  hour  of  attack.' 

14.  Illl  ducibus:  'the  four  commanders'  named  in  chap.  76, 
11.  11-13. 

16.  sub  lucem  :   '  toward  daybreak.' 

17.  itinere:  shown  on  Map  17,  Route  of  Attacking  Force 
UNDER  Vercassivellaunus.         post  montem :  behind  Mont  R^a. 

19.  castra:  marked  D  ;  described  in  lines  4-8. 

20.  campestrSs:  chap.  72,  1.  12,  and  N. 

84.    2.    longurios:    'poles,'  sharpened  at  the  end,  for  thrusting; 


VII.  85]  The  Siege  and  Fall  of  Alesia  419 

Pugnatur  uno  tempore  omnibus  locis,  atque  omnia  temp- 
tantur ;  quae  minime  visa  pars  firma  est,  hue  concurritur.  5 
Romanorum  manus  tantis  munitionibus  distinetur  nee  facile 
pluribus  locis  occurrit.  Multum  ad  terrendos  nostros  valet 
clamor,  qui  post  tergum  pugnantibus  exsistit,  quod  suum 
perlculum  in  aliena  vident  virtute  c5nstare ;  omnia  enim 
plerumque,  quae  absunt,  vehementius  hominum  mentes  10 
perturbant 

Caesar  surveys  the  field,  meets  crises  wherever  they  arise. 

85.  Caesar  idoneum  locum  nactus,  quid  quaque  in  parte 
geratur,  cognoscit ;  labdrantibus  subsidium  summittit. 

Utrisque  ad  animum  occurrit,  unum  esse  illud  tempus, 
qu5  maxime  contendi  conveniat :   Galll,  nisi   perfregerint 
munitiones,   de  omni  salute  desperant ;    Romani,   si   rem  s 
obtinuerint,  finem  laborum  omnium  exspectant. 

Maxime  ad  superiores  muniti5nes  laboratur,  qu5  Ver- 
cassivellaunum  missum  dem5nstravimus.      Iniquum  loci  ad 

much  longer  than  the  ordinary  javelin.  musculos :  ^mousies'; 
Vercingetorix  had  adopted  the  Roman  siege  appliances  {3Jt2,  a). 
falces  :  fakes  miirdles ;  n.  to  chap.  22,  1.  4.     3Jf2,  c,  and  Figure  188. 

6.  nee,  etc. :  '  could  not  easily  meet  (the  enemy)  at  several  points 
(at  the  same  time).' 

8.  post  tergum  pugnantibus  :  /  at  the  rear  of  the  men  in  action ' ; 
the  shouting  of  those  fighting  on  the  outer  line  of  works  was  heard 
by  those  defending  the  inner  line,  and  vice  versa.     109,  a. 

10.    absunt,  perturbant :  175,  c. 

85.  I.  locum,  etc. :  Caesar's  post  of  observation  was  probably  on 
the  Flavigny  Heights,  at  the  point  rnarked  with  a  cross  on  Map  17. 

3.  Utrisque,  etc.:  'To  both  sides  came  the  conviction,  that  now 
was  the  time  for  a  supreme  final  effort.'     How  lit.  ? 

5.  si,  etc.:  'if  they  could  (only)  maintain  their  position,  looked 
forward  to.' 

8.  demonstrtvimus  :  chap.  83,  11.  9-20.  Iniquum,  etc. :  'The 
unfavorable  ground'  (above  the  camp  marked  D),  'sloping  down- 
wards'   (cf.  chap.  83, 1.  6),  'proved  a  serious  factor.'     How  lit.? 


420 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  52 


declivitatem  fastigium    magnum   habet  momentum.     Alii 
lo  tela  coniciunt,  alii,  testudine  facta,  subeunt ;  defatigatis  in 

vicem  integri  succedunt.     Agger,  ab  universis  in  munitio- 

nem  coniectus,  et  ascensum  dat  Gallis  et  ea,  quae  in  terra 

occultaverant  Romani,  contegit ;  nee  iam  arma  nostrls  nee 

vires  suppetunt. 

86.    His  rebus  cognitis,  Caesar  Labienum  cum  cohorti- 

bus  VI  subsidio  laborantibus  mittit ;  imperat,  si  sustinere 

non  possit,  deductis  cohortibus  eruptione  pugnet;  id,  nisi 

necessari5,  ne  faciat. 
s      Ipse  adit  reliquos ;    cohortatur,  ne  labor!  succumbant; 

omnium  superiorum  dimicationum  fructum  in  eo  die  atque 

hora  docet  consistere. 

10.    testudine  facta:    'formed  a  turtle-shell  roof  (in  the  Roman 
fashion)  'and.'     lU,  b,  (2),  and  3S8,  345. 

1 1 .    Agger  :    '  earth  ' ;     no 

regular  siege  embankment  was 
made. 

12.  ea,  quae,  etc. :  chap. 
7Z,  11.  8-28. 

13.  contegit:  'covered 
up.' 

86.  2.  laborantibus :  the 
troops  under  Antistius  Reginus 
and  Caninius  Rebilus.  in  the 
fiercely  assaulted  camp  at  D. 

3.  dSductis,  etc. :  'to draw 
off  the  cohorts  (from  the  en- 
gagement) and  make  a  sortie.' 
A  similar  tactic  had  saved  the 
day  for  Galba  at  Octodurus 
(111,5,11.8-15). 

5.  Ipse  : 'in person.'  re- 
liquos: the  other  divisions 
besides  that  to  which  Labienus 
had  been  sent. 

6.  dimicationum  :  '  com- 
bats.' 


<-   .^ 

Figure  144.  —  Heads  and  butts  of  lances 
found  at  Alesia. 


VII,  871  The  Siege  and  Fall  of  Alesia  421 

The  attack  of  Vercingetorix  is  repulsed. 

Interiores,  desperatis  campestribus  locis  propter  magni- 
tudinem   munlti5num,   loca   praerupta    ascensu   temptant; 
hue  ea,  quae  paraverant,  c5nferunt.     Multitudine  telorum  lo 
ex  turribus   propugnantes    deturbant,   aggere    et  cratibus 
fossas  explent,  falcibus  vallum  ac  loricam  rescindunt. 

87.  Mittit  prima  Brutum  adulescentem  cum  cohortibus 
Caesar,  post  cum  alils  C.  Fabium  legatum ;  postremo  ipse, 
cum  vehementius  pugnaretur,  integros  subsidi5  adducit. 

A  charge  and  a  flank  movement  on  the  north  rout  the  enemy. 

Restitute  proeli5  ac  repulsls  hostibus,  eo,  quo  Labienum 
miserat,  contendit ;  cohortes  iiii  ex  proximo  castello  dedu-  s 
cit,  equitum  partem  se  sequi,  partem  circumire  exteriores 
munitiones  et  a  tergo  hostes  adoriri  iubet. 

Labienus,  postquam  neque  aggeres  neque  fossae  vim 
hostium  sustinere  poterant,  coactis  una  xi  cohortibus,  quas 

.  8.    Interiores  :  as  in  chap.  82,  1.  9. 

9.  loca,  etc. :  'places  with  a  steep  ascent'  (Ut.  'steep  in  respect  to 
ascent'),  along  the  side  of  Flavigny  Heights,  which  it  had  not  been 
thought  necessary  to  provide  with  defenses  as  elaborate  as  those  in 
the  plain  of  Les  Laumes. 

10.  ea,  quae,  etc. :  see  chap.  84,  11.  2-3. 

11.  propugnantes,  etc. :  'forced  back  (our)  men  (who  were)  fight- 
ing from  the  towers.' 

12.  falcibus:  chap.  84,  1.  2.  vallum,  loricam:  chap.  72, 
11.  14-15. 

87.  I.  Mittit:  to  the  point  attacked  by  Vercingetorix.  cohor- 
tibus :  the  number  is  not  given. 

4.  Restitute,  etc. :  reenforced,  the  men  defending  the  ramparts 
attacked  by  Vercingetorix  rallied  and  beat  him  off. 

6.  partem  circumire  :  sc.  equitum.  The  division  of  cavalry  ordered 
to  execute  the  flank  movement  probably  started  from  the  camp  at  G; 
Map  17,  Route  of  Caesar's  Cavalry. 

8.    aggeres  :  here  '  ramparts/  at  camp  D. 


422  Caesar's  Gallic  War  [B.C.  52 

loex  proximis  praesidiis  deductas  fors  obtuHt,  Caesarem  per 
nuntios  facit  certiorem,  quid  faciendum  existimet.  Acce- 
lerat  Caesar,  ut  proelio  intersit. 

88.    Eius  adventu  ex  colore  vestitus  cognito,  quo  insigni 

in  proeliis  uti  c5nsuerat,  turmisque  equitum  et  cohortibus 

visis,  quas  se  sequi  iusserat,  ut  de  locis  superioribus  haec 

declivia  et  devexa  cernebantur,  hostes  proelium  commit- 

5  tunt. 

Utrimque  clamore  sublato,  excipit  rursus  ex  vallo  atque 
omnibus  munitionibus  clamor. 

NostrT,  omissis  pilis,  gladils  rem  gerunt. 

Repente  post  tergum  equitatus  cernitur ;  cohortes  aliae 
loappropinquant. 

Hostes  terga  vertunt;  fugientibus  equites  occurrunt. 
Fit  magna  caedes. 

Sedulius,  dux  et  princeps  Lemovicum,  occiditur;  Ver- 
cassivellaunus   Arvernus   vivus  in  fuga   comprehenditur ; 

10.  praesidiis  :  detachments  under  arms  at  the  redoubts  ;  cf.  chap. 
69,  1.  17,  and  N. 

11.  Accelerat:  'hastened.' 

88.    I.    colore:    scarlet.  vestitus:    cloak  { paluddmentuni) . 

321.       cognito  :  by  the  enemy.       insigni  :*  as  a  distinguishing  mark.' 

3.  locis  superioribus  :  Mont  Rda.  haec  dSclivia  et  dSvexa: 
'  these  descending  slopes,'  on  the  northwest  side  of  Flavigny  Heights, 
down  which  Caesar  passed,  on  horseback,  in  full  view  of  the  enemy. 

4.  committunt :  with  the  division  under  Labienus  just  coming  into 
action. 

6.  Utrimque,  etc. :  the  extraordinary  vividness  of  the  following  de- 
scription is  due  in  part  to  the  brevity  of  the  sentences,  some  of  which 
a  writer  of  less  restraint  would  have  expanded  into  paragraphs  ;  to  the 
omission  of  connectives  (238,  a),  and  to  the  sparing  use  of  adjectives, 
excipit  —  clamor:  'the  cheering  was  taken  up'  by  those  not  in  the 
action.     How  lit.  ?    353,  a. 

8.  omissis  pills :  the  legionaries  were  charging  up  hill,  so  that 
pikes  could  not  be  hurled  to  advantage. 

9.  tergum  :  sc.  hostmm.  equitatus  :  from  camp  G.  cohor- 
tfis  aliae :  the  fresh  cohorts  with  Caesar  (I.  2). 


VII,  89]  The  Siege  and  Fall  of  Alesia  423 

signa  militaria  lxxiiii  ad  Caesarem  referuntur ;  pauci  ex  15 
tanto  numero  se  incolumes  in  castra  recipiunt. 

C5nspicati  ex  oppido  caedem  et  fugam  suorum,  despe- 
rata  salute,  copias  a  munitionibus  reducunt. 

Fit  protinus,  hac  re  audita,  ex  castris  Gallorum  fuga. 
Quod  nisi  crebris  subsidiis  ac  totius  diei  labore  milites  20 
essent  defessi,  omnes  hostium  copiae  deleri  potuissent. 
De  media  nocte  missus  equitatus  novissimum  agmen  conse- 
quitur ;  magnus  numerus  capitur  atque  interficitur,  reliqui 
ex  fuga  in  civitates  discedunt. 

Vercingetorix  surrenders. 

89.  Postero  die  Vercingetorix,  concilio  convocato,  id 
bellum  se  suscepisse  non  suarum  necessitatum,  sed  com- 
munis libertatis  causa  demonstrat,  et  quoniam  sit  fortunae 
cedendum,  ad  utramque  rem  se  illis  offerre,  seu  morte  sua 
Romanis  satisfacere  seu  vivum  tradere  velint.  s 

Mittuntur  de  his  rebus  ad  Caesarem  legatl.  lubet  arma 
tradi,  principes  produci.  Ipse  in  munitione  pro  castris 
consedit;  eo  duces  producuntur.  Vercingetorix  deditur, 
arma  proiciuntur. 

15.  signa  militaria :  see  Figures  30  and  42. 

16.  numero  :  60,000  (chap.  83,  1.  9). 

17.  Conspicati  ex  oppido:  brief  for  ei,  qui  in  oppido  sunt,  cdn- 
spicati,  etc. 

20.    Quod:    118,  d.         nisi,  etc.:   208,  a,   (2).         crSbria   sub- 
sidiis :  'with  frequent  (service  in)  supporting  forces.' 
22.    De  media  nocte  :  21^2,  d. 
89,    4.  ad  utramque  rem  :  'for  either  alternative'  (Fig.  145). 

7.  Ipse :  Caesar. 

8.  Vercingetorix,  etc. :  Vercingetorix,  as  we  learn  from  Plutarch,  having 
arrayed  himself  in  splendid  armor,  mounted  a  horse  adorned  with  trappings, 
passed  slowly  out  from  Alesia,  and  rode  around  Caesar  sitting  to  receive  the 
prisoners  ;  then,  halting  before  Caesar,  he  sprang  from  his  horse,  laid  off  his 
armor,  and  without  a  word  seated  himself  at  the  feet  of  his  conqueror, 
"  every  inch  a  king  !  " 


424 


Caesar's  Gallic  War 


[B.C.  52 


Reservatis  Aeduls  atque  Arvernis,  si  per  eos  civitates 
recuperare  posset,  ex  reliquis  captivis  toti  exercitui  capita 
singula  praedae  nomine  distribuit. 


For  six  years  after  this  Vercingetorix  was  confined  in  a  Roman  prison.* 
At  length,  in  46  B.C.,  he  was  led  along  the  streets  of  Rome  to  grace  Caesar's 
great  triumph;  then,  in  accordance  with  Roman 
custom,  "  while  his  conqueror  was  offering 
solemn  thanks  to  the  gods  on  the  summit  of 
the  Capitol,  Vercingetorix  was  beheaded  at  its 
foot  as  guilty  of  high  treason  against  the 
Roman  nation"  (Fig.  145). 

Thus  ended  the  career  of  the  greatest  of  the 
Gauls,  the  first  national  hero  of  France. 

10.  Reservatis,  etc  :  afterwards  20,000 
prisoners  were  returned  to  the  Aeduans  and 
Arvernians  (chap.  90,  1.  5).  si :  '(to  see) 
whether.'  204,  (4).  B.  300,  3  ;  A.  576,  «  ; 
H.  649,  3. 

1 1 .  capita  singula,  etc. :  each  soldier 
in  Caesar's  army  received  a  prisoner  as  his 
share  of  the  booty  {318)  ;  the  number  was 
probably  not  far  from  50,000.     On  receipt 

of  Caesar's  dispatches  announcing  the  victory,  a  thanksgiving  of  20 
days  was  declared  at  Rome  (chap.  90,  11.  17-18). 

Historical  Significance  of  the  Siege  of  Alesia.  Caesar's  devices  for  ren- 
dering impassable  his  lines  of  defense  at  Alesia,  in  ingenuity  and  adaptation  to 
the  purpose  for  which  they  were  intended,  have  never  been  excelled  in  the 
annals  of  military  engineering. 

Caesar's  success,  again,  well  illustrates  the  superiority  of  generalship,  disci- 
pline, persistency,  and  hard  work  over  vastly  greater  numbers,  even  in  the  face 
of  every  disadvantage  of  position  and  surroundings. 

For  the  Gauls  the  fall  of  Alesia  was  the  crowning  disaster  of  a  hopeless 
struggle.  They  staked  all  on  the  relief  of  the  city,  and  lost.  But  if  Caesar 
had  here  suffered  complete  defeat,  probably  Gaul  would  long  have  remained 
unconquered,  and  the  course  of  European  history  would  have  been  changed. 

The  siege  of  Alesia  may  well  rank  among  the  decisive  military  operations 
of  the  world. 

*  Doubtless  the  Mamertine  Prison ;  for  which  see  the  editor's  Select  Orations 
and  Letters  of  Cicero,  p.  115  and  N.  to  p.  115,  15. 


Figure  145.  —  Vercin- 
getorix. 

Denarius,  struck  while  Ver- 
cingetorix was  in  prison,  in 
Rome.  He  is  represented  with 
pointed  beard  and  flowing  hair, 
and  with  a  chain  about  his  neck. 
Behind  the  head  is  a  shield. 


Plate  X 


Bust  of  Caesar  at  Naples 


Truly  a  wonderful  man  was  Caius  Julius  Caesar. 
Better  be  first,  he  said,  in  a  little  Iberian  village 
Than  be  second  in  Rome;   and  I  think  he  was  right  when  he  said  it. 

Longfellow,  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish. 


SELECTIONS   FROM    CAESAR'S   CIVIL   WAR 


The  Second  Sea-fight  off  Massilia.     II.  3-7 

The  Massilian  fleet  is  reenforced  by  ships  sent  by  Pompey. 

3.  Interim  L.  Nasidius,  ab  Cn.  Pompeio  cum  classe 
navium  xvi,  in  quibus  paucae  erant  aeratae,  L.  Domitio 
Massiliensibusque  subsidio  missus,  freto  Siciliae,  impru- 
dente  atque  inopinante  Curione,  pervehitur,  appulsisque 
Messanam  navibus  atque,  inde  propter  repentlnum  terr5rem  s 

3-7.  The  circumstances.  On  his  way  to  Spain  in  April,  49  B.C.  {259') 
Caesar  sought  the  allegiance  of  Massilia  {293,  a),  but  the  Massilians  decided 
to  cast  in  their  lot  with  Pompey.  Caesar  directed  Trebonius  to  besiege  the 
city  and  Decimus  Brutus,  who  had  won  the  sea-fight  with  the  Venetans,  to 
destroy  their  formidable  fleet.  In  June,  when  his  ships  were  ready,  Brutus 
took  up  a  position  at  the  island  opposite  Massilia  (Map  18);  the  much  larger 
Massilian  fleet  came  out  to  fight,  but  proved  to  be  no  match  for  Brutus,  who 
sank  some  ships,  captured  others,  and  drove  the  rest  back  into  the  harbor. 

The  second  sea-fight,  even  more  disastrous  to  the  Massilians,  took  place  in 
July;   it  is  described  in  the  following  chapters. 

3.  I.  L.  Nasidius:  apparently  the  same  as  Q.  Nasidius  named  on 
coins  (Figures  146  and  160).  Pompeio  :  Pompey,  having  fled  from 
Italy  {259),  was  on  the  east  side  of  the  Adriatic,  in  Macedonia  {299). 

2.  aeratae  :  'sheathed  with  copper,'  particularly  the  beaks  {3^6,  c). 
L.  Domitio :  at  Massilia.  The  enemies  of  Caesar  had  arranged  the 
appointment  of  Domitius  to  succeed  Caesar  in  Gaul  in  49  B.C.,  and  he 
had  helped  the  Massilians  in  the  first  sea-fight.     112,  b. 

3.  freto:  ' strait,' between  Italy  and  Sicily ;    Map  12.     13 J^,  a. 

4.  Curione  :  Curio  was  engaged  in  crushing  the  Pompeian  party  in 
Sicily,  whence,  in  August  of  49,  he  crossed  over  to  Africa.  12,  c. 
pervehitur:  'sailed  along.'  How  lit.  ?  appulsis,  etc. :  he  landed 
at  Messana,  now  Messina. 

425 


426  Caesar's  Civil  War  [B.C.  49 

principum  ac  senatus  fuga  facta,  navem  ex  navalibus  eorum 
deducit. 

Hac  adiuncta  ad  reliquas  naves,  cursum  Massiliam  versus 
perficit,  praemissaque  clam  navicula,  Domitium  Massilen 

losesque  de  suo  adventu  certiores  facit,  eosque  magnopere 
hortatur,  ut  rursus  cum  Bruti  classe,  additis  suis  auxilils, 
confligant. 

4.  Massilienses,  post  superius  incommodum,  veteres  ad 
eundem  numerum  ex  navalibus  productas  naves  refecerant 
summaque  industria  armaverant  (remigum,  gubernatorum 
magna  copia  suppetebat)  piscatoriasque  adiecerant  atque 

5  contexerant,  ut  essent  ab  ictu  telorum  remiges  tuti ;  has 
sagittariis  tormentisque  compleverunt. 

Tali  mod5  Instructa  classe,  omnium  seniorum,  matrum 
familiae,  virginum  precibus  et  fletu  excitatl,  extreme  tem- 
pore   civitati   subvenirent,  n5n    minore  animo  ac  fiducia, 

loquam  ante  dimicaverant,  naves  conscendunt.  CommunI 
enim  fit  vitio  naturae,  ut  invlsitatis  atque  incognitis  rebus 
magis    confidamus  vehementiusque  exterreamur ;    ut  turn 

6.  nIvSlibus  :  'shipyards.'        eorum:  of  the  Messanians. 
9.    nSviculSl :  a  small  sailing  vessel,  faster  than  the  fleet. 

4.  I.  superius  incommodum:  the  first  sea-fight,  described  C.  I. 
56-58. 

2.  eundem  numerum:  *the  same  number,'  17,  as  in  the  first  sea- 
fight  ;  Nasidius,  counting  the  ship  seized  at  Messana,  also  had  17  ships. 

4.  pisoatorias  [naves]  :  '  fishing-smacks.' 

5.  contSxerant:  'had  covered  (them)'  with  decks,  to  protect  the 
rowers  underneath  ;  the  fishing-smacks,  like  those  of  the  Mediterranean 
to-day,  were  open. 

7.  seniorum:  'older  men,' unfit  for  military  or  naval  service. 

8.  virginum:   !,!,(/.         extrfimo   tempore:  '  in  utmost  peril.' 

9.  subvenirent,  etc. :  '  (begging)  them  to  help  the  state  ' ;  the  idea 
of  asking  is  implied  in  precibus.     200,  a. 

10.  CommClnT,  etc. :  '  For  it  is  a  common  failing  of  human  nature 
that  we  are  swayed  by  unseen  and  unknown  factors  to  overconfidence 
and  to  too  great  fear.'     How  lit.  ?     135y  a,  and  203,  (i). 


C.  II,  3-7 


MAP  i8 

The  Second  Sea-Fight  off  Massilia 

To  face  page  426 


SCALE  OF  ENGLISH  MILES 


SCALE  OF  ROMAN  MILES 


EXPLANATION 

Nasidius,  admiral  of  Pompey,  had  come  to  Taurois  with  17  galleys.  Here  he 
was  joined  by  the  Massilian  fleet,  consisting  of  an  equal  number  of  galleys  and 
some  protected  fishing-smacks. 

To  oppose  this  formidable  squadron  Brutus  had  only  18  galleys,  some  of  which, 
newly  built,  could  be  less  easily  maneuvered  than  the  ships  of  the  enemy.  His 
rowers,  too,  were  inferior  to  those  of  the  enemy,  lacking  experience. 

Nevertheless  Brutus  left  his  anchorage,  near  an  island  opposite  the  harbor  of 
Massilia,  and  led  his  fleet  in  the  direction  of  Taurois. 

In  the  battle  an  attempt  to  ram  Brutus's  flagship  from  opposite  sides  disabled 
two  of  the  enemy's  ships  by  collision.  Brutus's  men  showed  themselves  specially 
skillful  in  the  seizing  of  hostile  ships  by  grappling-hooks  and  boarding,  with 
hand-to-hand  fighting.     The  fleet  of  Nasidius  fled. 

On  the  land  side  Massilia  was  shut  in  by  the  siege  works  of  Trebonius,  whose 
camp  was  on  high  ground  on  the  northwest  side  of  the  city  (chap.  5,  1.  8). 


11,5] 


The  Second  Sea-fight  ofF  Massilia         427 


accidit     Adventus  enim  L.  Nasidii  summa  spe  at  volun- 
tate  civitatem  compleverat. 

Nacti  idoneum  ventum,  ex  portu  exeunt  et  Tauroenta,  is 
quod  est  castellum  Massiliensium,  ad  Nasidium  perveniunt ; 
ibique    naves    expediunt    rursusque    se    ad    confligendum 
anim5  confirmant  et  c5nsilia  communicant.     Dextra  pars 
attribuitur  Massiliensibus,  sinistra  Nasidio. 

Brutus,  in  command  of  Caesar'' s  fleet,  comes  out  to  join  battle. 

5.  Eodem  Brutus  contendit,  aucto  navium  numero. 
Nam  ad  eas,  quae  factae  erant  Arelate  per  Caesarem, 
captivae  Massiliensium  accesserant  vi.  Has  superidribus 
diebus  refecerat  atque  omnibus  rebus  instruxerat.     Itaque 


Tau- 


13.    voluntate  :  '  eagerness '  to  fight. 

15.    idoneum   ventum:    from   the  north;    see    Map    18. 
roenta:  18,  g,  and  119,  a. 

i6.    castellum  :  Taurois  was  a  fortified  port.     Nasidius  had  stopped 
there,  instead  of  proceeding  to  Massilia,  in  order  not  to  expose  his  fleet, 

in  passing   the   islands,  to   the  risk  of  an    

attack  by  Brutus;  Map  18. 

17.  expediunt:  ^  made  ready  for  action.' 
175,  b. 

18.  animo:  1J^2,  a.  consilia  com- 
municant :  '■  worked  out  together  their  plan ' 
of  battle.         pars  :  '-  formation.' 

5.  I.  contendit:  from  his  naval  base, 
at  the  island  opposite' Massilia. 

2.  Arelate:  11^5,  b.  per  Caesarem  : 
'  on  Caesar's  order ' ;  1 2  galleys  were  built  at 
Arelas  (C.  I.  36),  and  in  the  first  sea-fight 
these  alone  formed  the  fleet  of  Brutus. 

3.  captivae;  sc.  naves',  ^captured'  in 
the  first  sea-fight.  In  all,  Brutus  now  had 
18  galleys  as  against  34  galleys  and  the 
protected  fishing-smacks  in  the  combined 
fleet  of  the  Massilians  and  Nasidius. 


Figure   146. — Coin  of 
Quintus  Nasidius. 

Silver,  denarius,  struck:  38- 
36  B.C.  Galley  with  beak,  oars, 
and  sail.  The  pilot  stands  on 
the  prow ;  at  the  stern  sits  the 
helmsman,  controlling  a  large 
steering-paddle  thrust  down 
into  the  sea.  For  obverse  see 
Fig.  16.0. 


428  Caesar's  Civil   War  [B.C.  49 

ssuos  cohortatus,  quos  integros  superavissent,  ut  victos 
contemnerent,  plenus  spel  bonae  atque  animi,  ad  versus  eos 
proficiscitur. 

The  inhabitants  of  Massilia  offer  prayers  for  victory. 

Facile  erat,  ex  castris  C.  Trebonii  atque  omnibus  superio- 
ribus  locis,  pr5spicere  in  urbem,  ut  omnis  iuventus,  quae 

loin  oppido  remanserat,  omnesque  superioris  aetatis  cum 
liberis  atque  uxoribus  ex  publicis  locis  cust5diisque  aut 
muro  ad  caelum  manus  tenderent  aut  templa  de5rum  im- 
mortalium  adirent  et,  ante  simulacra  pr5iecti,  victoriam  ab 
dis  exposcerent. 

15  Neque  erat  quisquam  omnium,  quln  in  eius  diei  casu 
suarum  omnium  fortunarum  eventum  consistere  existi- 
maret.  Nam  et  honesti  ex  iuventute,  et  cuiusque  aetatis 
amplissimi,  nominatim  evocati  atque  obsecrati,  naves  con- 
scenderant,  ut,  sT  quid  adversi  accidisset,  ne  ad  conandum 

2oquidem  sibi  quicquam  reliqul  fore  viderent;  si  superavis- 

5.  suos,  etc. ;  sicos  cohortatus  ut  {eos),  quos  integros  (*at  their  full 
strength')  superavissent ,  victos  ('as  beaten')  contemnerent.     199,  a. 

8.  castris:  on  the  northwest  side  of  the  city;   Map.  18. 

9.  ut:  'how.'     204,  (^).         quae,  etc. :   cf.  220. 

10.  superioris  aet&tis  :  '  of  more  advanced  age.' 

11.  custodiis  :  'watch  stations,'  where  watchmen  were  on  duty. 

12.  ad  .  .  .  tenderent:  in  the  attitude  of  prayer. 

13.  simulacra:  ' images '  of  the  gods.  74,  d.  prSiecti:  'cast- 
ing themselves  down.'     174- 

14.  exposcerent:  '  were  imploring.'     204,(3)- 

15.  qnin  :=  gut  non.     195.         in  .   .   .  c&sA  :   '  upon  the  issue.' 

16.  6 ventum  consistere :  'that  the  destiny  .  .  .  rested.' 

17.  honesti  ex  iuventute:  'the  youth  of  good  family.'  How 
lit.  ?     97,  d. 

18.  amplissimi :  '  the  most  prominent  men,'  the  leading  men  of  the 
city. 

19.  adversi,  reliqul:  97,  b.  nfi  .  .  .  fore:  'that  even  the 
possibility  of  making  another  attempt  would  be  cut  off.'     How  lit.  ? 


11,6]  The  Second  Sea-fight  off  Massilia         429 

sent,  vel  domesticis  opibus  vel  externis  auxiliis  de  salute 
urbis  conflderent. 

The  Massilians  and  their  allies,  the  Alhici,  fight  desperately. 

6.  Commiss5  proelio,  Massiliensibus  res  nulla  ad  virtu- 
tem  defuit ;  sed  memores  eorum  praeceptorum,  quae  paulo 
ante  ab  suis  acceperant,  hoc  animo  decertabant,  ut  nullum 
aliud  tempus  ad  conandum  habituri  viderentur  et,  quibus  in 
pugna  vitae  periculum  accideret,  non  ita  multo  se  reliquo-  s 
rum  civium  fatum  antecedere  existimarent,  quibus,  urbe 
capta,  eadem  esset  belli  fortuna  patienda. 

Diductisque  nostrls  paulatim  navibus,  et  artifici5  guber- 
natorum  et  mobilitati  navium  locus  dabatur  ;  et  si  quando 
nostri,  facultatem  nacti,  ferreis  manibus  iniectis,  navem  lo 
religaverant,  undique  suis  laborantibus  succurrebant. 
Neque  vero  coniuncti  Albici  comminus  pugnando  deficie- 
bant  neque  multum  cedebant  virtute  nostris. 

21.  externis:  'foreign.'  de,  etc.:  'they  confidently  expected 
to  assure  the  safety  of  the  city'  against  Trebonius. 

6.  I.  Commisso  proelio:  'After  the  engagement  had  begun.' 
The  probable  formation  in  battle  order  is  indicated  on  Map  i8. 

4.  habituri  viderentur:  sc.  sibi, '  it  seemed  to  them  that  they  were 
going  to  have.'  quibus  .  .  .  accideret:  'if  they  should  risk  their 
lives.'     How  lit.  ? 

6.  existimSrent :  203,(4).         urbe  capta  :  144,d,(4). 

7.  eadem  fortuna  :  they  expected  an  indiscriminate  slaughter,  like 
that  at  Avaricum  (VII.  28),  if  the  city  should  be  taken. 

8.  Diductis,  etc. :  the  gradual  drawing  apart  of  Brutus's  fleet  in 
the  course  of  the  engagement  gave  to  the  Massilian  steersmen,  who 
were  very  skillful,  a  favorable  opportunity  to  manoeuver  their  ships, 
which  were  seasoned  and  more  easily  handled  than  the  new  battle- 
ships of  Brutus,         gubernatorum  :  84- 

ID.  ferreis,  etc.:  'had  thrown  grappling-hooks  upon  a  ship  and 
held  it  fast.'     144,  b,  (2),  and  S46,  d. 

12.  ooniuncti  Albici :  '  the  Albici  serving  with  (them),'  as  marines, 
pugnando:  dative  ziiev  de/iciebant ;  trans,  'fail  in  hand-to-hand  fight- 
ing,' when  Brutus's  men  boarded  a  Massilian  ship. 


430  Caesar's  Civil  War  [B.C.  49 

Simul  ex  minoribus  navibus    magna  vis    eminus    missa 
15  telorum  multa  nostrls  de  impr5vis6,  imprudentibus  atque 
impeditis,  vulnera  Tnferebant.     C5nspicataeque  naves   tri- 
remes duae  navem  D.  Bruti,  quae  ex  insigni  facile  agnosci 
poterat,  duabus  ex  partibus  sese  in  eam  incitaverunt.     Sed 
tantum,  re  provisa,  Brutus  celeritate  navis  enlsus  est,  ut 
2oparv6  momento  antecederet.     Illae  adeo  graviter  inter  se 
incitatae  conflixerunt,  ut  vehementissime  utraque  ex  con- 
cursu  laborarent,  altera  ver5,  praefracto  rostro,  tota  collabe- 
fieret.     Qua   re   animadversa,   quae   proximae   ei  loco  ex 
Bruti  classe  naves  erant,  in  eas  impedltas  impetum  faciunt 
25  celeriterque  ambas  deprimunt. 

Brutus  wins  the  victory ;  grief  fills  the  city. 

7.    Sed  Nasidianae  naves  nulli  usui  fuerunt  celeriterque 

pugna  excesserunt ;  non  enim  has  aut  conspectus  patriae 

aut  propinquorum  praecepta  ad  extremum  vitae  periculum 

adire  cogebant ;  itaque  ex  eo  numero  navium  nulla  deside- 

5  rata  est.     Ex  Massiliensium  classe  v  sunt  depressae,  iiii 

14.  minoribus  nSlvibus :  the  protected  fishing-smacks  (chap.  4, 
U.  4-6). 

16.  inferSbant:  173,  b.  Conspicatae :  < sighting';  the  ships 
are  personified.  226,  c,  and  239,  h.  ntvgs  trirSmSs :  *  triremes.' 
31^6,  a. 

17.  insigni:  a  red  banner.     3^6,  d.        agnosci:  ' be  recognized.' 

18.  duSbus  ex  partibus :  'from  opposite  sides.'     347. 

19.  tantum,  etc. :  '  Brutus,  seeing  what  would  happen,  by  a  quick 
movement  of  his  ship  just  managed,  by  a  narrow  margin,  to  drive 
ahead,'  so  that  the  two  attacking  ships  rammed  each  other.     How  Ht.  ? 

22.  praefrScto,  etc  :  'had  had  its  beak  broken  off  and  was  quite 
shattered.'     346,  c,  and  Fig.  146. 

25.    dgprimunt:  'sunk.' 

7.    I.    N5sidi5nae:  '  of  Nasidius.'         -que:  'but.'  23Uib, 

2.   has  [naves]  :  personification,  as  in  chap.  6,  1.  16. 

4.  e6  numero  navium:  i.e.  numero  earum  navium,  17  (chap.  3^ 
11.  1-7). 


Plate  XI        An  Ancient  Sea-fight  between  Galleys 


A  bireme,  with  two  banks  of  oars,  is  ramming  a  quinquereme,  with  five  banks. 

Fighting-tops  were  used  in  the  later  Roman  days,  but  not  in  Caesar's  time. 

The  boat  in  the  foreground,  with  one  bank  of  oars  on  each  side  and  deck 
along  the  middle,  would  pass  very  well  for  one  of  the  protected  fishing-smacks 
used  by  the  Massilians,  enlarged  (C.  III.  4). 


Ill,  47]       Heroic  Endurance  of  Caesar's  Soldiers     431 

captae,  una  cum  Nasidianis  profugit;  quae  omnes  citeri- 
orem  Hispaniam  petiverunt 

At   ex   reliquis   una,  praemissa  Massiliam  huius  nuntii 
perferendi  gratia,  cum  iam  appropinquaret  urbf,  omnis  sese 
multitude  ad  cognoscendum  eff udit ;  et,  re  cognita,  tantus  lo 
luctus  excepit,  ut  urbs  ab  hostibus  capta  eodem  vestigio 
videretur. 

Massilienses  tamen  nihilo  setius  ad  defensionem  urbis 
reliqua  apparare  coeperunt. 

Heroic  Endurance  of  Caesar's  Soldiers  before  Dyrrachium. 
III.  47-49,  53 

Caesar  with  a  smaller  army  shuts  Pompey  up  at  Dyrrachium. 
47.    Erat  nova  et  inusitata  belli  ratio,  cum  tot  castello- 
rum  numero  tantoque  spatio  et  tantis  munitionibus  et  tot5 
obsidionis  genere,  tum  etiam  reliquis  rebus. 

6.  captae  :  sc.  sunt  naves.  The  losses  of  Brutus  are  not  reported, 
quae  omnSs  :  97,  c.        citeriorem  Hispaniam  :  296. 

ID.  multitudo  :  '  population.'  ad  cognoscendum  :  '  to  learn  the 
news.' 

II.    luctus   ezcSpit:    'lamentation   followed.'  capta:  148,  e. 

eodem  vestigio  :  'at  that  moment.'     How  lit.? 

47-53.  Caesar  before  DyrrStchium.  When,  early  in  49  B.C.,  Pompey  fled 
with  his  army  from  Italy  (259),  he  established  his  base  in  the  region  of 
Dyrrachium,  now  Durazzo  (Map  19).  Here  he  had  easy  communication  by 
sea  with  coastal  regions,  and  by  land  also  with  Greece  and  the  wealthy  prov- 
inces of  the  Orient  {261).  Before  the  end  of  49  Caesar  had  vanquished 
Pompey's  forces  in  Spain  and  had  received  the  capitulation  of  MassiUa;  in 
January,  48  B.C.  (Unreformed  Calendar;  241,  c),  he  landed  an  army  at 
Palaeste  (Map  19),  and  took  possession  of  Apollonia.  By  the  middle  of 
April,  48,  military  operations  were  concentrated  at  Dyrrachium,  where  Caesar, 
though  he  had  a  smaller  army,  shut  Pompey  in  by  an  extended  line  of  works 
on  the  land  side. 

After  a  long  and  bitter  struggle  Caesar  was  obliged  to  retire  from  before 
Dyrrachium  ;  but  the  difficulties  of  the  undertaking  served  only  to  bring  out 
in  clearer  light  the  loyalty  and  endurance  of  his  soldiers. 

47.    I.    inusitata:    'unprecedented.'  cum,    etc.:    'considering 

not  only  the  great  number  of  redoubts.'     How  lit.  ?        castellorum: 


432  Caesar's  Civil  War  [B.C.  48 

Nam  quicumque  alterum  obsidere  c5nati  sunt,  perculsos 

s  atque  inflrmds  hostes  adorti,  aut  proelio  superatos  aut  ali- 

qua  offensione  perm5t5s,  continuerunt,  cum  ipsi  numero 

equitum  militumque  praestarent ;   causa  autem  obsidi5nis 

haec  fere  esse  consuevit,  ut  frument5  hostes  prohiberent. 

At  turn  integras  atque  incolumes  copias  Caesar  inferiore 

lo  militum  numero  continebat,  cum  illi  omnium  rerum  copia 

abundarent;    cotidie   enim    magnus    undique  navium  nu-, 

merus  conveniebat,  quae  commeatum  supportarent,  neque 

alius  flare  ventus  poterat,  quin  aliqua  ex  parte  secundum 

cursum  haberent.     Ipse  autem,  consumptis  omnibus  longe 

IS  lateque  frumentis,  summis  erat  in  angustiis. 

His  men,  half-starved,  say  they  will  live  on  hark  rather  than  let 
Pomjyey  escape. 

Sed  tamen  haec  singular!  patientia  milites  ferebant. 
Recordabantur  enim  eadem  se  superiore  anno  in  Hispania 
perpessos  labore  et  patientia  maximum  bellum  confecisse, 
meminerant  ad  Alesiam  magnam  se  inopiam   perpessos, 

the  number  of  redoubts  in  Caesar's  lines  we  do  not  know;  Pompey, 
hemmed  in  by  Caesar,  built  24  for  defense. 

2.  spatio  :  the  area  included  between  Caesar's  lines  and  the  sea  ex- 
ceeded 20  square  miles.  munitionibus  :  Caesar's  lines  extended  17 
Roman  miles.  For  about  two  thirds  of  the  distance  they  ran  along 
higher  ground ;  for  the  rest,  on  lower  ground,  where  parallel  trenches 
and  ramparts  were  constructed,  600  feet  apart. 

3.  reliquis  rgbuB  :  *  other  conditions.' 

4.  quicumque,  etc. :  '  commanders  who  heretofore  have  attempted 
to  blockade  an  opponent.'  How  lit.  ?  perculsos  :  '  demoralized ' ; 
the  reason  is  given  in  a?it  .  .  .  permotos. 

5.  aliqu&  offSnsione  :  'by  some  other  reverse.' 

10.   ill! :  the  soldiers  of  Pompey,  whose  fleets  controlled  the  sea. 
15.   friimentis  :  here 'stores  of  grain.' 

17.  Recordabantur:  'They  recalled  the  fact.'  2^9.  eadem: 
object  oi  perpessos ;  'having  experienced  the  same  hardships.' 


III,  49]      Heroic  Endurance  of  Caesar's  Soldiers      433 

multo  etiam  maiorem  ad  Avaricum,  maximarum  gentium  20 
victores  discessisse.     N5n  ill!  hordeum,  cum  daretur,  non 
legumina  recusabant ;  pecus  vero,  cuius  rei  summa  erat  ex 
EpTro  copia,  magno  in  honore  habebant. 

48.  Est  etiam  genus  radicis  inventum  ab  eis,  qui  fuerant 
in  vallibus,  quod  appellatur  chara,  quod  admixtum  lacte 
multum  inopiam  levabat. 

Id  ad  similitudinem  panis  efficiebant.     Eius  erat  magna 
copia.     Ex  hoc  effectos  panes,  cum  in  colloquiis  Pompeianis 
famem  nostris  obiectarent,  vulgo  in  eos  iaciebant,  ut  spem 
e5rum  minuerent. 

49.  lamque  frumenta  maturescere  incipiebant,  atque 
ipsa  spes  inopiam  sustentabat,  quod  celeriter  se  habituros 
copiam  confidebant;  crebraeque  voces  mllitum  in  vigiliis 
colloquiisque  audiebantur,  prius  se  cortice  ex  arboribus 
victuros,  quam  Pompeium  e  manibus  dimissuros  ...  5 

20.  maiorem:  sc.  inopia?n perpessos  (VW.  17). 

21.  hordeum:  '  barley,' not  considered  a  fair  substitute  for  wheat 
in  the  soldier's  rations.     317. 

22.  legumina:  'pulse,'  including  beans,  lentils,  etc.  pecus, 
etc. :  Caesar's  soldiers  counted  it  a  hardship  to  have  fresh  meat  as  the 
staple  of  diet. 

23.  Epiro  :  mountainous,  well  adapted  for  raising  cattle. 

48.  2.  vallibus  :  numerous  ravines  cut  the  surface  of  the  higher 
ground  on  which  Caesar  extended  his  lines.  chara  :  probably  a 
species  of  arum,  the  tubers  of  which  contained  starch  but  were  bitter  to 
the  taste  and  had  to  be  mixed  with  milk,  or  cooked  with  milk,  to  make 
them  edible.         admixtumi :  'mixed.'     139. 

4    Id,  etc. :  '  This  they  made  into  a  kind  of  bread.'     How  lit.  ? 

5.  panes:  'loaves.'  colloquiis:  the  opposing  hnes  were  within 
calling  distance.         Pompeianl:   'the  soldiers  of  Pompey.' 

6.  famem,  etc.  :  'would  taunt  our  men  with  hunger.' 

49.  I.  frumenta:  'fields  of  grain.'  The  blockade  of  Pompey 
dragged  on  from  April  to  July. 

3.  crebrae:   151.     vigiliis:  when  on  guard  duty  at  night. 

4.  cortice,  etc. :  'that  they  would  live  on  bark  off  the  trees.'     Cf. 

IV,  I,  1.  16,  and  N.         ex:  150,  d. 


434  Caesar's  Civil  War  [B.C.  48 

One  day^ s  fighting  before  Dyrrachium. 

53.  Ita  uno  die  vi  proeliis  factis,  tribus  ad  Dyrrachium, 
tribus  ad  munitiones,  cum  horum  omnium  ratio  haberetur, 
ad  duo  milia  numero  ex  Pompeianis  cecidisse  reperiebamus, 
evocat5s  centurionesque  complures  (in  e5  fuit  numero  Va- 
5lerius  Flaccus,  L.  filius,  eius,  qui  praetor  Asiam  obtinue- 
rat) ;  signaque  sunt  militaria  sex  relata. 

Nostri  non  amplius  xx  omnibus  sunt  proeliis  desiderati. 

The  extraordinary  bravery  of  Scaeva,  centurion,  and  his  men. 

Sed  in  castello  illo  nem5  fuit  omnino  mllitum,  quin 
vulneraretur,  quattuorque  ex  una  cohorte  centuriones  ocul5s 
amiserunt. 

Et  cum  laboris  sui  periculique  testimonium  afferre  vel- 
lent,  milia  sagittarum  circiter  xxx,  in  castellum  coniecta, 

49-53.  Summary.  Pompey's  water  supply  was  cut  off  by  Caesar,  so  that 
his  troops  were  obliged  to  dig  wells,  which  proved  to  be  inadequate;  the 
baggage-animals  died,  and  there  was  much  sickness  among  the  soldiers. 
Pompey  finally  ordered  an  attack  upon  several  of  Caesar's  redoubts  at  the  same 
time,  in  order  that  reenforcements  might  not  be  sent  from  one  to  the  other. 

53.  I.  uno  di6:  the  day  on  which  Pompey  attacked  several  re- 
doubts at  the  same  time;  the  offensive  cost  him  heavily.  Dyrra- 
chium :  near  the  upper  end  of  the  area  hemmed  in  by  Caesar,  on  a 
peninsula  projecting  into  the  Adriatic  sea. 

4.  gvocStos:  316. 

5.  L. :  Lucii.  8,  a.  eius:  sc.  Valerit  Flacci.  This  Lucius 
Valerius  Flaccus  was  praetor  in  the  year  of  Cicero's  Consulship,  63  B.C. 
Asiam:  the  province  Asia.  S02,  c.  obtinuerat :  ex-praetors,  as 
well  as  ex-consuls,  went  out  as  governors  of  provinces. 

6.  signa  militSria :  of  Pompey,  '  brought  back  '  by  Caesar's  men. 
S2A,  b,  (2). 

7.  XX:  vigintl.     129,  b.         omnibus  proeliis  :  11^7,  b. 

8.  castello  ill6  :  apparently  a  redoubt  held  by  the  eighth  cohort  of 
the  sixth  legion. 

12.  in  castellum  coniecta:  <  that  had  been  shot  against  there- 
doubt.' 


Ill,  59]      Caesar's  Treatment  of  Two  "  Grafters  "     435 

Caesari  numeraverunt,  scutoque  ad  cum  relate  Scaevae, 
centurionis,  inventa  sunt  in  eo  foramina  cxx.  Quern  Cae- 
sar, ut  erat  de  se  meritus  et  de  re  publica,  donatum  mllibus  is 
cc  .  .  .  atque  ab  octavis  ordinibus  ad  primipilum  se  tradu- 
cere  pronuntiavit  (eius  enim  opera  castellum  magna  ex 
parte  c5nservatum  esse  c5nstabat)  cohortemque  posteS. 
duplici  stipendio,  frumento,  veste,  cibariis  militaribusque 
donis  amplissime  donavit.  20 

Caesar's  Treatment  of  Two  <*  Grafters.**     III.  59-61 

Two  "  grafters,^^  Gauls,  are  found  in  Caesar's  cavalry. 

59.  Erant  apud  Caesarem  in  equitum  numero  Allobro- 
ges  duo,  fratres,  Roucillus  et  Egus,  Adbucilll  filii,  qui 
principatum  in  civitate  multis  annis  obtinuerat,  singular! 
virtute   homines,   quorum  opera  Caesar  omnibus  Gallicis 

13.  numeraverunt:  '  they  counted  out.'  scuto,  etc.  :  Scaeva,  we 
are  elsewhere  told,  held  his  post,  at  the  gate  of  the  redoubt,  to  the  end 
of  the  engagement,  though  one  eye  was  put  out  and  he  was  wounded  in 
shoulder  and  thigh  (Suetonius,  Caesar,  68). 

14.  foramina:  'holes,' made  by  arrows.  Scaeva  must  have  parried 
with  marvelous  steadiness  and  quickness.  Quem :  trans,  as  if  et 
eiim. 

15.  donatum,  etc. :  filling  the  gap  in  the  text  as  Meusel  suggests 
we  may  read,  donatum  {228,  a)  milibus  ducentis  sestertium  (see  Vocab.) 
pro  contione  lauddvit,  *  presented  him  with  200,000  sesterces  and  praised 
him  before  the  assembly  of  the  soldiers.'  The  value  of  the  gift  exceeded 
$8000  in  our  money. 

16.  ab,  etc. :  'announced  his  promotion  from  the  rank  of  centurion 
in  the  eighth  cohort  to  the  position  of  first  centurion.'     How  lit.? 

18.  cohortem:  all  the  men  of  the  cohort  had  their  pay  doubled, 
besides  receiving  other  gifts  and  decorations.     318. 

59.  I.  Erant,  etc.:  the  incidents  related  in  chapters  59-61  took 
place  while  Caesar  was  still  before  Dyrrachium.  90,  a.  in  equitum 
numero :  '  among  the  cavalry,'  apparently  a  contingent  raised  among 
the  Allobroges. 

3.    annis:  147,  c.         singular!  virtute:  143,  a. 


436  Caesar's  Civil  War  [b.c.  48 

sbellis  optima  fortissimaque  erat  usus.  His  domi  ob  has 
causas  amplissimos  magistratus  mandaverat  atque  eos  extra 
ordinem  in  senatum  legendos  curaverat,  agrosque  in  Gallia, 
ex  hostibus  captos,  praemiaque  rel  pecuniariae  magna  tri- 
buerat,  locupletesque  ex  egentibus  fecerat. 

lo  Hi  propter  virtutem  non  solum  apud  Caesarem  in  ho- 
nore  erant,  sed  etiam  apud  exercitum  cari  habebantur; 
sed,  freti  amicitia  Caesaris,  et  stulta  ac  barbara  arrogantia 
elatl,  despiciebant  suos,  stipendiumque  equitum  fraudabant 
et  praedam  omnem  domum  avertebant.     Quibus  illi  rebus 

IS  permoti,  universi  Caesarem  adierunt  palamque  de  eorum 
iriiuriis  sunt  quest!,  et  ad  cetera  addiderunt,  falsum  ab  eis 
equitum  numerum  deferri,  quorum  stipendium  averterent. 

Caesar  disciplines  them  privately. 

60.  Caesar,  neque  tempus  illud  animadversi5nis  esse 
existimans,  et  multa  virtuti  eorum  concedens,  rem  totam 
distulit ;    ill5s    secret©    castigavit,    quod   quaestui   equites 

5.  bellls:  *  campaigns.'        domi:  in  their  own  country.     I46. 

6.  amplissimos  :  '  highest.'  extrS  ordinem :  '  out  of  due 
course.' 

7.  senatum:  ^z.  Allobrogum.     289,  b.         legendos:  229,  b. 

8.  praemia  rei  pecuniariae  :  'rewards  in  money.' 

12.  amicitia:  131,  e.         stulta:  'stupid.' 

13.  dgspici§bant :  'looked  down  upon  their  fellow-countrymen.' 
fraudabant:  'were  appropriating.' 

14.  domum  Svertebant :  they  turned  aside  to  private  use  what 
should  have  been  divided  up  among  all.  illi :  the  aggrieved  cavalry- 
men. 

17.  equitum,  etc:  by  turning  in  a  'fictitious  number  of  cavalry- 
men' they  drew  pay  for  soldiers  who  did  not  exist.  Sverterent : 
193,  a. 

60.  I.  neque,  etc:  'that  that  (time)  was  not  the  (proper)  time 
for  punishment.'     94,  d. 

3.    quaestui,  etc. :  '  they  made  booty  of  the  cavalrymen.'     tl2,  a. 


Ill,  60]     Caesar's  Treatment  of  Two  "  Grafters  "     437 

haberent,  monuitque,  ut  ex  sua  amicitia  omnia  exspectarent 
et  ex  praeteritis  suis  officiis  reliqua  sperarent.  s 

Resentful,  they  borrow  money,  buy  horses,  go  over  to  Pompey. 

Magnam  tamen  haec  res  illis  offensionem  et  contemp- 
ti5nem  ad  omnes  attulit,  idque  ita  esse  cum  ex  aliorum 
obiectati5nibus,  turn  etiam  ex  domestico  iudicio  atque  animi 
conscientia  intellegebant.  Quo  puddre  adducti,  et  fortasse 
non  se  liberari,  sed  in  aliud  tempus  reservari,  arbitrati,  dis-  lo 
cedere  ab  nobis  et  novam  temptare  fortunam  novasque 
amicitias  experiri  constituerunt. 

Et  cum  panels  collocuti  clientibus  suis,  quibus  tantum 
facinus  committere  audebant,  primum  conati  sunt  praefec- 
tum  equitum,  C.  Volusenum,  interficere,  ut  postea,  bell5  con- 15 
fecto,  cognitum  est,  ut  cum  munere  aliquo  perfugisse  ad 
Pompeium  viderentur ;  postquam  id  facinus  difficilius  visum 
est,  neque  facultas  perficiendl  dabatur,  quam  maximas 
potuerunt  pecunias  mutuati,  proinde  ac  si  suis  satisfacere 
et  f  raudata  restituere  vellent,   multis   coemptis    equis   ad  20 

5.    praeteritis  suis  officiis:  'his  good  offices  in  the  past.' 

7.  ad  omnes  :  'before  all.'        id,  etc. :  'and  that  this  was  so.' 

8.  obiectationibus :  'reproaches.'  domestico  iudicio:  'the 
judgment  (of  those)  of  their  own  household.'  animi  conscientia  : 
'  (their  own)  conscience.' 

10.    liberSri:  ^z.  poena. 

13.  cum,  etc.:  'after  conferring  with  a  few  of  their  clients.'  How 
lit.? 

14.  committere:  'to  entrust  (the  knowledge  of).'  praefectum 
equitum :  309,  c. 

15.  C.  Volusenum :  he  had  distinguished  himself  in  the  Gallic 
war;  cf.  Ill,  5,  11.  7-10. 

16.  munere  aliquo:  'some  service'  rendered,  to  commend  them 
to  Pompey. 

18.  quam,  etc.  :  '  having  borrowed  the  largest  sums  of  money  that 
they  could.' 

20.   fraudata:  'the  embezzled  funds.'        vellent:  210. 


438  Caesar's  Civil  War  [B.C.  48 

Pompeium  transierunt  cum  els,  qu5s  sui  consilii  participes 
habebant. 

61.  Quos  Pompeius,  quod  erant  honesto  loco  nati  et 
Instructi  liberaliter,  magnoque  comitatu  et  multls  iumentis 
venerant,  virlque  fortes  habebantur  et  in  honore  apud  Cae- 
sarem  f  uerant,  quodque  novum  id,  et  praeter  consuetudinem, 
s  acciderat,  omnia  sua  praesidia  circumduxit  atque  ostentavit. 
Nam  ante  id  terhpus  nemo,  aut  miles  aut  eques,  a  Caesare 
ad  Pompeium  transierat,  cum  paene  cotidie  a  Pompeio  ad 
Caesarem  perfugerent,  vulgo  vero  in  Epir5  atque  Aetolia 
conscript!  mllites,  earumque  regionum  omnium,  quae  a 
lo  Caesare  tenebantur. 

Last  Operations  about  Dyrrachium.     III.  64 

Bravery  of  a  dying  standard-bearer  in  a  panic  of  Caesar's 

troops. 

64.  H5c  tumultu  nuntiato,  Marcellinus  cobortes  .  .  . 
subsidio  nostris  laborantibus  summittit  ex  castris  ;    quae, 

21 .  sui  consilii  participes  :  '  as  associates  in  the  plot.'  How  lit.  ? 
26,b,2ind  115,  b. 

61.    I.    Quos:  oh]tct  oi circumduxit .     167.         loco:  128,  a. 

2.  instructi  liberaliter  :  '  generously  supplied,' as  explained  in  the 
next  clause.         comitatu:  'retinue.'     Cf.  chap.  84,  11.  20-23. 

4.  novum,  etc. :  '  as  something  new  and  without  precedent.' 

5.  circumduxit:  with  two  accusatives.     114,a. 

8.  perfugerent:  'men  were  deserting.'  187.  vulgo:  'in  large 
numbers.' 

9.  militSs  :  sc.  perfugerent.         eSrum  regionum  :  sc.  nnlites. 
64.    I.   tumultu:  'sudden  attack'  at  one  end  of  Caesar's  line  of 

works,  near  the  sea ;  two  cohorts  of  the  ninth  legion,  on  guard  duty, 
were  driven  back.  cohortgs :  a  word,  giving  the  number  of  the 
cohorts  sent  as  reenforcement,  has  been  lost. 

2.  aubsidio  nostris:  112,  b.  castrTs :  one  of  Caesar's  camps, 
in  charge  of  the  quaestor  Marcellinus  and  near  the  point  of  attack, 
quae,  etc.:  'but  these  (cohorts),  when  they  saw  our  men  fleeing.' 
How  lit.? 


Ill,  64]  Last  Operations  about  Dyrrachium        439 

fugientes  conspicatae,  neque  illos  suo  adventu  cdnfirmare 
potuerunt,  neque  ipsae  hostium  impetum  tulerunt.     Itaque 
quodcumque  addebatur  subsidio,  id,  correptum  timore  fugi-  s 
entium,  terrorem   et  perlculum   augebat;    hominum  enim 
multitudine  receptus  impediebatur. 

In  eo  proelio  cum  gravi  vulnere  asset  affectus  aquilifer 
et  a  viribus  deficeretur,  conspicatus  equites  nostros, 

*  Hanc  ego,'  inquit,  *  et  vivus  multos  per  annos  magna  lo 
diligentia  defend!  et  nunc,   moriens,   eadem  fide  Caesari 
restitu5.     Nollte,  obsecro,  committere,  quod  ante  in  exer- 
citu  Caesaris  n5n  accidit,  ut  rei  militaris  dedecus  admitta- 
tur,  incolumemque  ad  eum  deferte.' 

H5c  casu  aquila  conservatur,  omnibus  primal  cohortisis 
centurionibus  interfectis  praeter  principem  pri5rem. 

5.  quodcumque,  etc.:  ^  every  additional  detachment  sent  as  reen- 
forcement,  seized  by  the  panic  of  those  in  flight,  (only)  increased.' 
How  lit.? 

8.  aquilifer :  ^  eagle-bearer,'  always  accompanying  the  first  cohort 
of  a  legion.     32 4y  b,  (i). 

9.  5  viribus  dgficergtur :  'his  strength  began  to  fail.'  How  lit.? 
equites :  perhaps  belonging  to  the  cavalry  detachment  of  the  ninth 
legion.     309,  a. 

10.  Hanc:  hanc  aqtiilam.     211,  a,  b,  (3). 

12.  Nollte,  etc. :  *  Do  not  permit  the  incurring  of  a  military  dis- 
grace.'    How  lit.?     181,  b. 

14.  incolumen :  sc.  hanc  aquilam.  The  cavalrymen  heeded  his 
plea,  and  took  the  eagle.         -que  :  23J^,  b.         deferte  :  69,  b. 

15.  Hoc  casu:  the  appearance  of  the  cavalrymen  at  the  opportune 
moment. 

1 6.  principem  priorem  :  *  the  first  centurion  of  the  second  maniple .' 
315,  b. 

65-83.  Dyrrachium  to  Pharsalus.  While  at  Dyrrachium  y2ei)  Caesar 
sent  Domitius  Calvinus  with  two  legions  eastward  into  Macedonia  in  order  to 
check  the  advance  of  Scipio  (father  of  Pompey's  fifth  and  last  wife,  Cornelia), 
who  was  bringing  an  army  westward  to  Pompey. 

Forced  finally  to  withdraw  from  Dyrrachium,  Caesar  fell  back  on  ApoUonia 
(Map  19);  thence  he  marched  southeast,  effected  a  junction  with  Domitius  at 


440  Caesar's  Civil  War  [B.C.  48 

The  Battle  of  Pharsalus.     III.  82-99 
Caesar  draws  up  his  army  near  Pow.pey^s  camp,  tests  his  cavalry. 

84.  Re  frumentaria  praeparata  confirmatisque  militibus, 
et  satis  longo  spatio  temporis  a  DyrrachLiIs  proelils  inter- 
misso,  quo  satis  perspectum  habere  militum  animum  vide- 
retur,  temptandum  Caesar  existimavit,  quidnam  Pompeius 

5  propositi  aut  voluntatis  ad  dimicandum  haberet.  Itaque 
exercitum  ex  castris  eduxit  aciemque  instruxit,  primo 
suis  locis  paul5que  a  castris  Pompei  longius,  continentibus 
vera  diebus,  ut  progrederetur  a  castris  suis  collibusque 
Pompeianis  aciem  subiceret.     Quae  res  in   dies  c5nfirma- 

10  tiorem  eius  exercitum  efficiebat. 


Aeginium  in  Thessaly  {301,  and  Map  19),  and  led  the  united  army  to  Gomphi, 
which,  because  its  gates  were  closed,  he  stormed  and  gave  over  to  looting. 
From  Gomphi  Caesar  marched  by  way  of  Metropolis  to  the  vicinity  of  Phar- 
salus, where  he  encamped,  in  a  plain  rich  with  ripening  harvests,  resolved 
there  to  await  the  coming  of  P«impey  (Map  20). 

Pompey,  taking  a  northerly  route  (Map  19)  by  way  of  Heraclea  (modern 
Monastir),  joined  the  army  of  Scipio  with  his  own,  entered  Thessaly  from  the 
north,  and  encamped  not  far  from  Caesar  (Map  20). 

84.  I.  R6,  etc. :  trans,  by  clauses  commencing  with  '  when.'  con- 
firmttis:  'encouraged.' 

2.  satis,  etc. :  '  a  sufficiently  long  period  had  elapsed  since  the  en- 
gagements at  Dyrrachium  to  enable  him  to  issure  himself  of  the  spirit 
of  his  soldiers.'     How  lit.  ? 

3.  perspectum:  229,  a.        vid6rgtur:  sc.  sibt.     19/,,  a. 

4.  temptandum  [esse]:  sc.  sibi ^  'that  he  ought  to  find  out.' 
quidnam  :  etc. :  '  what  intention  or  desire.'     48,  c,  and  97,  b.  \ 

7.  suis  locis:  'in  a  position  favorable  to  himself,'  in  front  of  his 
own  camp.  castris  Pompei :  on  an-elevation,  east  of  Caesar's  camp 
(Map  20).     8,  b.         continentibus:  'successive.' 

8.  ut :  ita  instruxit  ut ;  trans. '  in  such  a  way  that  he  moved  forward.' 
collibus,  etc. :  'pushed  his  line  up  to  the  hills  occupied  by  Pompey.' 

9.  r6s :  the  fact  that  Pompey  did  not  offer  battle  when  Caesar's  line 
moved  up  near  binj.        c^nfirmatiSrem :  '  more  confident.' 


111,84]  The  Battle  of  Pharsalus  441 

Superius  tamen  institutum  in  equitibus,  quod  dem5n- 
stravimus,  servabat,  ut,  quoniam  numero  multis  partibus 
esset  inferior,  adulescentes  atque  expedites  ex  antesigna- 
nis,  electis  ad  pernlcitatem  armis,  inter  equites  proeliari 
iuberet,  qui  cotidiana  consuetudine  usum  quoque  eius  15 
generis  proeliorum  perciperent. 

His  erat  rebus  effectum,  ut  equites  mille,  etiam  apertio- 
ribus  locis,  vii  milium  Pompeianorum  impetum,  cum  ades- 
set  usus,  sustinere  auderent,  neque  magnopere  eorum 
multitudine  terrerentur.  Namque  etiam  per  eos  dies  proe-  20 
Hum  secundum  equestre  fecit,  atque  unum  AUobrogem  ex 
du5bus,  quos  perfiigisse  ad  Pompeium  supra  docuimus, 
cum  quibusdam  interfecit. 

1 1 .  Superius  institutum  :  '  the  former  arrangement.'  demSn- 
stravimus :  in  chapter  75  ;  there  Caesar  relates  how  he  interspersed 
400  light-armed  footmen  among  his  cavalry  which,  thus  strengthened, 
defeated  Pompey^s  cavalry  with  much  slaughter. 

12.  numero:  sc.  equitum.  1^2,  a.  multis  partibus:  'much.' 
How  lit.?     UO. 

13.  expedites :  'with  light  equipment,'  in  place  of  the  heavy 
weapons  ordinarily  carried  by  the  legionary.  antesignanis  :  in  each 
legion  the  '  men  before  the  standards '  formed  a  select  contingent 
of  the  best  fighters  who  were  charged  to  protect  the  standards  and 
in  battle  were  posted  in  the  parts  of  the  line  that  were  in  front  of  the 
standards. 

14.  electis,  etc.  :  'with  arms  selected  for  quickness  of  movement.' 

15.  qui:  'in  order  that  they.'  193,  a.  quoque,  etc.:  'in  that 
kind  of  fighting  also,'  as  well  as  in  the  methods  in  which  they  were 
trained  as  legionaries.  The  interspersing  of  agile  footmen  among 
cavalry  Caesar  had  learned  from  the  Germans  (I,  48,  11.  12-20)  ;  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  Gallic  War  Caesar  had  employed  German  horsemen 
(N.  to  VII,  70,  1.  5). 

17.  apertioribus  locis :  'on  more  open  ground,' where  Pompey's 
much  larger  force  of  cavalry  could  be  deployed  to  the  best  advantage. 
1J,5.  c. 

18.  cum  adesset  usus  :  '  when  the  necessity  presented  itself.'     220. 
22.    duobus:  Roucillus  and  Egus.         supra:  chapters  59-61. 


442  Caesar's  Civil   War  [B.C.  48 

Pompey  remains  stationary ;  finally ^  as  Caesar  breaks  camp,  he 

advances. 

85.  Pompeius,  qui  castra  in  colle  habebat,  ad  infimas 
radices  montis  aciem  instruebat,  semper,  ut  videbatur, 
exspectans,  si  iniquis  locis  Caesar  se  subiceret. 

Caesar,  nQlla  ratione  ad  pugnam  elicl  posse  Pompeium 
s  existimans,  banc  sibi  commodissimam  belli  rationem  iudi- 
cavit,  uti  castra  ex  eo  loco  moveret  semperque  esset  in 
itineribus,  haec  spectans,  ut  movendis  castrls  pluribusque 
adeundis  locis  commodiore  re  frumentaria  uteretur  ;  simul- 
que  in  itinere  ut  aliquam  occasionem  dimicandl  nancisce- 
lo  retur,  et  insolitum  ad  laborem  Pompei  exercitum  cotidianis 
itineribus  defatigaret. 

His  constitutis  rebus,  signo  iam  profectionis  dato,  taber- 

nacullsque  detensis,  animadversum  est,  paulo  ante,  extra 

cotidianam  consuetudinem  longius  a  vallo  esse  aciem  Pompei 

IS  progressam,  ut  n5n  iniquo  loc5  posse  dimicari  videretur. 

Turn  Caesar  apud  suos,  cum  iam  esset  agmen  in  portis, 

85.  2.  montis :  <■  elevation.'  aciem :  Map  20,  Pompey's  First 
Position.         Instruebat:  on  successive  days.     175,  d. 

3.  exspectans  :  <  waiting  (to  see)  whether  Caesar  would  move  close 
up  to  the  unfavorable  ground.'     204,  (4). 

4.  Slici:  'be  lured  forth.'     57,  b. 

5.  belli  rationem  :  *  plan  of  campaign.* 

7.  in  itineribus:  'on  the  march.'  haec  specttns :  'having 
this  in  view.'  movendis  castrls  :  '  by  constantly  moving  his  camp.' 
230,  (4). 

10.   Insolitum  ad  laborem :  '  not  used  to  hard  work.' 

12.  His,  etc. :  Caesar  probably  reached  his  decision  on  August  8, 
and  gave  orders  to  break  camp  early  the  next  morning. 

13.  dStSnsIs:  'struck.'  paulo,  etc. :  the  movement  of  Pompey's 
line,  '  contrary  to  his  daily  practice,'  was  noticed  '  a  little  before '  the 
packing  and  loading  of  the  tents  was  completed. 

15.  ut,  etc. :  'so  that  it  seemed  possible  to  fight  in  a  not  disadvan- 
tageous position,'  the  advantages  being  more  nearly  equalized  by  Pom- 


Ill,  86]  The  Battle  of  Pharsalus  443 

*  Differendum  est,'  inquit,  'iter  in  praesentia  nobis,  et  de 
proelio  cogitandum,  sicut  semper  depoposcimus.  Animo 
simus  ad  dimicandum  parati ;  n5n  facile  occasionem  postea 
reperiemus ; '  -  20 

confestimque  expedites  copias  educit. 

Pompey  believed  that  his  cavalry  alone  would  win  the  battle. 

86.  Pompeius  quoque,  ut  postea  cognitum  est,  su5rum 
omnium  hortatu,  statuerat  proelio  decertare.  Namqiie 
etiam  in  consilio  superioribus  diebus  dixerat,  Prius  quam 
coftcurrerent  acies,  fore,  utl  exeiritus  Caesaris  pelleretur. 
Id  cum  essent  plerlque  admlrati,  s 

'  Sci5  me,'  inquit,  'paene  incredibilem  rem  pollicerl;  sed 
rationem  consilii  mei  accipite,  quo  firmiore  animS  in  proe- 
lium  prodeatis.  Persuasi  equitibus  nostris  (idque  mihi 
facturos  confirmaverunt),  ut,  cum  propius   sit  accessum, 

pey's  advance  further  into  the  plain  from  his  camp  on  higher  ground. 
73,  d,  and  239,  g. 

18. -depoposcimus:  ^  we  have  earnestly  desired.'  How  lit.? 
Animo  :  '  in  spirit.' 

21.  expeditas :  'in  fighting  trim';  lit.  'unencumbered,'  having 
laid  aside  the  burdens  which  they  had  started  to  carry  on  the  march. 

86.    2.    hortatu:  '  in  consequence  of  the  urging.'     135,  a. 

3.  consilio:  a  meeting  of  officers.  superioribus  diebus  :  from 
in  posterum  diem  (1.  16)  we  are  led  to  infer  that  the  meeting  of  officers 
took  place  on  August  8,  the  day  before  the  battle. 

4.  concurrerent :  present  subjunctive  in  the  direct  form.  189,  b. 
acies  :  the  two  opposing  lines,  Caesar's  and  Pompey 's.  fore,  etc. : 
203,  (i). 

6.  Scio,  etc.  :  Fig.  147.    211,  b,  (3). 

7.  rationem  consilii  mei :  '  the  explanation  of  my  plan.'  quS, 
etc. :  193,  b. 

8.  Persuasi :  as  if  Pompey  had  only  to  '  persuade '  the  cavalry  to 
carry  out  the  movement  —  and  the  battle  would  be  won ! 

9.  cum,  etc. :  '  when  the  lines  have  drawn  nearer.'  How  lit.  ? 
73,  d. 


444 


Caesar's  Civil  War 


[B.C.  48 


lo  dextrum  Caesaris  cornu  ab  latere  aperto  aggrederentur,  et, 
circLimventa  a  tergo  acie,  prius  perturbatum  exercitum 
pellerent,  quam  a  nobis  telum  in  hostem  iaceretur. 

*  Ita  sine  periculo  legionum,  et  paene  sine  vulnere,  bellum 
conficiemus.     Id  autem  difficile  non  est,  cum  tantum  equi- 

15  tatu  valeamus.' 

Simul  denuntiavit,  ut  essent  animo  parati  in  posterum 
diem  et,  quoniam  fieret  dimicandi  potestas,  ut  saepe 
rogitavissent,  ne  suam  neu  reliqu5rum  opinionem  fal- 
lerent. 


Figure 


Pompey. 


10.  ab  latere  aperto :  N. 

to  I,  25, 1.  17.  Pompey's  huge 
force  of  cavalry  was  to  out- 
flank Caesar's  line  of  infantry 
and  attack  it  from  the  rear. 
The  outflanking  was  planned 
for  Caesar's  right  wing  because 
his  left  would  be  protected  by 
the  river  Enipeus  (cf.  Map 
20). 

1 1 .  perturbltum  :  *  throw 
his  army  into  confusion  and.' 
228,  a. 

14.  cum,  etc.:  'since  we 
are  so  much  stronger  in  cav- 
alry.' Pompey's  horsemen 
numbered  7000,  Caesar's  1000. 
18/,,  a. 

16.  dgnuntiavit:  'he  en- 
joined (them).' 

18.  n6,  etc. :  *and  not  dis- 
appoint his  own  expectation 
or  that  of  the  others.'  157,  d. 
reliquorum  :  senators  and 
other  civilians  of  standing  who 


Marble  bust  in  the  Jacobsen  Museum,  Copen-  .  ,     ^  ^   11 

hagen  :  from  a  photograph  courteously  furnished    were    With    Pompey.  faUe- 

by  the  Director  of  the  Museum.  rent :   199 j  a. 


Ill,  86]  The  Battle  of  Pharsalus  445 


Even  Labienus,  over-confident,  had  expressed  his  contempt  for 
Caesafs  troops. 

87  Hunc  Labienus  excepit  et,  cum  Caesaris  copias 
despiceret,  Pompei  consilium  summis  laudibus  efferret, 

'  Noli,'  inquit,  *  existimare,  Pompei,  hunc  esse  exercitum, 
qui  Galliam  Germaniamque  devicerit.  Omnibus  interfui 
proelils  neque  temere  incognitam  rem  pronuntid.  s 

*  Perexigua  pars  ilhus  exercitus  superest ;  magna  pars 
deperiit  (quod  accidere  tot  proeliis  fuit  necesse),  multos 
autumni  pestilentia  in  Italia  consumpsit,  multi  domum 
discesserunt,  multi  sunt  relictl  in  continent!. 

*  An  n5n  audistis,  ex  eis,  qui  per  causam  valetudinis  re-  lo 

87.  I.  Labienus:  Labienus  had  gone  over  to  the  side  of  Pompey 
and  had  already  shown  himself  an  implacable  enemy  of  Caesar.  So 
long  as  he  was  under  the  direction  of  Caesar  he  was  an  efficient  officer, 
displaying  military  talents  of  a  high  order.  When,  however,  he  came 
to  act  more  independently  he  showed  lack  of  insight,  as  in  the  present 
instance ;  and  he  failed  to  realize  the  expectations  of  his  new  friends. 
excepit :  '  followed,'    in    speaking.  cum  .  .  .  despiceret :   '  dis- 

paraging.'    185,  c. 

3.  Noli:    181,  b.  Pompei:    8,   c.      B.    25,    i;   A.   49,  <:;   H. 

4.  devicerit :  '  subdued.'  The  statement  is  an  exaggeration,  to 
heighten  the  effect ;  Germany  was  far  from  being  subdued.  There  is 
similar  exaggeration  in  the  following  statement,  that  Labienus  took  part 
in  all  the  battles  in  Gaul  and  Germany. 

5.  neque,  etc. :  *and  I  am  not  recklessly  asserting  something  that 
I  do  not  know.'     How  lit.? 

6.  Perexigua  pars  :  '  An  exceedingly  small  remnant.' 

7.  deperiit :  '■  has  been  destroyed.'         quod  :  =  id  qiwd.     160,  c. 

8.  autumni  pestilentia  :  '  the  autumn  sickness,'  fevers,  from  which, 
in  the  autumn  of  49  B.C.,  Caesar's  army  had  suffered  in  Apulia  and  the 
region  of  Brundisium  (C.  Ill,  2). 

9.  in  continent!  :  in  Italy. 

10.  An:  i75,«,  (2).  B.  162, 4,  a  ;  A.  335,^  ;  H.  380,3.  audistis: 
H^  a,  (3). 


446  Caesar's  Civil  War  [B.C.  48 

manserunt,  cohortes  esse  Brundisii  factas?  Hae  copiae, 
quas  videtis,  ex  dilectibus  horum  annorum  in  citeri5re 
Gallia  sunt  refectae,  et  plerique  sunt  ex  coloniis  Trans- 
padanTs.     Ac   tamen,  quod   fuit   roboris,  duobus    proeliis 

15  Dyrrachinis  interiit.' 

Haec  cum  dixisset,  iuravit,  se  nisi  victorem  in  castra  non 
reversurum,  reliquosque,  ut  idem  facerent,  hortatus  est. 

H5c  laudans,  Pompeius  idem  iuravit ;  nee  vero  ex  reliquis 
fuit  quisquam,  qui  iurare  dubitaret. 

20  Haec  tum  facta  sunt  in  consilio,  magnaque  spe  et  laetitia 
omnium  discessum  est ;  ac  iam  animo  victoriam  praecipie- 
bant,  quod  de  re  tanta  et  a  tam  perito  imperatore  nihil 
frustra  confirmari  videbatur. 

11.  cohortSs,  etc. :  'that  (whole)  cohorts  at  Brundisium  have  been 
made  up  of  those  who  were  left  behind  on  account  of  sickness.'     I46. 

12.  horum  annorum :  i.e.  of  the  last  two  years,  since  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War.         citeriore  Gallia :  28^. 

13.  sunt  refectae  :  Miave  been  recruited.' 

14.  quod  fuit  roboris:  'all  the  (real)  strength  there  was'  in 
Caesar's  army  ;  the  small  nucleus  of  veterans  which,  after  the  reductions 
mentioned,  Labienus  thought  that  Caesar  had  been  able  to  bring  across 
the  Adriatic.     97,  b. 

15.  interiit:  how  badly  mistaken  Labienus  was,  he  afterwards 
learned  to  his  sorrow ;  the  brunt  of  the  fighting  at  Pharsalus  was  borne 
by  Caesar's  veterans. 

16.  iurSvit,  etc. :  the  oath  was  not  unlike  that  taken  by  the  Gauls 
under  Vercingetorix  (VII,  66,  11.  23-26;  67,  1.  i)  ;  the  result  was  in 
both  cases  the  same.  Similar,  too,  was  the  proclamation  of  General 
Ducrot,  addressed  to  his  soldiers  in  beleaguered  Paris  November  28, 1870, 
when  he  was  trying  to  break  through  the  Prussian  "ring  of  iron"  about 
the  city.  "For  myself,"  the  proclamation  says,  "I  am  fully  resolved, 
I  make  my  oath  before  you  and  before  the  entire  nation,  that  I  will  re- 
enter Paris  either  dead  or  victorious  ;  you  may  see  me  fall,  but  you  will 
not  see  me  retreat."  Vercingetorix  and  his  officers,  Pompey,  Labienus, 
Ducrot  —  all  alike  survived  overwhelming  defeat. 

21.  omnium  :  including,  besides  the  officers,  prominent  civilians. 

22.  tam  perito  imperStdre :  Labienus.     nihil,  etc. :  sc.  sibi;  '  the) 


Ill,  88] 


The  Battle  of  Pharsalus 


447 


Caesar  notes  the  arrangement  of  Pompey^s  line  of  battle. 

88.   Caesar,    cum    Pompel   castris    appropinquasset,   ad 
hunc  modum  aciem  eius  instructam  animum  advertit : 

Erant  in  sinistro  cornu  legidnes  duae,  traditae  a  Caesare 
initio  dissensionis  ex  senatus  consulto;  quarum  una  prima, 
altera  tertia  appellabatur.     In  e5  loc5  ipse  erat  Pompeius.  5 
Mediam    aciem  Sclpio   cum    legionibus    Syriacis   tenebat. 
Ciliciensis  legid  coniuncta  cum  cohortibus  Hispanls,  quas 

thought  that  confident  assurances  were  not  given  without  good  grounds.' 
How  lit.? 

88.    2.    hunc:  161,  a.         animum  advertit :  113,  c. 

3.  traditae  :  'which  had  been  handed  over  (to  him).'    227,  a,  (4). 

4.  initio  dissensionis  : 
'at  the  beginning  of  the 
strife,'  in  50  B.C.  147,  b. 
ex  senatus  consulto  :  '  in 
accordance  with  a  decree  of 
the  Senate.'  258.  prima, 
tertia  :  predicative.  A  legion 
transferred  to  another  com- 
mander received  a  new  num- 
ber. Pompey's  '  First  Legion ' 
had  been  legio  VI  in  Caesar's 
army,  and  his  '  Third  Legion ' 
had  been  Caesar's  legio  XV -, 
both  legions  entered  the  service 
of  Caesar  in  53  B.C.     307,  g. 

5.  eo  loco  :  Pompey's  left 
wing,  facing  Caesar's  right. 

6.  legionibus  Syriacis : 
two  legions  that  had  been 
serving  in  Syria,  that  Scipio 
had  conducted  to  Pompey  in 
Macedonia. 

7.  Ciliciensis:  'fromCili- 
cia ' ;  this  was  a  veteran  legion. 
quais  .  .  .  docuimus :  the 
passage  here  referred  to  'has 


Figure  148.  — Legionary's  cuirass. 
Pompey's  soldiers  had  the  same  armor  and 
weapons  as  Caesar's  ;  there  was  no  such  disparity 
in  equipment  as  there  had  been  between  Caesar's 
soldiers  and  the  Gauls. 


448  Caesar's  Civil   War  tB.c.  48 

traductas  ab  Afranio  docuimus,  in  dextro  cornu  erant  col- 
locatae.     Has  flrmissimas  se  habere  Pompeius  existimabat. 

lo  Reliquas  inter  aciem  mediam  cornuaque  interiecerat 
numeroque  cohortes  ex  expleverat.  Haec  erant  numero 
milia  XLv;  evocatorum  circiter  duo,  quae  ex  beneficiarils 
superiorum  exercituum  ad  eum  convenerant,  quae  tota 
acie  disperserat. 

15  Reliquas  cohortes  vii  castrls  propinqulsque  castellis  prae- 
sidio  disposuerat.  Dextrum  cornu  eius  rivus  quidam  impe- 
ditis  rlpTs  muniebat ;  quam  ob  causam  cunctum  equitatum, 
sagittarios  funditoresque  omnes  sinistro  cornu  adiecerat. 

Caesar  arranges  his  troops  in  order  of  battle. 

89.  Caesar",  superius  institutum  servans,  x  legionem  in 
dextro  cornu,  nonam  in  sinistro  collocaverat,  tametsi  erat 

been  lost.  Afranius  and  Petreius  commanded  forces  of  Pompey  in 
Spain,  but  were  conquered  by  Caesar  in  49  B.C. 

8.  erant  collocatae :  the  subject  grammatically  is  legio,  but  in 
thought  the  '  Spanish  cohorts '  also  are  included,  as  if  legid  et  Hispcitiae 
cohortes  had  been  written.     113^  b. 

9.  Has  :  the  five  legions  mentioned,  and  the  Spanish  cohorts  ;  '  that 
these  were  the  strongest  legions  which  he  bad.'     How  lit.  ? 

10.  Reliquas:  sc.  legioties  (Fig.  148). 

11.  numero,  etc.:  Pompey  had  no  cohorts,  the  equivalent  of 
II  legions,  in  his  battle  line  (Map  20)  ;  these  comprised  47,000  regular 
soldiers,  besides  cavalry  and  light-armed  troops. 

12.  evocatorum  :  '  veteran  volunteers.'  SIG.  duo  :  sc.  milia- 
erant.         beneficiariis  :  '  privileged  soldiers ' ;  see  Vocab. 

13.  superiorum  exercituum:  'of  (his)  former  armies,'  as  in  the 
war  with  Mithridates. 

15.  castellis  :  marked  A  A  A  on  Map  20. 

16.  rivus  quidam:  probably  the  Enipeus  ;  see  Map  20.  impe- 
ditis  ripis  :  '  with  banks  hard  to  cross.' 

89.  I .  superius  Institutum  :  '  his  earlier  arrangement '  of  having 
the  tenth  legion  in  the  place  of  honor  on  the  right  wing,  as  in  the  battle 
with  Ariovistus,  eleven  years  before  (Map  4).         X:  decimam.     38^  if. 

2.    erat,  etc.  :  '  it  had  been  greatly  reduced  in  strength.'     191,  a. 


4> 

'o 


a. 
6 
o 


X 


Ill,  89] 


The  Battle  of  Pharsalus 


449 


Dyrrachinis  proelils  vehementer  attenuata,  et  huic  sic 
adiunxerat  octavam,  ut  paene  unam  ex  duabus  efificeret, 
atque  alteram  alterl  praesidio  esse  iusserat.  s 

Cohortes  in  acie  lxxx  constitutas  habebat,  quae  summa 
erat  milium  xxii ;  cohortes  vii  castris  praesidid  reliquerat. 
Sinistro  cornu  Antonium,  dextro  P.  Sullam,  mediae  aciei 
Cn.  Domitium  praeposuerat  Ipse  contra  Pompeium 
constitit.  ic 

Simul  his  rebus  animadversis,  quas  demonstravimus, 
timens,  ne  a  multitudine  equitum  dextrum  cornu  circum- 
veniretur,  celeriter  ex  tertia  acie  singulas  cohortes  detraxit 

5.  alter! :  sc.  legionf ;  ^  that,  the  one  (legion)  should  support  the 
other.'     23,  a,  and  112,  b. 

6.  LXXX :  26.  quae  summa :  trans,  as  if  quarum  simima  (cfc 
I,  29,  1.  5). 

7.  milium  XXII:  Caesar's  80  cohorts,  8  legions  (Map  20),  con- 
taining a  total  of  only  22,000 
men,  averaged  less  than  300 
men  to  a  cohort ;  Pompey's  no 
cohorts  averaged  above  400  men 
each.     100,  b,  and  301,  b,  c. 

8.  cornu:  dative.  20,  b. 
Antonium :  Mark  Antony. 

9.  contra  Pompeium: 
Caesar  was  with  the  tenth  legion 
on  the  right  wing,  facing  Pom- 
pey's  left  wing,  where  Pompey 
was  (chap.  88, 1.  5). 

II.  his  rebus  :  Pompey's 
disposition  of  forces,  especially 
the  massing  of  cavalry  and  light 
infantry  over  against  Caesar's 
right  wing  (chap.  88, 11.  17-18)  ; 
Caesar  saw  at  a  glance  that 
a  flanking  movement  was  in- 
tended, and  with  amazing  quickness  of  decision  devised  a  means  to 
resist  it. 

13.    tertia  acie  :  337. 


Figure  149.  — Banner,  vexillum. 


450     '  Caesar's  Civil  War  [B.C.  48 

atque  ex  his  quartam  instituit   equitatuique   opposuit,  et, 
15  quid  fieri  vellet,  ostendit,  monuitque  eius  diei  victoriam  in 
earum  cohortium  virtute  constare. 

Simul  tertiae  aciel  imperavit,  ne  iniussu  suo  concurreret ; 
se,  cum  id  fieri  vellet,  vexill5  signum  daturum. 

Caesar  briefly  addresses  his  soldiers  and  gives  the  signed 
to  attack. 

90.  Exercitum  cum  militari  m5re  ad  pugnam  cohorta- 
retur  suaque  in  eum  perpetui  temporis  officia  praedicaret, 
in  prlmls  commemoravit : 

Testibiis  se  mtlitibus  utl  posse,  qiianto  studio  pdcem 
S  petlsset ;  quae  per  Vatinium  in  colloqiiiis,  quae  per  A.  Clo- 
dium  cum  Scipidne  egisset,  quibus  modis  ad  Oricum  cum 
Lib  one  de  m,ittendis  legdtis  contendisset.  Neque  se  um- 
quam  abutl  militum  sanguine  neque  rem  publicam  alterutro 
exercitu  prlvare  voluisse. 


14.  quftrtam  [aciem]  :  this  line  was  made  up  of  eight  cohorts,  less 
than  3000  men ;  see  Map  20,  Fourth  Line. 

18.  vexillo :  used  generally  to  give  the  signal  'to  arms'  (II,  20, 
1.  2,  and  Fig.  149)  ;  in  this  instance,  to  order  a  division  into  action. 

5^^^,  (3)- 

90.    I .    militari  more  :  '  in  accordance  with  military  custom  ' ;  N.  to 

1,25,1.3-    iS6,c. 

2.  sua,  etc. :  '  was  setting  forth  his  kindnesses  to  it,  an  unbroken 
series '  (lit.  '  of  unbroken  time  ').     100,  a. 

4.  Testibus,  etc. :  *  that  he  could  call  upon  his  soldiers  to  bear 
witness.'     How  lit.?     i5i, /,  and  ^/^,  c,  (2). 

5.  per  Vatinium,  etc. :  the  efforts  made  by  Caesar  to  arrange 
terms  of  peace  through  the  agency  of  Publius  Vatininus  and  Aulus 
Clodius  are  narrated  in  chapters  19  and  57  of  Book  III. 

7.  dS,  etc. :  'had  endeavored  to  arrange  the  sending  of  envoys'  for 
a  peace  conference  ;  cf.  C   III,  16-17.     201^.,  (3). 

8.  abutl :  'waste.'     ISU  c.         alterutrS  :  51. 

9.  exercitfi:  127,  a.     B.  214;  H.  462.        privSre  :  'deprive** 


111,91]  The  Battle  of  Pharsalus  451 

Hac  habita  oratione,  exposcentibus  militibus   et  studio  lo 
pugnae  ardentibus,  tuba  signum  dedit. 

With  heroic  words,  Crastinus  leads  the  charge. 

91.  Erat  Crastinus,  evocatus,  in  exercitu  Caesaris,  qui 
superiore  ann5  apud  cum  primum  pilum  in  legione  x  duxe- 
rat,  vir  singular!  virtute.     Hie,  sign5  dato, 

'  Sequiminl  me,'  inquit,  *  manipulares  mei  qui  fuistis,  et 
vestro  imperatori,  quam  consuevistis,  operam  date.     Unum  s 
hoc  proelium  superest ;  qu5  confect5,  et  ille  suam  dignita- 
tem, et  nos  nostram  libertatem  recuperabimus.' 

Simul  respiciens  Caesarem, 

*  Faciam,'  inquit,  *  hodie,  imperator,  ut  aut  vivo  mihi  aut 
mortu5  gratias  agas.'  lo 

Haec  cum  dixisset,  primus  ex  dextro  cornu  procucurrit, 
atque  eum  electi  milites  circiter  cxx  voluntariT  sunt  pr5secuti. 

10.  oratione :  the  words  must  have  been  repeated  several  times, 
probably  by  Caesar  himself,  riding  along  the  line  ;  no  single  utterance 
could  have  been  heard  over  so  extended  a  front.  exposcentibus  : 
sc.  signum.  Caesar's  watchword  in  this  battle  was  venus  victrix, 
'  Venus  Bringer  of  Victory/  He  vowed  a  temple  to  this  goddess  if  he 
should  be  victorious,  and  afterwards  fulfilled  his  vow  by  erecting  a 
temple  to  Venus  in  Rome.     244- 

11.  ardentibus  :  a  strong  word  ;  'burning.'  tuba,  etc.  :  326,  a, 
(i),  and  b.  The  date  was  August  9,  unreformed  calendar.  261, 
and  241,  c. 

91.    I.    Crastinus:  76,  b.         evocatus:  S16. 
2.    pilum  :  from  pi  his ;  see  Vocab.,  and  315,  b.         X:  38,  b. 
4.    manipulares,  etc. :  '  who  were  the  men  of  my  maniple  '  (when 
I  was  first  centurion). 

6.  quo  confecto  :  '  when  this  is  over.'  How  Ht.  ?  dignitatem: 
'his  position'  in  the  state;  sc.  recuperdbit. 

7.  nostram  libertatem  :  jeopardized  by  Pompey. 

9.  Faciam,  etc. :  '  General,  you  will  to-day  have  occasion  to  thank 
me,  living  or  dead.'     How  lit.?     ;g03,  (3). 

12.  voluntarii:  'who  were  serving  as  volunteers';  like  Crastinus, 
they  were  'veterans,'  evocdti. 


452  Caesar's  Civil  War  [B.C.  48 

Caesar's  veterans  halt,  to  take  breath,  hurl  themselves  on  the  foe. 

92.  Inter  duas  acies  tantum  erat  rellctum  spatii,  ut  satis 
esset  ad  concursum  utriusque  exercitus.  Sed  Pompeius 
suis  praedixerat,  ut  Caesaris  impetum  exciperent,  neve  se 
loco  moverent   aciemque  eius    distrahl  paterentur;    idque 

5  admonitu  C.  Triaril  fecisse  dicebatur,  ut  primus  excursus 
visque  militum  infringeretur  aciesque  distenderetur,  atque 
in  suis  ordinibus  dispositi  dispers5s  adorlrentur;  leviusque 
casura  pila  sperabat,  in  loc5  retentis  militibus,  quam  si  ipsi 
immissis  telis  occurrissent ;  simul  fore,  ut,  duplicato  cursu, 

lo  Caesaris  milites  exanimarentur  et  lassitudine  conficerentur. 

Quod   nobis   quidem    nulla   rati5ne    factum  a  Pompeio 

videtur,  propterea  quod  est  quaedam  animi  incitatio  atque 

92.  I.  tantum  spatii:  '(only)  so  much  space';  probably  about 
IOC /^j-j-wj-,  somewhat  less  than  500  English  feet.  97,  b,  and  243,  b. 
ut,  etc. :  '  as  to  enable  each  army  to  charge.'     How  lit.  ?     197,  b. 

3.  praedixerat,  etc.:  'had  given  orders  in  advance'  (i.e.  not  to 
countercharge  when  they  saw  the  enemy  advancing  but)  'to  await 
Caesar's  attack  and  not  to  move  from  their  position.'     199,  d. 

4.  aciem,  etc. :  '  his  line  to  become  disordered,'  as  his  soldiers 
should  rush  forward  in  the  charge. 

5.  primus,  etc.:  'that  the  initial  vigor  of  attack  of  (Caesar's) 
soldiers  might  be  lessened.'     How  lit.? 

7.  dispositi  disperses:  sc.  sul  (i.e.  Po7npeianl  milites)  eos 
{Caesaris  milites)  ;  '  that  his  own  men  with  ranks  in  perfect  order  might 
fall  upon  them  when  in  confusion.'  How  lit.?  levius  casura 
[esse]  :  '  would  fall  with  less  eflfect,'  than  if  his  soldiers  should  charge 
against  them  as  they  were  hurled. 

8.  in,  etc. :  '  if  his  soldiers  should  be  held  in  position.'     144.  b,  (4). 

9.  duplicato  cursu  :  '  having  twice  as  far  to  run '  in  the  charge,  cover- 
ing the  whole  distance  between  the  two  armies  instead  of  half  the  distance. 

10.  exanimarentur,  etc. :  'would  get  out  of  breath  and  be  weak- 
ened by  fatigue.' 

11.  Quod:  'Now  this.'  167.  nulla  ratione :  '  quite  without 
reason.'     How  lit.?     135,  a.        fsictum:  sc.  esse. 

12.  est,  etc. :  '  all  men  have  by  nature  a  kind  of  latent  capacity  for  be- 
ing spurred  to  action,  and  this  is  kindled  by  the  heat  of  battle.'     How  lit.  ? 


Ill,  93]  .  The  Battle  of  Pharsalus  453 

alacritas  naturaliter   innata  omnibus,  quae  studio  pugnae 
incenditur.     Hanc  non  reprimere,  sed  augere  imperatores 
debent;  neque  frustra  antiquitus  Tnstitutum  est,  ut  signais 
undique  concinerent  clamoremque  universi  tollerent ;  qui- 
bus  rebus  et  hostes  terreri  et  suos  incitari  existimaverunt. 

93.  Sed  nostrl  milites,  sign5  dato,  cum  infestls  pills 
procucurrissent  atque  animum  advertissent  non  concurri  a 
Pompeianls,  usu  perlti  ac  superioribus  pugnis  exercitatl,  sua 
sponte  cursum  represserunt  et  ad  medium  fere  spatium 
constiterunt,  ne  c5nsumptis  viribus  appropinquarent ;  par-  $ 
voque  intermissd  temporis  spatio,  ac  rursus  renovato  cursu, 
pila  miserunt  celeriterque,  ut  erat  praeceptum  a  Caesare, 
gladi5s  strinxerunt. 

Neque  vero  Pompeiani  huic  rei  defuerunt.     Nam  et  tela 
missa  exceperunt  et  impetum  legionum  tulerunt  et  ordines  lo 
conservarunt,  pTlisque  missis,  ad  gladios  redierunt. 

15.  signa:  'signals'  with  the  trumpet.     326,  a,  b. 

16.  undique  concinerent :  'should  in  all  parts  (of  the  line)  sound 
at  the  same  time/        universi:  '  (the  soldiers)  in  a  body.' 

17.  quibus  rebus:  'and  by  these  means.'  existimaverunt: 
as  subject  supply  antiqiif,  '  men  of  the  olden  time.' 

93.  I.  cum:  185,  c.  infestis  pills:  'with  pikes  raised,'  ready 
for  hurling.     How  lit.? 

2.  non  concurri,  etc.  :  'that  no  advance  was  made  by  the  soldiers 
of  Pompey,'  who  had  been  ordered  to  stand  still  and  let  Caesar's  sol- 
diers come  on. 

4.  ad  medium  fere  spatium:  'about  half-way  between'  the  two 
armies.  These  experienced  soldiers  covered  nearly  the  distance  of 
our  100-yard  dash,  stopped  of  their  own  accord  to  take  breath,  ran 
again  a  like  distance  and  hurled  their  pikes,  then  'drew  their  swords.' 
Pompey  had  again  miscalculated,  in  assuming  that  Caesar's  men  would 
allow  themselves  to  be  exhausted  by  a  charge  of  twice  the  ordinary 
length. 

9.  Neque,  etc  :  '  And  in  truth  the  soldiers  of  Pompey  did  not  fail 
to  meet  this  movement.'  How  lit.  ?  tela :  the  pikes  hurled  by 
Caesar's  men. 

10.  exceperunt :  with  their  shields.        ordines :  '  ranks.' 


454  Caesar's  Civil  War  [B.C.  48 

Caesar's  cavahy  is  defeated;  his  fouHh  line  routs  Pompey's  caiy 
airy  and  attacks  Pompey's  left  wing  in  the  rear. 

E5dem  tempore  equites  ab  sinistr5  Pompei  cornu,  ut  erat 
imperatum,  universi  pr5cucurrerunt,  omnisque  multitudo 
sagittariorum  se  pr5fudit.     Quorum  impetum  noster  equi- 

istatus  non  tulit,  sed  paulatim  loco  motus  cessit;  equitesque 
Pompei  hoc  acrius  instare  et  se  turmatim  explicare  aciem- 
que  nostram  ab  latere  apert5  circumire  coeperunt. 

Quod  ubi  Caesar  animum  advertit,  quartae  aciei,  quam 
instituerat,  cohortibus  dedit  signum. 

20  Illae  celeriter  pr5cucurrerunt  infestisque  signis  tanta  vi 
in  Pompei  equites  impetum  fecerunt,  ut  eorum  nemo  con- 
sisteret,  omnesque  conversi  non  solum  loco  excederent,  sed 
prdtinus  incitati  fuga  montes  altissimos  peterent.  Quibus 
summotis,  omnes  sagittarii  funditoresque  destituti,  inermes, 

25  sine  praesidio,  interfecti  sunt. 

12.  EquitSs,  etc.  :  see  chap.  86, 11.  8-15  ;  chap.  88, 11.  17-18.  Pom- 
pey's  cavalry  was  commanded  by  Labienus,  who  soon  forgot  his  oath 
(chap.  87,  11.  16-17).     See  Map  .20. 

14.    Bgprofudit:  '  rushed  forward.' 

16.  hoc:  135,  a.  se  turmatim  explicare  :  '  to  deploy  by  squad- 
rons.' The  cavalry  had  charged  in  clo?e  formation ;  it  now  deployed 
by  squadrons  in  order  the  more  easily  to  execute  the  flanking  movement 
ordered  by  Pompey.     309,  c. 

18.    acigi:  dependent   on  cohortibus;  see  chap.  89,  11.   14-16,  and 

Map  20,  JFOURTH  LINE. 

20.  Infestis  signis :  325.  Cavalry  are  at  a  disadvantage  in  with- 
standing a  charge  of  infantry. 

22.  -que:  'but.'  ;25^  b.  conversi:  < wheeling  about.'  How 
lit.? 

23.  incitati  fugS  :  'scurrj'ing  in  flight.'  How  lit.?  Their  probable 
course  is  shown  on  Map  20,  Route  of  Pompey's  Cavalry  in  Flight. 

24.  dgstituti :  by  the  flight  of  the  cavalry,  inermfis :  without  de- 
fensive weapons. 

25.  sine  praesidio  :  in^  the  open  plain,  without  a  rampart  to  shield 
them. 


111,94]  The  Battle  of  Pharsalus  455 

Eodem  impetu  cohortes  sinistrum  cornu,  pugnantibus 
etiam  turn  ac  resistentibus  in  acie  Pompeianis,  circumierunt 
eosque  a  tergo  sunt  adortae. 

Caesar's  third  line  eiiters  the  action;  Pompey's  infantry  gives 
way,  and  Pompey  Jlees  to  his  camp. 

94.  Eodem  tempore  tertiam  aciem  Caesar,  quae  quieta 
fuerat  et  se  ad  id  tempus  loco  tenuerat,  procurrere  iussit. 
Ita  cum  recentes  atque  integri  defessis  successissent,  alii 
autem  a  tergo  adorirentur,  sustinere  Pompeiani  non  po- 
tuerunt  atque  universi  terga  verterunt.  s 

Sed  Pompeius,  ut  equitatum  suum  pulsum  vidit  atque  eam 
partem,  cui  maxime  confidebat,  perterritam  animum  ad- 
vertit,  alils  diffisus  acie  excessit  protinusque  se  in  castra 
equo  contulit  et  eis  centurionibus,  quos  in  statione  ad  prae- 
toriam  portam  posuerat,  clare,  ut  mllites  exaudirent,  ic 

26.  Eodem  impetu:  < Continuing  their  movement.'  How  lit.? 
cohortes  :  of  the  fourth  line.         sinistrum  cornu  :  of  Pompey. 

27.  Pompeianis  :  Pompey's  legionaries  ;  his  cavalry  and  light-armed 
troops  were  already  disposed  of. 

28.  a  tergo  :  by  forming  a  fourth  line,  notwithstanding  his  inferior 
numbers,  Caesar  was  enabled  not  only  to  defeat  Pompey's  plan  to  out- 
flank him  but  to  turn  the  tables  and  outflank  Pompey. 

94.  I.  tertiam  aciem:  the  third  line  had  been  ordered  to  await 
Caesar's  signal  with  the  red  banner  (chap.  89,  11.  17-18). 

3.  recentes  atque  integri:  the  soldiers  of  Caesar's  third  line, 
defessis :  the  soldiers  of  the  first  and  second  lines,  fighting  against 
superior  numbers,  until  now  without  reenforcements.  337,  b.  alii : 
Caesar's  fourth  line. 

6.    ut:   188,  a.  atque:    'and  (thus).'  eam   partem:    the 

cavalry. 

8.  aliis  diffisus:  Hosing  confidence  in  his  other  troops.'  62,  and 
105.  acie:  127,  a.  sg  equo  contulit:  'rode  on  horseback.' 
How  lit.?     131,  a. 

ID.  praetoriam  portam  :  here  the  west  gate  of  the  camp  (Map  20). 
S3Ii,  a.         clSre  :  '  in  a  loud  voice.' 


456  Caesar*s  Civil  War  [B.C.  48 

'  Tuemini,'  inquit,  '  castra  et  defendite  diligenter,  si  quid 
durius  accident.  Ego  reliquas  portas  circumeo  et  castrorum 
praesidia  confirmo.' 

Haec  cum  dixisset,  se  in  praetorium  contulit,  summae 
IS  rei  diffldens  et  tamen  eventum  exspectans. 

Caesar  takes  Pompey^s  camp,  finding  many  evidences 
of  luxuiy. 

95.  Caesar,  Pompeianis  ex  fuga  intra  vallum  compulsis, 
nullum  spatium  perterritis  darl  oportere  existimans,  milites 
cohortatus  est,  ut  beneficio  fortunae  uterentur  castraque 
oppugnarent.  Qui,  etsi  magno  aestu  fatigati  —  nam  ad 
s  meridiem  res  erat  perducta  —  tamen,  ad  omnem  laborem 
animo  paratT,  imperi5  paruerunt. 

Castra  a  cohortibus,  quae  ibi  praesidio  erant  relictae,  In- 
dustrie defendebantur,  multo  etiam  acrius  a  Thracibus 
barbarisque  auxiliis.  Nam  qui  ex  acie  refugerant  milites, 
loet  animo  perterriti  et  lassitudine  confecti,  dimissis  plerlque 

II.  Tuemini:  61,  a,  (2).  si,  etc. :  '  if  any  unusual  difficulty  pre- 
sents itself.'     How  lit.?     206. 

13.  confirmo  :  '  encourage';  vivid  use  of  the  present  tense. 

14.  praetorium:  'general's  quarters.'  334j  b.  summae:  da- 
tive, with  rei,  genitive,  depending  on  it ;  '  distrustful  of  the  final  issue.* 
How  lit.? 

95.  I.  vallum:  of  Pompey's  camp;  his  men  had  been  forced  back 
to  the  elevation  on  which  the  camp  was,  and  up  the  slope  (Map  20). 

3.  ut,  etc.  :  '  to  take  advantage  of  fortune's  favor.' 

4.  magno  aestu :  in  the  plain  of  Pharsalus  the  heat  in  summer  is 
intense. 

5.  r6s :  'the  struggle.'  tamen,  etc  :  notwithstanding  the  physi- 
cal exhaustion  of  Caesar's  soldiers,  their  grit  did  not  fail  them. 

7.  cohortibus :  7  in  number,  for  the  camp  and  redoubts  (chap.  88, 
11.  15-16). 

9.  barbarisque  auxiliis:  'and  (other)  barbarian  auxiliary  troops.' 
Nam  :  '  (The  defense  was  left  to  these)  for.' 

10.  dimissis,  etc. :  '  in  most  cases  throwing  away.'    How  lit.  ? 


111,96]  The  Battle  of  Pharsalus  457 

armis  signisque  militaribus,  magis  de  reliqua  fuga  quam  de 
castrorum  defensione  cogitabant. 

Neque  ver5  diutius,  qui  in  vallo  c5nstiterant,  multitu- 
dinem  telorum  sustinere  potuerunt,  sed,  confecti  vulneribus, 
locum  reliquerunt,  protinusque  omnes,  ducibus  usi  centuri-  ic 
onibus  tribuiiisque  militum,  in  altissimos  montes,  qui  ad 
castra  pertinebant,  confiigerunt. 

96.  In  castrls  Pompei  videre  licuit  trichilas  structas, 
magnum  argent!  pondus  expositum,  recentibus  caespitibus 
tabernacula  constrata,  L.  etiam  Lentuli  et  non  nuUorum 
tabernacula  protecta  hedera,  multaque  praeterea,  quae 
nimiam  luxuriam  et  victoriae  fiduciam  designarent;  uts 
facile  existimari  posset,  nihil  eos  de  eventu  eius  diei  ti- 
muisse,  qui  non  necessarias  conquirerent  voluptates.     At  hi 

13.    qui:  as  antecedent  sc.  ^f,  subject  of /(9/«/r««/. 

15.  ducibus,  etc.:  'having  as  their  leaders'  (in  flight)  'the  cen- 
turions and  military  tribunes,'  who  ought  to  have  rallied  the  demoralized 
troops  and  continued  the  battle ;  bitter  sarcasm,  veiled  under  a  form 
of  expression  that  on  the  surface  is  complimentary.     131,/. 

16.  montes,  etc. :  see  Map  20,  Route  of  Pompey's  Fleeing 
Legionaries. 

96.  I.  licuit:  73,  b.  trichilas  structas:  '  arbors  that  had  been 
built,'  covered  with  branches  having  their  leaves  on,  as  a  protection 
against  the  sun.  These  did  not  take  the  place  of  the  tents,  but  were 
used  for  dining;  in  summer  well-to-do  Romans  made  much  use  of 
arbors  shaded  with  branches  or  vines. 

2.  argenti :  'silver  plate.'  expositum:  'set  out'  on  tables,  in 
readiness  for  dinner.  recentibus,  etc. :  '  tents  carpeted  with  fresh 
turf 

3.  L.  Lentuli:  mentioned  by  name  because  of  his  prominence ;  he 
had  been  consul  the  previous  year. 

4.  protecta  hedera :  '  decked  with  ivy,'  trailed  along  the  sides,  to 
keep  out  the  heat. 

5.  designarent:  ^evidenced.'  The  unsoldierly  camp  life  of  Pom- 
pey's aristocratic  civilian  contingent  is  known  from  other  sources.    19^,  a. 

7.  non  necessSrias  voluptates :  '  needless  indulgences.'  239^  g. 
at:  236,  a. 


458  Caesar's  Civil  War  [B.C.  48 

miserrim5   ac   patientissimo   exercitui    Caesaris    luxuriam 
obiciebant,  cui   semper   omnia  ad  necessarium  usum  de- 
lo  f  uissent ! 

Pompey  Jlees  from  the  camp,  reaches  the  sea,  takes  ship, 

Pompeius,  cum  iam  intra  vallum  nostri  versarentur, 
equum  nactus,  detractis  insignibus  imperatoriis,  decumana 
porta  se  ex  castrls  eiecit  protinusque  equo  citat5  Larisam 
contendit. 

IS  Neque  ibi  constitit,  sed  eadem  celeritate,  paucos  suos 
ex  fuga  nactus,  nocturne  itinere  non  intermissd,  comitatu 
equitum  xxx  ad  mare  pervenit  navemque  frumentariam 
conscendit,  saepe,  ut  dicebatur,  querens  tantum  se  opi- 
nionem  fefellisse,  ut,  a  quo  genere  hominum  victoriam  spe- 

2orasset,  ab  e5  initi5  fugae  fact5,  paene  proditus  videretur. 

8.  miserrimo:  28,  a.  patientissimo:  'most  long-suffering.' 
27,  a. 

9.  cui,  etc. :  ^although  it  had  lacked  everything.'     194,  d. 

12.  equum  nactus:  the  language  implies  that  Pompey  did  not 
wait  to  get  his  own  mount  but  jumped  on  the  first  horse  he  could  find. 
61,  a,  (3),  and  226,  c.  insignibus  imperStoriis :  the  distinguish- 
ing marks  of  his  rank  as  commander,  particularly  his  scarlet  mantle 
{palildamentum),  which  he  replaced  by  a  traveler's  cloak.  321.  de- 
cumSna  porta  :  in  this  case  the  east  gate  (Map  20).   554,  ^j  and  134,  ^• 

13.  equo  citato:  'urging  his  horse  forward.'  144,  b,  (7)*  ^*- 
rlsam:  see  Map  19.  The  distance  from  Pharsalus  to  Larisa  is  about 
25  English  miles. 

15.  paucos  suos:  among  Pompey 's  companions  in  flight  was 
Lucius  Lentulus  (1.  3)  who  likewise  met  death  in  Egypt  (C.  III.  104). 

17.  mare:  at  the  mouth  of  the  Peneus,  about  25  miles  northeast  of 
Larisa ;  in  the  latter  part  of  his  flight  Pompey  passed  through  the  famous 
Vale  of  Tempe,  which  runs  back  from  the  sea  between  Mt.  Olympus 
and  Mt.  Ossa  (Map  19)  ;  see  Fig.  209,  in  Vocab. 

18.  s6,  etc.:  'that  he  had  been  so  grievously  disappointed  in  his 
expectations ' ;  se'\^  object  oi fefellisse.     How  lit.? 

19.  a  qu6,  etc. :  '  that  it  almost  seemed  as  if  he  had  been  betrayed, 


111,97]  The   Battle  of  Pharsalus  459 

Caesar  completes  the  victory,  taking  many  captives. 

97.  Caesar,  castrls  potitus,  a  mllitibus  contendit,  ne,  in 
praeda  occupati,  reliqui  negotil  gerendl  facultatem  dimit- 
terent.  Qua  re  impetrata,  montem  opere  circummunire 
Instituit. 

Pompeiani,  quod  is  mons  erat  sine  aqua,  diffisi  ei  loco,  s 
relicto  monte,  universi  iugis  eis  Larisam  versus  se  reci- 
pere  coeperunt.  Qua  re  animadversa,  Caesar  copias  suas 
divisit  partemque  legi5num  in  castris  Pompei  remanere 
iussit,  partem  in  sua  castra  remisit,  iiii  secum  legiones 
duxit  commodioreque  itinere  Pompeianis  occurrere  coepit,  lo 
et,  progressus  milia  passuum  vi,  aciem  instruxit. 

Qua  re  animadversa,  Pompeiani  in  quodam  monte  con- 
stiterunt.     Hunc  montem  flumen  subluebat. 

since  the  rout  was  started  by  that  division  of  men  (the  cavalry),  from 
whom.'     How  lit.  ?     148,  e;  172,  d,  and  165,  c. 

97.  I.  castris:  131,  c.  mllitibus:  the  soldiers  immediately  on 
capturing  the  camp  began  to  plunder  it.  contendit :  '  urged  and 
demanded,'  not  zmperat ;  see  n.  to  chap.  98,  1.  7.     199,  a. 

2.  reliqui,  etc. :  ^the  opportunity  to  finish  up  the  business  in  hand.' 
How  lit.? 

3.  Qua  re  impetrata:  'Having  carried  his  point.'  That  under 
the  circumstances  Caesar's  soldiers  left  off  looting  in  order  to  resume 
fighting,  is  evidence  not  only  of  his  power  to  maintain  discipline  but  also 
of  their  loyalty  to  him.  montem:  'elevation';  see  chap.  95,  1.  16. 
opere  :  the  usual  trench  and  rampart. 

6.  iugis  eis  :  '  along  the  ridges,'  connecting  the  heights.  134,  b,  and 
IGO,  d.  Larisam  versus  :  '  in  the  direction  of  Larisa.'  Their  course 
was  first  toward  the  northeast,  to  find  a  place  where  they  could  cross 
the  Enipeus  ;  Map  20,  Route  of  Pompey's  fleeing  legionaries. 

10.  commodiore  itinere  :  Caesar  passed  over  the  height  on  which 
was  Pompey's  camp  and  followed  the  more  level  ground  along  the  river, 
being  thus  enabled  to  head  off  the  fleeing  legionaries  who  were  travers- 
ing the  high  ground ;  Map  20,  Route  of  Caesar  overtaking  the 

LEGIONARIES  OF  POMPEY. 

12.  quodam  monte  :  marked  B  on  Map  20. 

13.  flumen:  Enipeus. 


460  Caesar's  Civil  War  (B.C.  48 

Caesar,  milites  cohortatus,  etsi  totius  diei  continent! 
ts  labore  erant  confecti  noxque  iam  suberat,  tamen  muniti- 
one  flumen  a  monte  seclusit,  ne  noctu  aquari  PompeianI 
possent.  Quo  perfect5  opere,  illi  de  deditione,  missis 
legatls,  agere  coeperunt.  Pauci  ordinis  senatdrii,  qui  se 
cum  his  coniunxerant,  nocte  fuga  salutem  petiverunt. 

98.  Caesar  prima  luce  omnes  eos,  qui  in  monte  con- 
sederant,  ex  superioribus  locis  in  planitiem  descendere 
atque  arma  proicere  iussit.  Quod  ubi  sine  recusatione 
fecerunt,  passisque  palmis,  pr5iecti  ad  terram,  flentes,  ab  eo 
s  salutem  petiverunt,  consolatus  consurgere  iussit,  et  pauca 
apud  eos  de  lenitate  sua  locutus,  quo  minore  essent  timore, 
omnes  c5nservavit ;  militibusque  suis  commendavit,  ne  qui 
eorum  violaretur,  neu  quid  sui  desiderarent.  Hac  adhibita 
diligentia,  ex  castris  sibi  legiones  alias  occurrere  et  eas, 


15.  mumtione :  Map  20,  Caesar's  line  of  works. 

16.  sgclusit:  'shutoif.'     79,  d.         aquSri:  '  to  obtain  water.' 

18.  ordinis  senatdrii:  'of  senatorial  rank.'  These  men,  having 
bitterly  opposed  Caesar,  feared  his  vengeance  even  more  than  the  sol- 
diers did. 

98.    3.    Quod  :  trans,  as  if  et  id.        recusatione  :  '  protest.' 

4.  passis  palmis  :  *  with  their  palms  outstretclied,'  in  supplication, 
proiecti  ad  terram:  < casting  themselves  upon  the  ground.'  17 1^. 
ab  eo  :  llii,  b. 

5.  consurgere  iussit:  sc.  eos^  'he  bade  them  rise.' 

6.  quo,  etc. :  '  in  order  to  allay  their  fears.'     How  lit.?     IJ^S.  b. 

7.  n6:  '  (urging)  that.'  qui;  4P,  «,  and  765.  commendavit 
[eos]:  not  imperdvit ;  in  a  time  of  so  great  excitement  and  strain 
Caesar  could  more  easily  control  his  men  through  a  request  than  by  a 
command. 

8.  violSrgtur:  'be  harmed.'  neu:  199,  d.  sui:  genitive, 
singular,  neuter;  'anything  that  belonged  to  them,'  lit.  'anything  of 
their  own.'  57,  b,  and  154,  a.  HSc  adhibita  diligentia  :  ♦  Having 
given  this  matter  careful  attention.'     How  lit.  ? 

9.  sibi  occurrere :  with  /V/jmv/,  'he  ordered  other  legions  to  join 
him.' 


Ill,  99] 


The  Battle  of  Pharsalus 


461 


quas  secum  duxerat,  in  vicem  requiescere  atque  in  castra  lo 
reverti  iussit,  eodemque  die  Larisam  pervenit. 

The  losses,  on  both  sides.     Death  of  the  brave  Crastinus. 

99.    In  eo  proelio  non  amplius  cc  milites  desideravit,  sed 
centuriones,  fortes  viros,  circiter  xxx  amisit. 

Interfectus  estetiam,  fortissime  pugnans,  Crastinus,  cuius 
mentionem  supra  fecimus,  gladio  in  os  adversum  coniecto. 
Neque  id  f uit  falsum,  quod  ille,  in  pugnam  proficiscens,  s 
dixerat.  Sic  enim  Caesar  existimabat,  e5  proelio  excellen- 
tissimam  virtutem  Crastini  fuisse,  optimeque  eum  de  se 
meritum  iudicabat. 


10.  quSs,  etc. :  these  legions  had  been  fighting,  marching,  fortifying, 
or  on  guard  duty,  continuously  for  twenty-four  hours.  requiescere : 
'  to  take  rest.' 

11.  Larisam  pervenit:  a  march  of  25  English  miles,  on  the  day 
after  the  battle,  in  very  hot 

weather  —  no    mean    accom- 
plishment.    329. 

99.  I .  CC  :  ducenios.  129, 
b.  B.  217,3;  A.  407,^;  H. 
471?  4- 

2.  centuriones,  etc.  :  cf. 
N.  to  VII,  51,  1.  I. 

3.  supra  :  chap.  91. 
gladio,  etc. :  '•  having  re- 
ceived a  sword-thrust  directly 
in  the  face.' 

6.  excellentissimam, 
etc. :  '  that  the  valor  of  Cras- 
tinus was  the  most  extraordinary '  of  all.  "  The  army  bore  witness," 
says  Appian,  "  how,  like  one  inspired,  running  to  each  rank  he  per- 
formed prodigies  of  valor.  And  when,  after  search,  he  was  found  among 
the  dead,  Caesar  put  military  decorations  upon  him,  and  buried  them 
with  him,  and  built  for  him  a  separate  tomb  near  the  common  burial- 
place  where  many  were  interred." 


Figure   150.  —  Symbols  of  Victory. 
Cuirass,  two  spears,  and  a  banner,  suggesting 
victory  over  a  civilized  nation.     From  a  relief. 


462  Caesar's  Civil   War  [B.C.  4» 

Ex  Pompeiano  exercitu  circiter  milia  xv  cecidisse  vide- 
*  lo  bantur,  sed  in  deditionem  venerunt  amplius  milia  xxiiii 
(namque  etiam  cohortes,  quae  praesidio  in  castellis  fuerant, 
sese  Sullae  dediderunt),  multi  praeterea  in  finitimas 
civitates  refugerunt ;  signaque  militaria  ex  proelio  ad 
Caesarem  sunt  relata  clxxx  et  aquilae  vim. 
IS  L.  Domitius  ex  castris  in  montem  refugiens,  cum  vires 
eum  lassitudine  defecissent,  ab  equitibus  est  interfectus. 

9.  vidSbantur,  etc. :  the  expression  suggests  a  rough  estimate ; 
the  number  of  prisoners  is  more  definitely  stated,  since  they  were 
accurately  counted. 

14.  aquilae  vmi :  the  eagles  of  all  but  two  of  Pompey's  11  legions 
fell  into  Caesar's  hands,  a  sweeping  victory  (Fig.  150).  The  most 
graphic  description  of  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  in  English  literature  is 
in  chap.  21  oi  A  Friend  of  Caesar^  by  W.  S.  Davis. 

15.  L.  Domitius:  N.  to  chap.  3,  1.  2. 

Historical  Significance  of  the  Battle  of  Pharsalus.  "  In  none  (of  the 
world's  decisive  battles),"  says  Warde  Fowler,  "  have  the  contending  forces 
in  a  world-wide  revolution  been  so  exactly  focussed  in  two  armies  on  a  single 
battle-field.  On  one  side  the  disunion,  selfishness,  and  pride  of  the  last  sur- 
vivors of  an  ancient  oligarchy,  speculating  before  the  event  on  the  wealth  or 
office  that  victory  was  to  bring  them ;  on  the  other,  the  absolute  command  of 
a  single  man,  whose  clear  mental  vision  was  entirely  occupied  with  the  facts 
and  issues  that  lay  before  him  that  day. 

"  The  one  host  was  composed  in  great  part  of  a  motley  crowd  from  Greece 
and  the  East,  representing  that  spurious  Hellenic  civilisation  that  for  a  cen- 
tury had  sapped  the  vigour  of  Roman  life;  the  other  was  chiefly  drawn  from 
the  Gallic  populations  of  Italy  and  the  West,  fresh,  vigorous,  intelligent,  and 
united  in  devotion  and  loyalty  to  a  leader  whom  not  even  defeat  could 
dishearten. 

"  With  Pompeius  was  the  spirit  of  the  past,  and  his  failure  did  but  answer 
to  the  failure  of  a  decaying  world;  with  Caesar  was  the  spirit  of  the  future^ 
and  his  victory  marks  the  moment  when  humanity  could  once  more  start  hope- 
fully upon  a  new  line  of  progress." 


SELECTIONS    FOR   SIGHT   READING 


1.  The  Pig's  Last  Will  and  Testament 

Testdmentum  Porcelli. 

Incipit  testamentum  porcelli. 

M.  Grunnius  Corocotta,  porcellus,  testamentum  fecit. 
Quoniam  manu  mea  scribere  non  potui,  scribendum  dictavl. 

Magirus,  cocus,  dixit : 

*Veni  hue,  eversor  domi,  solivertiator,  fugitive  porcelle,  s 
et  hodie  tibi  dirimo  vitam.' 

Corocotta,  porcellus,  dixit : 

*  Si  qua  feci,  si  qua  peccavi,  si  qua  vascella  pedibus  meis 

1.  I,  Incipit:  '(Here)  begins.'  testamentum:  in  our  legal 
phrase,  '  the  last  will  and  testament.'  The  Pig's  Will,  the  author  of 
which  is  unknown,  afforded  amusement  to  many  generations  of  Roman 
schoolboys.         porcellus,  -i,  m.,  'pig.'     75,  a. 

2.  M.  Grunnius  Corocotta,  gen.  Marci  Grunnii  Corocottae, 
m.,  *  Marcus  Grunter  Bristleback.'  All  the  names  of  the  Will  are  made 
up,  and  their  meaning,  although  obvious  to  a  Roman,  can  be  only  ap- 
proximated in  translation. 

3.  scribendum:  gerundive,  'for  writing';  sc.  testdmentum. 
diet 6,  -are,  -avi,  -Stus,  [frequentative  of  dico,  18,a\,  i,  '  dictate.' 

4.  Magirus,  -i,  [/xtiyapo?],  m., '  Chef  ;  Greek  word  meaning  '  cook,' 
here  used  as  a  name.         cocus,  -1,  m.,  'cook.' 

5.  eversor,  -oris,  [everto],  m.,  'overturner.'  solivertiator, 
-oris,  [solum,  'ground,'  verto],  m.,  a  made-up  word,  'rooter.' 

6.  hodie:  adv., 'to-day.'  dirimo:  colloquial  present  instead  of 
the  future. 

8.  qua:  'anything,'  lit.  'anythings.'  pecco,  -5re,  -Svi,  -atus,  i, 
'  transgress,'  '  do  mischief.'  qua  peccavi :  '  have  done  any  mischief.' 
qua :  '  any.'        v5scellum,  -1,  n.,  *  dish.' 

463 


464  Caesar's  Gallic  War 

confregi,  rogo,  domine  coce,  vitam  peto,  concede  roganti.' 
lo      Magirus,  cocus,  dixit : 

*  TransI,  puer,  affer  mihi  de  cocina  cultrum,  ut  hunc  por- 
cellum  faciam  cruentum.' 

Porcellus  comprehenditur  a  famulis,  ductus,  sub  die  xvi 

kal.   lucerninas,  ubi  abundant  cymae,  Clibanato  et   Pipe- 

15  rato   consul ibus.     Et   ut  vidit,  se  moriturum    esse,  h5rae 

spatium  petiit,  et  cocum  rogavit,   ut  testamentum   facere 

posset. 

Clamavit  ad  se  suos  parentes,  ut  de  cibariis  suls  aliquid 

dimitteret  eis.     Qui  ait : 

20      '  Patri  me5,  Verrin5  Lardino,  do,  lego  dari  glandis  mo- 

di5s  XXX ;  et  matrl  meae,  Veturinae  Scrofae,  do,  lego  dari 

Laconicae  siliginis  modios  xl;  et  sorori  meae  Quirinae,  in 

9.  conf lingo,  -ere,  confrggi,  -fractus,  3,  '  smash,'  '  break  to 
pieces.'         dominus,  -1,  m., 'master.'        roganti:  sc.  mihi. 

II.  puer :  the  cook's  helper.  cocina, -ae,  f.,  < kitchen.'  culter, 
-tri  (7,  0)  ni-»  'butcher-knife.' 

12.  cruentus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  'bloody';  here,  ' all  bloody.' 

13.  famulus,  -1,  m.,  '  servant.' 

14.  lucerninus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  a  made-up  word,  '  of  candle-light ' ; 
the  expression  '  the  kalends  of  candle-light '  humorously  suggests  the 
beginning  of  the  long  winter  nights  —  the  season  when  spring  pigs 
(and  turkeys)  are  in  demand.  cyma,  -ae,  f.,  <  young  cabbage.' 
Cliban&tus,  -1,  [clibanus,  *  baking-pan '],  m., 'Roastingpan.'  Pipe- 
rttus,  -i,  [piper,  '  pepper'],  m.,  '  Blackpepper.' 

18.  clSmo,  -are,  -avi,  -5tus,  i,  'call.' 

19.  dimitteret  eis  :  '  bestow  upon  them.'       Qui  ait :  '  And  he  said.' 

20.  Verrinus  L^rdinus, -1  -1,  [verrSs,  *boar,'  Iftrdum,  'bacon'], 
m.,  'Boar  Bacon.'  16g6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  'appoint.'  16g6 
dari:  '  I  bequeath,'  lit.  '  I  appoint  to  be  given  ' ;  legal  formality  and  re- 
dundancy of  expression.  glandis  :  singular  where  we  use  the  plural ; 
'of  acorns.'        modius, -1,  m.,  '  peck.' 

21.  Veturina  Scrofa,  -ae  -ae,  'Dame  Hogg.' 

22.  Laconicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  'Lacedaemonian.'  sillgd,  -inis,  f. 
'  white  wheat.'         Quirina,  -ae,  f.,  '  Squealy.'        in  :  '  at.' 

23.  v6tum :' wedding.'        bordeum,  -I,  n., 'barley/ 


Selections  for  Sight  Reading  465 

cuius    votum    interesse   non    potui,    do,    lego   dan   hordei 
modios  XXX. 

*  Et  de  meis  visceribus  dabo,  donabo,  sutoribus  saetas,  25 
rixoribus  capitinas,  surdis  auriculas,  causidicis  et  verbosis 
linguam,  isiciariis  femora,  cursoribus  et  venat5ribus  talos, 
latronibus  ungulas. 

'  Et  nee  nominando  coco  legato  dimitto  popiam  et  pis- 
tillum,  quae  mecum  attuleram,  de  Tebeste  usque  ad  Ter-30 
geste  ;  liget  sibi  collum  de  reste. 

*  Et  volo  mihi  fieri  monumentum,  aureis  litterls  scrlptum, 

M  •  GRUNNIUS  •  COROCOTTA  •  PORCELLUS 
VIXIT  •  ANNIS  •  DCCCC  XC  Villi  •  ET  •  S 
QUOD       •       SI       •       SEMISSEM      •      VIXISSET  35 

MILLE   •  ANNOS  •   IMPLESSET 

25.  viscus,  -eris,  (13,  e),  n.,  'flesh,'  sutor,  -oris,  m.,  'shoe- 
maker.' saeta,  -ae,  f.,  'bristle,'  used  by  cobblers  in  the  waxed 
end  of  their  threads. 

26.  rixor,  -oris,  m.,  'quarreler.'  capitina,  -ae,  [caput],  f., 
'  head-meat,'  suggesting  our  word  "  headcheese."  surdus,  -a,  -uni, 
adj.,  'deaf.'  auricula,  -ae,  [diminutive  of  auris],  f.,  'ear';  the 
hearing  of  pigs  is  very  keen.  causidicus,  -1,  [causa,  dico],  m., 
'pleader.'        verbosus,  -1,  [verbum],  m.,  '  talkative  person.' 

27.  isiciarius,-i,m., 'sausage-maker.'  cursor, -6ris,  [curro],  m., 
'runner.'        talus,  -1,  m.,  'knucklebone.' 

28.  ungula,  -ae,  f.,  '  hoof.' 

29.  nee  nominando  :  'unspeakable.'  legStum, -1,  n.,  '  legacy ' ; 
here  dative  of  purpose.  popia,  -ae,  f.,  'soup-ladle.'  pistillum,  -1, 
n.,  'pestle  '  of  a  mortar. 

30.  de,  etc. :  like  "  from  Dan  to  Beersheba."  Tebeste,  -is,  n., '  Te- 
beste,' a  city  in  Numidia,  now  T^bessa.       Tergeste,  -is,  n.,  now  Trieste. 

31.  ligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  'bind.'  collum,  -1,  n.,  'neck.' 
d6:  we  should  say  'with.'  restis,  -is,  f.,  'rope';  the  cook  is  ex- 
horted to  hang  himself. 

32.  monumentum,  -1,  [moneo  ;  74,  d'],  n.,  'monument.' 
34.    S  :  for  semisse,  abl.         semis,  semissis,  m.,  'half.' 


466  Caesar's  Gallic  War 

*  OptimI  amatores  mei,  vel  c5nsules  vltae,  rogo  vos,  ut 
cum   corpore  meo  bene  faciatis,  bene  condiatis  de  bonis 
condlmentis  nuclei,  piperis  et  mellis,  ut  n5men  meum  in 
4osempiternum  nominetur. 

*MeI  domini  vel  c5nsobrini  mei,  qui  in  medio  testamento 
interfuistis,  iubete  signari.* 

Lardio  signavit. 

Ofellicus  signavit. 
45  Cyminatus  signavit. 

Lucanicus  signavit. 

Tergillus  signavit. 

Celsinus  signavit. 

Nuptialicus  signavit. 
so      Explicit  testamentum  porcelli,  sub  die  xvi  kal.  lucerninas, 
Clibanat5  et  Piperato  consulibus,  feliciter. 

35.  quod:  'but.'        sSmissem  :  '  half '  of  a  year. 

36.  impleo,  -§re,  implSvi,  -etus,  2,  *  fill  out ' ;  satirical  in  respect 
to  the  veracity  of  inscriptions  on  tombstones. 

37.  amator, -oris,  [amo],  m., 'lover.'  mei:  'of  me.'  con- 
sulSs  :  translate  as  if  considentes;  double  meaning, '  ye  who  have  regard 
for  (my)  life,'  '  ye  who  are  fond  of  good  living.' 

38.  condio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  4,  word  of  double  meaning:  'em- 
balm '  from  the  pig's  point  of  view,  'season'  from  the  point  of  view  of 
the  '  lovers '  of  roast  pig.         condiatis:  ^c.  id.         d6  :  'with.' 

39.  condlmentum,  -1,  [condio],  n.,  'seasoning.'  nucleus,  -1,  m., 
'nut-meat.'         piper,  -eris,  n.,  'pepper.'        mei,  mellis,  n.,  'honey.' 

40.  sempiternus,  -a,  -um,  [semper],  adj.,  'everlasting';  neuter 
as  noun,  in  sempiternum,  'forever  and  ever.' 

41.  Mei  domini:  title  of  respect ;  'good  sirs.'  consobrinus, -I, 
m.,  'cousin.'  in  medio  testamento:  i.e.  'at  the  making  of  my 
will.' 

42.  signo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [signum],  i,  'affix  a  seal';  signari, 
'that  the  seals  be  affixed.'  Each  of  the  seven  witnesses  of  a  will  was 
supposed  to  stamp  his  signet  in  the  wax  covering  the  ends  of  the 
string  with  which  the  tablets  were  tied  together  (Fig.  203). 

43-49.  LardiS:  'Fatbacon.'  Ofellicus :  'Tidbit.'  Cymi- 


Selections  for  Sight   Reading  467 

2.  Witticisms  attributed  to  Cicero 

On  Lentulus,  his  son-in-law. 

Cicero  cum  Lentulum,  generum  suum,  exiguae  staturae 
hominem,  longo  gladio  accinctum  vidisset, 

*Quis,'  inquit,  'generum  meum  ad  gladium  alligavit?* 

On  Piso,  a  son-in-law,  who  walked  effeminately. 

Cicero,  cum  Piso  gener  eius  mollius  incederet,  filia  autem 
concitatius,  ait  f  iliae  :  *  Ambula  tamquam  vir  ! ' 

On  a  portrait  of  his  brother  Quintus,  larger  than  life. 

Nee  Q.  Ciceroni  fratrl  circa  similem  mordacitatem  peper- 
cit.     Nam  cum  in  ea  provincia,  quam  ille  rexerat,  vidisset 

natus:  *  Youngcabbager.'  Lucanicus  :  '  Porksausager.'  Ter- 

gillus:     <  Porkrind.'  Celsinus :     'Porkpie.'  Nuptialicus : 

'  Weddingporker,'  suggesting  a  dish  in  favor  for  wedding-feasts. 

50.  explico,  -are,  explicui,  explicitus,  [ex  +  plico],  i,  'unroll,' 
as  a  book  written  in  the  form  of  a  scroll.  Explicit :  in  full,  explicitum 
est,  lit.  'is  unrolled';  we  should  say,  'Here  ends.'  The  form  of  ex- 
pression, while  not  suitable  for  the  tablets  on  which  wills  were  written,  is 
appropriate  for  the  scroll-shaped  book  in  which  the  Pig's  Will  is  repre- 
sented as  being  recorded  (Figures  166  and  191). 

51.  feliciter:  'happily,'  a  word  of  good  omen,  often  added  at  the 
end  of  a  writing. 

2.  2.  accingo,  -cingere,  -cinxi,  -cinctus,  [ad  +  cingo],  3,  'gird 
on,'  'arm.' 

3.  alligo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  [ad  +  ligo],  i,  'tie  (to).' 

4.  molliter,  [mollis],  adv., 'lazily.' 

5.  concitate,  [concitatus,  participle  of  concito],  adv.,  'ener- 
getically.' ambulo,  -are,  -avi,  i,  'walk.'  tamquam,  [tam -|- 
quam],  adv.,  'just  as.'         vir:  '(your)  husband  (does).' 

6.  circa:  'in  the  use  of;  lit.  'around.'  mordacitas,  -atis, 
[mordax],  f.,  'sharpness'  of  speech.         pepercit :  sc.  M.  Cicero. 

7.  rexerat:  'had  governed';  Quintus  Cicero  was  governor  of  the 
province  of  Asia  (50^,  c)  for  three  years,  before  he  became  a  lieutenant 
of  Caesar  in  Gaul. 


468  Caesar's  Gallic  War 

clipeatam  imaginem  eius,  ingentibus  liniamentis,  usque  ad 
pectus  ex  more  pictam  (erat  autem  Quintus  ipse  staturae 
loparvae),  ait : 

*  Frater  meus  dimidius  maior  est  quam  totus.' 

On  a  certain  foppishness  of  Co.esar's  attire. 

In  Caesarem  quoque  mordacitas  Ciceronis  dentes  suos 

strlnxit.     Nam  primum  post  victoriam  Caesaris  interroga- 

tus,  cur  in  electione  partis  errasset,  respondit:  *  Praecinctura 

IS  me  decepit,'  iocatus  in  Caesarem,  qui  ita  toga  praecingeba- 

tur,  ut  trahendo  laciniam  velut  mollis  incederet. 

On  Caesar's  enlargement  of  the  Senate. 

Cicerd  alias  facilitatem  Caesaris  in  allegando  senatu 
irrisit  palam.     Nam  cum  ab  hospite  su5,  P.  Malli5,  rogare- 

8.  clipeStus,  -a,  -um,  [clipeus],  adj.,  ^shield-shaped,'  i.e.  *oval,' 
like  the  ch'Peus.  imSgo, -inis,  f., 'portrait.'  liniamentum, -i, n., 
*  feature.'        usque,  etc. :  the  painted  portrait  resembled  a  bust. 

9.  ex  more:  *  in  the  usual  fashion.'  pingo, -ere,  pinxi,  pictus^ 
3,  'paint.' 

11.  Frater  meus  dimidius:  'the  half  of  my  brother.' 

12.  dentes  suos  strlnxit :  '  showed  its  teeth,'  we  should  say. 

13.  victoriam:  at  Pharsalus ;  Cicero  had  joined  the  party  of 
Pompey. 

14.  electio, -onis,  [gligo],  f., 'choice.'  praecinctura, -ae,  [prae- 
cingo],  f.,  'manner  of  dress,'  referring  to  the  effeminate  way  that  Cae- 
sar draped  his  toga. 

15.  iocor,  -Sri,  -£tus,  i,  dep.,  'jest.'  toga,  -ae,  f.,  'toga,'  the 
principal  outer  garment  worn  by  Roman  men.  praecingo.  -cingere, 
-cinxi,  -cinctus,  [prae  -f  cingo],  3,  'gird  about.'  The  passive  is 
here  used  in  a  middle  sense ;  '  would  wrap  his  toga  about  him  in  such 
a  way,'  lit.  '  would  so  wrap  himself  up  with  his  toga.' 

16.  lacinia,  -ae,  f.,  '  end '  of  a  toga ;  '  by  letting  the  end  of  his  toga 
drag,'  instead  of  carefully  tucking  it  in. 

17.  facilit&s,  -5tis,  [facilis],  f.,  'ready  compliance.'  allSgo, 
-are,  -Svl,  -atus,  i,  'depute';  'in  appointing  (men  to)  the  Senate.' 

18.  P.  Mallius,  gen.  Publii  Mallii,  m:,  a  friend  of  Cicero. 


Selections  for  Sight  Reading  469 

tur,   ut  decurionatum  privigno  eius    expediret,   assistente 
frequentia,  dixit :  20 

*  R5mae,  si  vis,  habebit ;   Pompeiis  difficile  est.' 

A  play  upon  tcords. 

Ne  ilia  quidem  (oratoribus  conveniunt),  quae  Ciceroni 
aliquando,  sed  non  in  agendo,  exciderunt,  ut  dixit,  cum  is 
candidatus,  qui  cod  filius  habebatur,  coram  eo  suffra- 
gium  ab  alio  peteret :  20 

'  Ego,  quoque,  tibi  favebo.' 

To  Vatinius,  Caesar^ s  friend,  anticipating  a  compliment. 

Vattnius,    pedibus    aeger,    cum    vellet    videri    commo- 
dioris  valetudinis    factus   et    diceret,   se    iam    bina   milia 
ambulare : 
■   'Dies  enim,'  inquit  Cicero,  *  longiores  sunt.'  30 

19.  decurionatus,  -us,  m.,  '  membership  in  a  town  council,'  prob- 
ably at  Pompeii,  near  which  Cicero  had  a  countryseat.  privignus,  -i, 
m.,  *  step-son.'         expediret:  Mielp  to  secure.' 

20.  frequentia,  -ae,  [frequens],  f.,  'crowd.' 

21.  Romae :  locative.     I46.         Pompeiis:  'at  Pompeii.'     11^.5, b. 

22.  ilia:  'those  (sayings).'  oratoribus  conveniunt:  'are 
proper  for  an  orator.'  Ciceroni  —  exciderunt:  'fell  from  the  lips 
of  Cicero.'     109,  b. 

23.  in  agendo  :  '  while  arguing '  in  court. 

24.  candidatus,  -1,  [candidus,  'white'],  m.,  'candidate.'  cocT: 
gen.  of  cocus,  '  cook,' pronounced  as  if  spelled  quoquus.  coram: 
here  a  preposition  with  the  ablative;  'in  his  presence.' 

26.  quoque  :  either  the  adverb,  or  the  vocative  of  quoquus  =  cocus. 

27.  pedibus  aeger  :  Vatinius  had  the  gout. 

28.  commodioris  valetiidinis  factus  [esse]  :  'to  have  improved 
in  health,'  lit.  '  to  have  become  of  better  health.'  bina  milia  [pas- 
suum]  :  'two  miles  (a  day).' 

30.    enim:  '(Of  course),  for.' 


470  Caesar's  Gallic  War 

On  the  consulship  of  Vatinius,  which  lasted  a  few  days. 

In  consulatu  Vatinii,  quem  paucis  diebus  gessit,  notabilis 
Ciceronis  urbanitas  circumferebatur: 

'Magnum  ostentum,'  inquit,  *anno  Vatinii  factum  est, 
quod  illo  consulatu  nee  bruma  nee  ver  nee  aestas  nee  au- 
35  tumnus  fuit' 

Querent!  deinde  Vatinio,  quod  gravatus  esset,  domum  ad 
se  infirmatum  venire,  respondit : 

'Volui  in  consulatu  tuo  venire,  sed  nox  me  compre- 
hendit.' 

On  the  consulship  of  Caninius  Itebilus,  formerly  a  lieutenant  of 
Caesar,  which  lasted  only  a  few  hours,  at  the  end  of  45  B.C. 

40     *  H5c  c5nsecutus  est  Rebilus,  ut  quaereretur,  quibus  con- 
sulibus  consul  fuerit.' 

'  Vigilantem  habemus  consulem  Canlnium,  qui  in  consu- 
latu su5  somnum  non  vidit.* 

Retorts  for  persons  who  lie  about  their  age. 
Redarguimus  interim  aperte,  ut  Cicero  Vibium  Curium, 
45  multum  de  annTs  aetatis  suae  mentientem  : 

31.  notabilis,  -e,  [nota],  adj.,  ^remarkable.' 

32.  urbanitas,  -atis,  [urbauus],  f.,  'pleasantry';  trans,  'witti- 
cism.' circumfero,  -ferre,  -tull,  -latus,  [circum  -f  fer6],  3, 
'carry  around';    here  'circulate.' 

33.  ostentum,  -1,  [ostendo],  n.,  'marvel.' 

36.  gravatus  esset :  '  because  (as  he  said,  Cicero)  had  been  un- 
willing.'        domum  ad  sS :  'to  his  house  to  (see)  him.' 

37.  inflrmo,  -are, -avi,  -atus,  [Infirmus],  i,  'enfeeble.'  Infir- 
matum :  '  when  he  was  laid  up,' 

40.  ut  quaereretur :  '  that  the  question  should  be  raised.'  quibus 
c5nsulibus  :  '  in  whose  consulship.' 

42.  vigiians,  -antis  [vigilo,  'keep  awake'],  adj.  of  double  mean- 
ing, '  watchful '  and  '  wakeful.' 

44.  redargue,  -ere,  -ui,  3,  'show  up';  'we  show  up  (people).' 
interim:  'sometimes.'  Vibius  Curius,  -I  -1,  m.,  an  acquaintance 
of  Cicero's  ;  sc.  redarguit. 


Selections  for  Sight  Reading  471 

*  Turn  ergo,  cum  una  declamabamus,  non  eras  natus !  * 
Interim  et  simulata   assensione,  ut  idem,   Fabia    Dola- 

bellae  dicente  trlgintd  se  annos  habere^ 

*  Verum  est,'  inquit,  *  nam  hoc  illam  iam  vigintT  annis 
audi5 ! '  so 

On  a  man  from  Africa,  wJio  wished  to  pass  as  an  aristocrat. 

Octavius,  qui  natu  n5biHs  videbatur,  Ciceroni  recitanti 
ait :  '  Non  audi5,  quae  dicis.' 

Ille  respondit :  *  Certe  solebas  bene  foratas  habere  aures  ! ' 

H5c  eo  dictum,  quia  Octavius  Libys  oriundus  dicebatur, 
quibus  m5s  est  aurem  forare.  ss 

3.  Legal  Maxims 
Fundamental  maxims  of  right  conduct. 
luris  praecepta  sunt  haec :  honeste  vivere,  alterum  non 
laedere,  suum  cuique  tribuere. 

Definition  of  justice. 
lustitia  est  c5nstans  et  perpetua  voluntas  ius  suum  cui- 
que tribuendl. 

45.  mentior,  -Tri,  -Itus,  4,  dep.,  'he.'' 

46.  dgclamo,  -are,  etc.,  [d§  +  clamo],  i,  'practice  declamation.' 

47.  assensio,  -onis,  f., 'agreement.'  idem:  Cicero;  subject  of 
inquit.  Fabia,  -ae,  f.,  wife  of  Dolabella.  Dolabella,  -ae,  m., 
P.  Cornelius  Dolabella,  who  was  born  in  70  B.C.,  and  was  prominent 
in  Roman  politics  at  the  time  of  the  Civil  War. 

48.  triginta,  etc.  :  'that  she  was  thirty  years  old.' 

49.  hoc,  etc. :  sc.  dicere ;  'I've  been  hearing  her  say  that.' 

53.  foro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  'bore';  of  the  ear,  'pierce.' 

54.  Libys,  -yos,  m.,  '  a  Libyan ' ;  '  was  said  to  be  a  Libyan  by  birth.' 

55.  quibus  :  et  els,  the  Libyans. 

3.    I.    honeste,  [honos]  :  adv.,  '  honorably.' 

2.  suum  cuique :  'to  each  what  belongs  to  him.' 

3.  constSns, -tis,  adj., 'unvarying.'  voluntas :' determination.' 
ius  suum  cuique  :  '  to  each  his  due.' 

4.  tribuendl :  translate  as  if  an  infinitive. 


472  Caesar's  Gallic  War 

The  principal  is  responsible  for  his  agent, 
s     Qui  facit  per  alium,  facit  per  se. 

The  plea,  "  /  did  not  know  the  law,^^  is  not  valid. 
Ignorantia  legis  neminem  excusat. 

We  cannot  confer  upon  another  ampler  rights  than  we  ourselves 

possess. 

Nemo  plus  iuris  in  alium  transferre  potest  quam  ipse 
habet. 

A  single  crime,  a  single  punishment. 

Nem5  debet  bis'punirl  pro  un5  delicto. 

In  heated  argument  men  lose  sight  of  the  truth. 
[o      Nimium  altercando  Veritas  amittitur.  _ 

4.  Fables 

In  union  lies  safety ;  in  discord,  weakness. 

In  e5dem  prato  pascebantur  tres  boves  in  maxima  Con- 
cordia, et  sic  ab  omnI  ferarum  incursione  tuti  erant.  Sed 
discidio  inter  illos  ort5,  singuli  a  feris  petit!  et  laniati  sunt. 

Fabula  docet,  quantum  boni  sit  in  concordia. 

Circumstances  may  make  cowards  brave. 
s      Haedus,  stans  in  tecto  domus,  lup5  praetereunti  male- 

6.    ignorantia,  -ae,  f.,  '  ignorance.' 

9.  punio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  4,  'punish.' 

10.  altercor, -Sri, -5tus,  [alter],  i,  dep., 'dispute.'  vCritas, -Stis, 
[vgrus],  f.,  Mruth.' 

4.  I.  prStum,  -1,  n.,  'meadow.'  pascor,  -1,  pSLstus,  3,  dep., 
'feed.'         concordia,  -ae,  f.,  'harmony.' 

3.  discidium,  -I,  n., '  discord.'     Iani5,  -Sre,  etc.,  i, '  tear  to  pieces.' 

4.  fabula,  -ae,  f.,  '  fable.' 

5.  haedus, -1,  m.,' kid.'  lupus, -I,  m.,' wolf.'  maledicS, -dicere, 
-dizl,  -dictus,  3,  '  rail  at.' 


Selections  for  Sight  Reading  473 

dixit.     Cui  lupus,  '  Non  tu,'  inquit,  'sed  tectum  mihi  male- 
dicit.' 

Saepe  locus  et  tempus  homines  timidos  audaces  reddit. 

The  dog  in  the  manger. 

Canis  iacebat  in   praesepi  bovesque  latrando  a  pabulo 
arcebat.      Cui   Onus  boum,  'Quanta  ista,'  inquit,  'invidiaio 
est,  quod  non  pateris,  ut  eo  cibo  vescamur,  quem  tu  ipse 
capere  nee  possis ! 

Haec  fabula  invidiae  indolem  declarat. 

"  Who  will  put  the  hell  on  the  cat  ?" 
Mures  aliquando  habuerunt  consilium,  quo  modo  sibi  a 
fele  caverent.  Multis  aliis  propositis,  omnibus  placuit,  ut  is 
el  tintinnabulum  annecteretur ;  sic  enim  ipsos  sonitu  ad- 
monitos  eam  fugere  posse.  Sed  cum  iam  inter  mures 
quaereretur,  qui  fell  tintinnabulum  annecteret,  nemo  re- 
pertus  est. 

Fabula  docet,  in  suadendo  plurimos  esse  audaces,  sed  in  20 
ipso  periculo  timidos. 

He  who  urges  others  on,  shares  the  responsibility. 

Tubicen  ab  hostibus  captus,  '  Ne  me,'  inquit,  'interficite; 
nam  inermis  sum,  neque  quicquam  habeo  praeter  banc 
tubam.* 

9.  canis, -is,  m., 'dog.'  praesepe, -is,  n.,  *  manger.'  latro, 
-are,  -avi,  i,  'bark.' 

10.  arceo,  -ere,  -ui,  2, 'keep  (from).'    invidia,  -ae,  f.,  'meanness.' 

11.  vescor,  -1,  3,  dep.,  '  eat.' 

13.  indoles, -is,  f.,  '  true  nature.' 

14.  mus,  muris,  m.,  '  mouse.' 

15.  felis,  -is,  f.,  'cat.' 

16.  tintinnabulum,  -1,  n.,  'bell.'  annecto,  -nectere,  -nexui, 
-nexus,  3,  'tie  (to).'         sonitus,  -us,  m.,  'sound.' 

20.    suadeo, -ere, -SI,  2, 'advise.' 
22.    tubicen, -inis,  m., 'trumpeter.' 


474  Caesar's  Gallic  War 

25  At  hostes,  *  Propter  hoc  ipsum,'  inquiunt,  *  te  interime- 
mus,  quod,  cum  ipse  pugnandi  sis  imperitus,  alios  ad 
pugnam  incitare  soles.* 

Fabula  docet,  non  solum  maleficos  esse  puniendos,  sed 
etiam  eos,  qui  alios  ad  male  faciendum  irritent. 

5.   The  First  Psalm 

Beatus  vir,  qui  n5n  abiit  in  consilio  impiorum, 

et  in  via  peccatorum  non  stetit, 

et  in  cathedra  pestilentiae  non  sedit ; 
sed  in  lege  Domini  voluntas  eius, 
5      et  in  lege  eius  meditabitur  die  ac  nocte. 
Et  erit  tamquam  lignum,  quod  plantatum  est  secus  decur- 
sus  aquarum, 

quod  fructum  suum  dabit  in  tempore  suo, 
et  folium  eius  non  defluet, 

et  omnia,  quaecumque  faciet,  prosperabuntur. 

25.  inquiunt:  from  inquam;  'say.'  interimo,  -imere,  -6nii, 
-SmptuB,  3,  '  kill.' 

28.  maleficus,  -I,  m  ,  'evildoer.' 

29.  irrito,  -5re,  -5vl,  -5tus,  i,  '  stir  up.' 

5.  I  Beatus,  -a,  -um,  adj., '  happy,' '  blessed.'  impius,  -a,  -um, 
[in--f  pius],  adj.,  'wicked,'  'ungodly';  as  a  noun,  impius,  -T,  m., 
'wicked  man.' 

2.  peccStor,  -oris,  [pecco],  m.,  'sinner.' 

3.  cathedra,  -ae,  [Ku^c'Spa],  f.,  'chair,'  'seat.'  pestilentia,  -ae, 
[pestil§ns, '  unwholesome '] ,  f., '  plague ' ;  here  '  they  that  are  a  plague,' 
'the  scornful.'        sedeo,  -6re,  sgdi,  sup.  sessum,  2,  'sit.' 

4.  Dominus,  -1,  m.,  'Lord.'         voluntas  :  sc.  est. 

5.  meditor,  -Sri,  -Stus,  i,  dep.,  'reflect/  'meditate.' 

6.  lignum,  -1,  n.,  'wood,'  'tree.'  planto,  -5re,  -5vi,  -5tus, 
[planta,  'a  plant'],  i,  'plant.'  secus,  prep,  'along,'  'beside.' 
dScursus,  -fls,  [dScurro],  m.,  'course'  of  a  brook  or  stream,  'river.' 

8.  folium,  -I,  n.,'leaf.'  dgfluo,  -fluere,  -fliixl,  [d6  -f  flu6],  3, 
'  flow  away ' ;  of  a  leaf,  '  fade,'  '  wither.' 

9.  prospers,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [prosper, '  favorable '],  i,  *  succeed/ 
'  prosper.' 


Selections  for  Sight  Reading  475 

Non  sic  impii,  non  sic  ;  lo 

sed  tamquam  pulvis,  quern  proicit  ventus  a  facie  terrae. 

Ideo  non  resurgent  impil  in  iudicio, 
neque  peccatores  in  concilio  iustorum ; 

quoniam  novit  Dominus  viam  iustorum, 

et  iter  impiorum  peribit.  i^ 

6.   The  Twenty-third  Psalm 

Dominus  regit  me,  et  nihil  mihi  deerit. 

In  loco  pascuae  ibi  me  collocavit ; 
super  aquam  refectionis  educavit  me, 

animam  meam  convertit. 

Deduxit  me  super  semitas  iustitiae  propter  nomen  suum.  ^ 
Nam,  et  si  ambulavero  in  medio  umbrae  mortis, 

non  timebo  mala,  quoniam  tu  mecum  es  : 

virga  tua  et  baculus  tuus,  ipsa  me  consolata  sunt. 
Parasti  in  conspectu  meo  mensam,  adversus  eos  qui  trlbu- 
lant  me : 

10.  impii  :  sc.  sunt. 

11.  faciSs, -ei,  f., 'face.' 

12.  resurgo,  -ere,  resurrgxi,  resurrectus,  [re-  -|-  surgo],  3,  'rise 
again,'  'stand.' 

13.  iustus,  -1,  [iustus,  -a,  -um],  m.,  'just  man,'  'righteous  man.' 
6.   2.    pascua,  -ae,  f.,  'pasturage,'  'pasture.' 

3.  refectio,  -onis,  [reficio],  f.,  'refreshing.'  educo,  -are,  -avi, 
-atus,  [e  -|-  duco,  from  dux],  i,  'rear';  'support,'  'nourish.' 

5.  iustitiae:  'righteousness.' 

6.  et:  'even.'  ambulo,  -are,  -avi,  i,  'walk.'  umbra,  -ae,  f., 
'  shadow.' 

8.  virga,  -ae,  f.,  a  slender  branch,  '  rod.'  baculus,  -i,  m.,  '  staff.' 
ipsa :  neuter  plural  as  referring  to  both  virga  and  baculus  (cf.  163^  c)  ; 
emphatic  '  they.' 

9.  mgnsa, -ae,  f.,  '  table.'  tribulo,  -are,  i,  'thresh' ;  'afflict,' 
'  torment.' 


476  Caesar's  Gallic   War 

lo     impinguasti  in  oleo  caput  meum, 

et  calix  meus  inebrians  quam  praeclarus  est! 
Et  misericordia  tua  subsequetur  me  omnibus  diebus  vitae 
meae, 
et  ut  inhabitem  in  domo  Domini  in  longitudinem  dierum. 

10.  impinguS,  -are,  -avi,   -atus,    [in  +  pinguis],  i,  'make  fat'; 
■  *  anoint.'        in  :  '  with.'         oleum,  -i,  n.,  '  oil '  of  the  olive. 

11.  caliX;  -icis,  m.,  'cup.'  inebrio,  -are,  i,  'fill  full';  'over- 
flow.' praeclarus,  -a,  -um,  [prae  +  clarus],  adj.,  'glorious,' 
'splendid.' 

13.  inhabits,  -are,  -avi,  [in  +  habito],  i,  'dwell  in,'  '  dweU.* 
in  longitudinem  dierum:    'forever.' 


A   COMPANION   TO   CAESAR 

Essentials   of    Latin   Grammar   for   the    Study   of 

Caesar §§1-243 

Gaius  Julius  Caesar §§  244-280 

The  Geography  of  Caesar's  Commentaries    .         .  §§281-306 

The  Roman  Art  of  War  in  Caesar's  Time     .         .  §§  307-351 


Figure  151.  —  The  Goddess  of  Victory  bearing  a  Gallic 

war  trumpet,  in  commemoration  of  a  victory  over 

Gauls.     From  a  relief  at  Pompeii. 


ESSENTIALS    OF   LATIN    GRAMMAR    FOR    THE 
STUDY    OF   CAESAR 

INFLECTIONS 

NOUNS 

1.  The  Latin  language  has  no  article.  In  translating  into  English, 
the  definite  article  the,  or  the  indefinite  article  a,  should  be  supplied 
with  nouns  in  the  different  cases  as  the  sense  may  require. 

FIRST  DECLENSION 

2.  a.  The  Nominative  Singular  of  nouns  of  the  First  Declension 
ends  in  -S. 

b.  Nouns  of  the  First  Declension  are  nearly  all  of  the  Feminine 
Gender ;  a  few  nouns  referring  to  males  are  masculine,  as  nauta, 
sailor  (III.  9)  ;  Cotta,  a  man's  name  (C.  I.  6). 

3.  An  example  of  the  First  Declension  is:  via  (stem  via-),  f.,  way 
(1.9): 

SINGULAR 

Case  Meaning  Termination 

Nom.  via  a  way,  the  way  -ft 

Gen.     viae  of  a  way,  of  the  way  -ae 

Dat.     viae  to  or  for  a  way,  or  the  way  -ae 

Ace.     viam  a  way,  the  way  -am 

Voc.     via  O  way !  -ft 

Ahl.     vift  from,  by,  in  a  way  or  the  way  -ft 

PLURAL 

Nom.  viae  ways,  the  ways  -ae 

Gen.    viftrum  of  ways,  of  the  ways  -ftrum 

Dat.     viis  to  or  for  ways,  or  the  ways  -js 

Ace.     vias  ways,  the  ways  -fts 

Voc.     viae  0  ways  f  -ae 

Abl.     viis  from,  by,  in  ways,  or  the  ways  -is 

4.  a.  Besides  the  six  cases  of  the  First  Declension  there  is  a  rare 
Locative  Case,  of  which  the  Singular  is  exactly  like  the  Genitive,  as 
Samarobrivae,  at  Samarohriva  (V.  24). 

h.  The  Greek  Name  Achillas  (C.  III.  104)  is  of  the  First  Declen- 
sion, and  declined  as  follows:  Nom.  Achillas,  Gen.  Achillae,  Dat. 
Achillae,  Ace.  Achillam,  Voc.  Achilla  or  Achilla,  Abl.  Achilla. 

479 


480 


Companion   to  Caesar 


[§5 


SECOND  DECLENSION 

5.  a.  The  Nominative  Singular  of  the  Second  Declension  ends  in 
-um  for  Neuter  Nouns  and  -us,  -er,  -ir  for  all  others. 

b.  Nouns  of  the  Second  Declension  in  -us,  -er,  and  -ir  are  gener- 
ally Masculine.  Feminine  are  most  names  of  Trees  and  Plants,  as 
fagus,  he'ech  (V.  12),  and  most  names  of  Countries,  Islands,  and 
Cities,  as  Aegyptus,  Egypt  (C.  II F,  104). 

6.  a.  Examples  of  Nouns  of  the  Second  Declension  in  -us  and 
-um  are  leg&tus  (I.  7)  and  bellum  (T.  1)  : 

leg£tus  (8tem  legato-),  m.,  bellum  (stem  bello-),  n.,  war 

envoy,  lieutenant 


SINGULAR 

Termination 

Termination 

Nom. 

legatus 

-US 

bellum 

-um 

Gen. 

legati 

-i 

belli 

-i 

Dat. 

legato 

-0 

bello 

-0 

Ace. 

legatum 

-um 

bellum 

-um 

Voc. 

legate 

-e 

bellum 

-um 

AbL 

legato 

-0 

PLURAL 

bello 

-6 

Nom. 

legal! 

-i 

bella 

-a 

Gen. 

legatorum 

-orum 

bellorum 

-orum 

Dat. 

legatis 

-is 

bellis 

-is 

Ace. 

legatOB 

-OS 

bella 

-a 

Voc. 

legati 

-i 

bella 

-a 

Abl. 

legatis 

-is 

bellis 

-18 

b.  Caesar  uses  the  Neuter  vulgus  in  the  Nominative  (IV.  5),  Geni 
tive  vulgi  (I.  20),  and  the  Accusative  vulgus  (I.  46). 

c.  Caesar  uses  locus,  -i,  m.,  place,  with  a  Neuter  Plural  declined 
thus:  Nom.  loca,  Gen.  locorum,  Dat.  locis.  Ace.  loca,  Abl.  locls. 

d.  The  Second  Declension  has  a  rare  Locative  Case,  of  which  the 
Singular  is  like  the  Genitive;  as  Cavilloni,  at  Cavillonum  (VII.  90). 

7.   a.  Examples  of  Nouns  of  the  Second  Declension  in  -er  and  -ir 
are  puer,  boy  (I.  29),  ager,  field  (I.  4),  and  vir,  man  (II.  25)  : 


puer  (stem  puero-) , 

ager  (stem  agro-), 

vir  (stem 

viro-), 

M.,  boy 

ii.,  field 

M.,  man 

SINGULAR 

Termination 

Nom.   puer 

SLger 

vir 

Gen.     pueri 

agri 

viri 

-i 

Dat.     puero 

agr5 

viio 

-5 

Ace.     puerum 

agrum 

virum 

-um 

Voc.     puer 

ager 

vir 



Abl.      puer5 

agrO 

vir8 

-o 

§9} 


Essentials  of  Latin   Grammar 


481 


PLURAL 

Termination 

agri 

viri 

-i 

agrorum 

virorum 

-orum 

agiis 

viriB 

-is 

agios 

viios 

-OS 

agri 

viri 

-i 

agiis 

viris 

-is 

Nom.  pueri 

Gen.  puerorum 

Dat.  pueris 

Ace.  pueros 

Voc.  pueri 

Abl.  pueris 

b.  Declined  like  puer  are  socer,  m.,  father-in-law  (T.  12),  gener, 
M.,  son-in-law  (V.  56),  vesper,  m.,  evening  (I.  26),  liberi,  m.,  plural 
only,  children  (I.  11),  and  compounds  of  -fer  and  -ger,  as  signifer, 
standard-bearer  (II.  25). 

c.  Like  ager  is  arbiter,  -tri,  m.,  referee  (V.  1)  ;  also  faber,  -bri,  m., 
mechanic,  Gen.  Plural  generally  fabrum  (V.  11),  administer,  -tri,  m., 
helper  (VI.  16),  culter,  -tri,  m.,  butcher-knife  (p.  464). 

8.  a.  In  Caesar's  time  nouns  of  the  Second  Declension  in  -ius  and 
-ium  formed  the  Genitive  Singular  in  -T  (not  -ii),  retaining  the  accent 
on  the  penult  of  words  of  more  than  two  syllables  even  when  this  was 
short;  thus,  fill,  Vale'ri,  nego'ti,  impe'ri.  Afterwards  Common 
Nouns  in  -ius,  and  many  Proper  Names  in  -ius,  were  written  with  the 
Genitive  in  -ii,  and  for  the  sake  of  consistency  such  Genitives  are  fre- 
quently printed  with  -ii  to-day,  as  consilii  (I.  21),  Valerii  (I.  47). 

b.  The  Genitive  of  Pompeius  is  written  with  -i,  Pompe'  i  (VII.  6, 
C.  III.  84),  as  are  also  the  Genitives  of  some  other  Proper  Names  in 
-ius. 

c.  The  Vocative  of  filius  and  of  Proper  Names  in  -ius  ends  in  -i 
(not  -ie),  the  accent  remaining  on  the  penult  of  vocatives  containing 
more  than  two  syllables  ;  thus  :  Pompe'i  (C.  III.  87). 

d.  The  declension  of  deus,  m.,  god  (I.  12),  is  irregular : 


SINGULAR 

Nora,  deus 

Gen.  dei 

Dat.  deo 

Ace.  deum 

Voc.  deus 

Ahl.  deo 


PLURAL 

di,  dei,  dii 

deorum,  deum 

dis,  deis,  diis 

deos 

dl,  dei,  dii 

dis,  deis,  diis 


THIRD  DECLENSION 

9.  In  the  Third  Declension  are  comprised  nouns  with  stems  ending 
m  a  consonant  (mute  stems,  liquid  stems,  nasal  stems,  and  -s  stems), 
nouns  with  stems  ending  in  -i,  nouns  with  mixed  stems,  and  nouns  of 
irregular  declension.  The  stem  rarely  appears  unchanged  in  the 
Nominative,  but  may  usually  be  recognized  in  the  Genitive. 


482 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[1.10 


10.  a.  Mute  Stems  may  end  in  a  Labial,  p,  b ;  in  a  Guttural,  c,  g ; 
or  in  a  Dental,  t,  d.  In  Guttural  Stems  the  -a  of  the  case  ending  in 
the  Nominative  unites  with  the  c  or  g  of  the  stem,  producing  x;  thus 
dux  for  duc-B,  in  which  the  stem  is  due-,  the  termination  -s ;  and 
r6x  for  r6g-s. 

h.  Examples  of  nouns  with  mute  stems  are  princepa  (T.  13),  r6x 
(I.  31),  pSs  (I.  8),  mllea  (I.  7),  virtua  (I.  1)  and  caput  (I.  29): 


princeps 

(stem  in   oblique 

rSx  (stem  reg-), 

pes  (stem  in  oblique 

cases  princip-) ,  m.,  leader, 

M.,  king 

cases    ped-),     m.^ 

leading 

man 

SINGULAR 

foot 

Teemination 

Nom, 

princeps 

rex 

pes                     -s 

Gen. 

principis 

regis 

pedis                  -is 

Bat. 

principi 

regi 

pedi                    -i 

Ace. 

prlncipem 

regem 

ped  em                -em 

Voc. 

princeps 

rex 

pes                       -8 

Abl. 

principe 

rege 

PLURAL 

pede                   -e 

Nom. 

principes 

reges 

pedis                  -8s 

Gen. 

principum 

regum 

pedum                -um 

Dat. 

principibus 

regibus 

pedibus              -ibus 

Ace. 

principes 

reges 

pedes                  -es 

Voc. 

principes 

reges 

pedes                  -es 

Abl. 

principibus 

regibus 

pedibus              -ibus 

xnlles  (stem  in  oblique 

virtus  (stem  in  oblique     caput  (stem  in  oblique 

cases     milit-),     m., 

cases     virtut-), 

F.,        cases     capit-),     n., 

soldier 

valor,  virtue 

head 

SINGULAR 

Nom. 

miles 

virtus 

caput 

Gen. 

militis 

virtutis 

capitis 

Dat. 

militl 

virtuti 

capiti 

Ace. 

militem 

virtutem 

caput 

Voc. 

miles 

virtus 

caput 

Abl. 

milite 

virtute 

PLURAL 

capite 

Nom. 

milites 

virtu  tSs 

capita 

Gen. 

militum 

virtutum 

capitum 

Dat. 

mllitibus 

virtu  tibus 

capit  ibus 

Ace. 

militSs 

virtuiSs 

capita 

Voc. 

rallitSs 

virtutSs 

capita 

Abl. 

militibus 

virtutibus 

capitibus 

c.   Like  rfix  are  declined  Gallic  Proper  Names  in  -rlx,  as,  in  Sin- 
gular only,  Orgetorix,   Gen.   Orgetorlgia    (I.  2),  and   Dumnorix, 


§11] 


Essentials  of  Latin   Grammar 


483 


-rigis  (I.  3),  and,  in  Plural  only,  Bituriges,  Biturigum  (I.  18)  ;  also 
dux,  ducis,  M.,  leader  (I.  13),  pax,  pacis,  f.,  peace  (I.  3),  pix, 
picis,  Y.,  pitch  (VII.  22),  and  vox,  vocis,  f.,  voice,  utterance  (I.  32). 

d.  Like  miles  in  Declension  are  eques,  equitis,  m,,  horseman  (I. 
15),  pedes,  peditis,  m.,  foot-soldier  (I.  42) ;  and  caespes,  m.,  sod 
(III.  25),  comes,  m.,  companion  (VI.  30),  hospes,  m.,  guest-friend 
(I.  53),  stipes,  M.,  tree-trunk  (VII.  73). 

e.  Quies,  f.,  repose  (V.  40),  is  declined  quies,  quietis,  quieti,  etc. ; 
but  aries,  m.,  hattering-ra7n  (II.  32),  abies,  f.,  fir-tree  (V.  12),  inter- 
pres,  M.,  interpreter  (I.  19),  seges,  f.,  grainfield  (VI.  36)  have  -6tis 
in  the  Genitive  and  are  declined  aries,  arietis,  arieti,  arietem,  etc. 

/.  Like  virtus  are  salus,  salutis,  f.,  in  Singular  only,  safety  (I.  27), 
servitus,  servitutis,  f.,  slavery  (I.  11)  ;  here  also  belong  the  Feminine 
Nouns  whose  Nominative  ends  in  -tas,  as  oivitas,  civitiLtis,  state 
(I.  2),  aestas,  aestatis,  summer  (I.  54). 

g.  Lacking  the  Dental  in  the  Nominative  are  the  Neuters  cor, 
cordis,  heart  (VI.  19),  and  lac,  lactis,  milk  (IV.  1). 

11.  a.  Liquid  stems  end  in  -1  or  -r. 

h.  Examples  of  nouns  with  liquid  stems  are  consul  (I.  2),  victor 
(I.  31)  and  pater  (I.  3)  : 

consul  (stem  consul-),  m.,    victor  (stem  victor-),  m.,    pater  (stem  patr-), 
consul  victor  m..,  father 


Nam. 

consul 

Gen. 

consulis 

Bat. 

consul! 

Ace. 

consulem 

Vac. 

consul 

AM. 

consule 

Nom. 

consules 

Gen. 

consulum 

Dat. 

cOnsulibus 

Ace. 

consules 

Voc. 

consules 

Abl. 

consulibus 

SINGULAR 

victor 

victoris 

victoii 

victorem 

victor 

victore 

PLURAL 

victores 

vie  to  rum 

victoribus 

victores 

victores 

victoribus 


pater 

patris 

patri 

patrem 

pater 

patre 


patrSs 

patrum 

patribus 

pat res 

patres 

patribus 


c.  Like  consul  are  sol,  soils,  m.,  sun  (I.  1),  exsul,  exsulis,  m., 
exile  (V.  55),  sal,  salis,  m.,  salt  (C.  11,  37)  ;  also  some  -r  stems,  as 
Caesar,  Caesaris,  m.,  Caesar  (19,  c) ;  agger,  aggeris,  m.,  mound 
(II.  20),  anser,  -eris,  m.,  goose  (V.  12),  mulier,  mulieris,  f.,  woman 
(I.  29),  arbor,  arboris,  f.,  tree  (II.  1*^). 


484 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[812 


d  Like  victor  are  declined  Masculine  nouns  of  Agency  in  -tor,  as 
mercStor,  -oris,  trader  (I.  1),  deprecStor,  -oris,  intercessor  (I.  9)  ; 
and  Abstract  nouns  in  -or,  as  timor,   oris,  yi.,fear  (I.  22). 

e.  Like  pater  are  declined  f rater,  fr^tris,  m.,  brother  (L  3),  and 
mater,  matris,  f.,  mother  (L  18). 

12.  a.  Nasal  Stems  end  in  -n,  excepting  in  hiems,  hiemis,  f., 
winter  (IV.  1),  of  which  the  stem  ends  in  -m. 

h.   Examples  are  serm5  (V.  37),  homo  (I.  2)  and  ndmen  (L  13)  : 

sermo  (stem  sermon-) , 
M.,  conversation 


Nom. 

sermo 

Gen. 

sermonis 

Dat. 

sermoni 

Ace. 

sermonem 

Voc. 

sermo 

AM. 

sermone 

Nom. 

sermones 

Gen. 

sermoiium 

Dat. 

sermonibus 

Ace. 

sermones 

Voc. 

sermones 

Abl. 

sermonibus 

homo  (stem  homin-), 

nomen  (stem  nomin-] 

M.,  man 

N.,  name 

SINGULAR 

homo 

n5men 

hominiB 

nominis 

homini 

nomini 

hominem 

nomen 

homo 

ndmen 

homine 

nomine 

PLURAL 

homines 

nOmina 

hominum 

uominum 

hominibus 

nominibus 

homines 

nomina 

homines 

nomin  a 

hominibus 

nominibus 

c.  Like  sermo  are  declined  harpago,  harpagonis,  m.,  (jrappling-hook 
(VIL  81)  ;  latro,  latronis,  m.,  bandit  (III.  17)  ;  Divico,  DIviconis, 
M.,  (I.  13;  in  Singular  only)  ;  and  nouns  in  -io,  as  suspicio,  suspi- 
cionis,  F.,  suspicion  (I.  4),  coniiiratio,  -onis,  f.,  league  (I.  2),  Curio, 
Curiouis,  m.,  (C.  II.  3  ;  in  Singular  only). 

d.  Like  homo  are  declined  ordo,  ordinis,  m.,  rank-  (I.  40)  ;  neces- 
situdo,  -inis,  f.,  close  connection  (I.  43)  ;  testiido,  testudinis,  f.,  tes- 
tudo  (II.  6);  nSmo,  Dat.  nSmini,  Ace.  nSminem  (the  place  of  the 
Gen.  and  Abl.y  and  sometimes  the  />«<.,  being  supplied  by  Gen.  ntll- 
ITus,  Abl.  nullo,  Dat.  nulll,  from  niillus),  m.,  no  one;  Apollo, 
ApoUinis,  m.,  (VI.  17,  in  Singular  only)  ;  solitudo,  solitudinis,  f., 
loilderness  (IV.  18);  and  virgo,  -inis,  f.,  maiden  (C.  11.  4). 

e.  Like  ndmen  are  declined  other  Neuters  in  -men,  as  flfimen, . 
fluminis,  river  (I.  1),  agmen,  agminis,  column  (I.  15),  and  certft- 
men,  -inis,  contest  (III.  14). 

13.  a.  The  -s-  of  -s  Stems  becomes  r  between  vowels  in  the  oblique 
cases.    In  bonds,  -r  generally  appears  also  in  the  Nominative;  -r  is 


§13] 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


485 


always  found  in  the  Nominative  of  rumor  and  many  other  nouns  of 
this  class. 

h.   Examples  of  nouns  with  -s  stems  are  m6s  (I.  4),  bonds  (VI. 
13),  or  honor,  and  genus  (I.  48)  : 

mos  (oblique  stem     honos,  honor  (oblique  stem     genus  (oblique  stem 
mor-),  M.,  custom  honor-),  m.,  honor  gener-) ,  n.,  race 


Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Voc. 

Abl. 


mos 

moris 

mori 

morem 

mos 

more 


SIJ^GULAR 

honos  or  honor 

honoris 

honori 

honorem 

honor 

honore 


genus 

generis 

generi 

genus 

genus 

genere 


Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Voc. 

Abl. 


mores 

morum 

morihus 

mores 

mores 

morihus 


PLURAL 

honores 

honorum 

honorihus 

honores 

honores 

honorihus 


genera 

gene  rum 

generihus 

genera 

genera 

generihus 


c.  Like  mos  is  declined  flos,  m.,  flower  (VII.  73). 

d.  Like  honor  are  soror,  sororis,  f.,  sister  (L  18),  uxor,  uxoris, 
F.,  loife  (I.  18). 

e.  Like  genus  are  declined  the  Neuters  fiinus,  fiineris,  funeral 
(VL  19)  ;  latus,  lateris,  side  (I.  25)  ;  munus,  muneris,  gift  (I.  43)  ; 
onus,  oneris,  burden,  load  (11.30);  opus,  operis,  work  (I.  8); 
soelus,  sceleris,  crime  (I.  14)  ;  vulnus,  vulneris,  wound  (I.  25),  etc. 

/.  Similar  in  declension  to  genus,  but  having  a  different  vowel 
before  the  Endings  of  the  Oblique  Cases,  are  the  Neuters  corpus, 
corporis,  body  (I.  25)  ;  dedecus,  -oris,  disgrace  (IV.  25)  ;  facinus, 
-oris,  evil  deed  (I.  40)  ;  frigus,  frigoris,  cold  (I.  16)  ;  litus,  litoris, 
shore  (IV.  23)  ;  pectus,  pectoris,  breast  (VII.  47)  ;  pecus,  pecoris, 
cattle  (III.  29)  ;  tempus,  temporis,  time  (1. 16)  ;  and  robur,  roboris, 
oak  (in.  13). 

g.  Among  other  Nouns  of  the  Third  Declension  with  Nominative 
in  -8  and  Genitive  in  -ris  are  the  Masculine  pulvis,  pulveris,  dust 
{Ace.  pulverem,  IV.  32),  lepus,  leporis,  Aare  {Ace.  leporem,  V.  12), 
mas,  maris,  male  {Gen.  VI.  26)  ;  and  the  Neuters  ius,  iuris  (I.  4; 
Nom.  Plural  iiira,  VI.  13),  aes,  aeiia,  copper  (IV.  31),  criis,  crtiris,  leg 
(VI.  27),  and  6s,  oris,  7Jiouth,face  (V.  35;  Ace.  Plural  ora,  VI.  39). 

h.   ius  iurandum,  n.,  oath  (I.  3),  is  thus  declined,  in  the  Singular : 


486 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[M4 


Nom.  ius  iiirandum,  Gen.  iuris  iurandl,  Dat.  idrl  iflrandd,  Ace.  ifLs 
iurandum,  Ahl.  iure  iurando. 

14.  a.  The  Nominative  Singular  of  Masculine  and  Feminine 
nouns  with  -i  Stems  ends  ordinarily  in  -is,  the  Genitive  Plural  always 
in  -ium. 

h.  Examples  of  Masculine  and  Feminine  -i  Stems  with  Nomina- 
tive Singular  in  -is  are  turris  (II.  30),  Ignis  (1. 4)  and  hostis  (I.  21)  : 

turris  (stem  turri-),  f.,      ignis  (stem  igni-),    hostis  (stem  hosti-), 


tower 

yi..,Jire 

c,  enemy 

SINGULAR 

Tebjiination 

Nom. 

turris 

ignis 

hostis 

-is 

Gen. 

turris 

ignis 

hostis 

-is 

Dat. 

turri 

igni 

hosti 

-i 

Ace. 

turrim  or  -em 

ignem 

hostem 

-im,  -em 

Voc. 

turris 

ignis 

hostis 

-is 

Ahl. 

turri  or  -e 

igni  or  -e 

PLURAL 

hoste 

-e,-i 

Nom. 

turres 

ignes 

hostis 

-«8 

Gen. 

turrium 

ignium 

hostium 

-ium 

Dat. 

turribus 

ignibus 

hostibus 

-ibus 

Ace. 

turris  or  -es 

ignis  or  -Ss 

hostis  or  -§8 

-is,  -es 

Voc. 

turres 

ignes 

hostes 

-es 

Ahl. 

turribus 

Ignibus 

hostibus 

-ibus 

c.  Like  turris,  but  in  the  Singular  only,  is  Sabis,  -is,  Ace.  -im,  u.^the 
Sambre  (II.  16)  ;  also  Tamesis,  -is.  Ace.  -im,  m.,  the  Thames  (V.  11, 18). 

15.  a.  The  Nominative  Singular  of  some  nouns  with  -i  Stems  ends 
in  -6s,  of  a  few  others  in  -er.  Examples  are  caedSs  (V.  47)  and 
linter  (I.  12)  : 

caedes  (stem  caedi-),  r.,  slaughter  linter  (stem  lintri-),  f.,  skiff 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

Nom. 

.  caedSs 

caedSs 

linter 

lintris 

Gen. 

caedis 

caedium 

lintris 

lintrium 

Dat. 

caedl 

caedibus 

lintri 

lintribus 

Ace. 

caedem 

caedes  or  -is 

lintrem 

lintres.  -is 

Voc. 

caedSs 

caedes 

linter 

lint  res 

Ahl. 

caede 

caedibus 

lintri  or 

-e 

lintribus 

b.  Like  caedSs  are  declined  the  Feminine  Nouns  cautSs,  cautis, 
jagged  rock  (III.  13),  molSs,  mdlis,  dike  (III.  12),  rupSs,  -is,  cliff' 
(II.  29),  s6d6s,  -is,  abode  (I.  31),  saepfis,  -is,  hedge  (II.  17),  alc6s, 
-is,  moose  (VI.  27);  also  famSs,  -is,  hunger  (I.  28),  which,  however^ 
has  famfi  in  the  Ablative  Singular  (VII.  20). 

c.  Like  linter  is  imber,  imbris,  m.,  rainstorm  (III.  29). 


§17] 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


487 


16.  a.  The  Nominative  Singular  of  Neuter  nouns  with  -i  Stems 
ends  in  -e,  -al,  and  -ar ;  the  Ablative  Singular  ends  in  -i,  the  Genitive 
Plural  in  -ium. 

h.  Examples  of  neuter  nouns  with  -i  Stems  are  mare  (III.  7)  and 
animal  (VI.  17)  : 

mare  (stem  marl-),  n. 
sea 


animal  (stem  animilli-),  n., 
animal 


SINGULAR   PLURAL 


SINGULAR   PLURAL 


Nom.  mare  maria  animal  animalia 

Geyi.  maris  marium  animalis  animalium 

Dat.  mari  maribus  animali  animalibus 

Ace.  mare  maria  animal  animalia 

Voc.  mare  maria  animal  animalia 


Abl.      mari       maribus 


animali       animalibus 


Terminations 

singular  plural 

-e  or  wanting  -ia 

-is  -ium 

-i  -ibus 

-e  or  wanting  -ia 

-e  or  wanting  -ia 

-i  -ibus 


c.  Bibracte,  n.,  is  declined  thus :  Nom.  Bibracte,  Gen.  Bibractis, 
Dat.  Bibracti,  Ace.  Bibracte,  Ahl.  Bibracte;  no  Plural. 

d.  Like  animal  is  vectlgal,  -alis  (I.  18). 

17.  a.  The  declension  of  nouns  with  Mixed  Stems  in  the  Singular 
conforms  to  that  of  Mute  Stems,  in  the  Plural  to  that  of  -i  Stems. 

b.  Examples  of  nouns  with  Mixed  Stems  are  m5ns  (I.  1),  pars 
(1. 1),  nox  (I.  26)  and  urbs  (I.  39)  : 


mons 

pars 

noz 

urbs 

(stem  : 

mont-), 

(stem  part-) , 

(stem  noct-) , 

(stemurb-), 

M.,  height 

F.,  part 

F.,  night 

F.,  city 

SINGULAR 

Nom. 

mOns 

pars 

nox 

urbs 

Gen. 

mentis 

partis 

noctis 

arbis 

Dat. 

monti 

parti 

nocti 

urbi 

Ace. 

montem 

partem 

uoctem 

urbem 

Voc. 

mons 

pars 

nox 

urbs 

Ahl. 

monte 

parte 

PLURAL 

nocte 

urbe 

Nom. 

montes 

partes 

noctes 

urbes 

Gen. 

montium 

partium 

noctium 

urbium 

Dat. 

montibuB 

partibus 

noctibus 

urbibus 

Ace. 

montes,  -is 

partes,  -is 

noctes,  -is 

urbes,  -is 

Voc. 

montes 

partes 

noctes 

urbes 

Ahl. 

montibus 

partibus 

noctibus 

urbibus 

c.  Among  Nouns  with  Mixed  Stems  used  by  Caesar  are  pons, 
pontis,  M.,  bridge  (I.  6)  ;  cliens,  clientis,  m.,  retainer  (I.  4)  ;  pa- 
rens, -entis,  M.  and  f.,  parent  (V.  14)  ;  falx,  falcis,  f.,  sickle,  hook 
(III.  14);  fax,  facis,  f.,  torch  (VII.  24);  glans,  glandis,  f.,  acorn, 


488 


Companion  to  Caesar 


1518 


slingshot  (V.  43)  ;  dos,  dotis,  v.,  dou^rt/  (VI.  19)  ;  fraus,  fraudis,  f., 
deception  (VII.  40);  frons,  frontis,  f.,  front  (II.  8)  ;  laus,  laudis,  f., 
praise  (I.  40);  lis,  litis,  f.,  damages  (V.  1)  ;  mors,  mortis,  f.,  death 
(I.  5)  ;  nix,  nivis,  f.,  snow  (VII.  8)  ;  plSbs,  plgbis,  f.,  people  (I.  3)  ; 
trabs,  trabis,  f.,  beam  (II.  29)  ;  sors,  sortis,  f.,  lot  (I.  50)  ;  stirps, 
stirpis,  F.,  stock  (VI.  34). 

d.  Defective  is  the  noun  with  the  stem  spont-,  which  has  only  a 
Genitive,  spontis,  and  Ablative,  sponte  (I.  9). 

18.  a.  The  declension  of  the  nouns  vis  (I.  6),  bos  (VI.  26),  car5 
(V.  14),  and  luppiter  (VI.  17),  is  exceptional,  not  conforming  to  any 
of  the  types  which  have  been  given  : 


vis  (stems  vi-,  vir-) , 
v.,  force 


Nam.  vis 

Gen.  

Dat.  

Ace.  vim 

Vac.  vis 

AM.  vi 


Nom.  vires 

Gen.  virium 

Dat.  viribuB 

Ace.  vires 

Voc.  vires 

Ahl.  viribus 


bos  (stem  bov-) ,     caro  (stem   luppiter  (stem  iov-,  + 
c,  ox,  cow  earn-),         pater  in  the  Nom.), 

F.,_tl€sh         M.,  Jupiter 


SINGULAR 


bSs 

caro 

luppiter 

bovis 

carnis 

lovis 

bovi 

canii 

lovi 

bovem 

earn  em 

lovem 

bos 

caro 

luppiter 

bove 

PLURAL 

came 

love 

boves 

canies 

bourn  or 

bovum 

carnium 

bobus  or 

bubus 

carnibus 

boves 

carues 

boves 

earnes 

bobus  or 

bubus 

carnibus 

h.  Senex,  m.,  old  man  (I.  29),  stem  seni-  in  oblique  cases,  is 
declined  thus :  senex,  senis,  sen!,  senem,  senex,  sene ;  senSs, 
senum,  senibus,  senes,  senes,  senibus. 

c.  Iter,  n.,  Journey,  route  (I.  3),  has  a  stem  itiner-  in  the  oblique 
cases :  iter,  itineris,  itinerl,  iter,  iter,  itinere  ;  itinera,  itinerum, 
itineribus,  itinera,  itinera,  itineribus. 

d.  Femur,  n.,  thigh,  in  the  oblique  cases  has  two  stems,  femor-  atid 
femin-,  thus:  No7n.  femur.  Gen.  femoris  or  feminis  (VII.  73),  etc. 

e.  Arar,  m.,  th«'  Ai-ar  (I.  12,  13,  16),  is  declined  thus:  Arar, 
Araris,  Ararl,  Ararim,  Arar,  Arari;  similar  is  Liger,  Ligeris,  m.. 
the  Liger  (III.  9). 

/.  phalanx,  f.,  mass  formation,  mass,  is  declined  thus  :  Nom.  phalanx 
Gen.  phalangis,  Dat.  phalangi,  Ace.  phalaugem  or  phalanga,  Ahl. 
phalange. 


§  20]  Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar  489 

g.  Taurois,  f.,  Taurois,  is  thus  declined :  Taurois,  Gen.  Tauro- 
entis,  Ace.  Tauroenta  (C.  11.  4). 

Names  of  the  First,  Second,  and  Third  Declensions 

19.  a.  Of  the  Second  Declension  are  all  Roman  First  Names  (prae- 
nomina)  used  by  Caesar,  and  in  reading  the  text  the  name  should  be 
supplied,  in  the  proper  case  form,  from  the  abbreviation.  The  First 
Names  are  Aulus,  Gen.  Auli  (abbreviation  A.),  Appius  (Ap.),  Gaius 
(abbreviation  C,  an  old  form  of  G.),  Decimus  (D.),  Gnaeus  (Cn.), 
Lucius  (L.),  Marcus  (M.),  Publius  (P.),  Quintus  (Q.),  Servius 
(Ser.),  and  Titus  (T.). 

b.  The  Clan  Names  (nomina),  ending  in  -ius  (as  lulius,  Tullius), 
are  of  the  Second  Declension. 

c.  The  Family  Names  or  Surnames  (cognomina)  are  partly  of  the 
First  Declension,  as  Galba  (Servius  Sulpicius  Galba)  ;  of  the  Sec- 
ond, as  Baculus  (Publius  Sextius  Baculus)  ;  and  of  the  Third, 
as  Caesar  (11,  c),  the  full  name  being  declined  thus:  Nam.  Gaius 
lulius  Caesar,  Ge7i.  Gai  lull  Caesaris  or  Gail  lulii  Caesaris  (8,  a), 
Dat.  Gaio  lulio  CaesarT,  .Ice.  Gaium  lulium  Caesarem,  Voc.  Gal 
lull  Caesar  (5,  c),  AU.  Gaio  lulio  Caesare. 

d.  The  names  of  Gauls  or  Germans  are  generally  of  the  Second 
Declension,  as  Diviciacus,  -i,  or  of  the  Third,  as  Dumnorix,  Gen. 
Dumnorigis;  of  the  First  Declension  are  Galba  (II.  4,  13)  and 
Nasua  (I.  37),  as  well  as  the  Numidian  names  Juba,  Saburra  (C. 
II.  38). 

e.  The  names  of  Foreign  Peoples  are  ordinarily  declined  in  the 
Plural  only.  A  feyv  are  of  the  First  Declension,  as  Belgae,  -arum 
(I.  1)  ;  the  rest  are  of  the  Second  Declension,  as  Helvetii,  -orum 
(I.  1),  or  of  the  Third,  as  AUobroges,  -um  (I.  6). 

/.  In  the  Accusative  Plural  of  names  of  foreign  peoples  Caesar 
sometimes  has  the  Greek  ending  -as  instead  of  -gs ;  as  Allobrogas 
(I.  14),  Cretas  (II.  7),  Coriosolitas  (II.  34). 

FOURTH  DECLENSION 

20.  a.  Nouns  of  the  Fourth  Declension  ending  in  -us  are  generally 
Masculine,  nouns  ending  in  -ti  are  Neuter;  domus, manus,  and  Idus 
(Plural)  are  Feminine. 

h.  Examples  of  nouns  of  the  Fourth  Declension  are  fructus  (VI.  19) 
and  cornu  (I.  52)  : 


490 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§21 


frQctus  (stem  fructu-)  ta.,  fruit 


comu  (stem  comti-),  n.,  horn 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

Nom 

. fructus 

fructus 

cornfl 

cornua 

Oen. 

fructus 

fructuum 

cornfis 

comuum 

Dat. 

fructui 

fructibus 

cornfi 

comibus 

Ace. 

fructum 

fructus 

cornu 

cornua 

Voc. 

fructus 

fructus 

cornu 

cornua 

Ahl. 

fructu 

fructibus 

cornfl 

cornibUB 

c.  DomuB  (stem  domu-),  f.,  house,  has  also  a  stem  domo-  of  the 
Second  Declension,  from  which  are  formed  a  Locative  Singular,  domi, 
at  home  (I.  18,  20,  etc.),  an  Ablative  Singular,  domo,  from  home, 
(I.  5,  6,  etc.),  an  Accusative  Plural,  domos  (I.  30),  and  some  forms 
not  used  by  Caesar. 

d.  Many  nouns  of  the  Fourth  Declension  are  defective,  being  used 
only  in  the  Ablative  Singular,  as  iniussu  (1. 19),  iussu  (VII.  3),  nata 
(11.  13). 

FIFTH  DECLENSION 

21.  a.  Nouns  of  the  Fifth  Declension  end  in  -Ss,  and  are  Femi- 
nine except  digs,  day,  and  meridigs,  midday  (I.  50),  which  are  Mas- 
culine; but  digs  is  usually  Feminine  when  referring  to  a  certain  day 
(as  I.  4,  8,  30),  or  to  time  in  general. 

h.  Examples  of  nouns  of  the  Fifth  Declension  are  : 

digs  (stem  dig-),  m.,  day  res  (stem  r5-),  f.,  thing 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

Nom.  dies 

dies 

rSs 

res 

Gen.   diei 

dierum 

rel 

rerum 

Dat.    diSi 

diebus 

r«X 

rebus 

Ace.    diem 

dies 

rem 

res 

Voc.    diSs 

dies 

rSs 

rSs 

Ahl.    dig 

diSbus 

rS 

rebus 

c.  In  the  Genitive  and  Dative  Singular  -61  becomes  -el  when  a 
consonant  precedes,  as  in  rel  (L  21)  ;  so  spei  (VI L  63,  C.  IL  5). 


ADJECTIVES 


22.  a.  In  Adjectives  of  the  First  and  Second  Declensions  the  Mas- 
culine is  declined  like  Ifigatus  {6,  a),  puer  (7,  a),  or  ager  (7,  o),  the 
Feminine  like  via  {3),  and  the  Neuter  like  bellum  (6,  a). 

h.  Declined  like  Iggfttus,  via,  bellum,  are  many  Adjectives,  as 
bonus,  bona,  bonum,  good : 


§23] 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


491 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

Masculine 

Feminine 

Neuter 

Masculine 

Femininb 

Neuter 

Nom.  bonus 

bona 

bonum 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

Gen.    boni 

bonae 

boni 

bouorum 

bonarum 

bonorum 

Dat.    bono 

bonae 

bono 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Ace.    bonum 

bonam 

bonum 

bonos 

bonSs 

bona 

Voc.    bone 

bona 

bonum 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

Ahl.    bono 

bona 

bono 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

c.  Distributive  adjectives  are  declined  like  bonus  except  that  in  the 
Genitive  Plural  they  have  -um  instead  of  -orum,  as  quadragenum 
(ly.  17)., 

d.  A  few  Adjectives  are  declined  like  puer,  via,  bellum,  as  miser, 
misera,  miserum,  wretched  (I.  32)  : 


SINGULAR 

Masottline 

Feminine 

Neuter 

Nom 

.  miser 

misera 

miserum 

Gen. 

raiseri 

miserae 

miseri 

Dat. 

misero 

miserae 

misero 

Ace. 

miserum 

miseram 

miserum 

Voc. 

miser 

misera 

miserum 

Ahl. 

misero 

misera 

misero 

PLURAL 

Masculine      Feminine  Neuter 

miseri  miserae  misera 

miserorum  miserSrum  niiserorum 

miseris  miseris  miseris 

miseros         miseras  misera 

miseri  miserae  misera 

miseris  miseris  miseris 


e.  Like  miser  are  declined  asper  (V.  45),  liber  (I.  44),  and  tener 
(11.17). 

/.  Declined  like  ager,  via,  bellum,  are  most  adjectives  in  -er,  as 
aeger,  aegra,  aegrum,  sick  (V.  40),  integer  (III.  4),  etc. : 


SINGULAR 

Masculine  Feminine    Neuter 

Nom.  aeger  aegra  aegrum 

Gen.    aegri  aegrae  aegri 

Dat.    aegro  aegrae  aegro 

Ace.     aegrum  aegram  aegrum 

Voc.    aeger  aegra  aegrum 

Abl.     aegro  aegri  aegro 


PLURAL 

Masculine  Feminine  Nbutek 

aegri  aegrae  aegra 

aegrorum  aegrSrum  aegrorum 

aegris  aegris  aegris 

aegros  aegrSs  aegra 

aegri  aegrae  aegra 

aegris  aegris  aegris 


23.  a.  Six  Adjectives  in  -us  (unus,  one  ;  solus,  alone  :  totus,  whole  ; 
alius,  other;  ullus,  any;  nullus,  none)  and  three  in  -er  (alter,  the 
other;  liter,  which  (of  two)  f  and  neuter,  neither),  have  -lus  (or  -ius) 
in  the  Genitive  and  -i  in  the  Dative  Singular  of  all  genders,  and  lack 
the  Vocative ;  the  Plural  is  regular.  They  are  thus  declined  in  the 
Singular : 


492 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§24 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

M 

A8CULINE 

Fkminink 

Neuteb 

Masculine 

Fkmimne 

Neuteb 

Nom 

.  alius 

alia 

aliud 

alter 

altera 

alteram 

Gen. 

[alius 

alius 

alius] 

alterius 

alterius 

alterius 

Bat. 

alii 

alii 

alii 

alteri 

alteri 

alteri 

Ace. 

alium 

aliam 

aliud 

alterum 

alteram 

alterum 

Abl. 

alio 

alia 

alio 

altero 

altera 

altero 

Nom. 

totus 

tota 

totum 

uter 

utra 

utrum 

Gen. 

totius 

totius 

totius 

utiius 

utrius 

utrius 

JJat. 

toti 

toti 

toti 

utii 

ntri 

utri 

Ace. 

totum 

totam 

totum 

utrum 

utram 

utrum 

Abl. 

toto 

tota 

toto 

utro 

utra 

utro 

h.  The  Grenitive  Singular  of  alter  is  generally  alterius,  instead  of 
alterius;  and  alterius  is  ordinarily  used  in  place  of  the  Genitive 
alius. 

24.  Some  Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension  hrve  three  end- 
ings in  the  Nominative  Singular,  others  two,  and  others  only  one. 
Adjectives  with  three  endings  are  declined  like  5cer,  acris,  5cre, 
sharp  (C.  HI.  72)  : 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

Masculine 

Feminine 

Neuter 

Masculine 

Feminine 

Neuteb 

Nom. 

acer 

acris 

acre 

acres 

acres 

acria 

Gen. 

acris 

acris 

acris 

acrium 

acrium 

acrium 

Bat. 

acii 

arri 

acri 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

Ace. 

acrem 

acrem 

acre 

acres,  -is 

acres,  -is 

acria 

Voc. 

acer 

acris 

acre 

acres 

acres 

ficria 

Abl 

acri 

acri 

acri 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

25.  a.  Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension  with  two  endings  are  in 
part  formed  on  -i  Stems,  like  nouns,  and  in  the  Positive  Degree,  as 
fortis,  forte,  strong  (IT.  33)  ;  in  part  they  are  Comparatives  formed 
on  -s  Stems  {IS,  a),  as  fortior,  fortius,  stronger  (III.  14),  melior, 
melius,  better  (VI.  12)  : 


SINGULAR 

PLURA 

L 

Masculine  and 

Fem. 

Neuter 

Masculine  and  Fem. 

Neuteb 

Nom.  fortis 

forte 

fortSs 

fortia 

Gen.    fortis 

fortis 

fortium 

fortium 

Dat.    fortl 

fortl 

fortibus 

fortibus 

Ace.     fortem 

forte 

fortes  or  -is 

fortia 

Voc.     fortis 

forte 

fortes 

fortia 

Abl.     fortl 

forti 

fortibus 

fortibus 

§26J 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


493 


SINGULAR 

PLURAI 

Masculine  and 

Fem. 

Neuter 

Masculine  and  Fem. 

Neuter 

Nom,  melior 

melius 

meliores 

meliora 

Gen.    melioris 

melioris 

meliorum 

meliorum 

Dat.    meliori 

meliori 

melioribus 

melioribus 

Ace.    meliorem 

melius 

meliores  or  -is 

meliora 

Voc.    melior 

melius 

meliores 

meliora 

Ahl.     meliore 

meliore 

melioribus 

melioribus 

b.  Plus,  more,  is  defective,  in  the  Singular  having  only  the  neuter 
forms,  Nom.  plus,  Gen.  pluris.  Ace.  plus,  Ahl.  plure ;  the  Plural  is 
declined  Nom.  plures,  plura.  Gen.  plurium,  plurium,  Dat.  pluribus, 
pluribus.  Ace.  plures  or  pluris,  plura,  Ahl.  pluribus,  pluribus. 

26.  a.  With  Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension  having  one  end- 
ing in  the  Nom.  Singular  are  included  also  present  participles.  Exam- 
ples are  duplex,  double  (II.  29),  regens,  ruling,  and  vetus,  old  (1.  13)  : 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

Masculine  and 

Fem. 

Neuter 

Masculine  and  Fem. 

Neuter 

Nam 

.  duplex 

duplex 

duplices 

duplicia 

Gen. 

duplicis 

duplicis 

duplicium 

duplicium 

Dat. 

duplici 

duplici 

duplicibus 

duplicibus 

Ace. 

duplicem 

duplex 

duplices  or  -is 

duplicia 

Voc. 

duplex 

duplex 

duplices 

duplicia 

Ahl. 

duplici 

duplici 

duplicibus 

duplicibus 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

M 

A8CULINE  AND 

Fem. 

Neuter 

Masculine  and  Fkm. 

Neuter 

Nom. 

,  regens 

regens 

regentes 

regentia 

Gen. 

regentis 

regentis 

regentium 

regentium 

Dat. 

regenti 

regenti 

regeutibus 

regeutibus 

Ace. 

regentem 

regens 

regentes  or  -is 

regentia 

Voc. 

regens 

regens 

regentes 

regentia 

Ahl. 

regente  (participle)      regente  (participle)     regeutibus 

regeutibus 

regenti  (adjective)       regenti  (adjective) 

SINGULAR 

PLURAI 

Masculine  and 

Fem. 

Neuter 

Masculine  and  Fem. 

Neuter 

Nom. 

.  vetus 

vetus 

veteres 

Vetera 

Gen. 

veteris 

veteris 

veterum 

veterum 

Dat. 

veteri 

veteri 

veteribus 

veteribus 

Ace. 

veterem 

vetus 

veteres 

Vetera 

Voc. 

vetus 

vetus 

veteres 

Vetera 

Ahl. 

vetere 

vetere 

veteribus 

veteribus 

h.  The  Adjective  princeps,  -cipis  (I.  7)  is  declined  like  the  Noun 
{10,  b)  ;  the  Adjectives  anceps,  ancipitis  (I.  26),  particeps,  cipis, 
(C.  III.  60),  and  praeceps,  -cipitis  (II.  24),  also  have  additional 
syllables  in  the  oblique  cases. 


494 


Companion   to   Caesar 


(§27 


COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES 

27.   a.  Examples  of  the  Regular  Comparison  of  Adjectives,  and  of 
participles  used  as  Adjectives,  are : 


POSITIVE 

altus,  -a,  -um,  high 


COMPARATIVE 

altior,  altius,  higher 


antiquus,  -a,  -um,  ancient      antiquior,  -lus 


fortis,  -e,  hrave 
nobilis,  -e,  nohle 
f  erfix,  fertile 
potens,  able 
apertus,  open,  exposed 


fortior,  fortius 
nobilior,  nobilius 
feracior,  feracius 
potentior,  potentius 
apertior,  apertiua 


SUPERLATIVE 

altissimus,  -a,-uin,  very 

high,  lilghest 
antiquissimus 
fortissimus 
nobilissimuB 
feracissimus 
poteiitissimus 
apertissimus 


h.   Novus,  new,  lacks  the  Comparative,  but  has  a  Superlative,  no- 
vissimus,  last  (I.  15). 

28.  a.  Examples  of  Adjectives  in  -er,  with  Comparative  in  -ior 
and  Superlative  in  -rimus,  are : 

asper,  -ra,  -rum,  rough  asperior,  -ius  asperrimus,  -a,  -um 

celer,  -eris,  -ere,  swift  celerior,  -ius  celerrimus 

creber,  -bra,  -brum,  frequent  crebrior,  crebrius  creberrimus 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum,  beautiful  pulcbrior,  -ius  pulcherrimus 

h.  Vetus,  Gen.  veteris,  old.  Sup.  viterrimus,  lacks  the  Comparative. 

29.  Six  Adjectives  in  -ills  have  -limus  in  the  Superlative :  faciliB, 
difficilis,  gracilis,  humilis,  similis,  dissimilis  : 


facilis,  -e,  easy 
difficilis,  -e,  difficult 
humilis,  -e,  low 
similis,  -e,  like 


facilior,  faoilius 
diflicilior,  -ius 
hurailior,  -ius 
similior,  -ius 


facillimus,  -a,  -um 
difiicillimus 
humillimus 
simillimuB* 


30.  Some  Adjectives  form  the  Comparative  and  the  Superlative 
by  prefixing  magia,  more,  and  mazimS,  most,  as  magis  dSrSctum, 
straighter  (VI.  26),  and  maxim§  acceptus,  veri/  acceptable  (I.  3). 
maxims  frfLmentariis,  exceedingly  fertile  (I.  10),  maximS  ferl,  mo.si 
barbarous  (II.  4). 

31.  The  Adjectives  dives  or  dis,  rich  (I.  2),  honorificus,  com- 
plimentary (I.  43),  and  magnificus,  splendid  (VI.  19)  are  thus  com- 
pared : 


dives  or  dis 
honorificus 
magnificus 


divitior  or  ditior 

honorificentior 

magnificentior 


divitissimus  or  ditissimus 

honorificentissimus 

mafqiificentissimuB 


34] 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


495 


32.  Several  common  Adjectives  are  irregular  in  Comparison  : 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  good  melior,  melius,  better  optimus,  -a,  -um,  best 

malus,  bad  peior,  peius,  worse  pessimus,  worst 

parvus,  small  minor,  minus,  less  minimus,  least 

magnus,  great  maior,  maius,  greater  maximus,  greatest 

multus,  much  plus,  gen.  pluris  {25,  b)  plurimus,  m,ost 

33.  Several  Adjectives  lack  the  Positive,  though  the  Stem  appears 
in  Prepositions  and  Adverbs  ;  others  have  a  Positive  only  in  a  limited 
or  special  use.     Examples  are  : 


(citra,  on  this  side) 

(ultra,  beyond) 
(intra,  within) 
(prope,  near) 
(de,  doion) 
(prae,  pro,  before) 
posterus,  following 

inferus,  below 
superus,  above 


citerior,  citerius,  on  this 

side,  hither 
ulterior,  ulterius, /ar^Aer 
interior,  interius,  inner 
propior,  propius,  nearer 
deterior,  deterius,  inferior 
prior,  prius, /orrner 
posterior,  later 

inferior,  inferius,  loioer 


extervLS,  foreign 
(C.  III.  43) 


citimus,  -a,  -um,  nearest 

ultimus,  farthest 
intimus,  inmost 
proximus,  nearest 
deterrimus,  worst 
primus,  frst 
postremus,  latest,  last 

l'^^''^^  I  lowest 
imus,      J 
supremus,  last 
summus,  highest 


extremus,  outermost 


superior,  superius,  higher 
exterior,  outer 

ADVERBS 
34.   a.  Adverbs  regularly  formed  from  Adjectives  have  the  Positive 
in  -e  (-S  in  facile)  or  -ter,  the  Comparative  in  -ius,  and  the  Superla- 
tive in  -S : 


COMPARATIVE 

amplius,  more  fully 

aegrius 

matiirius 

facilius 

fortius 

audacius 

acrius 


SUPERLATIVE 

amplissime,  most  fully 

aegerrime 

maturrime 

facillime 

fortissime 

audacissime 

acerrime 


POSITIVE 

ample  (a.m'pluB) ,  fully 
aegre  (aeger),  ill 
matiire  (maturus) ,  early 
facile  (facilis),  easily 
fortiter  (fortis),  bravely 
audacter  (audax),  boldly 
acriter  (SLcer) ,  fiercely 

b.  Some  Adverbs  formed  from  Adjectives  end  in  -6  (-6  in  cito), 
as  continuo,  subito,  primo ;  such,  with  Comparative  and  Super- 
lative, are : 

crebr5  (creber) ,  frequently 
tuto  (tutus),  safely 
cito  (citus) ,  quickly 

c.  A  few  Adverbs  formed  from  Adjectives  end  in  -um  (Ace.  Sin- 
gular Neuter),  as  multum  (multus),  much  (III.  9);  in  -tim,  as 
privatim  (privatus),  privately  (I.  17)  ;  and  in  -tus,  as  antiqultu^ 
(antiquus),  m  ancient  times  (II.  4). 


crebrius 

creberrime 

tutius 

tutissime 

citius 

citissime 

496 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§35 


35.    The  following  Adverbs  have  irregularities  in  Formation  or  in 
Comparison : 


little 


bene,  well 
male,  ill 

magnopere,  greatly 
multum,  much 
nOn  multum, 
parum,  j 

nuper,  recently 

diu,  long 
saepe,  often 
prope,  near 

satis,  enough 


melius,  better 
peius,  worse 
magis,  more 
plus,  more 

minus,  less 


diutius,  longer 
saepius,  oftener 
propius,  nearer 
potiuB,  rather 
satius,  better 
prius,  before 


optime,  best 
pessime,  worst 
maximg,  most 
plurimum,  most 

minimS,  least 

nuperrimS,  most  recently,  very 

recently 
diutissime,  longest 
saepissime,  most  often,  oftenest 
proximo,  nearest,  next 
potissimum,  especially,  above  all 

T^timMm,  first 


NUMERALS 

36.   The  Roman  Notation,  and  Cardinal,  Ordinal,  and  Distributive 
Adjectives  are  presented  in  the  following  list : 

Ordinals 


Rohan 
Notation 
I. 
II. 

m. 
mi, 

or  IV. 
V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

vmi, 

or  IX. 
X. 
XL 
XIL 
XIII. 

XIIII, 
or  XIV. 
XV. 

XVI. 


Cardinals 

iinus,  una,  unum, 
duo,  duae,  duo 
tres,  tria,  three 

quattuor,/owr 
quinque.^ue 

sex,  six 

septem,  seven 

octo,  eight 

novem,  nine 

decem,  ten 
undecim,  eleven 
duodecim,  tv^elve 
tredecira,  thirteen 

quattuordecim, 

fourteen 
quindecim,  .^/<een 

sedecim,  sixteen 


primus,  first 
secundus,  second 
tertius,  third 

qvLATtvis,  fourth 
qulntus,  fifth 

sextus,  sixth 

Septimus,  seventh 

octavus,  eighth 

nOnus,  ninth 

decimus,  tenth 
undecim  us,  eleventh 
duodecimus,  twelfth 
tertius  decimus, 

thirteenth 
quartus  decimus, 

fourteenth 
quiutus  decimus, 

fifteenth 
sextus  decimus, 

sixteenth 


DlSTRIBCTIVRS 

singull,  one  by  one 
bini,  tv:o  each 
terni,  trini,  three  by 

three,  three  each 
quaterni, /owr  by 

four,  four  each 
qulnl,  five  by  five, 

five  each 
seni,  six  by  six,  six 

each 
septeni,  by  sevens, 

seven  each 
octOni,  by  eights, 

eight  apiece 

noveni,  7iine  each 

deni,  ten  each 

undeni,  eleven  each 

duodeni,  twelve  each 

terni  deni,  thirteen 
each 

quaterni  deixi,  four- 
teen each 

quini  dem,  fifteen 
each 

seni  deul,  sixteen 
each 


361 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


497 


Roman 

Notation 

Cardinals 

Ordinals 

DiSTRIBITTIVES 

XVII. 

septendecim,  seven- 

Septimus decimus, 

septeni  deni,  seven- 

teen 

seventeenth 

teen  each 

XVIII. 

duodevlginti,  eigh- 

duodevicesimus, 

duodeviceni,  eighteen 

teen 

eighteenth 

each 

XVIIII, 

undeviginti,  nine- 

undevicesimus, 

undeviceni,  nineteen 

or  XIX. 

teen 

nineteenth 

each 

XX. 

viginti,  twenty 

vicesimus,  twentieth 

viceni,  twenty  each 

j  viginti  unus, 

vicesimus  primus 

viceni  singuli. 

XXI. 

\  unus  et  viginti, 

unus  et  vicesimus, 

singuli  et  viceni. 

'     twenty-one 

twenty-first 

tiventy-one  each 

I  viginti  duo, 

vicesimus  secundus, 

viceni  bini,              | 

XXII. 

\  duo  et  viginti, 

alter  et  vicesimus. 

bini  et  viceni,          r 

V     twenty-two 

twenty-second 

twenty-two  each  J 

XXX. 

triginta,  thirty 

tricesimus,  thirtieth 

triceni,  thirty  each 

xxxx, 

or  XL. 

quadraginta,  forty 

quadragesimus, 
fortieth 

quadrageni,    forty 
each 

L. 

quinquaginta, 

quinquagesimus, 

quinquageni,  fifty 

fifty 

fiftieth 

each 

LX. 

sexaginta,  sixty 

sexagesimus 

sexageni,  sixty  each 

LXX. 

septuaginta, 

septuagesimus, 

septuageni,  seventy 

seventy 

seventieth 

each 

LXXX. 

octoginta,  eighty 

octogesimus,  eightieth 

octogeni,  eighty  each 

LXXXX, 

orXC. 

\  nonaginta,  ninety 

nonagesimus, 
ninetieth 

nonagenT,  ninety  each 

C. 

centum,  one  hun- 

centesimus 

centeni,  one  hundred 

dred 

one  hundredth 

each 

centum  iinus, 

cent(esimus  primus, 

centeni  singuli. 

centum  et  unus, 

centesimus  et  primus. 

one  hundred 

CI. 

one  hundred  and 

hundred  and  first 

and  one  each 

cc. 

one 
ducenti,  -ae,  -a, 

ducentesimus. 

duceni,  two  hundred 

two  hundred 

two  hundredth 

each 

ccc. 

trecenti,  -ae,  -a, 

trecentesimus. 

treceni,    three    hun- 

three hundred 

three  hundredth 

dred  each 

cccc. 

quadringenti,  four 

quadringentesimus, 

quadringeni,  four 

hundred 

four  hundredth 

hundred  each 

D. 

quingenti,  five 

quingentesimus, 

quingeui,    five    hun- 

hundred 

five  hundredth 

dred  each 

DC. 

sescenti,  six  hun- 

sescentesimus. 

sesceni,  six  hundred 

dred 

six  hundredth 

each 

DCC. 

septingenti,  seven 

septingentesimus. 

septingeni,  seven  hun- 

hundred 

seven  hundredth 

dred  each 

DCCC. 

octingenti,  eight 

octingentesimus. 

octingeni,  eight  hun- 

hundred 

eight  hundredth 

dred  each 

DCCCC. 

nongenti,  nine 

nongentesimus, 

nongeni,  nine  hun- 

hundred 

nine  hundredth 

dred  each 

M. 

mille,  thousand 

millesimus. 

singula  milia,  a  thou- 

thousandth 

sand  each 

MM. 

duo  milia,  two 

bis  millesimus. 

bina  milia,  two  thou- 

thousand 

a  two  thousandth 

sand  each 

498 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§37 


tres 

tria 

trium 

triuM 

tribus 

tribus 

tres,  tris 

tria 

tribus 

tribus 

37.  a.  UnuB  is  declined  like  totus  (B3,  a). 

b.  Duo- (I.  48)  and  trgs  (I.  1)  are  declined  thus: 

Nom.  duo  duae  duo 

Gen.   duOrum  duarum  duOrum 

Dat.    du5bus  duabus  du5bu8 

Ace.    duos,  duo  duas  duo 

Abl.    duobus  duabus  du5bus 

c.  Like  duo  is  declined  ambo  (V.  44),  excepting  -o  instead  of  -o. 

d.  Ducenti,  -ae,  -a  (T.  43)  and  the  other  words  for  hundreds  to 
nongenti,  -ae,  -a  (C.  III.  71)  are  declined  like  the  Plural  of  bonus, 
but  the  Genitive  Plural  generally  ends  in  -um. 

€.  When  Plural  Nouns,  which  generally  have  a  Singular  Meaning, 
are  used  with  a  Plural  Meaning,  a  Numeral  in  agreement  must  be 
Distributive;  with  such  Nouns  trinl  is  always  used  instead  of  term. 
Thus,  trims  catgnis,  with  three  chains  (I.  53). 

38.  a.  Mille  (I.  22)  in  the  Singular  is  used  as  an  Indeclinable  Ad- 
jective.    In  the  Plural  it  is  used  as  a  Substantive  and  thus  declined : 

I^om.  milia      Gen.  milium     Dat.  milibus     Ace.  milia     Abl.  milibus 

b.  The  Roman  numerical  symbols  are  frequently  used  in  place  of 
Ordinal  as  well  as  Cardinal  Adjectives.  In  reading  Latin  the  proper 
form  of  the  Adjective  should  be  supplied ;  thus  ducenta  quadrS- 
gintSL  should  be  read  for  CCXL  in  milia  passuum  CCXL  (I.  2)  ; 
decima  for  X  in  legione  X  (C.  III.  91). 


PRONOUNS 

39.   a.  The  Personal  Pronouns  of  the  First  and  Second  Person  are 
declined  as  follows : 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

Nom.  ego,  / 

nds,  we 

tu,  thou 

vOs,  you 

Ge?i.    mei 

nostrum, 

nostri 

tul 

vestrum,  vestri 

Dat.    mihi 

nobis 

tibi 

vobis 

Ace.    me 

1168 

te 

v5s 

Voc.    

tu 

vOs 

Abl.    me 

nobis 

te 

vObis 

b.  The  place  of  a  Personal  Pronoun  of  the  Third  Person  is  taken 
by  the  demonstratives  (160,  a  and  b). 

40.  a.  In  the  oblique  cases  the  Pronouns  of  the  First  and  Second 
Person  may  be  used  in  a  Reflexive  sense,  as  vob  recipite,  lit.  take 
yourselves  back,  retreat  (VII.  50) ;  mel,  may  mean  of  myself,  tibi,  to 
or  for  thyself,  yourself,  etc. 


45] 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


499 


h.  The  Eeflexive  Pronoun  of  the  Third  Person  has  no  separate  forms 
for  the  three  genders,  and  is  declined  in  Singular  and  Plural  alike,  as 
follows : 

Gen.  sui,  of  himself,  of  herself,  of  itself,  of  themselves 

Dat.   sibi,  to  or  for  himself,  herself,  itself,  themselves 

Ace.   se  or  sese,  himself,  herself,  itself,  themselves 

Abl.   se  or  sese,  with,  or  by,  himself,  herself,  itself,  themselves 

41.  The  Possessive  Pronouns  are  declined  like  Adjectives.  They 
are:  mens,  mea,  meum,  my ;  noster,  nostra,  nostrum,  our;  tuus, 
tua,  tuum,  thy;  vester,  vestra,  vestrum,  your;  and  suus,  sua, 
suum,  his,  her,  its,  their.     Suus    is  used  only  in  a  Reflexive  sense. 

42.  a.  The  Demonstrative  Pronouns  are  hic,  this,  such ;  iste,  that 
of  yours,  that :  ille,  that,  such ;  is,  that,  he,  such,  and  idem,  the  same. 

b.   Hic,  this,  such,  is  declined  thus : 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

Mascitline 

Feminine 

Neuter 

Masculine 

Feminine 

Neuter 

Nom.    hie 

haec 

hoc 

hi 

hae 

haec 

Gen.      huius 

huius 

huius 

horum 

harum 

horum 

Dat.      huic 

huic 

huic 

his 

his 

his 

Ace.      hunc 

hanc 

hoc 

hos 

has 

haec 

Abl.       hoc 

hac 

hoc 

his 

his 

his 

43.   a.    The  Demonstrative  Pronoun  ille,  that,  such,  is  declined  as 
follows : 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

Masculine 

Feminine 

Neuter 

Masculine 

Feminine 

Neuter 

Nom.    ille 

ilia 

illud 

illi 

illae 

ilia 

Gen.      illius 

illius 

illius 

illorum 

illarum 

illorum 

Dat.      illi 

illi 

illi 

illis 

illis 

illis 

Ace.       ilium 

illam 

illud 

illos 

illas 

ilia 

Abl,       illo 

ilia 

illo 

illis 

illis 

illis 

b.   The  Demonstrative  Pronoun  iste,  ista,  istud,  that  of  yours,  that, 
is  declined  like  ille. 

44.   The  Demonstrative  Pronoun  is,  that,  he,  such,  is  thus  declined : 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

Masculine 

Feminine 

Neuter 

Masculine 

Feminine 

Neutei 

Nam.    is 

ea 

id 

ei,  ii, 

eae 

ea 

Gen.     eius 

eius 

eius 

eorum 

earum 

eorum 

Dat.      ei 

ei 

ei 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

Ace.      eum 

earn 

id 

eos 

eas 

ea 

Abl.      eo 

ea 

e6 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

45.   The  Demonstrative  Pronoun  idem,  the  same,  is  declined  as 
follows : 


500 


Companion  to  Caesar 


(§46 


SINGULAR 
Masculine    Feminine    Neuter 


PLURAL 
Feminine 


Nbutbb 


46. 


Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

AM. 


Masculine 

eidem, 

iidem,  or    eaedem  eadem 

idem 
edrundeiu    earundem      eOrundem 

ieisdem,         eisdem,  eisdem, 

iisdem,  or    ilsdem,  or     iisdem,  or 
isdem  isdem  isdem 

eosdem         easdem         eadem 

!  eisdem,         eisdem,         eisdem, 
iisdem,  or    iisdem,  or    iisdem,  or 
isdem  isdem  isdem 


The  Intensive  Pronoun  ipse,  self,  is  thus  declined  : 

PLURAL 
Neuter 


Nom. 

idem 

eadem 

idem 

Gen. 

eiusdem 

eiusdem 

eiusdem 

Dat. 

eidem 

eidem 

eidem 

Ace. 

eundem 

eandem 

idem 

AbL 

eodem 

eadem 

eodem 

Masculini 

ipse 

ipsius 

ipsi 

ipsum 

ipso 


SINGULAR 
Feminine 


Masculine      Feminine  Neuter 


ipsa 

ipsius 

ipsi 

ipsam 

ipsa 


ipsnm 

ipsius 

ipsi 

ipsum 

ipso 


ipsi 

ipsOrum 

ipsis 

ipsos 

ipsis 


ipsae 

ipsarum 

ipsis 

ipsas 

ipsis 


ipsa 
ipsorum 


ipsa 
ipsis 


47.    The  Relative  Pronoun  qui,  who,  which,  is  declined  as  follows : 


SINGULAR 
Masculine    Feminine 


Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

AbL 

48. 

what  ? 


qui 

cuius 

cut 

quem 

qu5 


quae 

cuius 

cui 

quam 

qua 


Neuter 

quod 

cuius 

cui 

quod 

quo 


Masculine 

qui 

quorum 

quibus 

quOs 

quibus 


PLURAL 
Feminine 

quae 

quarum 

quibus 

quas 

quibus 


Neuter 

quae 

quorum 

quibus 

quae 

quibus 


a.  The  Substantive  Interrogative  Pronoun  is  quia,  quid,  who  f 
It  is  declined  as  follows  : 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

Marc.  ani>  Fem. 

Neuter 

Masculink 

Feminine 

Nom. 

quis 

quid 

qui 

quae 

Gen. 

cuius 

cuius    ■ 

quorum 

quarum 

Dat. 

cui 

cui 

quibus 

quibus 

Ace. 

quem 

quid 

quOs 

quas 

Ahl. 

quo 

quo 

quibus 

quibus 

Neuter 

quae 

quorum 

quibus 

quae 

quibus 

h.  The  Adjective  Interrogative  Pronoun  is  qui,  quae,  quod,  what  f 
as  qui  numerua,  what  number  f  (I.  29).  It  is  declined  like  the  Rela- 
tive Pronoun  (-^7). 

c.  Interrogative  quia  and  qui  may  be  strengthened  by  -nam,  as 
quibusnam  manibus,  by  what  hands,  pray  f  (11.  30). 


§51] 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


501 


49.  a.  ThelndefinitePronounsfollowtheDeclensionof  the  Relative 
and  Interrogative  Pronouns,  but  only  the  Pronominal  Part  of  the 
Compounds  is  declined.  The  following  Indefinite  Pronouns  are 
used  by  Caesar,  in  both  Substantive  and  Adjective  forms  : 


Substantive  Forms 

Masc.  and  Fem.        Neut. 


quis  or 
qui  (Masc.) 


aliquis 
aliqui  (V.  26) 

quispiam 


quisquam 


quid    j  any  one, 
I  anything 


Ad.jective  Forms 

Masc.  Fem.  Neut. 

qui  or        quae  or       quod 

quis  qua 

No7n.  and  ace.  PI.  Neut., 

quae  or  qua 


any 


aliquid    {  some  one, 
1  something 

(some  one, 
some- 
thing 
{any  one, 
anything   quisquam 
at  all 


aliqui         aliqua         aliquod  |  any 
quispiam  quaepiam   quodpiam  [  some 


quicquam     «;;2;^-j 


(Plural  lacking.) 

quisque  quidque 

qui  vis  quae  vis   quid  vis  ( 
ace.  quem- 

vis        vis        vis      I  you  please 
quidam  quaedam  quiddam  \  a  certain 
ace.  quen-      quau-     qmA-\ person, 

dam        dam        dam   )  or  thing 


r  each  one, 
[each  thing 
any  one, 
quam-  quid- 1  anything 


(Plural  lacking.) 

quisque     quaeque     quodque  |  each 

quivis        quaevis       quodvis  \ 

ace.  quemvis  quamvis  quod-  \    !*^  ^^^ 

.    ■  vis      )^'^««« 

quidam     quaedam    quoddam   \ 

^         t  a  oer- 
acc.  quen-    quan-  quod-      K     . 

dam      dam  dam        J  ^"*^ 


h.  The  Indefinite  Pronoun  quis,  qui,  is  used  by  Caesar  only 
after  si,  nisi,  seu,  ne,  neu,  and  ubi. 

50.  a.  The  Indefinite  Relative  quicumque,  quaecumque, 
quodcumque,  whoever,  whatever,  the  first  part  qui-  being  declined 
like  the  relative  qui,  is  used  both  as  an  Adjective  and  as  a  Sub- 
stantive; as  quaecumque  bella,  whatever  wars  (I.  44),  quicumque 
bellum  inferant,  whoever,  or  no  matter  who,  should  wage  war  (IV.  7). 

h.  The  parts  of  the  Indefinite  Relative  quisquis,  quidquid  or 
quicquid,  whoever,  whatever,  are  both  declined  like  quis  (4^),  but 
only  quisquis,  quicquid  (II.  17),  and  quoquo  are  in  common  use. 

51.  Caesar  uses  two  compounds  of  uter  (^3,  a)  with  the  force  of  In- 
definite Pronouns,  uterque,  utraque,  utrumque  (utriusque,  etc.), 
each  of  two.  Plural  both,  the  two;  and  alteruter,  alterutra,  alter- 
utrum,  one  or  the  other,  as  alterutro  exercitu,  the  one  or  the  other 
army  (C.  III.  90). 


502 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§52 


VERBS  1 

52.   The  verb  sum  is  inflected  as  follows : 

Principal  Parts: 

Pbes.  Indicative    Pres.  Infinitive    Perf.  Tndtoative    Fut.  Pabt.  (Perf.  Part,  lacking) 


sum 


fui 


futuruB 


INDICATIVE  MOOD 
Present  Tense 


SINGULAR 

plural 

sum,  /  am 

es,  thou  art 

est,  he  {she,  it)  is 

sumus,  we  are 
estis,  you  are 
sunt,  they  are 

Imperfect 

eram,  /  was 
erfis,  thou  wast 
erat,  he  was 

erftmus,  we  were 
erfttis,  you  were 
erant,  they  were 

Future 

ero,  I  shall  be 
eris,  thou  wilt  be 
erit,  lie  will  be 

erimus,  we  shall  be 
eritis,  you  will  be 
erunt,  they  will  be 

Perfect 

fui,  I  have  been, 

fuimus,  we  have 

I  was 
f  uisti,  thou  hast 
been,  you  were 

fuit,  he  has  been, 
he  was 

been,  we  were 
fuistis,  you  have 

been,  you  were 
j>  ,       ^   (  ^hey  have 

Pluperfect 

fueram,  I  had  been 

fuerfts,  thoii  hadst, 

you  had,  been 
fuerat,  he  had  been 

f  uerftmus,  we  had 

been 
fuerfttis,  you  had 

been 
f  uerant,  they  had  been 

Future  Perfect 

fuero,  /  shall  have 

been 
fueris,  thou  wilt 

have  been 
f  uerit,  he  will  have 

been 

fuerimus,  we  shall 

have  been 
fueritis,  you  will 

have  been 
fuerint,  they  will 

have  been 

SUBJUNCTIVE 
Present 


singular 
sim 
sis 
sit 


plural 
simus 
sitis 
sint 


Imperfect 

essemus 
esses  essetlB 

essent 


Perfect 

fuerim  fuerimus 

fueris  fueritis 

fuerit  fuerint 


Pluperfect 

fuissem  fuissemus 

fuisses  fuissetis 

fuisset  fuissent 


1  Since  the  Principal  Parts  of  all  the  Verbs  in  the  Latin  Text  of  this  book 
are  given  in  the  Vocabulary,  it  has  not  been  thought  necessary  to  extend  this 
outline  by  presenting  either  a  List  of  Verbs  or  a  discussion  of  the  Stems. 


§53J 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


503 


IMPERATIVE 

INFINITIVE 

es,  he  thou            este,  he  ye 

Pres. 

esse,  to  he 

esto,    thou           estote,  ye  shall  he 

Per/. 

fuisse,  to  have  been 

Shalt  be              sunto,   they  shall  be 

Fut. 

futurus  esse,  or  fore, 

esto,  he  shall  be 

to  be  about  to  he 

Fut. 


PARTICIPLE 
Fut.    futurus,  about  to  be 
FIRST  CONJUGATION 
53.   Verbs  of  the  First  Conjugation  are  inflected  like  amo,  /  love. 
PRiNCiPAii  Parts: 

Pres.  Indicative        Pres.  Infinitive         Perf.  Indicative        Perf.  Pass.  Participle 
Active,  amo  amftre  amavi  amfttus 

Pres.  Indicative  Pres.  Infinitive  Perf.  Indicative 

Passive,  amor  amari  araatus  sum 


Active  Voice 
INDICATIVE  MOOD 

Present  Tense 


SINGULAR 

amo,  Hove 
amas,  you  love 
amat,  he  loves 


PLURAL 

amamus,  we  love 
amatis,  you  love 
amant,  they  love 


Imperfect 


amabam,  I  was 

loving 
am  abas,  you  were 

loving 
amabat,  he  was 

loving 


amabamus,  we 

were  loving 
amabatis,  you 

loere  loving 
amabant,  they 

were  loving 


Future 

amabo,  I  shall  amabimus,  we 

love  shall  love 

amabis,  thou  wilt,  amabitis,  you 

you  ivill^  love  will  love 

amabit,  he  will  amabunt,  they 

love  will  love 
Perfect 
amavi,  /  have 

loved,  I  loved 


amavisti,  you 
have  loved, 
you  loved 

amavit,  he  has 
loved,  he  loved 


amavimus,  we 

have  loved,  we 

loved 
amavistis,  you 

have  loved,  you 

loved 
amaverunt,  -ere, 

they  have  loved, 

they  loved 


Passive  Voice 
INDICATIVE  MOOD 
Present  Tense 
singular  plural 

I  am  loved,  etc. 
amor  amamur 

amaris  or  -re  amamini 

amatur  amantur 

Imperfect 
I  was  loved,  etc. 

amabar  amabamur 

amabaris  or  -re       amabaminl 
amabatur  amabantur 


Future 
I  shall  be  loved,  etc. 

amabor  amabimur 

amaberis,  or  -re      amabiminl 
amabitur  amabuntur 


Perfect 
/  have  been  loved  or  /  was  loved,  etc. 

amatus  (-a,  -um)    amati     (-ae,    -a) 
sumus 
amatI  estis 
amati  sunt 


sum 
amatus  es 
amatus  est 


504 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§53 


Active  Voice 
INDICATIVE  MOOD 


Plupkefkct 

amaveram,  I  had 

loved, 
amaver&s,  you 

had  loved 
amaverat,  he  had 

loved 


amaverftmus,  we 

had  loved 
amaverfttis,  you 

had  loved 
amaverant,  they 

had  loved 


Future  Perfect 


amavero,  I  shall 

have  loved 
amaveris,  you  will 

have  loved 
amaverit,  he  will 

have  loved 


amaverimus,  we 
shall  have  loved 

amaveritis,  you 
will  have  loved 

amaverint,  they 
vnll  have  loved 


Passive  Voice 
INDICATIVE  MOOD 

Pluperfect 
I  had  been  loved,  etc. 

amatus  erftm  ^         amati  erftmus 
amatus  erfts 
amatUB  erat 


amati  erfttis 
amati  erant 


Future  Perfect 

/  shall  have  been  loved 

amatus  ero  i  amati  erimus 

amatus  eris  amati  eritis 

amg^tus  exit  amati  erunt 


SUBJUNCTIVE 
Present 
singular  plural 

/  may  love,  let  us  love,  etc. 


amem 

am  emus 

ames 

ametis 

amet 

ament 

Imperfect 

I  might  love 

amftrem 

am&remus 

amftres 

amftretis 

am&ret 

amftrent 

Perfect 

/  may  have  loved 

amav«rlin  amaverimus 

amaveris  amaveritis 

amaverit  amaverint 

Pluperfect 

I  might  have  loved 

amavissem  amavissSmus 

amavisses  amavissetis 

araavisset  amavissent 


SUBJUNCTIVE 
Present 
singular  plural 

I  may  be  loved,  etc. 

amer  amemur 

am  eris,  or  -re  amemini 

ametur  amentur 

Imperfect 

/  might  be  lovrd 

amarer  amfiremur 

amareris,  or  -re      amaremini 
amaretur  amarentur 

Perfect 

/  may  have  been  loved 

amatus  sim'^  amati  simus 

amatus  sis  amati  sitis 

amatus  sit  amati  sint 

Pluperfect 
/  might  have  been  loved 
amatus  essem^        amati  essemus 


iiiniitus  esses 
amatus  esset 


anuiti  essetis 
amati  essent 


1  In  the  Perfect  Passive  fui,  fuisti.  fuit,  etc.,  are  sometimes  used  for  sum, 
68,  est,  etc.,  and  fueram,  fueras.  fuero.  etc.,  for  eram,  ero.  etc. 

2  Here  tWTlvH,  fuerls.fuissem,  etc.,  are  sometimes  used  for  aim,  essem,  etc. 


54] 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


505 


Active  Voice 

Passive  Voice 

IMPERATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 

Fres. 

ama,  love  thou    annate,  love  ye 

SINGULAR 

Fut. 

amato,  thou       araatote. 

,  tje 

Pres. 

amftre,  be  thou  loved 

shaft  love             shall  love 

Fut. 

amator,  thou  shalt  be  loved 

amato,  he  shall  araanto, 

theij 

amator,  he  shall  be  loved 

love                      shall  love 

PLURAL 

Pres. 

amamini,  be  ye  loved 

Fut. 

amantor,  they  shall  be  loved 

INFINITIVE 

INFINITIVE 

Pres. 

am  are,  to  love 

Pres. 

amari,  to  be  loved 

Per/. 

amavisse,  to  have  loved 

Per/. 

amatus    esse,    to    have    been 

Fut. 

amaturus  esse,  to  be 

loved 

about  to  love 

, 

Fut. 

amatum  iri,  to  be  about  to  be 

loved 

PARTICIPLE 

PARTICIPLE 

Pres. 
Fut. 

araftns,  loving 

{Gen.  amantis) 
amaturus,  about  to  love 

Perfect.         amatus,   loved,    having 

been    loved 
Gerundive,    amandus,   to    he  loved, 

worthy  to  be  loved 

GERUND 

SUPINE 

Gen.  amandi,  of  loving 
Dat.   a.mSindo,  for  loving 
Ace.    araandum,  loving 
Abl.    amando,  by  loving 


Ace.    amatum,  to  love 

Abl.    amatu,  to  love,  to  be  loved 


SECOND  CONJUGATION 

54.    Verbs  of  the  Second  Conjugation  are  conjugated  like  moneo, 
/  advise. 

Principal  Parts  : 

Pres.  Indicative        Pkes.  Infinitive        Perf.  Indicative         Perp.  Pass.  Participle 
Active,  moneo  men  ere 

Pres.  Indicative  Pres.  Infinitive 

Passive,   moneor  moneri 

Active  Voice 


INDICATIVE   MOOD 
Present  Tense 
singular  plural 

I  advise,  etc. 


monui  monitus 

Perf.  Indicative 
monitus  sum 

Passive  Voice 

INDICATIVE  MOOD 

Present  Tense 

singular  plural 

/  am  advised,  etc. 


moneo 

moil  emus 

moneor 

monemur 

mones 

monetis 

moneris  or  -re 

monemini 

monet 

monent 

monetur 

monentur 

506 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§51 


Active  Voice 

INDICATIVE  MOOD 

Imperfect 

I  was  advising,  or  I  advised,  etc. 

moiiebam  monetamus 

moneb&s  monebatis 

mouebat  monebant 

Future 
I  shall  advise 
monebo  monebimus 


monebis 
monebit 


monebitis 
monebunt 


Perfect 
/  have  advised,  or  /  advised 
monui  monuimus 


monuisti 
monuit 


monui&tis 
monuerunt,  or  -ere 


Passive  Voice 

INDICATIVE  MOOD 

Imperfect 

/  was  advised,  etc. 

monebar  monebSLinur 

monebaris,  or  -re    moiiebamini 
monebatur  monebantur 

Future 

/  shall  be  advised 

monebor       v  monebimur 

moneberis,  or  -re    monebimini 
monebitur  monebuntur 

Perfect 
/  have  been  advised,  I  was  advised 


monitus  sum 
monitUB  es 
monitus  est 


moniti  sumus 
moniti  estis 
moniti  sunt 


Pluperfect 
/  had  advised 


monueram 

monuerfts 

monuerat 


monuerftmus 

monuerS.tis 

monuerant 


monitus  eram 
monitus  erSs 
monitus  erat 


Pluperfect 

/  had  been  advised 

moniti  erftmuB 
munili  er£tis 
moniti  erant 


Future  Perfect 

I  shall  have  advised 


monuero 
monueris 
monuerit 


monuerimus 

monueritis 

monuerint 


Future  Perfect 

I  shall  have  been  advised 

monitus  ero  moniti  erimus 

monitus  eris  moniti  eritis 

monitus  erit  moniti  erunt 


SUBJUNCTIVE 

Present 
I  may  advise,  let  us  advise,  etc. 
moneam  moneS,mus 


monefts 
moneat 


monefttis 
moneant 


SUBJUNCTIVE 

Present 
/  may  be  advised,  etc. 


monear 

nioneftris,  or  -re 
nioiie&tur 


moneftmur 
moneftmini 
moneantur 


Imperfect 

/  might  advise,  you  would  advise 

monSrem  monSremus 

moneres  moneretis 

monSret  mouerent 


Imperfect 

/  might  be  advised 

monSrer  inoneremur 

monereris.  or  -re    moneremini 
moneretur  monerentur 


54] 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


507 


Active  Voice 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

Perfect 

/  may  have  advised,  etc. 


monuenm 

monueris 

monuerit 


monuerimus 

monueritis 

monuerint 


Pluperfect 

/  might  have  advised,  you  would  have 

advised,  etc. 

monuissem  mouuissemus 

monuisses  monuissetis 

monuisset  monuissent 


Passive  Voice 

SUBJUNCTIVE 
Perfect 
I  may  have  been  advised,  etc. 
monitus  sim  moniti  simus 

monitus  sis 
monitus  sit 

Pluperfect 
I  might  have  been  advised 


moniti  sitis 
moniti  sint 


monitus  essem 
monitus  esses 
monitus  esset 


moniti  essemus 
moniti  essetis 
moniti  assent 


IMPERATIVE 

Pres.  mone,  advise  monete,   advise 

thou  ye 

Fut.    moneto,  thou  monetote,  ye 

shall  advise       shall  advise 

moneto,  he  monento,  they 

shall  advise      shall  advise 


IMPERATIVE 

Pres.  monere,  be       mouemini,  be  ye 
thou  advised     advised 

Fut.   monetor,  thou 
shalt  be  ad- 
vised 
monetor,  he     monentor,  they 
shall  be  ad-      shall  be  ad- 
vised vised 


INFINITIVE         PARTICIPLE 


Pres. 


monere,    to  Pres.  monens, 
advise  advising 
Per/,  monuisse,  to  {Gen.  mo- 
have  advised  nentis) 
monitiirus  Fut.  moniturus, 
esse,  to  be  about  to 
about  to  advise 
advise 


Fut. 


GERUND 

Gen.  monendi,  of 

advising 
Dat.  monendo, /or 

advising 
Ace.  monendum, 

advising 
Ahl.  monendo,  by 

advising, 


SUPINE 


Ace 


Abl. 


monitum, 
to  advise 

monitu,  to 
advise,  to 
he  advised 


INFINITIVE         PARTICIPLE 


Pres.  moneri,  to  be 

advised 
Perf.  monitus  esse, 

to  have  been 

advised 
Fut.  monitum  iri, 

to  be  about 

to  be  advised 


Perfect,  moni- 
tus, advised, 
having  been 
advised 

Gerundive,  mo- 
nendus,  to  be 
advised, 
worthy  to 
be  advised 


508 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§55 


THIRD  CONJUGATION 
55.    Verbs  of  the  Third  Conjugation  are  inflected  like  reg6,  /  rule. 
Principal  Parts: 


Pres.  Indicative 
Active.  reg3 

Pees.  Indicative 
Passive.  regor 

Active   Voice 

INDICATIVE   MOOD 

Present  Tense 

/  rule,  etc. 

SINGULAR  PLURAL 

reg5  regimuB 

regis  regitis 

regit  regunt 

Imperfect 
/  loas  ruling,  or  /  rtiled 


Pres.   Infinitive     Perf.  Indicative     Perk.  Pass.  PARXia 
regere  rexi  rectus 

Pres.  Infinitive  Pf.rf,  Indicative 

regi  rectus  sum 

Passive   Voice 

INDICATIVE  MOOD 
Present  Tensb 
lam  ruled,  etc. 

SINGULAR  plural 

regimur 
regimini 
reguntur 


regor 

regeris  or  -re 
regitur 


regebam 

regebfts 

regebat 


regam 

reges 

reget 


regebftmus 

regebatis 

regebant 


Future 
/  shall  rule 


Imperfect 

/  loas  ruled 
regebar  regebftmur 

regebfiris,  or  -re  reuebamini 

regebfitur  regebantur 

Future 
/  shall  he  ruled 


regemus 

regetis 

regent 


regar 

regeris,  or  -re 
regetur 


regemur 
regemini 
regentur 


Perfect 
/  have  ruled,  or  /  ruled 
rexi  reximus 

rexisU  rexistis 

rexit  rexerunt,  or  -ere 

Pluperfect 
/  had  ruled 
rexeram  rexerftmus 

rexer&s  rexerfttis 

rexerat  rexerant 

Future  Perfect 
/  shall  have  ruled 


Perfect 
/  have  been  ruled,  or  /  uhis  ruled 
rectus  sum  recti  sumus 


rectus  es 
rectus  est 


recti  estis 
rec;ti  sunt 


rexerO 
rexeris 
rexerit 


rcxerimus 

rexeritis 

rexerint 


Pluperfect 
I  had  been  ruled 
rectus  eram  recti  erftmus 

rectus  erfts  recti  erfttis 

rectus  erat  recti  erant 

Future  Perfect 
/  shall  have  been  ruled 
rectus  ero  recti  erimui 

rectus  eris  m-iieritis 

rectus  erit  recti  enmt 


55] 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


509 


Active  Voice 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

Present 

I  may  rule,  let  us  rule,  etc. 


SINGULAR 

regam 

regfts 

regat 


regS,mus 

regS-tis 

regant 


Imperfect 
/  might  rule,  you  would  rule,  etc. 


regerem 

regerSs 

regeret 

regeremus 

regeretis 

regerent 

Perfect 

/ 

may  have  ruled 

rexerim 

rexeris 

rexerit 

rexerimus 

rexeritis 

rexerint 

Pluperfect 

I  might  have  ruled,  you  would  have 
ruled 

rexissem 

rexisses 

rexisset 

rexissemus 

rexissetis 

rexissent 

IMPERATIVE 

Pres.  rege 

1,  rule        regite,  rule  ye 

thou 

Fut.    regito,  thou  regitote,  ye  shall 

shalt  rule  rule 

regito,    he  regunto,  they 

shall  rule  shall  rule 


INFINITIVE 


PARTICIPLE 


Pres.  regere,  to      Pres.  regens,  rul- 
rule  ing 

Per/,  rexisse,  to  {Gen.  re- 

have  ruled  gentis) 

Fut.    recturus  esse,  Fut.  recturus, 
to  he  about  about  to 

to  rule  rule 


Passive  Voice 
SUBJUNCTIVE 

Present 
/  may  be  ruled,  etc. 


SINGULAR 

regar 

regSris,  or  re 
regatur 


regamur 
regaminl 
regantur 


Imperfect 

/  might  be  ruled,  you  would  be  ruled 

regerer  regeremur 

regereris,  or  -re       regeremini 
regeretur  regerentur 

Perfect 
I  may  have  been  ruled 
rectus  sim  recti  simus 

rectus  sis  recti  sitis 

rectus  sit  recti  sint 

Pluperfect 
'/  7night  have  been  ruled,  you  would 
have  been  ruled 
rectus  essem  recti  essemus 

rectus  esses  recti  essetis 

rectus  esset  recti  essent 

IMPERATIVE 

Pres.  regere,  be      regimini,  be  ye 

thou  ruled       ruled 
Fut.    regitor,  thou 

shalt  be 

ruled 
regitor,  he     reguntor,  they 

shall  be  shall  be  ruleci 

ruled 

INFINITIVE         PARTICIPLE 

Pres.  regi,  to  be      Perfect,  rectus, 
ruled  ruled,  having 

been  ruled 

Perf.  rectus  esse,    Gerundive 

to  have  regendus,  to  be 

been  ruled,  deserving 

ruled  to  he  ruled 

Fut.  rectum  iri,  to 
be  about  to 
be  ruled 


510 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[f66 


Active  Voice 


GERUND 

Gen.  regendi,  of  ruling 
Dat.  regendo,  for  ruling 
Ace.   regendum,  ruling 
Ahl.  regendo,  hy  ruling 


SUPINE 


Ace.  rectum,  to  rule 

Ahl.  rectfi,  to  rule,  to  he  ruled 


56.  Verbs  in  -io  of  the  Third  Conjugation  have  in  the  present  sys- 
tem forms  in  which  -i-  is  followed  by  a  vowel;  these  forms  are  like 
the  corresponding  forms  of  the  Fourth  Conjugation.  An  example  is 
capio,  /  take. 


Principal  Parts: 

Pres.  Indicativk     Fees.  Infinitive 
Active.  capi5  capere 

Pres.  Indicative     PBi?8.  Infinitive 
Passive.  capio  r  capi 

Active  Voice 


INDICATIVE  MOOD 
Present  Tense 


jmOULAR 

capio 
capis 
caplt 

capiebam 

capiebas 

capiebat 


capiam 

capies 

capiet 


cepi 

cepisti 

cepit 


PLURAL 

capimus 

capitis 

capiunt 

Imperfect 

capiebamus 

capiebatia 

capiebant 

Future 

capiemus 

capietis 

capient 

Perfect 

cepimus 
cepistis 
ceperunt  or  -ere 


Pluperfect 


ceperam  ceperamus 

ceperas  ceperatis 

ceperat  ceperant 

Future  Perfect 

ceperO  ceperimus 

ceperis  ceperitis 

ceperit  ceperint 


Pebf.  Indicative 
cepi 

Perf.  Indicative 
captus  sum 


Perf.  Pass.  Partic. 
captus 


Passive  Voice 
INDICATIVE  MOOD 
Present  Tense 

SINGULAR  plural 

capior  capiraur 

caperis,  or  -re  capiraini 

capitur  capiuntur 

Imperfect 
capiebar 
capiebaris 
capiebatur 


capiebamur 
capicbamini 
capiebantur 

Future 

capiemur 
capieraini 
capientur 

Perfect 

capti  sumus 
capti  estis 
capti  sunt 

Pluperfect 
captus  eram  capti  eramus 

capti  eratis 
capti  erant 

Future  Perfect 
captus  erO  capti  erimus 

capti  eritis 
capti  eront 


capiar 

capieris 

capietur 

captus  sum 
captus  es 
captus  est 


captus  eras 
captus  erat 


captus  eris 
captus  erit 


§57] 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


511 


Active  Voice 

Passive  Voice 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

Present 

Present 

SINGULAR                             PLURAL 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

capiam                     capiamus 
capias                       capiatis 
capiat                      capiant 

capiar 

capiaris,  or  -re 
capiatur 

capiamur 
capiamini 
capiantur 

Imperfect 

Imperfect 

caperem                   caperemus 
caperes                    caperetis 
caperet                    caperent 

caperer 

capereris 

caperetur 

caperemur 
caperemini 
caperentur 

Perfect 

Perfect 

ceperim                    ceperimus 
ceperis                      ceperitis 
ceperit                     ceperint 

captus  sim 
captus  SIS 
captus  sit 

capti  simus 
capti  sitis 
capti  sint 

• 

Pluperfect 

Pluperfect 

cepissem                 *cepissemus 
cepisses                    cepissetis 
cepisset                    cepissent 

captus  essem 
captus  esses 
captus  esset 

capti  essemus 
capti  essetis 
capti  essent 

IMPERATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 

Pres. 
Fut. 

cape                 capite 
capito              capitote 
capito              capiunto 

Pres.  capere 

Fut.    capitor 

capitor 

capimini 
capiuntor 

INFINITIVE      PARTICIPLE 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPL 

Pres. 
Perf. 
Fut. 

capere                Pres.  capiens 
cepisse             {Gen.  capientis) 
capturus  esse    Fut.    capturus 

GERUND                   SUPINE 

Pres.  capi 
Perf.  captus  esse 
Fut.    captum  iri 

Perf.   captus 
Ger.     capien- 
dus 

Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 
Ahl. 

capiendi 

capiendo 

capiendum        Ace.     captum 

capiendo           Ahl.     captu 

57.  a.  Inflected  like  capi5  are  its  Compounds,  accipio,  con- 
cipio,  deoipio,  excipio,  incipio,  percipio,  praecipio,  recipio,  and. 
suscipio. 

h.  The  following  verbs  in  -io,  inflected  like  capio,  are  used  by- 
Caesar  :  cupio,  ardently  desire.,  wish  well  to  (I.  18,  etc.)  ;  facio,  do, 
make,  and  its  Compounds  afficio,  conficio,  deficio,  eflScio,  inficio, 
perficio,  praeficio,  proficio,  reficio  and  sufficio  ;  elicio,  entice  (V. 
50),  fodio,  dig  (VIT.  73)  and  its  Compounds  effodio  (VII.  4),  infodio 
(VII.  73),  subfodio  (IV.  12),  traiisfodio  (VII.  82)  ;  fugio,  run  away, 


512 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§58 


and  its  Compounds  confugio,  dgfugio,  effugio,  perfugio,  profugio? 
and  refugio ;  iacid,  throw,  and  its  Compounds  abicio,  conicio,  dSicid, 
disicio,  Sicio,  inicio,  obicio,  proicio,  reicio,  and  subicio ;  pari5, 
bring  forth,  gain  (C.  III.  82) ;  two  Compounds  of  quatio,  shake, 
discutio  (VII.  8)  and  percutio  (V.  44) ;  five  Compounds  of  rapid, 
seize,  arripio  (V.  33),  corripio,  diripio,  Sripio  and  praeripio  ;  sapio, 
have  sense  (V.  30) ;  allicio,  attract  (V.  55,  VII.  31)  ;  and  Compounds  of 
specio,  look,  conspicio,  dSspicio,  perspicio,  prospicio,  and  respicio. 
c.  Similar  in  inflection  to  the  Passive  of  capio  are  the  following 
Deponent  Verbs  in  -ior  used  by  Caesar:  patior,  suffer  (inflected 
below,  60),  and  its  Compound  perpetior  (C.  II 1.  47);  morior,  die 
(1. 4,  etc.)  ;  and  the  following  Compounds  of  gradior,  step :  aggredior, 
congredior,  dggredior,  digredior,  ggredior,  ingredior,  praegredior, 
progredior,  and  regredior. 


FOURTH  CONJUGATION 

58.   Verbs  of  the  Fourth  Conjugation  are  inflected  like  audio,  1 
hear. 


Principal  Parts: 

Pbes.  Indicativb 

Active.  audio 

Pre8.  Indicative 

Passive.  audior 

Active  Voice 


Pbes.  Infinitive 
audire 

Pres.  Infinitive 

audiri 


Perf.  Indicative 

audivi 
Perf.  Indicative 

auditus  sum 


Pekk.  Pa88.  Paetic. 
auditus 


INDICATIVE   MOOD 

Present  Tensk 

I  hear,  etx;. 

SINGULAR 

audio 


audls 
audit 


PLURAL 

audimus 

auditis 

audiunt 


Imperfect 
/  was  hearing,  or  /  heard 
audiebam         audiebftmus 
audieb&s  audiebfttis 

audiebat  audiebant 


Future 
/  shall  hear 


audiam 

audies 

audiet 


audiSmus 

audietis 

audient 


Passive  Voice 

INDICATIVE   MOOD 

Present  Tense 

I  am  heard,  etc. 

SINGULAR  plural 

audior  audimur 

audiris,  or  -re  audlmini 

auditur  audiuntur 

Imperfect 

I IV as  heard 
audiSbar  audiSbftmur 

audi§bftris,  or  -re      audiebftmini 
audiebatur  audiebantur 

Future 

I  slut  1 1  be  heard 

audiar   ,  aiuliSmur 

audiSris,  or  -re  audiimini 

audiStur  audientur 


§58] 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


513 


Active  Voice 
INDICATIVE  MOOD 
Perfect 
/  have  heard,  or  /  heard 

audivi  audivimus 

audivisti  audivistis 

audivit  audiverunt,  or  -ere 

Pluperfect 

/  had  heard 

audiveram       audiveramus 
audlveras         audiveratis 
audiverat         audiverant 

Future  Perfect 

/  shall  have  heard 

audlvero  audiverimus 

audiveris  audiveritis 

audiverit  audiverint 


Passive  Voice 

INDICATIVE  MOOD 

Perfect 

I  have  been  heard,  or  /  ivas  heard 

auditus  sum  auditi  sumus 

auditus  es  auditi  estis 

auditus  est  auditi  sunt 

Pluperfect 

/  had  been  heard 
auditus  eram  auditi  eramus 


auditus  eras 
auditus  erat 


auditi  eratis 
auditi  erant 


Future  Perfect 

/  shall  have  been  heard 

auditus  ero  auditi  erimus 


auditus  eris 
auditus  erit 


auditi  eritis 
auditi  erunt 


SUBJUNCTIVE 

Present 
/  may  hear,  let  us  hear,  etc. 

singular  plural 

audiam  audi9.mus 

audi&s  audiatis 

audiat  audiant 

Imperfect 

/  might  hear,  you  would  hear 

audirem  audiremus 

audires  audiretis 

audiret  audirent 

Perfect 

I  may  have  heard 

audiverim  audiverimus 

audiveris  audiveritis 

audiverit  audiverint 

Pluperfect 

/  might  have  heard,  you  would 

have  heard 

audivissem         audivissemus 
audivisses  audivissetis 

audivisset  audivissent 


SUBJUNCTIVE 
Present 

I  may  be  heard,  let  us  be  heard,  etc. 

singular  plural 

audiar  audiamur 

audiaris,  or  -re  audiamini 

audiatur  audiantur 

Imperfect 
I  might  be  heard,  you  would  be  heard 
audirer  audiremur 

audireris,  or  -re         audiremini 
audiretur  audirentur 

Perfect 
I  may  have  been  heard 
auditus  sim  auditi  simus 

auditus  sis  auditi  sitis 

auditus  sit  auditi  sint 

Pluperfect 

I  might  have  been  heard,  you 
would  have  been  heard 

auditus  essem  auditi  essemus 

auditus  esses  auditi  essetis 

auditus  esset  auditi  essent 


514 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[|59 


Active  Voice 

Passive  Voice 

IMPERATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 

Pres.  audi,  hear  thou 

audite,  hear  ye 

Pres. 

audire,  be 
thou  heard 

audimini,  be  ye 
heard 

Fut.   audits,  thou 

auditote,  ye 

Fut. 

auditor,  thou 

shalt  hear 

shall  hear 

Shalt  be 
heard 

audits,  he 

audiuntS,  they 

auditor,  he 

audiuntor,  they 

shall  hear 

shall  hear 

shall  be 
heard 

shall  be  heard 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

Pres.  audire,  to  hear 

Pres.  audiens, 

Pres. 

audiri,  to  be 

Per/.  auditUB, 

hearing 

heard 

heard, 

Per/,  audivisse,  to 

{Gen. 

Per/. 

auditus  esse. 

having 

have  heard 

audien- 

to  have 

been 

tis) 

been  heard 

heard 

Fut.  auditurus  esse, 

Fut.   auditurus, 

Fut. 

auditum  iri, 

Ger.  audiendus. 

to  be  about 

about  to 

to  be  about 

to  be 

to  hear 

hear 

to  be  heard 

heard, 
worthy  to 
be  heard 

GERUND 

SUPINE 

Gen.  audiendi,  of 

hearing 

Dat.   audiendo, /or 

hearing 

Ace.   audiendum, 

Ace.    auditum. 

hearing 

to  hear 

Abl.   audiendo,  by 

Abl.    auditu,  to 

hearing 

hear,  to  be  heard 

DEPONENT  VERBS 

59.  a.  The  forms  of  Deponent  Verbs  are  generally  Passive,  while 
the  meaning  is  Active. 

b.  The  Passive  meaning  is  found  in  the  Gerundive  of  Deponent 
Verbs,  and  sometimes  in  the  Perfect  Participle ;  as  dImSnafi,  meas- 
ured off(U.  19)  ;  dgpopuiatis,  having  been  ravaged  (I.  11). 

c.  Deponent  Verbs  have  in  the  Active  form  a  Future  Infinitive, 
Present  and  Future  Participles,  Gerund,  and  Stipine. 

60.  Deponent  Verbs  in  the  four  conjugations  are  inflected,  as  hor- 
tor,  urge  (\.  19)  ;  vereor,  fear  (T.  19)  ;  sequor,  follow  (I.  22),  and 
patior,  suffer,  allow  (I.  6,  9)  ;  largior,  give  freely  (I.  18)  : 


§60] 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


515 


INDICATIVE   MOOD 


First 

Second 

Third 

Third 

Fourth 

Conjugation 

Conjugation 

Conjugation 

CoNJ.  in  -ior 

(Conjugation 

Pres. 

hortor 

vereor 

sequor 

patior 

largior 

hortaris,  -re 

vereris,  -re 

sequeris,  -re 

pateris,  -re 

largiris,  -re 

hortatur 

veretur 

sequitur 

patitur 

largitur 

hortaraur 

veremur 

sequimur 

patimur 

largimur 

hortamini 

veremini 

sequimini 

patimini 

largimini 

hortantur 

verentur 

sequuntur 

patiuntur 

largiuntur 

Imp. 

hortabar,  etc. 

verebar,  etc. 

sequebar,  etc. 

patiebar,  etc 

.  largiebar,  etc. 

Fut. 

hortabor 

verebor 

sequar 

patiar 

largiar 

Pert'. 

hortatus  sum 

veritus  sum 

secutus  sum 

passus  sum 

largitus  sum 

Plup. 

hortatus  eram 

veritus  eram 

secutus  eram 

passus  eram 

largitus  eram 

F.P. 

hortatus  ero 

veritus  ero 

secutus  ero 

passus  ero 

largitus  ero 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

Pres. 

horter 

verear 

sequar 

patiar 

largiar 

Imp. 

hortarer 

vererer 

sequerer 

paterer 

larglrer 

Perf. 

hortatus  sira 

veritus  sim 

secutus  sim 

passus  sim 

largitus  sim 

Plup. 

hortatus  essem  veritus  essem  secutus  essen 

1  passus  essem 

I  largitus  essem 

IMPERATIVE 

Pres. 

hortare 

verere 

sequere 

patere 

largire 

Fut. 

hortator 

veretor 

sequitor 

patitor 

largitor 

INFINITIVE 

Pres.  hortari  vereri  sequi  pati  largiri 

Perf.  hortatus  esse     veritus  esse     secutus  esse     passus  esse     largitus  esse 
Fut.    hortaturus  esse  veriturus         secuturus         passurus         largiturus 


PARTICIPLES 

Pres. 
Fut. 
Per/. 
Ger. 

hortans 
hortaturus 
hortatus 
hortandus 

verens 
veriturus 
veritus 
verendus 

sequens 
secuturus 
secutus 
sequendus 

GERUND 

patiens 
passurus 
passus 
patiendus 

largiens 
largiturus 
largitus 
largiendus 

Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 
Ahl. 

hortandi 
hortando 
hortandum 
hortando 

verendi 
verendo 
verendum 
verendo 

sequendi 
sequendo 
sequendum 
sequendo 

SUPINE 

patiendi 
patiendo 
patiendum 
patiendo 

largiendi 
largiendo 
largiendum 
largiendo 

Ace. 
Ahl. 

hortatum 
hortatu 

veritum 

veritu 

secutum 
secutu 

passum 
passii 

largitum 
largitu 

516  Companion  to  Caesar  [§6i 

61.   a.   Of  the  Deponent  Verbs  used  by  Caesar,  besides  those  pre- 
viously mentioned,  the  most  important  are : 

(1)  First  Conjugation,  arbitror,  think  (I.  4),  cohortor,  urge  on 

(I.  25),  Conor,  attempt  (I.  3),  consector,  pursue  (III.  19), 
consolor,  reassure  (I.  20),  conspicor,  catch  sight  of  (I.  25), 
cunctor,  delay  (III.  23),  dominor,  hold  sway  (II.  31),  fru- 
mentor,  get  supplies  (IV.  9),  glorior,  boast  (I.  14),  gritu- 
lor,  congratulate  (I.  30),  interpret  or,  expound  (VI.  13) ; 
mlror,  wonder  (I.  32)  and  admiror  (I.  14)  ;  miser  or,  lament 
(I.  39);  moror,  delay  (I.  39),  and  dgmoror  (III.  6); 
pShulor,  get  fodder  (V.  17),  populor,  lay  waste  (I.  11), 
and  d§populor,  completely  lay  waste  (II.  7)  ;  recordor,  recall 
(C.  JIT.  72),  remuneror,  compensate  (I.  44),  and  speculor, 
spy  out  (I.  47). 

(2)  Second  Conjugation,  fateor,  acknowledge  (C.  III.  20),  and  its 

Compounds  confiteor  (V.  27)  and  profiteor  (VI.  23) ; 
liceor,  bid  (I.  18),  and  polliceor,  promise  (I.  14);  mereor, 
earn  (I.  40)  ;  tueor,  protect  (IV.  8),  and  intueor,  look  upon 
(I.  32) ;  vereor,  be  afraid  (I.  19). 

(3)  Third  Conjugation,  complector,  embrace  (I.  20),  dgfetiscor, 

become  exhausted  (VII.  88);  fruor,  enjoy  (III.  22);  labor, 
slip,  fall  aivay  (V.  3),  and  Slftbor,  escape  (V.  37) ;  loquor, 
speak  (I.  20)  ;  nSscor,  be  born,  rise  (II.  18),  and  enftscor, 
grow  out  (II.  17)  ;  nanciscor,  obtain  (I.  53)  ;  nitor,  strive,  rely 
on  (I.  13),  and  innitor,  lean  upon  (II.  27)  ;  oblivi8Cor,ybr(7<'/ 
(I.  14),  proficlscor,  set  out  (I.  3),  queror,  complain  (I.  10)  ; 
the  Compounds  of  sequor,  consequor,  exsequor,  insequor, 
persequor,  prosequor,  subsequor ;  reminiscor,  remember 
(I.  13),  ulciscor,  avenge  (I.  12)  ;  and  utor,  use,  adopt  (I.  5). 

(4)  Fourth  Conjno-ation,  experior,  try  (I.  31),  largior,  gire  freely, 

bribe  (I.  18);  mStior,  measure  (I.  16),  and  dimStior,  measure 
off  {II.  19,  IV.  17);  ^dixtior,  divide  (III.  10),  and  potior, 
become  master  of  (J.  3). 
6.   To  the  Fourth  Conjugation  belongs  the  Deponent  orior,  rise, 
•with  its  Compounds  adorior,  attack  (I.  13)  and  cottrior.  arise  (III.  7)  ; 
but  Caesar  uses  certain  forms  of  orior  wliich  are  like  those  of  Depo- 
nents in  -ior  of  the  Third  Conjugation,  as  oritur  (VI.  25)  and  orerB- 
tur  (Imperfect  Subjunctive ;  VI.  9,  VII.  28). 

62.    Semi-Deponent  Verbs  Iiave  a  Perfect  System  Passive  in  form 
but  Active  in  meaning;  they  are  audeS  (I.  18),  fld6  (C.  III.  Ill) 


63] 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


517 


with  its  compounds  confido  (I.  23)  and  diffido  (V.  41)  ;  gauded 
(IV.  13),  and  soleo  (VI.  15)  : 

audeo,  audere,  ausus  sum,  dare. 

fido,  fidere,  fisus  sum,  trust. 

gaudeo,  gaudere,  gavisus  sum,  rejoice. 

soleo,  solere,  solitus  sum,  be  loont. 

PERIPHRASTIC  CONJUGATION 

63.  The  Periphrastic  Conjugation  has  an  Active  and  a  Passive 
form,  made  up  by  combining  the  Future  Active  Participle  and  the 
Future  Passive  Participle,  or  Gerundive,  with  the  verb  sum,  thus  : 

Active  Periphrastic  Conjugation 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 


Pres. 

Imp. 

Fat. 

Perf. 

Plup. 

Fut.  P. 


Pres. 
Imp. 
Perf. 
Plup. 


amaturus    sim,    /    may    he 

about  to  love 
amaturus  essem,  I  might  be 

about  to  love 
amaturus  fuerim,  /  may  have 

been  about  to  love 
amaturus  fuissem,  /  might 

have  been  about  to  love 


INDICATIVE  MOOD 
amaturus  (-a,  -um)  sum,  / 

am  about  to  love 
amaturus  eram,  I  was  about 

to  love 
amaturus  ero,  /  shall   be 

about  to  love 
amaturus  fui,  /  have  been, 

was,  about  to  love 
amaturus  fueram,   /    had 

been  about  to  love  ^ 

amaturus    fuer5,    /    shall 
have  been  about  to  love 

INFINITIVE 
Pres.  amaturus  esse,  to  be  about  to  love 
Perf.  amaturus  fuisse,  to  have  been  about  to  love 

Passive  Periphrastic  Con.tugation 


INDICATIVE 
Pres.       amandus  (a,  -um)  sum,  I      Pres- 
am  to  be  loved,  I  must  be 
loved  Imp. 

Imp.        amandus  eram,  I  had  to  be 

loved  Perf. 

Fut.        amandus  ero,  /  shall  have 

to  be  loved  Plup. 

Perf.       amandus  fui,  I  have  had  to 

be  loved,  had  to  be  loved 
Plup.      amandus  fueram,  I  had  de- 
served to  be  loved 
Fut.  P.  &ma.ndvis  inero,  I  shall  have 
had  to  be  loved 

INFINITIVE 
Pres.  amandus  esse,  to  have  to  be  loved 
Perf.  amandus  fuisse,  to  have  had  to  be  loved 


SUBJUNCTIVE 
amandus  sim,  /  may  have  to 

be  loved 
amandus  essem,  I  might  have 

to  be  loved 
amandus  fuerim,  /  may  have 

had  to  be  loved 
amandus  fuissem,    /  might 

have  had  to  be  loved 


518 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[f64 


64.  a.  Perfects  in  -avi,  -Svl,  and  -IvI,  and  other  tenses  formed 
from  the  same  stems,  are  sometimes  contracted  by  the  loss  of  -vi-  or 
-ve-  before  -a-  or  -r-;  Perfects  in  -ivi  lose  the  -v-  before  -r-  but 
retain  the  vowel.     Examples  are : 

(1)  oppugnarant  (I.  5)  for  oppugnaverant ;  adamassent  (I.  31) 

for  adamavissent ;  commemorassent  (I.  14)  for  com- 
memorSvissent ;  superarint,  Perfect  Subjunctive  (I.  40) 
for  superaverint ;  superassent  (I.  40)  for  superavissent. 

(2)  consugrunt    (III.   8,  etc.)    for    c6nsugv6runt ;    consuerint 

(I.  44,  etc.)  for  consueverint ;  consuSsse  (I,  14)  for  c6n- 
suSvisse. 

(3)  audigrunt    (V.    28)    for   audivSrunt;    audierit  (IV.  5)  for 

audlverit;    audierant    (II.   12,  VI.   37)  for  audiverant; 

audissent  (VII.  62)  for  audivissent ;  audistis  (C.  III.  87) 

for  audivistis. 

b.   The  Future  Passive  Participle,  or  Gerundive,  sometimes  has  the 

ending  -undus  instead  of  -endus,  as  faciundi  (I.  7),  potiundl  (II.  7). 

IRREGULAR  VERBS 

65.  Of  the  Irregular  Verbs  Caesar  most  frequently  uses  sum,  d6, 
eo,  fero,  fio,  volo  and  certain  compounds. 

66.  a.  Of  the  compounds  of  sum  Caesar  uses  absum,  adsum, 
dSsum,  intersum,  possum,  praesum,  prosum,  subsum,  and  su- 
persum.  These  are  inflected  like  sum  (52),  excepting  possum;  but 
in  pro-sum  (profuisse,  VI.  40)  the  preposition  has  the  form  prod- 
before  vowels,  as  prodest. 

b.   Possum,  /  am  able,  is  inflected  as  follows : 
Principal  Parts  : 


poBsum 

posse 

potui 

INDICATIVE  MOOD 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

MOOD 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

Pres. 

possum 

possumus 

Pres. 

possim 

possimus, 

potes 

po  testis 

possis 

possitis, 

potest 

possunt 

possit 

possint 

Imp. 

poterara,  pote- 

poteramus 

Imp. 

possem 

possemus 

ras,  etc. 

-eratis,  etc. 

posses 

possetis 

Fut. 

poterO,  poteris, 

poterimus 

posset 

possent 

etc. 

Per/. 

potuerim 

potuerimus 

Perf. 

potui,  potuisti, 

potuimus 

potueris 

potueritis 

etc. 

potuerit 

potuerint 

Plup. 

potueram,  po- 

potueram  as 

Plup. 

,  potuissem 

potuissemus 

tueras,  etc. 

potuisses 

potui  ssetis 

Fut.  P.  potuevO.  potue- 

potuerimus 

potuisset 

potuissent 

ris,  etc. 

§68] 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


519 


INFINITIVE  PARTICIPLE 

Pres.  posse  Pres.  potens  {used  as  an  adjective) 

Per/,  potuisse  Gen.  potentis 

67.   a.  Do,  darCj  give,  has  -a-  instead  of  -a-  in  the  Present  System 
except  in  the  Second  Person  of  the  Present  Indicative  and  the  Pres- 
ent Imperative.     The  inflection  of  the  Perfect  System  (dedi,  etc.),  is 
regular. 
Principal  Parts  : 


do 


dare 


dedi 


datus 


Active  Voice 

INDICATIVE 

MOOD 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

Pres. 

do 

damus 

Pres. 

dem 

demus 

das 

datis 

des 

detis 

daf 

dant 

det 

dent 

Imp. 

dabam,  etc. 

dabamus 

Imp. 

darem 

daremus 

Fut. 

dabo,  etc. 

dabimus 

dares 

daretis 

Perf. 

dedi,  etc. 

dedimus 

daret 

darent 

Plup. 

dederam,  etc. 

dederaraus 

Perf. 

dederim,  etc. 

dederimus,  etc. 

Fut.P 

.  dedero,  etc. 

dederimus 

Plup. 

dedissem,  etc. 

.  dedissemus,  eic. 

IMPERATIVE 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

Pres. 

da 

date 

Pres. 

dare 

dans 

Fut. 

dato 

datote 

Perf. 

dedisse 

dato 

danto 

Fut. 

daturus  esse 

daturus 

GERUND 

SUPINE 

dandi,  etc.  datum,  datu 

b.  The  Passive  of  do  has  -a-  instead  of  -a-,  as  dari,  datur,  dabar, 
dabor,  darer,  datus,  etc.;  the  First  Person  of  the  Present  Indicative 
Passive  is  not  in  use. 

c.  The  compounds  of  do  are  of  the  Third  Conjugation  except 
ciroumdo,  which  is  inflected  like  do. 

68.   a.  E6,  ire,  go,  is  thus  inflected : 
Principal  Parts: 


eo 


ire        ii  (ivi)         itum  (est) 


INDICATIVE  MOOD 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 


Pres. 

eo 

imus 

Pres.  earn 

eamus 

is 

itis 

eas 

eatis 

it 

eunt 

eat 

eant 

Imp. 

ibam,  etc. 

ibaraus 

Imp.  irem 

iremus 

Fut. 

ibo,  etc. 

ibimus 

ires 

iretis 

Perf. 

ii 

iimus 

iret 

irent 

isti  or  iisti 

istis  or  iistis 

Perf.  ierim 

ierimus 

lit 

ierunt  or  iere 

ieris 

ieritis 

Plup 

ieram,  etc. 

ieramus 

ierit 

ierint 

Fut.  P. 

iero, etc. 

ierimus 

-P^wp.  issem,  etc. 

issemus,  etc. 

520 


Companion  to  Caesar 


»69 


IMPERATIVE 

Pres.  1  ite 

Fut.    its        itote 
itO       eunto 


INFINITIVE 

Pres.  ire 
Perf.  isse 
Fat.    iturus  esse 
Pass,  iri 


PARTICIPLE 

Pres.  iens         Gen.  euntis 

Fut.  iturus     Oerundive  eundum 


GERUND 
eundi,  eundo,  etc. 


SUPINE 

itura,  itu 


b.  Caesar  uses  the  Compounds  abeo,  adeo,  coeo  (VI.  22),  exeo^ 
ineo,  obed,  prodeo,  redeo,  subeo,  and  transed,  inflected  like  eo. 

c.  Transitive  compounds  of  eo  are  used  also  in  the  Passive,  as 
numerus  inibatur,  the  number  was  cast  up  (VII.  76)  ;  init£  aest&te^ 
at  the  beginning  of  summer  (II.  2)  ;  transitur,  is  crossed  (I.  6). 

d.  Impersonal  Passive  forms  of  eo  are  iri  (III.  18),  irStur  (III.  24). 
69.  a.  Per6,  ferre,  bear,  carry,  is  inflected  as  follows : 


Principal  Parts  : 

Active.  fero 

Passive.         feror 

Active  Voice 

INDICATIVE  MOOD 


ferre  tuli  lS,tuB 

f  erri  Ifttus  sum 

Passive  Voice 

INDICATIVE  MOOD 


SINGULAR 

PLURAL 

singular 

PLURAL 

Pres. 

fer5 

ferimus 

Pres. 

feror 

ferimur 

fers 

fertis 

ferris 

ferimini 

fert 

ferunt 

fertur 

feruntur 

Imp. 

ferebam, 

etc.  ferebamus 

Imp. 

ferebar 

ferebamur 

Fut. 

feram 

feremus 

Fut. 

ferar 

feremur 

Per/. 

tull 

tulinms 

Perf. 

latus  sum 

lati  sumus 

Plup. 

tulerara 

tuleramus 

Plup. 

latus  eram 

lati  eramus 

Fut.  P.  tulero 

tulerim  us 

i''^/^P.latuser5 

lati  erimus 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

Pres. 

feram 

feramus 

Pres. 

ferar 

feram  ur 

feras 

feratis 

feraris,  or  -re  feraraini 

ferat 

ferant 

feratur 

ferantur 

Imp. 

ferrem 

ferremus 

Imp. 

ferrer 

ferremur 

ferres 

•  ferretis 

ferreris 

ferremini 

ferret 

ferrent 

ferretur 

ferrentur 

Perf. 

tulerim 

tulerlmus 

Perf. 

latus  sim 

lati  sim  us 

Plup. 

tulissem 

tulissemus 

Plup. 

latus  essem 

lati  essemus 

IMPERATIVE 

IMPERATIVE 

Pres. 

fer 

ferte 

Pres. 

ferre 

ferimini 

Fut. 

fertO 

fertote 

■  Fut. 

fertor 

ferto 

feruntO 

fertor 

feruntor 

5  701 


Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar 


521 


Active  Voice 


Passive  Voice 


INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

Pres. 

ferre 

Pres.  ferens 

Pres.     ferri 

Per/. 

tulisse 

{Gen.  ferentis) 

Perf.      latus  esse 

Perf.  latus 

Flit. 

laturus 

esse 

Fut.  laturus 

Fut.       latum  iri 

Ger.    ferendus 
or  ferundus 

GERUND 

SUPINE 

• 

Gen. 

ferendi 

Dai. 

ferendo 

Ace. 

feren- 
dum 

Ace.  latum 

Ahl. 

ferendo 

Ahl.  lata 

h.  Caesar  uses  the  Compounds,  affero,  antefero,  confero,  defero, 
differo,  effero,  infero,  offero,  perfero,  praefero,  profero  and  refero, 

which  are  inflected  like  fero. 

70.  a.  Fio,  become  (with  -i-  except  in  fit  and  before  -e-),  is  used  as 
the  Passive  of  faci5,  with  the  meaning  he  made,  he  done.  It  is  in- 
flected as  follows : 


Principal  Parts: 


fio 


fieri 


factus  sum 


INDICATIVE  MOOD 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 


SINGULAR                 PLURAt 

SINGULAR                  PLURAL 

Pres. 

fio                   fimus 

Pres. 

fiam                 fiamus 

fis                    fitis 

fias                  fiatis 

fit                    fiunt 

fiat                 fiant 

Imp. 

fiebam,  etc.    fiebamus 

Imp. 

fierem             fieremus 

Fut. 

fiam                fleraus 

fieres               fieretis 

Perf. 

factus  sum      facti  sumus 

fieret               fierent 

Plup. 

factus  eram    facti  eramus 

Perf 

factus  sim      facti  simus 

Fut.  P.  factus  ero       facti  erimus 

Plup. 

factus  essem  facti  essem 

IMPERATIVE 

Pres.     fi 

fite 

INFINITIVE 

PARTICIPLE 

Pres.     fieri 

Perf.     factus  esse 

Perf.  factus 

Fut.      factum  iri 

Ger.    faciendus 

h.  Of  compounds  of  fio  Caesar  uses  confieri  (VII.  58)  and  col,- 
labefieri  (C.  II.  6).  . 


522 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§71 


c.  Compounds  of  facio  with  Prepositions  have  their  own  Passive 
forms ;  so  confecta  erat,  had  been  made  (I.  29)  ;  patefieri,  he  kept 
open  (III.  1). 

71.  Volo,  /  wish,  and  its  compounds  nolo,  /  am  unwilling,  and 
mSllo,  I  prefer,  are  inflected  as  follows: 


Principal  Parts: 

vols             velle             volui 
nol5              nolle              nolui 
maio            maile            malui 

INDIC.        SUBJ. 

INDIC.          SUBJ. 

INDIC.          SUBJ. 

Present    Present 

Present      Present 

Present       Present 

vols                  velim 
vis                    velis 
vult                  velit 
volumus           velimus 
vultis               velitis 
volunt              velint 

nolo                nolim 
nOn  vis           nolis 
non  vult         nolit 
nolumus         noliraus 
non  vultis      nolitis 
nOlunt            nolint 

malo               malim 
mavis              malis 
mavult           malit 
malumus        malim  us 
mavultis         malitis 
malunt           malint 

Imperfect 

Imperfect 

Imperfect 

volebam,  etc.    vellem 

nOlebam         nollem 

malebam       mallem 

Future 

Future 

Future 

volam,  etc. 

nOlam 

malam 

Perfect 

Perfect 

Perfect 

volui,  etc.        voluerim         n5lui              nOluerim 

malui            maluerim 

Pluperfect 

Pluperfect 

Pluperfect 

volueram          voluissem       nOlueram       nSluissem 

malueram     maluissem 

Future  Perfect 

Future  Perfect 

Future  Perfect 

voluerO,  etc. 

nOluerO 

IMPERATIVE 

Pres.   noli             nolite 
Fut.     nOlitO           nolitOte 
nOlitO           nOluntO 

maluerO 

INFINITIVE 

INFINITIVE 

INFINITIVE 

Pres.    velle 
Perf.    voluisse 

nolle 
nolulsse 

PARTICIPLE 

malle 
maluisse 

Prea.    volens 

nolens 

§73]  Essentials  of  Latin  Grammar  523 


DEFECTIVE  VERBS 

72.  a.  Caesar  uses  one  or  more  forms  of  each  of  the  followmg  De- 
fective Verbs  :  inquam,  /  say,  which  he  uses  only  in  direct  quotations, 
in  the  Third  Person  Singular  Indicative  Present,  inquit,  he  says,  says 
he  ;  coepi,  /  have  begun,  I  began,  which  belongs  chiefly  to  the  Perfect 
System ;  memini,  /  remember,  and  odi,  /  hate,  which  are  Perfect  in 
form,  but  Present  in  meaning. 

b.   Coepi,  memini  and  odi  are  inflected  as  follows  : 

INDICATIVE  MOOD  SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 


Perf.    coepi,  etc.    memini       odi 
Plup.    coep-           memin-       oderam 

eram           eram 
Fut.  P.  coepero       meminero  odero 

coeperim         meminerim 
coepissem        meminissem 

oderim 
odissem 

IMPERATIVE 

INFINITIVE 

Sing,    memento 

Pe7-f.  coepisse        meminisse 
Fut.    coepturus 
esse 

1    odisse 

Plur.    mementote 

.osurus 
esse 

PARTICIPLE 

Perf.  coeptus,  begun 
Fut.    coepturus 

osus 
osurus 

c.  The  Passive  forms  of  coepT  are  used  with  the  Passive  Infinitive, 
as  lapidSs  iaci  coepti  sunt,  .stones  began  to  be  thrown  (II.  6). 

IMPERSONAL  VERBS 

73.  a.  Of  the  Impersonal  Verbs  Caesar  of  tenest  uses  licet,  it  is  per- 
mitted (I.  7)  and  oportet,  it  is  necessary,  it  behooves  (I.  4)  ;  he  has  also 
paenitet,  it  makes  sorry  (IV.  5)  and  pudet,  it  makes  ashamed  (VII.  42). 

b.   The  Impersonal  licet  is  inflected  as  follows : 


INDICATIVE 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

Pres. 

licet,  it  is  permitted 

Pres. 

liceat,  it  may  be  permitted 

Imp. 

licebat,  it  was  permitted 

Imp. 

liceret,  it  might  be  permitted 

Fut. 

licebit,  it  will  be  permitted 

Perf. 

licuerit,  it  may  have  been  per- 

Perf. 

licuit,  it  has  been  permitted 

mitted 

or  it  was  permitted 

Plup. 

licuisset,  it  might  have  been 

Plup. 

licuerat,  it  had  been  permitted 

'  permitted 

Fut.  P.  licuerit,  it  will  have  been  per- 
mitted 

INFINITIVE 
Pres.     licere,  to  be  permitted  Perf.  licuisse,  to  have  been  permitted 


524  Companion  to  Caesar  [§73 

c.  Caesar  uses  Impersonally  the  Third  Person  Singular  of  a  number 
of  Verbs,  among  which  are  accSdit,  it  is  added,  there  is  the  further  fact 
that  (III.  13)  ;  accidit,  it  happens,  it  turns  out  (I.  31)  ;  constat,  1/  is 
certain  (III.  6)  ;  interest,  it  is  important  (II.  5)  ;  placet,  it,  pleases 
(I.  34)  ;  and  praestat,  it  is  better  (I.  17). 

d.  Caesar  uses  Impersonally  the  Passive  of  several  Intransitive 
Verbs,  making  prominent  the  action  rather  than  the  doer ;  as  pugnS- 
tur,  fighting  goes  on,  lit.  it  is  fought  (VII.  67,  84)  ;  pugn^tum  est, 
fighting  went  on  (I.  26)  ;  Ubi  eo  ventum  est,  when  {they)  had  come 
thither,  lit.  when  it  was  come  thither,  the  coming  being  made  prominent 
(I.  43). 

e.  Verbs  are  often  used  impersonally  in  the  Passive  Periphrastic 
Conjugation,  denoting  Obligation  or  Necessity  {229,  c)  ;  as,  rei  fru- 
mentSriae  prospiciendum  [esse] ,  that  he  should  provide  for  supplies, 
lit.  that  it  ought  to  be  provided  for  supplies  by  him  (I.  23). 


WOED   FORMATION 

74.  The  following  classes  of  words  are  derived  from  Verbs : 

a.  Nouns  with  the  Suffix  -tor  denoting  the  agent,  as  vic-tor, 
(I.  31),  victor^  from  vinco ;  defen-sor  (11.  6;  for  defend-tor,  as 
defen-sus  for  defend-tus),  defender,  from  defendo. 

h.  Nouns  with  the  Suffixes  -tio  (-sio),  -tus,  -tura,  -ium,  denoting 
an  action  or  the  result  of  an  action,  as  coniura-tio  (I.  2),  a  swearing 
together^  league  (coniuro)  ;  muni-tio  (I.  10),  a  fortifying,  a  fortifi- 
cation conceived  as  a  result  of  fortifying  (munio)  ;  adven-tus  (I.  22), 
arrival  (advenio)  ;  exerci-tus  (I.  13),  army,  conceived  as  a  product 
of  training  (exerceo)  ;  arma-tura  (II.  10),  equipment  (armo)  ;  impe- 
rium  (I.  3),  command,  sovereignty  (impero)  ;  iudic-ium  (I.  4),  judg- 
ment, trial  (iudico). 

c.  Nouns  with  the  Suffix  -or,  denoting  a  condition  or  state,  as 
tim-or  (I.  22),  fear  (timeo). 

d.  Nouns  with  the  Suffixes  -men  or  -mentum,  -ulum,  -bulum, 
-crum,  denoting  process,  means,  or  result,  as  flu -men  (I.  12),  stream, 
river,  conceived  as  a  flowing  or  current  (fluo) ;  impedi-mentum 
(I.  25),  hindrance  (impedio),  pi.  impedimenta  (I.  24),  baggage,  con-' 
ceived  as  an  aggregation  of  hindrances;  vinc-ulum  (I.  4),  bond, 
chain,  conceived  as  a  means  of  binding  (vincio)  ;  pa-bulum  (I.  16), 
fodder,  conceived  as  a  means  of  feeding  (pasco)  ;  simula-crum  (VI. 
16),  image,  conceived  as  something  made  like  something  else  (simulo, 
make  like). 

e.  Adjectives  with  the  Suffix  -ax,  denoting  a  quality  or  tendency, 
as  ferSx  (II.  '^),  productive,  fertile  (fero,  bear). 

f.  Adjectives  with  the  Suffixes  -ills  and  -bills,  denoting  passive 
qualities,  or  capacity,  as  fac-ilis  (I.  6),  easy,  i.e.  capable  of  being 
done  or  made  (facio)  ;  mo-bilis  (IV.  5),  easily  moved,  changeable 
(moveo)  ;  incredibilis  (I.  12),  incredible  (negative  in-  -f  credibilis, 
capable  of  being  believed,  from  crSdo). 

g.  A  few  Adjectives  in  -tivus,  as  cap-tivus  (I.  50),  captive  (capio), 
fugi-tivus  (I.  23),  fugitive  (fugio). 

75.  The  following  classes  of  words  are  derived  from  Nouns : 

a.  Diminutive  Nouns,  ending  in  -lus  (Fem.  -la,  Neut.  -Ium),  and 
in  -ulus,  -olus,  -cuius,  etc.,  as  arti-culus  (VI.  27),  Joint  (artus)  ; 

525 


526  Companion  to  Caesar  [§76 

tabella  (C.  III.  83),  voting  tablet  (tabula)  ;  porcellus,  pig,  dim.  from 
porculus,  young  hog,  pig,  which  is  itself  a  dim.  from  porcus,  hog, 
(p.  463). 

h.  Nouns  with  the  Suffix  -atus,  denoting  an  official  position  or  body, 
as  c6nsul-5tu8  (I.  35),  consulship  (consul)  ;  magistrStus  (I.  4),  inag- 
istracy,  magistrate  (magister)  ;  senatus  (I.  3),  senate  (senex). 

c.  A  few  Abstract  Nouns  in  -tas  and  -tus,  as  civi-taa  (I.  2),  citi- 
zenship, state  (civis)  ;  vir-tus  (I.  1),  valor  (vir). 

d.  Adjectives  with  the  Suffix  -eus,  denoting  material,  as  aureus 
(V.  12),  of  gold  (aurum);  ferreus  (III.  13),  of  iron  (ferrum). 

e.  Adjectives  with  the  Suffixes  -ius,  -icus,  -cus,  -anus,  -inus,  -nus, 
-Slis,  -His,  -Srius,  -Sris,  -ivus,  meaning  connected  with,  belonging  to, 
from,  etc.,  as  patr-ius  (IT.  15),  of  a  father,  ancestral  (pater)  ;  bell-icus 
(VI.  24),  of  war  (bellum)  ;  Gall-icus  (I.  31),  Gallic;  German-icus 
(IV.  16),  Germanic;  urb-anus  (VII.  1),  of  a  city,  of  the  city  (urbs)  ; 
Rom-anus,  of  Rome  (Roma)  ;  Lat-inus,  of  Latium,  Latin  ;  nSv-aiis 
(III.  19),  naval  (nSvis)  ;  legion-arius  (I.  51),  of  a  legion,  legionary 
(legio)  ;  consul-aris  (C.  III.  82),  consular;  aest-ivus  (VI.  4),  of 
summer. 

f  Adjectives  with  the  suffix  -osus,  denoting  fullness,  as  pericu- 
losus  (I.  ^'^),  full  of  danger  (periculum)  ;  bellic-osus  (I.  10),  warlike 
(bellic-us,  bellum). 

g.  Denominative  Verbs,  of  the  different  conjugations,  as  ciiro, 
-5re  (I.  19),  care  for,  take  care  (cura)  ;  laud5,  -Sre  (C.  III.  87),  praise 
(laus,  laudis)  ;  tribuo,  -ere  (I.  13),  assign  (tribus) ;  fiiiio,  -Ire 
(IV.  16),  limit  (finis)  ;  partior,  -Iri  (III.  10),  divide  (pars,  partis). 

76.  a.  Derived  from  Adjectives  are  Abstract  Nouns  with  the  Suf- 
fixes -tia,  -ia,  -tSs,  and  -tudo,  denoting  quality  or  condition,  as 
duri-tia  (VI.  21),  hardness  (durus) ;  aud&c-ia  (I.  18),  boldness 
(audax)  ;  grSt-ia  (I.  9),  favor  (grStus)  ;  cupidi-t5s  (I.  2),  desire 
(cupidus) ;  forti-tudo  (I.  2),  bravery  (fortis). 

h.  Derived  from  Adverbs  are  several  Adjectives  in  -urnus,  -turnus, 
-tinus,  referring  to  Time,  as  diu-turnus  (I.  14),  long-continued  (difl), 
and  diii-tinus  (V.  52),  protracted  (dlQ)  ;  so  CrSstinus  (C.  III.  91), 
like  the  English  name  Morrow,  from  cr5s-tinus,  of  to-morrow  (crfts). 

c.  A  few  Adjectives  have  a  Diminutive  in  -ulus ;  as  tantulus,  so 
small,  from  tantus  (IV.  22). 

77.  Adverbs  ^  are  sometimes  formed  from  the  Stem  of  the  Perfect 
Passive  Participle  with  the  suffix  -im,  as  stat-im  (I.  53),  immediately 

1  The  formation  of  Adverbs  from  Adjectives  is  treated  under  Adverbs,  34, 36. 


§79]  Word  Formation  527 

(status,  sto) ;  and  from  nouns,  with  the  ending  -tim  (or  -im),  as 
viri-tim  (VII.  71),  man  hy  man  (vir),  and  part-im  (II.  1),  partly, 
which  was  originally  an  Accusative  of  pars. 

78.  Verbs  derived  from  Verbs  are  : 

a.  Frequentatives,  expressing  repeated  or  intensive  action ;  fre- 
quentatives  derived  from  Verbs  of  the  First  Conjugation  end  in  -ito, 
as  clamito  (V.  7),  cry  out  loudly,  shout  (clamo)  ;  others  end  in  -to  or 
-so,  as  iacto  (I.  25),  toss  about,  cast  (iacio),  concurso  (V.  33),  rush 
hither  and  yon,  rush  about  (concurro). 

b.  Inchoatives,  or  Inceptives,  expressing  the  beginning  of  an 
action  or  state,  a  becoming ;  they  end  in  -sco,  preceded  by  -a-,  -e-, 
or  -1-,  as  maturesco  (VI.  29),  become  ripe  (mature). 

79.  a.  In  the  first  part  of  a  Compound  Word  the  final  vowel  of  the 
Stem  of  a  Noun  or  Adjective  is  dropped  before  a  vowel,  and  becomes 
-i-  before  a  consonant,  while  in  the  case  of  consonant  Stems  -i-  is 
often  inserted ;  in  the  second  part  vowel  changes  frequently  appear. 
Thus  signi-fer  (11.  25),  standard-bearer  (for  signo-fer,  signum  + 
fer-  in  fero)  ;  prin-ceps  (I.  30),  leader,  i.e.  taking  foremost  place  (for 
primo-cap-s,  primus  4-  cap-  in  capio)  ;  ampli-fico  (II.  14),  enlarge 
(for  amplo-fac-6,  amplus  -f  fac-  in  facio) . 

b.  The  first  part  of  a  Compound  is  often  a  Preposition  or  other 
indeclinable  word,  as  per-ficio  (I.  3),  carry  through  (per  +  facio)  ; 
in-iussu  (I.  19),  ivithout  orders  (negative  in-  -f  iussu)  ;  bi-enn-ium 
(I.  3),  (period  of)  two  years  (for  bi-anno-ium,  bis  -|-  annus  + 
suffix  -ium)  ;  quotannis  (I.  36),  annually  (quot  +  Ablative  of 
annus). 

c.  Compounds  originating  in  phrases  are  sometimes  declinable,  as 
prS-consul,  proconsul,  Abl.  pro-consule  (VI.  1)  ;  sometimes  inde- 
clinable, as  ob-viam,  in  the  way  (VII.  12,  28). 

d.  The  following  indeclinable  prefixes  are  found  only  in  Compound 
Words : 

amb-,  am-,  (an-),  about,  as  in  an-fractus  (VII.  46),  curve. 

com-,  CO-  (old  form  of  cum,  loith) ,  with,  together ;  see  under  cum  in  Vocab- 
ulary. 

dis-,  appearing  also  as  dir-,  di-,  apart,  as  in  dis-cedo  (I.  16),  go  apart; 
dir-imo  (I.  46),  take  apart,  break  off;  di-mitto  (I.  18),  send  about,  send  off. 

in-,  =  ?<n-,  not,  as  in  incertus  (IV.  5) ;  to  be  carefully  distinguished  from 
the  preposition  in  in  composition. 

por-,  forth,  forward,  as  in  por-rigo  (II.  19),  extend. 

re-,  red-,  back,  as  in  re-maneo  (I.  39),  stay  behind;  red-eo  (I.  29),  return. 

bS",  sed-,  apart,  as  in  se-paro  (VII.  63),  separate,  sed-itio  (VII.  28),  mutiny. 


THE  DERIVATION   OF  ENGLISH   WORDS   FROM 
THE   LATIN  1 

80.  a.  Very  many  of  the  Words  in  the  English  Language  in  com- 
mon use  are  derived,  indirectly  or  directly,  from  the  Latin. 

The  percentage  of  classical  Latin  words  that  have  been  taken  over 
into  English  directly,^  however,  is  exceedingly  small;  the  people 
whose  name  survives  in  the  word  "  English  "  reached  Britain  too  late 
for  any  direct  contact  with  classical  Latin.  But  in  the  Middle  Ages 
a  modified  Latin  was  spoken  and  written  by  educated  men  all  over 
Europe;  and  classical  Latin  authors  continued  to  be  read,  less  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  but  extensively  after  the  Revival  of  Learning.  Mean- 
while the  Latin  spoken  by  the  common  people  in  Italy,  France,  Spain, 
and  other  countries  conquered  by  the  Romans,  had  developed  into  the 
Romance  languages,  French,  Italian,  Spanish  and  kindred  tongues; 
and  after  the  Norman  Conquest,  in  the  eleventh  century,  French  was 
both  spoken  and  written  in  England.  Thus  it  happens  that  words 
of  Latin  origin  have  come  down  into  the  English  of  to-day  in  various 
ways,  some  through  the  writings  and  speech  of  those  who  read  classi- 
cal Latin,  a  great  many  through  mediaeval  Latin,  but  far  the  greatest 
number  through  the  Romance  languages,  particularly  French. 

h.  Some  Latin  words  appear  in  English  in  their  Latin  forms, 
though  they  may  have  passed  through  other  forms  and  may  now  have 
a  different  meaning;  as  "arbor"  (II.  17),  "census"  (I.  29),  "color" 
(V.  14),  "duplex"  (IL  29),  "senator"  (II.  28),  "victor"  (L  31),  and 
"omnibus,"  meaning  originally /or  all,  from  the  Dative  Plural  Mascu- 
line of  omnis  (1.  1). 

81.  Many  Latin  Words  appear  in  English  with  slight  change  of 
spelling,  as  "  cent "  from  centum  (L  37),  "  condition  "  from  condicid 
(I.  28)  through  a  late  spelling  conditiS ;  "difficulty"  from  difflcultas 

1  Classes  in  Caesar  find  it  a  nseful  exercise  to  make,  on  separate  slips  or 
cards,  a  list  of  Latin  words  in  each  lesson  having  English  derivatives,  adding 
the  words  derived  from  them.  The  Latin  words  from  time  to  time  can  be 
classified,  in  gronps  corresponding  with  the  nnrabered  paragraphs  80-85,  the 
words  in  each  group  being  arranged  in  alphabetical  order. 

2  The  editor  is  indebted  to  Professor  O.  F.  Emerson,  of  Western  Reserve 
University,  for  helpful  suggestions. 


§83]  Derivation  of  English  Words  529 

(11.  20),  "fort"  from  fortis  (I.  48),  "future"  from  futurus  (I.  10), 
the  Future  Participle  associated  with  sum ;  "  office  "  from  officium 
(I.  40),  "senate"  from  senatus  (I.  3),  and  "victory"  from  victoria 
(I.  53);  "false"  from  falsus  (VI.  20),  and  "pedal"  from  pedalis 
(III.  13),  which  goes  back  to  pes,  Gen.  pedis,  foot  (I.  25) ;  "  admire  " 
from  admiror  (I.  14),  "ascend"  from  ascendo  (I.  21),  "accept" 
from  accipio  (I.  14)  through  the  Frequentative  accepts,  accept, 
w^hich  is  formed  from  acceptus  (I.  48),  Participle  of  accipio. 

82.  a.  Some  English  Words  have  been  formed  from  Latin  Words 
by  Analogy  of  Latin  or  French  Words  already  in  the  language.  Ex- 
amples are  "magistracy"  and  "classical." 

h.  "Magistracy"  goes  back  to  magistratus  (I.  4).  From  magis- 
trStus  came  "  magistrate,"  to  which  the  suffix  "  -cy  "  was  added  from 
Analogy  to  the  English  nouns  of  Latin  origin  ending  in  "  -cy  "  ^ ;  this 
suffix  represents  the  Latin  termination  -tia,  as  in  "  clemency,"  from 
clSmentia  (II.  14).  With  the  addition  of  the  suffix  "-cy"  the  last 
two  letters  of  "  magistrate  "  disappeared ;  hence  "  magistracy." 

a.  "Classical"  comes  from  the  Adjective  classicus,  Jirst  class, 
which  goes  back  to  classis,  a  class,  though  in  Caesar  classis  (IIL  14, 
etc.)  has  only  the  meaning  Jleet,  as  a  class  or  division  of  military 
forces.  From  classicus  comes  "  classic  " ;  the  suffix  "  -al "  was  added 
from  Analogy  to  the  English  Words  which  are  derived  from  the  Latin 
Adjectives  ending  in  -alis,  as  "  social  "  from  socialis  (ultimately  from 
sociuB,  fellow,  ally,  I.  5),  "  hospital "  from  hospitalis  (ultimately  from 
hospes.  Gen.  hospitis,  guest-friend,  I.  53),  and  "  legal "  from  legalis 
(ultimately  from  ISx,  legis,  law,  I.  1).  Similarly,  "  aural  "  is  derived 
from  auris,  ear  (VI.  26),  "continual"  from  continuus  (I.  48),  and 
"  senatorial"  from  senatorius  (C.  III.  83),  the  suffix  " -al"  replac- 
ing the  Latin  terminations. 

83.  a.  Some  English  Words  are  formed  from  Words  of  ultimate 
Latin  origin  by  the  addition  of  a  sulfix  of  English  origin.  Thus 
"falsehood"  comes  from  "false"  (Latin  falsus,  VI.  20)  with  the 
suffix  "-hood  "  denoting  quality ;  "  citizenship  "  from  "  citizen,"  which 
goes  back  ultimately  to  Latin  civis  (VIT.  77),  with  the  suffix  "  -ship" 
denoting  state  or  office  ;  "  instantly  "  from  "  instant "  (Latin  iustans, 
Gen.  instantis.  Present  Participle  of  insto,  1. 16),  and  "  nobly  "  from 
"noble  "  (Latin  nobilis,  I.  2),  by  addition  of  the  suffix  "  -ly,"  which 
has  the  same  origin  as  the  English  word  "  like." 

1  This  suffix  has  no  connection  with  a  similar  suffix  of  Greek  origin  found 
in  "  democracy  "  and  a  few  other  English  words. 


530  Companion  to  Caesar  [|84 

6.  A  few  English  Words  are  formed  from  Latin  Words  by  the  ad- 
dition of  an  English  suffix  of  Greek  origin;  as  "jurist"  from  ius, 
Gen.  iuria  (I.  4)  with  the  suffix  "-ist,"  which  represents  a  Greek 
termination  denoting  the  agent ;  "  Caesarisra,"  "  nihilism,"  "  terror- 
ism "  from  Caesar  (1.7),  nihil  (T.  11),  and  terror  (II.  12)  with  the 
suffix  "  -ism,"  also  of  Greek  origin,  implying  doctrine  or  practice. 

84.  Many  Latin  Words,  especially  those  that  have  come  into  Eng- 
lish through  the  French,  have  undergone  so  great  changes  that  their 
Latin  origin  is  not  at  once  perceived,  though  it  can  always  be  traced 
through  intermediate  forms.  Such  are  "  captaincy,"  from  "  captain," 
which  is  ultimately  derived  from  caput  (I.  29),  head,  with  the  suffix 
"  -cy "  {82,  h)  ;  "  city,"  from  clvitSs  (I.  2)  ;  "  lieutenant,"  from 
locum  ten6ns  (Present  Participle  of  teneo,  hold),  one  holding 
another's  office  or  place ;  "  madam,"  "  Madonna,"  from  mea  domina, 
Feminine  corresponding  to  the  Masculine  meus  dominus  (Dative 
dominis,  VI.  13);  "governor"  from  gubernator  (111.9);  "peril" 
from  periculum  (I.  17),  and  "perilous"  from  periculosus  (1.33), 
"preach  "  from  praedico  (I.  44),  and  "  receive  "  from  recipio  (I.  5). 

85.  A  few  common  abbreviations  represent  Latin  Words  ;  as  "no." 
in  "  no.  9,"  where  "  no."  stands  not  for  "  number  "  but  for  numerd 
(I.  5),  the  Ablative  of  numerus.  Also,  the  symbols  for  English 
money,  £  s.  d.,  now  read  as  "  pounds,  shillings,  pence,"  are  derived 
from  Latin  words :  £  =  libra,  a  pound  in  weight,  whence  librilia, 
weighing  a  pound  (VII.  81)  ;  s.  =  solidus,  a  Roman  gold  coin;  and 
d.  =  dSn&rius,  a  Roman  silver  coin,  translated  penny,  though  its  value 
as  silver  was  originally  between  fifteen  and  twenty  cents  in  our  cur- 
rency. Solidus,  the  name  of  the  coin,  came  from  the  Adjective  soli- 
dus, from  which  our  word  "  solid  "  is  derived;  it  survives  in  our  word 
"  soldier  "  as  "  one  having  pay  "  for  military  service.  D6n5rius  came 
from  dSnl,  ten  each  (I.  43)  because  it  originally  contained  ten  of  the 
monetary  units  called  as,  and  as  survives  in  our  word  "  ace." 

Our  abbreviation  "  Mr."  is  for  "  Master,"  but  "  Master  "  is  of  Latin 
origin,  being  derived  from  magister  (C.  III.  43). 

86.  The  value  of  the  contribution  which  the  English  language  has 
received  from  the  Latin  cannot  be  measured  in  percentages  of  words. 
The  words  of  English  origin  which  we  use  are  largely  concrete,  and 
well  fitted  to  express  fundamental  ideas ;  but  we  are  indebted  to  the 
Latin  for  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  words  employed  in  the  arts, 
science  and  education,  which  fit  the  English  language  to  be  the 
vehicle  of  expression  for  a  constantly  developing  civilization. 


SYNTAX 
SUBJECT   AND  PREDICATE 

87.  a.  A  Noun  or  Pronoun,  or  an  Adjective  taking  the  place  of  a 
Noun,  when  used  as  the  Subject  of  a  Finite  Verb  is  in  the  Nomina- 
tive Case ;  as,  legati  reverterunt,  the  envoys  returned  (I.  8)  ;  integri 
defessis  succederent, /resA  men  were  relieving  the  exhausted  (VI I.  41). 

h.  A  Personal  Pronoun  used  as  a  Subject  is  expressed  only  when 
there  is  emphasis  or  contrast ;  as,  Desilite,  commilitones,  nisi  vul- 
tis  aquilam  hostibus  prodere ;  ego  certe  meum  .  .  .  officium 
praestitero.  Leap  down,  comrades,  unless  you  want  to  abandon  your 
eagle  to  the  enemy ;  I  at  any  rate  shall  have  done  my  duty.  Here  ego  is 
emphatic,  but  the  subject  of  the  Plural  Verbs  is  not  emphatic,  and 
hence  is  not  expressed  (IV.  25). 

c.  Instead  of  a  Noun  or  other  Substantive  word  an  Infinitive  or  a 
Clause  may  be  used  as  the  Subject  of  a  Verb ;  as,  Commodissimum 
visum  est  Gaium  Valerium  Prooillum  .  .  .  mittere,  It  seemed 
most  expedient  to  send  Gains  Valerius  Procillus,  where  mittere  is  the 
subject  of  visum  est  (I.  47). 

88.  a.  A  Predicate  Noun,  in  the  same  case  as  the  Subject,  is  used 
with  sum  and  the  ■  Passives  of  Verbs  of  calling,  choosing,  making, 
esteeming,  and  the  like ;  as,  Divico  princeps  fuit,  Divico  was  the  lead- 
ing man  (I.  13)  ;  qui  .  .  .  Galli  appellantur,  who  are  called  Gauls 
(I.  1)  ;  duces  ei  deliguntur,  those  are  chosen  (as)  leaders  (III.  23). 

b.  A  Predicate  Noun  after  Passive  Participles  is  similarly  used ;  as, 
obsidibus  acceptis  primis  civitatis,  having  received  the  foremost 
men  of  the  state  as  hostages,  lit.  the  foremost  men  of  the  state  having  been 
received  as  hostages  (II.  13). 

89.  a.  A  Verb  is  sometimes  omitted  when  it  can  easily  be  supplied 
from  the  context;  as,  acies  (I.  25),  where  intulit  is  to  be  supplied. 

b.  Forms  of  sum  are  often  omitted  in  the  compound  tenses ;  as, 
oocisa  (I.  53)  for  occisa  est,  was  killed. 

c.  In  the  Future  Active  and  Perfect  Passive  Infinitive,  and  also  in 
the  Present  Passive  Infinitive  of  the  Periphrastic  Conjugation,  esse 

631 


532  Companion  to  Caesar  (1 90 

is  frequently  omitted;  a«,  concili5turum  (I.  8)  for  conciliaturum 
esse;  ituros  atque  futures  (I.  13)  for  iturds  esse  atque  futfUrds 
esse ;  ISturi  for  ISturi  esse  (I.  40)  ;  occisum  .  .  .  pulsum  .  .  .  mis- 
sum  (I.  7)  for  occisum  esse  .  .  .  pulsum  esse  .  .  .  missum  esse; 
exspectandum   (I.  11)  for  exspectandumi  esse. 

90.  a.  Ill  certain  connections  est,  erat,  etc.,  may  best  be  trans- 
lated there  isj  there  was,  etc.,  with  the  Subject  following ;  as,  Flumen 
est  Arar,  There  is  a  river,  the  Arar  (I.  12);  Erant  itinera  duo. 
There  were  two  routes  (I.  6). 

b.  Occasional!}^  there  may  be  used  in  like  manner  in  translating 
other  verbs  than  sum;  as,  Relinquebatur  una  via,  There  remained 
only  the  route  (I.  9). 

NOUNS 

91.  a.  Nouns  used  as  Appositives,  whether  in  the  Nominative  or 
in  the  Oblique  cases,  agree  in  case  with  the  Nouns  to  which  they 
belong;  as,  Ariovistus,  rex  Germanorum,  Ariovistus,  king  of  the 
Germans  (I.  31)  ;  5,  Bibracte,  oppido  (Ablative)  Aeduorum,  from 
Bibracte,  a  town  of  the  Aeduans  (I.  23). 

h.  Nouns  in  Predicate  Apposition  sometimes  agree  with  an  un- 
expressed Subject,  which  is  implied  in  the  Verb ;  as,  homings  .  .  . 
(ei)  afiScigbantur,  (being)  men  ...  they  were  sorely  troubled  (I.  2). 

c.  A  Noun  referring  to  a  Part  may  be  in  Apposition  to  a  Noun  ex- 
pressing the  Whole  (Partitive  Apposition)  ;  as,  itinera  duo  :  unum 
(iter),  alterum  (iter),  two  routes:  the  one  (route)  .  .  .  ,  the  other  .  .  . 
(1.6). 

92.  a.  A  Plutal  Noun  is  often  used  in  Latin  where  English  usage 
prefers  the  Singular ;  as,  ad  effSminandos  animos,  to  weaken  the 
courage  (I.  1). 

b.  An  Abstract  Noun  is  sometimes  used  in  Latin  where  English 
usage  expects  a  Concrete  Plural  Noun ;  as,  coniiir5ti6nem  nSbili- 
tttis,  a  conspiracy  of  the  nobles,  lit.  of  the  nobility  (I.  2). 

c.  Abstract  Nouns  are  sometimes  used  in  the  Plural  to  denote 
instances  of  the  Quality ;  as ;  ad  frigora  atque  aestiis  vltandds, 
to  avoid  heat  and  cold  (VI.  22). 

THE  VOCATIVE  CASE 

93.  The  Vocative  Case  is  used  only  in  Direct  Address;  as,  Quid 
dubitSs,  Vorgne?  VorenuSi  why  do  you  hesitate?  (V.  44). 


97]  The  Genitive  Case  533 


THE    GENITIVE    CASE 

94.  a.  In  the  Possessive  Genitive  the  idea  of  Possession  or  of 
Close  Connection  is  generally  prominent ;  as,  fines  Sequanorum,  the 
territory  of  the  Sequanians,  the  Sequanians'  country  (1-8);  a  humani- 
tate  provinciae,  from  the  refnement  of  the  Province  (I.  1). 

h.  The  Possessive  Genitive  is  used  idiomatically  with  causa, 
gratia  and  instar ;  as,  auxilii  causa,  as  an  auxiliary  force,  lit.  for  the 
sake  of  support  (II.  24)  ;  sui  purgandi  gratia,  in  order  to  clear  them- 
selves (VII.  43)  ;  Xnstar  muri  munimentum,  a  hairier  like  a  wall,  lit. 
the  image  of  a  wall  (II.  17). 

c.  A  Genitive,  perhaps  Possessive  in  Origin,  is  used  with  pridie 
and  postridie ;  as,  pridie  eius  diei,  the  day  before  that  day,  on  the 
previous  day  (I.  47)  ;  postridie  eius  diei,  the  next  day  (II.  12). 

d.  With  sum  and  fio  the  Possessive  Genitive  is  used  Predicatively 
with  the  meaning  {the  business)  of  belonging  to,  etc. ;  as,  neque  se 
iudicare  Galliam  potius  esse  Ariovisti  quam  populi  Romani, 
and  he  Judged  that  Gaul  did  not  belong  to  Ariovistus  (lit.  ivas  not  Ario- 
vistus's)  any  more  than  to  the  Roman  people  (I.  45). 

95.  The  Subjective  Genitive  designates  the  Person  or  Agent  whose 
act  or  feeling  is  expressed  in  the  Noun  on  which  the  Genitive  de- 
pends ;  as,  ab  Ariovisti  iniuria,  from  the  ivrongdoing  of  Ariovistus 
(I.  31) ;  terrore  equorum,  the  fright  caused  by  the  horses,  lit.  of  the 
horses  (IV.  33). 

96.  The  Appositional  Genitive  defines  or  explains  the  Noun  on 
which  it  depends;  as,  iniuria  retentorum  equitum,  the  wrong  (com- 
mitted by)  detaining  the  knights,  the  detaining  of  the  knights  being 
the  wrong  expressed  in  iniuria  (III.  10). 

97.  a.  The  Partitive  Genitive,  or  Genitive  of  the  Whole,  designates 
the  Whole  of  which  a  Part  is  expressed  in  the  Noun,  Pronoun,  Adjec- 
tive, or  Numeral  on  which  it  depends;  as,  quarum  unam  (partem), 
of  which  (i.  e.  thi^ee  parts)  one  (part)  (I.  1)  ;  milia  passuum  CCXL, 
two  hundred  and  forty  miles,  lit.  two  hundred  and  forty  thousands  of  paces 
(I.  2)  ;  primes  civitatis,  the  first  (men)  of  the  state  (II.  3)  ;  nihil 
reliqui  .  .  .  fecerunt,  they  spared  no  effort,  lit.  nothing  of  the  rest 
(II.  26). 

b.  The  Part  on  which  the  Genitive  of  the  Whole  depends  may  be 
indefinitely  expressed  by  the  Singular  Neuter  of  a  Pronoun  or  of  an 
Adjective,  used  substantively,  or  by  the  Adverb  satis  used  substan- 
tively; as,  quid  negotii^  what  business,  lit.  what  of  business  (I.  34); 


534  Companion   to  Caesar  [§  98 

quid  BUI  consilii  sit,  what  his  plan  was  (I.  21);  aliquid  novi  con- 
silii,  some  netv  scheme  or  other  (IV.  32)  ;  quantum  boni,  how  great 
good  (I.  40)  ;  plus  doloris,  more  suffering  (I.  20)  ;  totius  Galliae 
plurimum  possent,  were  (he  most  powerful  of  all  Gaul  (I.  3)  ;  satis 
causae,  sufficient  ground,  lit.  enough  of  cause  (I.  19). 

c.  In  the  English  phrase  all  of  these  there  is  no  Partitive  idea,  be- 
cause these  and  all  refer  to  the  same  whole.  Such  phrases  are  not 
expressed  in  Latin  by  the  Partitive  Genitive  but  by  words  agreeing 
in  Case;  as,  HI  omnes,  all  these  (I.  1);  complures  nostri,  a  large 
number  of  our  men  (I.  52)  ;  omnium  vestrum,  of  all  of  you,  of  you 
all  (VII.  77). 

d.  Caesar  sometimes  uses  de  or  ex  with  the  Ablative  instead  of 
the  Genitive  of  the  Whole;  so  regularly  with  quidam  and  words 
referring  to  Number.  Thus,  quidam  ex  his,  some  of  these  (II.  17)  ; 
pauci  de  nostris,  a  few  of  our  men  (I.  15). 

e.  A  Genitive  of  the  Whole  may  be  used  with  an  Adverb  in  the 
Superlative  Degree ;  as  Deorum  maxime  Mercurium  colunt,  of  the 
gods  they  worship  Mercury  above  all  others  (VI.  17). 

98.  a.  A  variety  of  the  Genitive  of  the  Whole  is  the  Genitive  of 
Material,  which  is  used  to  designate  the  Material  or  Units  included 
in  the  Noun  on  which  it  depends;  as,  multitudinem  hominum,  a 
force  of  men,  lit.  a  multitude  (made  up)  of  men  (I.  4)  ;  aciem  legio- 
num  quattuor,  a  line  (consisting)  of  four  legions  (I.  24). 

b.  The  Material  of  which  anything  is  made  is  expressed  by  the 
Ablative  with  ex ;  as,  scutis  ex  cortice  factis,  with  shields  made  of 
bark  (II.  33). 

99.  The  Genitive  is  used  to  express  Origin ;  as,  Catamant&loedis 
filio,  son  of  Catamantaloedes  (I.  3). 

100.  a.  The  Genitive  of  Quality  and  the  Genitive  of  Measure  are 
modified  by  Adjectives  or  Numerals ;  as,  homings  magnae  virtutis, 
men  of  great  valor  (II.  15)  ;  murum  in  altitudinem  pedum  sSdecim, 
a  rampart  sixteen  feet  high,  lit.  to  the  height  of  sixteen  feet  (I.  8) 

b.  The  Genitive  of  Quality  and  Genitive  of  Measure  may  be  used 
predicatively ;  as,  Erant  eius  modi  situs  oppidorum,  The  strong- 
holds were  so  situated,  lit.  the  situations  of  the  strongholds  were  of  such  a 
character  (III.  12). 

101.  The  Neuter  Genitives  magni,  tauti,  and  some  others  are  used 
predicatively,  without  a  Noun,  to  express  Indefinite  Value  ;  as,  magnl 
habSbatur,  was  considered  of  great  weight  (IV.  21)  ;  tanti,  of  so  great 
account  (I.  20). 


§  105]  The  Dative  Case  535 

102.  The  Objective  Genitive  is  used  with  Nouns  to  denote  the 
Object  toward  which  Action  or  Feeling  is  directed,  and  with  Adjec- 
tives to  limit  their  application  ;  as,  rei  publicae  (Genitive)  iniuriam, 
the  wrong  done  to  the  state  (I.  20)  ;  regni  cupiditate  inductus,  led  hy 
desire  of  kingly  power  (I.  2)  ;  imperitum  rerum,  unversed  in  affairs 
(I.  44)  ;  alicuius  iniuriae  conscius,  conscious  of  any  wrong-doing 
(I.  14). 

103.  a.  Caesar  uses  reminiscor  and  obllviscor  with  a  Genitive 
of  the  thing  remembered  or  forgotten  ;  as,  reminisceretur  incom- 
modi,  he  should  recall  the  disaster  (I.  13)  ;  contumeliae  oblivisci,  to 
he  forgetful  of  an  affront  (I.  14). 

&.  A  Genitive  of  the  Charge  is  used  with  Verbs  of  Accusing  and 
Condemning;  as,  proditionis  insimulatus,  accused  of  treachery  (VII. 
20)  ;  capitis  damnarent,  should  condemn  (to  loss)  of  civil  rights,  lit. 
ofhea^  (C.  III.  83). 

c.  Caesar  uses  the  impersonal  paenitet  with  the  Accusative  of  the 
Person  repenting  and  the  Genitive  of  the  Object  of  Repentance ;  as, 
quorum  eos  paenitere  necesse  est,  of  which  they  of  necessity  repent, 
lit.  of  which  it  is  necessary  that  it  repent  them  (IV.  5). 

d.  Caesar  uses  interest  with  a  Genitive  Neuter  to  express  the 
degree  of  concern  ;  as,  magni  interesse  arbitrabatur,  he  thought  that 
it  was  of  great  importance  (V.  4). 

e.  With  interest  Caesar  uses  a  Genitive  of  the  Interest  concerned; 
as,  rei  publicae  communisque  salutis  intersit  (Historical  Present), 
it  concerned  the  State  and  their  mutual  welfare  (II.  5). 

THE   DATIVE   CASE 

104.  a.  The  Dative  of  the  Indirect  Object  is  used  with  Transitive 
Verbs  which  have  a  Direct  Object  in  the  Accusative,  or  an  Infinitive 
Clause  as  Object,  and  also  with  the  Passive  of  such  Verbs ;  as,  dat 
(HistoVical  Present)  negotium  Senonibus,  He  assigned  the  task  to  the 
Senones  (II.  2);  nostris  —  dabatur,  was  given  to  our  men  (IV.  29). 

h.  With  such  Verbs  the  place  of  the  Direct  Object  may  be  taken  by 
an  Adverb  or  a  Clause ;  as,  ne  suae  magnopere  virtuti  tribueret, 
that  he  should  not  presume  over-much  upon  his  valor  (I.  13). 

105.  The  Dative  of  the  Indirect  Object  is  used  with  many  Intransi- 
tive Verbs  meaning  persuade,  trust,  distrust ;  command,  obey,  serve,  re- 
sist ;  pardon,  spare ;  please,  displease,  favor,  indulge ;  approach ;  envy, 
threaten,  rebuke,  and  some  others ;  as,  persuadet  Castico,  he  persuades 
Casticus  (I.  3),  that  is,  he  prevails  upon  Casticus.     The  Roman  point 


536  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  loe 

of  view  in  these  verbs  is  somewhat  different  from  that  of  the  English, 
which  with  corresponding  verbs  generally  uses  a  Direct  Object. 

The  following  are  among  the  Intransitive  Verbs  thus  used  with  the  Dative 
by  Caesar : 

accidit,  happem  to  (I.  18)  ;  appropinquo,  approach  (II.  10) ;  cedo,  yield 
to  (VII.  89) ;  concedo,  acknoioledgc  inferiority  to  (IV.  7) ;  confid5,  trust  (I. 
42) ;  consulo,  look  out  for  (VI.  31) ;  contingit,  it  falls  to  the  lot  of  (I.  43) ; 
credo,  intrust  (VI.  31) ;  cupiS,  loish  well  to  (I.  18). 

desperS,  despair  of  (III.  12) ;  diffid5,  lose  confidence  in  (VI.  38)  :  evenit, 
it  turns  out  (IV.  25) ;  faveo, /«yor  (VI.  7) ;  ignosco,  pardon  (I.  45)  ;  impero, 
command  (I.  28) ;  indulgeo,  treat  with  favor  (I.  40) ;  invideo,  envy,  be  jeal- 
ous of  (II.  31). 

licet,  it  is  permitted  (I.  30)  ;  medepr,  remedy  (V.  24) ;  noceS,  do  injury 
to  (III.  13) ;  obtempero,  submit  to  (IV.  21) ;  parco,  spare  (VI.  28) ;  p&reo, 
obey  (VI.  13) ;  persuadeo,  persuade  (I.  2) ;  placet,  it  pleases  (I.  34) ;  pr5- 
spicio,  arrange  for  (I.  23);  prosum,  be  of  benefit  to  (VI.  40). 

repugno,  contend  against  (I.  19) ;  resists,  oppose  (I.  25) ;  satisfacio,  make 
restitution  (I.  14) ;  servio,  be  the  slave  of  (IV.  5),  devote  one's  self  to  (VII. 
34) ;  studeo,  be  eager  for  (I.  9),  give  attention  to  (II.  17) ;  tempero,  restrain 
(1.33). 

106.  a.  A  few  Intransitive  Verbs  are  also  used  Transitively  by 
Caesar,  and  govern  the  Accusative  :  examples  are,  impunitatem  con- 
cSdere,  gra7it  escape  from  punishment  (I.  14)  ;  milites,  quos  impera- 
verat,  the  soldiers  that  he  had  levied  (I.  7). 

h.  Verbs  which  take  the  Dative  of  the  Indirect  Object  are  in  the 
Passive  used  only  Impersonally  ;  as,  Sibi  persuadSri,  That  the  convic- 
tion was  forced  upon  him,  that  he  was  persuaded  (I.  40). 

107.  a.  The  Dative  of  the  Indirect  Object  is  used  after  many 
Verbs  compounded  with  the  Prepositions  ad,  ante,  com-  (for  cum), 
in,  inter,  ob,  prae,  sub,  and  super;  as,  omnibus  praestSrent,  theij 
excelled  all  (I.  2). 

b.  Transitive  Verbs  compounded  with  these  Prepositions  may  have 
both  a  Direct  and  an  Indirect  Object,  the  Dative  depending  not  on 
the  Preposition  but  on  the  Compound ;  as,  finitimis  bellum  Inferre, 
to  wage  war  on  their  neighbors  (I.  2). 

108.  a.  The  Dative  is  used  after  Adjectives  meaning  agreeabley 
friendly,  hurtful,  hostile,  like,  unlike,  near,  subject,  obedient,  suitable, 
appropriate,  and  many  others;  as,  pl6bi  acceptus,  acceptable  to  the 
people  (I.  3) ;  proximT  GermSnIs,  next  to  the  Germans  (I.  1)  ;  locum 
idoneum  castrls,  a  place  suit(d)lefor  a  camp  (II.  17). 

b.  Similis  is  used  with  the  Genitive  when  referring  to  an  inner  or 
complete  resemblance,  as,  v6rl  simile,  probable,  lit.  having  the  likeness 


§  112]  The   Dative  Case  537 

of  truth  (III.  13)  ;  otherwise  with  the  Dative;  as,  fugae  similis,  like 
a  rout  (V.  53). 

109.  a.  The  Dative  of  Refereuce  designates  the  Person  or  Interest 
affected  by  the  action  or  state  expi-essed  in  a  Verb,  or  in  a  Clause  as 
a  whole;  it  should  be  translated  with  to,  for,  of ,  from,  in,  or  left  un- 
translated, according  to  the  meaning  of  the  clause  in  which  it  appears, 
and  the  requirements  of  English  idiom.  Thus,  iniuriae  sibi  con- 
scius  f  uisset,  had  been  conscious  of  wrong-doing,  lit.  had  been  conscious, 
to  itself,  of  wrong-doing  (I.  14)  ;  si  sibi  purgati  esse  vellent,  if  they 
ivanted  to  clear  themselves  in  his  sight,  lit.  to  clear  themselves  with  refer- 
ence to  himself  (I.  28)  ;  flese  Caesari  ad  pedes  proiecerunt,  pi^os- 
trated  themselves  at  Caesar's  feet,  lit.  in  relation  to  Caesar  (I.  31). 

b.  A  Dative  of  Reference  is  used  with  Verbs  of  taking  away,  espe- 
cially those  compounded  with  ab,  de,  and  ex  (sometimes  called  Dative 
of  Separation)  ;  thus,  Aeduis  libertatem  sint  erepturi,  that  they  were 
going  to  take  away  liberty  from  the  Aeduans,  lit.  that  as  regards  the  Aedu- 
ans,  they  are,  etc.  (I.  17)  ;  scuto  unl  militi  detracts,  snatching  a  shield 
from  a  soldier,  lit.  to  a  soldier,  the  Dative  expressing  the  point  of  view 
of  the  soldier  (II.  25)  ;  longe  els  afuturum,  would  be  far  from  bene- 
fiting them,  lit.  would  be  far  away  with  reference  to  them  (I.  36). 

c.  A  Dative  of  Reference  is  used  with  interdico,  which  may  take 
also  the  Ablative  of  the  Thing ;  as,  Gallia  Romanis  interdixisset, 
had  denied  to  the  Romans  any  rights  in  Gaul,  lit.  from  Gaul  (I.  46). 

110.  The  Dative  is  used  with  the  Passive  Periphrastic  Conjugation 
to  express  Agency ;  as,  omnibus  Gallis  idem  esse  faciendum,  that 
all  the  Celts  would  have  to  do  the  same  thing  (I.  31)  ;  Caesari  omnia 
erant  agenda,  Caesar  had  to  see  to  everything  (II.  20). 

111.  The  Dative  is  used  with  the  Verb  sum  to  denote  Possession ; 
as,  Mercatoribus  est  aditus.  Traders  have  access  (IV.  2)  ;  quid  .  .  . 
Caesari  .  .  .  negotii  esset,  ivhat  business  Caesar  .  .  .  had  (1.  34). 

112.  a.  The  Dative  is  used  with  Verbs  to  denote  the  Purpose  or 
Tendency  of  an  action  ;  as,  locum  domicilio  deligerent,  might  select 
a  place  for  a  permanent  habitation  (I.  30)  ;  locum  castris  deligit 
(Historical  Present),  se/ec^erf  a  place  for  a  camp  (VII.  16  and  often) ; 
Dies  colloquio  dictus  est,  a  day  was  appointed  for  a  conference 
(I.  42). 

b.  Sum  and  several  other  Verbs  may  have  two  Datives,  a  Dative 
of  Purpose  or  Tendency  and  a  Dative  of  Reference  ;  as,  sibi  eam  rem 
curae  futuram,  that  this  matter  should  have  his  attention,  lit.  should,  be  to 
him  for  a  care  (I.  33) ;  cum  auxilio  Nerviis  venirent,  ivhen  they  were 


538  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  ii3 

coming  to  the  assistance  of  the  Nervians,  lit.  for  an  aid  to  the  Nervians 
(11.  29). 

THE  ACCUSATIVE   CASE 

113.  a.  The  Direct  Object  of  a  Transitive  Verb  is  in  the  Accusa- 
tive Case;  as,  frumentum  comburunt  (Historical  Present),  they 
burned  the  grain  (I.  5). 

b.  Caesar  uses  as  Transitive  Verbs  several  Intransitives  compounded 
with  ad,  ante,  circum,  com-,  in,  ob,  prae,  praeter,  sub,  and  tr&ns ; 
as,  SI  insulam  adisset,  if  he  should  have  visited  the  island  (IV.  20)  ; 
reliquos  antecedunt,  surpass  the  rest  (III.  8)  ;  eum  convSnissent, 
had  met  him  (I.  27)  ;  se  gratiam  inituros  [esse],  that  they  would  gain 
favor  (VI.  43)  ;  inita  hieme,  at  the  beginning  of  winter,  lit.  winter  hav- 
ing been  begun  (III.  7)  ;  tectum  non  subissent,  had  not  found  shelter 
under  a  roof  lit.  had  not  passed  under  a  roof  (I.  36)  ;  tantam  virtu- 
tem  praestiterunt,  displayed  so  great  valor  (II.  27). 

c.  Caesar  uses  both  auimadverto  and  animum  adverts  with  the 
Accusative  of  the  Direct  Object  conceived  as  the  object  of  the  mental 
action  expressed  by  the  Compound;  thus,  id  animum  advertit,  he 
noticed  that  (I.  24)  ;  haec  animadvertisset,  had  noticed  this  (I.  40). 

114.  a.  Transitive  Verbs  compounded  with  trans  or  circum  may 
have  two  Accusatives,  one  dependent  on  the  Verb,  the  other  on  the 
Preposition;  as,  trSs  partgs  copi&rum  HelvStios  id  flumen  trl- 
duxisse,  that  the  Helvetians  had  taken  three-fourths  of  their  forces  across 
the  river  (I.  12),  partSs  being  the  object  of  ducere,  while  flymen  is 
governed  by  trans. 

b.  In  the  Passive  the  Object  of  the  Verb  used  with  two  Accusatives 
becomes  a  Subject,  while  the  Accusative  governed  by  the  Preposition 
remains;  as,  ne  maior  multitude  RhSnum  traducatur,  that  no  greater 
host  be  brought  across  the  Rhine  (I.  31). 

115.  a.  Verbs  of  making^  choosing,  regarding,  giving,  sending,  havingj 
calling,  showing,  and  some  others,  may  have  two  Accusatives,  one  a 
Direct  Object,  the  other  a  Predicate  Accusative;  as,  quem  rSgem 
constituerat,  whom  he  had  made  king  (IV.  21)  ;  quem  '  vergobre- 
tum '  appellant  Aedui,  which  the  Aeduans  call  Vergobret  (I.  16). 

b.  In  the  construction  of  Verbs  of  making,  choosing,  calling,  etc., 
with  two  Accusatives,  the  Predicate  Accusative  may  be  an  Adjective; 
as,  uti  .  .  .  civitatSs  stipendiaries  habSrent,  that  they  might  have 
states  tributary  to  them  (I.  30). 

c.  In  the  Passive  of  Verbs  of  making,  choosing,  calling,  etc.,  tlie 


§  118]  The  Accusative  Case  539 

Direct  Object  of  the  Active  is  made  the  Subject  and  the  Predicate 
Accusative  becomes  a  Predicate  Xominative ;  as,  qui  Celtae  appel- 
lantur,  who  are  called  Celts  (I.  1)  ;  Helvetii  certiores  fact!  sunt, 
Hie  Helvetians  were  informed,  where  certiores,  an  adjective  in  the 
comparative  degree,  is  predicative  (I.  7). 

116.  a.  Verbs  of  asking,  demanding,  teaching  may  have  two  Accu- 
satives, one  of  the  Person,  the  other  of  the  Thing ;  as,  Aeduos  fru- 
mentum  flagitare,  kept  pressing  the  Aeduans  for  the  grain  (I.  16). 

h.  With  Verbs  of  asking  and  demanding,  the  Person  may  be  ex- 
pressed by  the  Ablative  with  a  Preposition,  the  Thing  asked  by  an 
Accusative  or  by  a  Clause ;  as,  abs  te  rationem  reposcent,  they  will 
demand  an  accounting  from  you  (V.  30)  ;  cum  ab  eis  quaereret  quae 
civitates  .  .  .  essent,  making  inquiry  of  them  what  states  were  .  .  . 
(11.4). 

c.  With  quaere  the  Person  may  be  expressed  by  the  Ablative  with 
ab  or  ex ;  as,  quaerit  ex  solo  ea,  asked,  lit.  asks,  (him)  alone  about 
those  things  (I.  18)  ;  the  Accusative  of  the  Thing  may  be  replaced  by 
an  Ablative  with  de  ;  as,  quorum  de  natura  cum  quaereret,  making 
inquiry  about  the  character  of  whom  (II.  15). 

d.  Volo  is  sometimes  used  like  a  Verb  of  asking,  with  two  Accu- 
satives; as,  si  quid  (Accusative)  ille  se  (Accusative)  velit,  if  he 
(Caesar)  wished  anything  of  him  (I.  34). 

117.  a.  With  both  Intransitive  and  Transitive  Verbs  Caesar  some- 
times uses  a  Neuter  Pronoun  as  an  Accusative  of  Result  produced,  to 
carry  forward  or  qualify  the  meaning ;  as.  Id  eis  persuasit,  he  per- 
suaded them  (to  adopt)  that  (course),  lit.  he  persuaded  that  to  them  (I.  2)  ; 
hoc  facere,  to  do  this  (III.  27). 

b.  The  Accusative  of  Result  may  be  a  Noun  of  kindred  meaning 
with  the  Verb  (Cognate  Accusative)  ;  thus,  tutam  vitam  vivere,  to 
live  a  safe  life. 

118.  a.  The  Accusative  is  used  to  express  Extent  and  Duration; 
as,  milia  passuum  XVIIII  (for  undeviginti) ,  nineteen  miles  (I.  8)  ; 
multos  anuos,  many  years  (I.  3)  ;  magnam  partem  aestatis,  during 
a  great  part  oj  the  summer  (TIL  12)  ;  tridul  viam  processisset,  had 
advanced  a  three  days'  march  (I.  38). 

b.  Indefinite  Extent  or  Degree  may  be  expressed  with  certain 
Verbs  by  the  Neuter  Accusative  of  Pronouns,  or  of  Adjectives  used 
substantively ;  as,  quicquid  possunt,  whatever  strength  they  have,  lit. 
to  whatever  degree  they  are  able  (II.  17)  ;  quid  German!  virtute  pos- 
sent,  what  mettle  the  Germans  had,  lit.  to  what  degree  the  Germans  were 


540  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  119 

able  in  respect  to  bravery  (I.  36) ;  quorum  auctorit&s  plurimum 
valeat  (Historical  Present),  whose  influence  carried  very  great  welyht, 
lit.  is  strong  to  the  highest  degree  (I.  17);  si  quid  (Accusative)  opus 
esset,  if  there  should  be  any  need,  lit.  need  to  any  extent  (F.  42). 

c.  Extent  is  expressed  by  the  Accusative  of  nihil,  and  also  by 
partem  (Accusative  of  pars)  used  indefinitely,  a  construction  often 
called  Adverbial  Accusative  ;  as,  nihil  Caesaris  imperium  exspec- 
tSbant,  were  not  waiting  at  all  for  Caesaris  orders,  lit.  tn  extent  of  noth- 
ing, to  no  extent  (II.  20);  maximam  partem  laote  atque  pecore 
vivunt,  they  live  mostly  on  milk  and  meat,  where  partem  is  used  indefi- 
nitely, not  being  limited  to  a  definite  idea,  as  it  is  when  a  Genitive 
is  dependent  upon  it  (IV.  1). 

d.  Caesar  uses  quod,  Singular  Neuter  of  the  Relative  qui,  as  an 
Adverbial  Accusative  before  si,  nisi,  and  ubi,  where  it  may  be  trans- 
lated noiv,  moreover,  but,  and,  or  even,  lit.  as  to  which  :  as,  Quod  si  .  .  . 
vellet,  even  if  he  were  willing  (F.  14);  Quod  si  quid  .  .  .  Now  if 
anything  (F.  20). 

e.  Caesar  uses  quid.  Singular  Neuter  of  the  Interrogative  quis,  as 
an  Adverbial  Accusative  with  the  meaning  why  f  lit.  as  to  what  thing  f 
Thus,  Quid  dubitas,  Why  do  you  hesitate  f  (V.  44). 

119.  a.  Names  of  Towns  or  Small  Islands  are  put  in  the  Accusa- 
tive to  express  the  Limit  of  Motion;  as,  Bibraote  Ire  contendit 
(Historical  Present),  he  made  haste  to  go  to  Bihracte  (I.  28). 

h.  In  like  manner  domum,  the  Accusative  of  domus,  is  used  to 
express  Limit  of  Motion ;  as,  qui  domum  rediSrunt,  who  returned 
home  (F.  29). 

120.  a.  The  Accusative  of  names  of  towns  is  used  with  ad  to  ex- 
press to  the  vicinity  of,  in  the  neighborhood  of;  as,  ad  Genavam  per- 
venit,  he  proceeded  to  the  vicinity  of  Geneva  (I.  7)  ;  Caesar  ...  ad 
Alesiam  castra  fecit,  Caesar  encamped  in  the  neighborhood  of  Alesia 
(VFI.  68)  ;  but  Caesar  has  Vercingetorix  .  .  .  Alesiam  iter  facere 
coepit,  Vercingetorix  began  to  march  to  Alesia,  without  ad,  because 
Vercingetorix  fled  to  the  town  itself  for  refuge,  Alesiam  here  express- 
ing the  Limit  of  Motion  (VIT.  68). 

b.  In  such  phrases  as  ad  oppidum  Noviodunum  (II.  12)  the 
Name  of  the  Town  is  in  the  Accusative,  not  because  expressing  a 
Limit  of  Motion,  but  as  an  appositive  of  oppidum. 

121.  The  Subject  of  the  Infinitive  is  in  the  Accusative ;  a.s,  diem 
Inst&re,  that  the  day  was  at  hand  (I.  16). 

122.  a.   Caesar  uses  the  following  Prepositions  with  the  Accuser 


§  125]  The  Ablative  Case  541 

tive  only  :  ad,  to  ;  adversus,  against ;  ante,  before ;  apud,  near,  with, 
among;  circa,  around  (C  only);  circiter,  about;  circum,  around; 
cis,  on  this  side  of;  citrS,  on  this  side  of;  contra,  against;  erga, 
totvards;  extra,  outside  of;  infrt,  below ;  inter,  between;  intra,  within; 
iuxta,  near;  ob,  on  account  of;  penes,  in  the  possession  of;  per, 
through;  post,  after;  praeter,  excepting;  prope,  near;  propter,  on 
account  of;  secundum,  along,  after,  besides,  according  to  ;  supra,  above ; 
trans,  across,  on  the  other  side  of;  ultra,  beyond ;  versus,  toward. 

b.  Several  of  these  Prepositions  are  used  by  Caesar  also  as  Adverbs ; 
as,  contra,  in  opposition  (I.  18)  ;   supra,  above  (IT.  18). 

123.  a.  With  Nouns  referring  to  Persons  Caesar  often  uses  per 
with  the  Accusative  to  express  the  Means  through  which  something 
is  done,  as  distinguished  from  Direct  Agency,  which  is  expressed  by 
the  Ablative  with  ab  ;  as,  per  eos,  with  their  help,  lit.  bg  means  of  them 
(I.  4). 

b.  Caesar  uses  also  propius,  nearer,  the  Comparative  of  prope,  and 
proximus,  next,  the  Superlative  of  propior,  with  the  Accusative ;  as, 
propius  se,  nearer  to  themselves  (IV.  9)  ;  qui  proximi  Rhenum  in- 
colunt,  ivho  dwell  next  to  the  Rhine  (T.  54). 

c.  Versus  follows  its  Noun,  and  is  sometimes  used  in  a  separable 
Compound  with  ad  and  in  ;  as,  Metlosedum  versus,  towards  Metlose- 
dum  (VII.  61)  ;  ad  Oceanum  versus,  toicards  the  Ocean  (VI.  33). 

124.  a.  The  Prepositions  in  and  sub  are  used  with  the  Accusative 
to  denote  Motion,  with  the  Ablative  to  denote  Rest;  as,  in  partes 
tres,  into  three  parts  (T.  1)  ;  in  eorum  finibus,  in  their  country  (I.  1)  ; 
sub  iugum  missum,  sent  under  the  yoke  (I.  7)  ;  sub  aqua,  under 
water  (V.  18). 

b.  Super  is  used  ordinarily  with  the  Accusative,  but  occasionally 
with  the  Ablative. 

THE   ABLATIVE   CASE 

125.  a.  Caesar  uses  the  following  Prepositions  with  the  Ablative  : 
a,  or  ab,  abs,  away  from,  by;  cum,  with;  de,  down  from,  concerning ; 
ex  or  e,  out  from,  out  of;  prae,  before  ;  pro,  in  front  of,  for,  consider- 
ing, as;  sine,  without. 

b.  The  form  abs  appears  only  in  abs  te  (V.  30).  Ab  and  ex  are 
regularly  used  before  vowels  and  h;  a  and  e,  before  consonants,  but 
before  consonants  ab  and  ex  are  also  used. 

c.  With  the  Ablative  of  the  Personal,  Reflexive,  and  Relative  Pro- 
nouns cum  is  ordinarily  joined ;   thus  uobiscum,  with  us  (V.  17) ; 


542  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  i26 

Bgcum,  with  him  (I.  8),  with  himself  (I.  36)  ;  quibuscum,  with  whom 

(1. 1). 

126.  a.  Direct  Agency  with  the  Passive  is  expressed  by  5,  ab, 
with  the  Ablative ;  as,  ab  Helvetiis  pulsum,  routed  by  the  Helvetians 
(I.  7). 

b.  Caesar  sometimes  uses  an  Abstract  or  Collective  Noun  with  a, 
ab,  to  express  Agency;  as,  5.  multitudine,  by  a  host  (III.  2). 

c.  Caesar  often  uses  a,  ab,  and  sometimes  ex,  to  indicate  a  Local 
Relation,  where  w^e  use  on,  in,  or  at ;  as,  a  dextro  cornu,  on  the  right 
wing,  lit.  from  (the  point  of  view  of)  the  right  wing  (I.  52)  ;  5  novis- 
simo  agmine,  on  the  rear  (I.  23)  ;  a  fronte,  in  front  (II.  23). 

127.  a.  An  Ablative  of  Separation  without  a  Preposition  is  regu- 
larly used  by  Caesar  with  many  Verbs  meaning  keep  from,  refrain 
from;  withdraw  from  ;  strip,  deprive  of ;  free  from  ;  lack,  be  without; 
as,  proelio  abstinSbat,  was  refraining  from  battle  (I.  22)  ;  e5  sp6 
deiecti,  deprived  of  this  hope  (I.  8). 

The  most  important  of  the  Verbs  thus  used  by  Caesar  are  : 

abstineo,  refrain  from ;  careo,  be  without  (VI.  38) ;   deicio,  cast  down 

from ;  desisto,  desist  from,  leave  off  (1. 8) ;  egeo,  lack  (C.  III.  32) ;  emitto,  let 

go  from  (I.  25) ;  excedo,  withdraw  from,  leave  (II.  25)  ;  exuo,  strip  (III.  G) ; 

interclud5,  cut  oJ(L23). 

levo,  relieve  from  (V.  27) ;  liberS,  free  from  (IV.  19) ;  nudo,  clear  (II.  6) ; 

prohibeo,  keep  from  (I.  1);  spolio,  rob  of,  despoil  (V.  6),  and  exspolio,  ro& 

(VII.  77). 

b.  With  several  of  these  Verbs  the  idea  of  Separation  may  be  ex- 
pressed by  a  Preposition ;  as,  ab  oppidTs  vim  hostium  prohibgre, 
to  defend  the  towns  against  the  violence  of  the  enemy,  lit.  to  hold  back  the 
violence  of  the  enemy  from  the  towns  (I.  11). 

c.  With  other  Verbs  the  Ablative  of  Separation  is  regularly 
accompanied  by  a  Preposition ;  as,  exercitum  dSducat  ex  his  regio- 
nibus,  leads  his  army  out  of  these  regions  (I.  4-1). 

d.  Caesar  uses  ege6  with  the  Genitive  also :  nS  quia  .  .  .  auxilii 
egSret,  that  not  any  one  be  without  help  (VI.  11). 

128.  a.  A  variety  of  the  Ablative  of  Separation  is  the  Ablative 
of  Source,  or  Origin,  which  Caesar  uses  with  nStus.  ]iarticiple  of 
n&Bcor,  and  ortus,  participle  of  orior;  as,  amplissimo  geuere 
nStus,  sprung  from  most  illustrious  stock  (IV.  12)  ;  summo  ortus  loc5, 
born  to  (he  highest  station  in  life,  lit.  risen  from  the  highest  place 
(VII.  77). 

b.  Origin  is  more  broadly  stated  witli  Prepositions;  as,  quibus 
orti  ex  civit&tibus,  tribes  from  lohich  they  {were)  descended  (V.  12)  ; 


§  131]  The  Ablative  Case  543 

ortos  a  Germanis,  descendants  (lit.  descended)  from  the  Germans  (II. 
4)  ;  ab  Dite  patre  prognatos,  descendants  from  Father  Dis  (VI.  18). 

129.  a.  The  Ablative  of  Comparison  is  used  by  Caesar  after 
Comparative  Adjectives  and  Adverbs ;  as,  paulo  ceteris  huma- 
niores,  ceteris  being  used  instead  of  quam  ceteri  (sunt),  a  little 
more  civilized  than  the  rest  (IV.  3)  ;  non  amplius  quinis  aut  senis 
milibus  passuum,  not  more  than  five  or  six  miles  each  day  (I.  15)  ; 
celerius  omni  opinione,  more  quickly  than  any  one  had  anticipated, 
lit.  than  every  expectation  (II.  3). 

b.  In  a  few  instances  Caesar  uses  amplius,  longius,  and  minus 
as  if  in  place  of  amplius  quam,  longius  quam,  minus  quam,  with- 
out influence  upon  the  construction  of  the  Noun  following ;  as, 
non  amplius  pedum  sescentorum  (Genitive  of  Measure),  not  more 
than  six  hundred  feet  (I.  38) ;  neque  longius  milia  (Accusative  of 
Extent)  passuum  Vlll,  and  not  further  than  eight  miles  (V.  53) ; 
milites  sunt  paulo  minus  DCC  desiderati,  almost  seven  hundred 
men  were  lost,  lit.  by  a  small  degree  less  than  700  (VII.  51) . 

130.  a.  The  Place  Whence  is  regularly  expressed  by  the  Ablative 
with  a  Preposition,  generally  ex  or  de  ;  as,  ex  agris,/ro7n  the  country 
(1.4). 

b.  Domo,  Ablative  of  domus,  is  used  in  the  Ablative  of  the  Place 
Whence  without  a  Preposition ;  as,  domo  exire,  to  go  out  from  home 
(I.  6). 

131.  a.  The  Ablative  is  used  to  denote  Means  or  Instrument ;  as, 
gladiis  partem  eorum  interfecerunt,  killed  a  part  of  them  with 
swords  (II.  23)  ;  proeliis  contendunt,  they  contend  in  battle,  lit.  by 
means  of  battles  (I.  1)  ;  memoria  tenebat,  he  remembered,  lit.  held  by 
means  of  memory  (I.  7). 

b.  The  Ablative  of  Means  may  denote  persons  as  well  as  things ; 
as,  quingentis  equitibus,  with  five  hundred  horsemen  (I.  15). 

c.  Caesar  uses  the  Ablative  of  Means  with  utor,  abutor,  fruor, 
fungor,  nitor,  innitor,  and  ordinarily  with  potior ;  thus  ephippiis 
uti,  to  use  saddle-cloths,  lit.  to  assist  themselves  by  means  of  saddle-cloths 
(IV.  ^)  ;  impedimentis  potiti  sunt,  obtained  possession  of  the  baggage, 
that  is  made  themselves  masters  by  means  of  the  baggage  (I.  26). 

d.  Caesar  uses  potior  also  with  the  Genitive ;  as,  totius  Galliae 
potiri,  to  become  masters  of  the  whole  (of)   Gaul  (I.  3). 

e.  Caesar  uses  an  Ablative  of  Means  with  fretus,  relying  on,  lit. 
supported  by ;  as,  victoriis  freti,  relying  on  their  victories  (III.  21). 

/.   The  Ablative  with  utor  is  sometimes  accompanied  by  a  Predi- 


544  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  i32 

cate  Ablative,  the  construction  resembling  that  of  two  Accusatives 
after  verbs  of  having  {Ho,  a)  ;  thus  isdem  ducibus  usus,  employing 
the  same  men  as  guides  (IT.  7). 

132.  a.  Opus  est,  there  is  need,  is  used  with  the  Ablative  of  the 
Thing  needed,  which  may  be  expressed  by  a  Perfect  Passive  Partici- 
ple;  thus,  SI  quid  opus  facto  esset,  if  anything  should  require  action, 
lit.  if  there  should  he  need  of  {something)  done,  to  any  extent  (I.  42). 

b.  With  opus  est  the  Thing  needed  may  be  expressed  by  a  Neuter 
Pronoun  in  the  Nominative ;  as,  si  quid  (Subject)  ipsi  5  Caesare 
opus  esset,  if  he  himself  had  wanted  anything  of  Caesar,  lit.  if  any- 
thing were  necessary  to  himself  from  Caesar  (I.  34)  ;  quid  .  .  .  opus 
esset,  what  was  necessary  (II.  22)  ;  Quaecumque  opus  sunt,  What- 
ever is  (lit.  whatever  things  are)  necessary  (V.  40). 

133.  The  Ablative  of  Means  is  used  with  a  few  Adjectives;  as, 
navgs  .  .  .  omni  genera  armorum  ornatissimae,  ships  completely 
fitted  out  with  every  kind  of  equipment  (III.  14). 

134.  a.  Caesar  uses  the  Ablative  of  the  Way  by  Which  with  sev- 
eral words  referring  to  Natural  Features  and  Military  Operations; 
as,  adverse  colle,  up  the  hill,  lit.  hy  the  hill  facing  them  (II.  19)  ;  quod 
fiumine  subvexerat,  which  he  had  brought  up  the  river,  lit.  by  means 
of  the  river  (I.  16)  ;  dutbus  portis  eruptionem  fieri,  that  a  sally  he 
made  from  (lit.  hy)  two  gates  (III.  19). 

The  words  thus  used  are : 

coUis,  flumen ;  fretum  (C.  II.  8) ;  iter,  especially  in  magnis  itineribus,  hy 
forced  marcl^es  (I.  37) ;  iugum  (C.  III.  97) ;  pons  (C.  I.  55) ;  porta,  vadum 
(I.  6,  8),  and  via  (V.  19). 

h.  The  Ablative  of  the  Way  by  Which  is  sometimes  used  indefi- 
nitely with  words  referring  to  Distance  ;  as,  tanto  spatio  secuti 
quantum  efficere  potugrunt,  following  so  great  a  distance  (lit.  by  so 
great  a  space)  as  they  were  able  to  cover  (TV".  35). 

135.  a.  An  Ablative  denoting  Cause  is  used  with  many  Verbs  and 
Adjectives,  particularly  those  which  express  pleasure,  pain,  trust,  dis- 
trust, hoastfulness,  and  the  like ;  as,  anni  tempore  confisae,  trusting 
in  the  time  of  year,  lit.  confident  because  of  the  time  of  year  (III.  27); 
Quod  sua  victoria  gloriarentur,  the  fact  that  they  were  boasting  of 
(lit.  by  reason  of)  their  victory  (I.  14). 

b.  In  some  phrases  tlie  force  of  the  Ablative  of  Cause  has  become 
obscured,  as  in  causa  and  gr&tiS.,  for  the  sake  of  with  the  Genitive, 
and  in  iussu,  iniussu,  and  the  like;  as,  auxilil  causa,  ns  an  auxiliary 
force,  Wt.for  the  sake  of  support  (III.  18;  II.  24);  iussu  Caesaris,  by 


§  140]  The  Ablative  Case  545 

(reason  of)  Caesar's  orders  (VII.  3);  iniussu  suo  et  civitatis,  with- 
out his  own  authorization  and  (that)  of  the  state,  i  e.  because  of  un-author- 
ization  (I.  19). 

136.  a.  The  Ablative  of  Manner  (answering  the  question  "  How?  ") 
is  used  by  Caesar  with  cum,  especially  when  the  Noun  is  modified  by 
an  Adjective ;  as,  cum  cruciatu  necabatur,  was  put  to  death  with  to}'- 
ture  (V.  45)  ;  multis  cum  lacrimis,  with  many  tears  (I.  20). 

h.  The  Ablative  of  Manner  is  often  used  without  a  Preposition  ;  as, 
et  mente  et  animo,  with  heart  and  soul  (VI.  5). 

c.  In  certain  connections  Caesar  uses  an  Ablative  with  the  mean- 
ing in  accordance  with ;  as,  Moribus  suis,  in  accordance  with  their 
custoins  (I.  4)  ;  consuetudine  populi  Roman!,  in  accordance  with  the 
practice  of  the  Roman  people  (III.  23). 

137.  a.  The  Ablative  is  used  with  cum  to  express  Accompani- 
ment; as,  cum  suls  omnibus  copiis,  icithall  his  forces  (I.  38). 

h.  An  Ablative  of  Accompaniment  referring  to  Military  Opera- 
tions, when  qualified  by  an  Adjective,  may  be  used  without  cum ; 
but  if  the  modifier  is  a  Numeral,  cum  must  be  used.  Thus,  omnibus 
copiis  contenderunt,  they  hastened  with  all  their  forces  (II.  7);  cum 
duabus  legionibus,  with  two  legions  (I.  21). 

c.  The  use  of  cum  with  the  Ablative  of  Accompaniment  is  much 
broader  than  the  meaning  together  with.  Examples  are  :  constituerat 
cum  legatis,  had  appointed  with  the  envoys  (I.  8)  ;  consilio  cum  lega- 
tis  communicate,  having  imparted  his  determination  to  his  lieutenants 
(IV.  13)  ;  cum  Caesare  egit,  treated  with  Caesar  (I.  13)  ;  cum  ilia 
(consuetudine)  comparandam,  to  he  compared  with  that  manner  of  life 
(I.  31). 

138.  An  Ablative  of  Attendant  Circumstance  is  used  by  Caesar 
with  an  Adjective,  Pronominal  Adjective,  or  Genitive  as  modifying 
word,  and  without  a  Preposition;  as,  paribus  intervallis,  at  equal 
intervals  (I.  51)  ;  imperio  nostro,  under  our  sovereignty  (II.  1)  ;  com- 
modo  rei  publicae,  with  advantage  to  (lit.  of)  the  State  (I.  35)  ;  Cae- 
saris  voluntate,  with  Caesar's  approval  (I.  30). 

139.  The  Ablative  is  used  with  certain  Verbs  meaning  exchange, 
mix,  and  accustom  :  thus,  ne  studium  belli  gerendi  agri  cultura 
commutent,  that  they  may  not  exchange  their  devotion  to  aggressive  war- 
fare for  farming  (VI.  22);  nullo  officio  aut  disciplina  assuefacti, 
habituated  to  (lit.  familiarized  with)  no  obligation  or  training  (IV.  1)  ; 
admiztum  lacte,  mixed  with  milk  (C.  III.  48). 

140.  The  Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference  is  used  with  Compara- 


546  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  hi 

lives,  and  with  Adverbs  or  Phrases  implying  Comparison ;  as,  paulo 
longius,  a  little  further,  \\t.  further  by  a  little  (II.  20);  panels  ante 
diSbus,  a  few  days  before  (I.  18);  milibus  passnum  duobus  ultrS 
eum,  two  miles  beyond  him,  lit.  beyond  him  by  two  miles  (I.  48). 

141.  The  Ablative  of  Price  is  used  by  Caesar  only  in  indefinite 
expressions ;  thus,  parvo  pretio  redgmpta,  purchased  at  a  low  price 
(I.  18)  ;  impenso  pretio,  at  a  high  price  (IV.  2)  ;  quanto  dStri- 
mento,  at  how  great  a  loss  (VII.  19)  ;  lev!  momento,  of  slight  account 
(VII.  39). 

142.  a.  The  Ablative  of  Specification  (answering  the  question 
"In  respect  to  what?")  is  used  with  Verbs  and  Adjectives  and  the 
Adverb  saepe;  as,  cum  virtute  omnibus  praestarent,  since  they 
surpassed  all  in  valor  (I.  2)  ;  Sueba  natioue,  a  Sueban  by  birth  (I.  53)  ; 
numero  afi  duodecim,  about  twelve  in  number,  lit.  in  number  about  twelve 
(I.  5)  ;  saepe  numero,  frequently,  lit.  often  in  respect  to  number  (I.  33). 

.  b.  The  Ablative  of  Specification  is  used  with  dignus  and  indignus  ; 
as,  nihil,  quod  ipsis  esset  indignum,  committebant,  they  did  noth- 
ing that  was  unworthy  of  them,  lit.  in  respect  to  themselves  (V.  35). 

143.  a.  The  Descriptive  Ablative,  or  Ablative  of  Quality,  is  modi- 
fied by  an  Adjective  or,  more  rarely,  by  a  Noun  in  the  Genitive ;  as, 
homings  inimico  animo,  men  of  unfriendly  (attitude  of)  mind  (I.  7). 

b.  The  Descriptive  Ablative  may  be  used  predicatively  ;  as,  ingenti 
magnitudine  Germanos  esse,  that  the  Germans  were  of  huge  size 
(1.  39)  ;  sunt  specig  .  .  .  tauri,  they  have  (lit.  are  of)  the  appearance 
ofabull  (VI.  28). 

144.  a.  The  Ablative  Absolute  consists  of  a  Noun  or  Pronoun  in 
the  Ablative  with  a  Participle,  Adjective,  or  Noun  in  the  same  case, 
and  is  loosely  related  with  the  rest  of  the  sentence ;  as,  rggno  occu- 
p&to,  having  seized  the  governing  poweVy  lit.  the  governing  power  having 
been  seized  (I.  3). 

6.  The  Ablative  Absolute  may  express  Time,  Attendant  Circum- 
stance, Cause,  Condition,  Concession,  Means,  or  Manner,  and  may  often 
be  translated  by  a  clause ;  thus : 

(1)  Time :  M.  MessSlS,  M.  Pisone  consulibus,  in  the  consulship 

of  Marcus  Messala  and  Marcus  Piso,  lit.  Marcus  Messala^ 
Marcus  Piso  (being)  consuls  (I.  2). 

(2)  Attendant    Circumstance :    convocStls    eorum   principibus, 

having  called  together  their  leading  men  (I.  10)  ;  capto  monte 
et  succgdentibus  nostris,  afler  they  had  reached  the  height 
and  our  men  were  coming  up  (1.  25). 


§  147]  The  Ablative  Case  547 

(3)  Cause  :  omnibus  frugibus  amissis,  since  all  the  produce  of  the 

yields  was  gone,  lit.  all  .  .  .  having  been  lost  (T.  28). 

(4)  Condition :    data    facultate,    if  opportunity   should  have   been 

granted  (I.  7). 

(5)  Concession    or   Opposition:    superioribus    locis    occupatis, 

though  the  higher  positions  had  been  seized  (I.  23). 

(6)  Means :  eo  deprecatore,  through  his  intercession,  lit.  he  (being) 

intercessor  (I.  9). 

(7)  Manner :  equo  admisso,  tvith  (his)  horse  at  top  speed,  lit.  his 

horse  having  been  let  go  (I.  22). 

145.  a.  The  Place  Where  is  regularly  expressed  by  the  Ablative 
with  a  Preposition ;  as,  in  eorum  finibue,  in  their  territories  (I.  1). 

b.  Names  of  Towns,  excepting  those  in  the  Singular  of  the  First 
and  Second  Declensions,  are  put  in  the  Ablative  of  the  Place  Where, 
without  a  Preposition;  as,  Bibracte,  at  Bibracte  (VII.  90). 

c.  The  Noun  locus,  Singular  and  Plural,  is  often  used  in  the  Abla- 
tive of  the  Place  Where  without  a  Preposition,  as  are  also  several 
other  Nouns  when  modified  by  an  Adjective,  particularly  totus  ;  thus, 
alieno  loco,  on  unfavorable  ground,  lit.  in  an  unfavorable  place  (I.  15) ; 
totis  castris,  throughout  the  camp,  lit.  in  the  ivhole  camp  (I.  39) ; 
eodem  vestlgio,  in  the  same  spot  (IV.  2). 

146.  With  Names  of  Towns  of  the  First  and  Second  Declensions, 
Singular,  Place  Where  is  expressed  by  the  Locative ;  as,  Cenabi,  at 
Cenabum  (VII.  14)  ;  also  domi,  Locative  of  domus,  at  home  (I.  18). 

147.  a.  The  Time  When,  and  Time  Within  Which  anything  hap- 
pens, may  be  denoted  by  the  Ablative  without  a  Preposition;  as,  die 
quarto,  on  the  fourth  day  (I.  26)  ;  panels  annis,  within  a  few  years 
(L  31). 

b.  Words  that  have  only  an  indirect  reference  to  Time  are  some- 
times put  in  the  Ablative  of  Time  When  or  Within  Which;  as,  pa- 
trum  nostrorum  memoria,  within  the  memory  of  our  fathers  (I.  12)  ; 
initio  orationis,  at  the  beginning  of  his  statement  (I.  43). 

c.  Intervals  of  Space  and  Duration  of  Time  are  sometimes  ex- 
pressed by  the  Ablative,  especially  when  modified  by  an  Adjective 
or  Genitive ;  as,  milibus  passuum  sex,  six  miles  (distant),  lit.  by  six 
thousands  of  paces  (I.  48)  ;  tota  nocte  iSruut,  all  night  long  they  went 
on  (I.  26). 


548  Companion  to  Caesar  t|i48 

ADeJECTIVES 

148.  a.  Adjectives  and  Participles,  whether  Attributive  or  Predica- 
tive, agree  in  Gender,  Number,  and  Case  with  the  Noun  or  Pronoun 
to  which  they  belong. 

b.  Attributive  Adjectives  and  Participles  stand  in  direct  relation 
with  a  Noun  or  Pronoun  ;  as,  fortissimo  viro  ( Abl.),  a  very  brave  man 
(IT.  25) ;  Is,  rggni  cupiditate  inductus.  He,  led  on  by  a  desire  of 
kingly  power  (I.  2). 

c.  Predicate  Adjectives,  and  Participles  in  Predicate  used  as  Ad- 
jectives, are  connected  with  a  Noun  or  Pronoun  through  a  Verb  or 
Participle;  as,  fortissimi  sunt  Belgae,  the  Belgians  are  the  bravest 
(I.  1)  ;  qui  peritissimus  habebatur,  who  was  considered  highly  skilled 
(I.  21 ) ;  Gallia  est  divisa,  Gaul  is  divided,  the  Perfect  Passive  Par- 
ticiple of  divide  being  used  as  an  Adjective ;  if  est  divisa  were  here 
a  Perfect  Passive  tense,  it  would  have  to  be  translated  has  been  divided 
or  was  divided  (I.  1). 

d.  A  Predicate  Adjective  or  Participle  limiting  an  Infinitive  or 
Clause  is  Neuter;  as,  perfaoile  esse  .  .  .  potiri,  that  it  was  exceed- 
ingly easy  (or,  a  very  easy  thing)  to  obtain  possession  of,  perfacile 
being  the  Predicate  after  esse,  to  which  potiri  stands  as  subject 
(I.  2). 

e.  A  Participle  forming  part  of  an  Infinitive  may  agree  with  the 
Subject  of  the  Principal  Verb ;  as,  meritus  [esse]  vidgbStur,  was 
seen  to  have  earned  (I.  40). 

149.  Demonstrative  and  other  Pronouns  used  like  Adjectives  agree 
with  the  word  to  which  they  belong;  as,  eo  tempore,  at  that  time 
(I.  3)  ;  qu5  arrogantly,  what  presumption  (I.  46)  ;  id  ipsum,  that  very 
thing  (VII.  50). 

150.  a.  An  Attributive  Adjective  used  with  two  or  more  Nouns 
regularly  agrees  with  the  Nearest ;  as,  e^dem  alacritate  ac  studiS, 
the  same  eagerness  and  enthusiasm  (IV.  24). 

b.  A  Predicate  Adjective  used  with  two  or  more  Nouns  is  regu- 
larly Plural ;  when  the  Nouns  are  of  Different  Genders,  the  Adjec- 
tive is  generally  Masculine  if  Persons  are  referred  to,  Neuter  if  only 
Things  or  Abstract  Qualities  are  denoted,  though  even  in  this  case 
the  agreement  may  be  with  the  nearer  substantive ;  as,  frSter  et 
soror  eorum  born  sunt,  their  brother  and  sister  are  good :  et  murus 
et  porta  alta  erant,  both  the  wall  and  the  gate  were  high  :  ut  bracohia 
atque  umerl  .  .  .  liberi  esse  possent,  that  their  arms  and  shoulders 
might  be  free  (VII.  56). 


§153]  Adjectives  549 

c.  An  Adjective  or  Participle  may  agree  with  a  Noun  in  Sense, 
without  regard  to  Grammatical  Gender  or  Number;  as,  hominum 
milia  (Neuter)  Vi,  perteriitl  (Masculine),  six  thousand  (of)  men, 
thoroughly  frightened  (1.  27). 

d.  A  Noun,  particularly  a  Noun  with  Verbal  Force,  is  sometimes 
modified  by  a  prepositional  phrase ;  as,  legationem  ad  civitates,  the 
office  of  envoy  to  the  states  (I.  3). 

151.  Adjectives  are  sometimes  used  in  Latin  where  in  English  an 
Adverb  or  a  Phrase  is  required ;  as,  laeti  ...  ad  castra  pergunt 
(Historical  Present),  joyfully  .  .  .  they  advanced  against  the  camp  (HI. 
18)  ;  viatores  etiam  invitos  consistere  cogant,  they  oblige  travelers, 
even  against  their  will,  to  stop  (IV.  5). 

152.  a.  Certain  Adjectives  often  designate  a  part  of  that  to  which 
they  refer ;  as,  in  coUe  medio,  halfway  up  the  hill  (I.  24)  ;  prima 
nocte,  in  the  first  part  of  the  night  (I.  27)  ;  summus  mons,  the  top  of 
the  height  (I.  22). 

The  Adjectives  thus  used  by  Caesar  are  extremus  (as  II.  .5) ;  infimus  (II. 
18) ;  medius ;  multus  (I.  22) ;  novissimus,  in  novissimum  agmen  (I,  15  and 
often),  the  rear  of  a  marching  column  as  the  latest  part  of  a  column  to  pass  a 
given  point ;  primus  and  summus. 

h.  The  Adjectives  princeps,  prior,  primus  are  sometimes  used  by 
Caesar  to  designate  the  first  to  do  or  experience  something ;  as,  prin- 
ceps poenSs  persolvit,  was  the  first  to  pay  the  penalty  (I.  12)  ; 
neque  priores  bellum  inferre,  did  not  take  the  lead  in  waging  war, 
where  prior  is  used  because  only  two  peoples,  the  Germans  and  the 
Romans,  are  referred  to  (IV.  7). 

c.  The  Adjective  multus  and  another  Adjective  agreeing,  with  the 
same  Noun  are  joined  by  et  or  -que ;  as,  multis  gravibusque  vul- 
neribus,  many  severe  wounds  (II.  25). 

153.  a.  The  Comparative  and  Superlative  of  both  Adjectives  and 
Adverbs  sometimes  have  shades  of  meaning  best  expressed  in  English 
by  too,  rather,  very,  exceedingly,  or  highly,  and  the  like,  with  the  Positive ; 
as,  paulo  fortius,  unusually  brave,  lit.  a  little  braver  than  usual  (III. 
14)  ;  latissimo  atque  altissimo,  very  wide  and  very  deep  (I.  2). 

b.  A  Superlative  is  sometimes  modified  by  an  Adverb;  as,  longS 
nobilissimus, /ar  the  highest  in  rank  (I.  2). 

c.  The  highest  possible  degree  is  expressed  by  quam  with  the 
Superlative,  as  quam  maximum  numerum,  as  great  a  number  as  pos- 
sible, the  greatest  possible  number  (T.  8)  ;  quam  celerrime  potuit,  as 
quickly  as  possible  (I.  37)  ;  quam  primum,  as  soon  as  possible  (I.  40). 


550  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  154 

154.  a.  Adjectives  and  Participles  are  used  as  Substantives,  fre- 
quently in  the  Plural,  less  often  in  the  Singwhir ;  as,  vSri  (Neuter) 
simile,  probable,  lit,  like  truth  (III.  13)  ;  nostri,  our  men  (I.  52) ; 
novissimis  (Masculine),  for  the  rear,  lit.  for  those  last  (I.  25);  sua, 
their  possessions  (I.  11)  ;  pro  visS,  as  seen,  lit.  for  (that  which  was)  seen 
(I.  22). 

b.  Caesar  uses  the  Genitive  Singular  Neuter  suT  with  a  collective 
force  in  the  Gerundive  Construction,  and  in  such  cases  it  should  be 
translated  as  if  plural ;  as,  sui  coUigendi  facultatem,  opportunity  of 
collecting  their  forces,  lit.  of  collecting  themselves  (III.  6). 

PRONOUNS 

155.  The  Genitives  mei,  nostri,  tui,  and  vestrT  (39,  a)  are  regu- 
larly Objective,  nostrum  and  vestrum  being  used  in  other  relations ; 
as,  tanta  contemptione  nostri,  with  so  great  contempt  for  us  (V.  29)  ; 
omnium  vestrum,  of  you  all  (VII.  77). 

156.  The  Plural  is  often  used  for  the  Singular  of  the  Pronoun  of 
the  First  Person,  just  as  in  our  "editorial  we";  thus  Caesar  when 
referring  to  himself  as  writer  often  uses  a  Plural  Verb,  as,  ut  ante 
dSmonstravimus,  as  we  have  previously  shown  (II.  22). 

157.  a.  The  Possessive  Pronouns  are  expressed  only  when  re- 
quired for  the  sake  of  Clearness,  Emphasis,  or  Contrast ;  in  translat- 
ing they  must  be  supplied  in  accordance  with  English  idiom;  as, 
Considius,  equo  admisso,  Considius  with  (Ai.s)  horse  at  top  speed  (I.  22). 

b.  When  expressed  for  Clearness,  and  unemphatic,  the  Possessive 
Pronoun  follows  its  Noun,  as,  in  oivitate  sua,  in  his  state  (I.  3) ; 
when  used  for  Emphasis  or  Contrast,  the  Possessive  Pronoun  pre- 
cedes its  Noun,  as,  meum  officium,  j/r  duty  (IV.  25). 

c.  Caesar  often  uses  noster  to  designate  that  which  is  Roman  ;  as, 
nostram  amicitiam,  our  friendship  (I.  43). 

d.  A  Possessive  Pronoun  and  a  Genitive  are  sometimes  coordi- 
nated in  construction ;  as,  suo  populique  Romtni  beneflcid,  with 
his  own  kindness  and  that  of  the  Roman  people,  that  is,  kindness  of  him- 
self and  of  the  Roman  people  (I.  35). 

e.  suus  may  mean  his  characteristic,  his  well-known;  as  sui 
clSmentia,  his  well-known  clemency  (II.  14). 

158.  a.  The  Reflexive  Pronoun  of  the  Third  Person,  86,  and  the 
corresponding  Possessive  suus,  refer  to  the  Subject  of  the  Verb;  in  a 
Subordinate  Clause  they  may  refer  to  the  Subject  of  the  Principal 
Clause  (Indirect  Reflexive).     Thus,   sS   Sripuit,  he   rescued  himself 


§  160]  Pronouns  551 

(I.  4)  ;  legio  .  .  .  ei  gratias  egit,  quod  de  se  optimum  iudicium 
fecisset,  the  legion  .  .  .  conveyed  thanks  to  him  because  he  had  passed 
an  extremely  favorable  opinion  on  it  (I.  41). 

b.  In  the  Pronouns  of  the  First  and  Second  Persons  the  regular 
forms  are  sometimes  Reflexive,  as,  me  servare  non  possum,  /  can- 
not save  myself  (YII.  50)  ;  so  also  is,  as  eos,  themselves  (II.  1). 

c.  In  translating  into  Latin  the  English  Possessives '  his,' '  her,' '  its,' 
'  their,'  when  referring  to  the  subject  of  the  Verb  must  be  rendered  by 
forms  of  the  Reflexive  suus. 

159.  The  Reciprocal  Relation  is  expressed  by  inter  se  (lit.  among 
themselves),  which  must  be  translated  in  accordance  with  the  require- 
ments of  English  idiom  ;  as,  inter  se  dant,  they  gave  (lit.  give)  to  one 
another  (I.  3)  ;  inter  se  differunt,  they  differ  from  one  another  (I.  1)  ; 
inter  se  collocuti,  having  conferred  with  one  another  (IV.  30)  ;  co- 
hortati  inter  se,  urging  one  another  on  (IV.  25)  ;  inter  se  contende- 
rent,  they  strove  together  (I.  31); -inter  se,  referring  to  two  persons, 
with  each  other  (V.  44). 

160.  a.  The  Demonstrative  Pronoun  hic,  this,  refers  to  something 
near  the  speaker  or  the  subject  of  thought ;  iste,  that  of  yours,  to 
something  near  the  person  addressed ;  ille,  that,  to  something  more 
remote ;  and  is,  that,  to  something  thought  of  in  a  less  definite  rela- 
tion. Thus :  Hic  pagus.  This  canton  (1. 12)  ;  Animi  est  ista  mollitia. 
That  is  lack  of  resolution  on  your  part  (VII.  77)  ;  illi  simile  bello,  like 
that  war  with  the  Cimbrians  and  Teutons  (VII.  77)  ;  Is  dies.  That  day 
just  referred  to  (I.  6), 

h.  Caesar  frequently  uses  the  Demonstrative  is,  less  frequently  hic 
and  ille,  where  the  English  has  a  Personal  Pronoun  of  the  Third 
Person  ;  as,  ad  eos,  to  them  (I.  1)  ;  cur  hunc  quisquam  discessu- 
rum  iudicaret,  why  should  any  one  suppose  that  he  (Ariovistus)  would 
withdraw  (I.  40)  ;  ilium  uno  die  fecisse  .  .  .  ,  that  he  (Caesar)  had  in 
one  day  accomplished  (I.  13). 

c.  Caesar  frequently  uses  the  Neuter  Singular  and  Neuter  Plural 
of  hic,  ille,  and  is  with  the  meaning  this  {thing),  that  (thing),  it,  these 
things,  those  things;  a  Noun  may  sometimes  be  supplied  in  translation. 
Thus,  id  quod,  that  which  (1.  5);  Id  eis  persuasit,  he  persuaded 
them  (to)  that  course  (I.  2)  ;  ilia  esse  vera,  that  those  statements  were 
true  (I.  20). 

d.  A  Demonstrative  Pronoun  is  sometimes  used  in  Latin  where 
English  usage  prefers  an  Article;  thus,  Ea  res.  The  matter,  lit.  that 
thing  (1.  4)  ;  eum  locum,  a  place  (II.  16). 


552  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  lei 

e.  A  Demonstrative  Pronoun  used  as  Subject  is  regularly  attracted 
into  agreement  with  a  Noun  in  the  Predicate ;  as  Animi  est  ista 
mollitia,  for  istud  est  animi  mollitia,  that  is  lack  of  resolution  on 
your  part  (VII.  77). 

161.  a.  The  Demonstratives  hic  and  ille  sometimes  refer  to  what 
follows ;  as,  hoc  facilius  .  .  .  quod,  the  more  easily  on  this  (account) 
because  (I.  2)  ;  multis  de  oausis  .  .  .  quorum  ilia  fuit  iustissima, 
quod,  for  many  reasons,  of  ichich  this  ivas  the  most  weighty,  that 
(IV.  16). 

h.  Caesar  sometimes  uses  hic  and  ille  in  contrast,  with  the  mean- 
ing the  latter  (that  last  mentioned)  and  the  former  (that  previously 
mentioned)  ;  as,  Reliqui  .  .  .  sS  atque  illos  alunt ;  hi  rursus  anno 
post  in  armis  sunt,  ill!  domi  remanent,  The  rest  support  themselves 
and  those  in  the  field  ;  the  latter  after  one  year  are  again  in  arms,  the 
former  remain  at  home  (IV.  I). 

c.  A  Conjunction  followed  by  is  or  hic  may  express  an  Emphatic 
Characterization ;  as,  legionem,  neque  earn  plenissimam  (sc. 
legionem),  the  legion,  and  that  lacking   its  full  strength,  lit.  and  that  not 

most  full  (irr.  2). 

162.  a.  The  Intensive  Pronoun  ipse  with  Nouns  and  Pronouns 
has  the  meaning  self,  very ;  as,  ipsi  magistrStus,  the  magistrates 
themselves  (I.  17)  ;  ipsura  esse  Dumnorigem,  that  Dumnorix  was  the 
very  man  (I.  18) ;  in  ipsis  ripis,  on  the  very  banks  (II.  23). 

b.  In  Subordinate  Clauses  ipse  may  be  used  as  an  Indirect  Re- 
flexive referring  to  the  Principal  Subject,  or  to  avoid  ambiguity ;  as, 
Ariovistus  respondit,  si  quid  ipsi  3.  Caesare  opus  esset,  Ario- 
vistus  answered  that  if  he  himself  had  wanted  anything  of  Caesar ^  lit.  if 
anything  were  necessary  to  himself  from  Caesar  (I.  34). 

c.  Contrasted  pronouns  are  often  placed  in  proximity ;  as,  s6  ipsi 
interficiunt,  they  all  killed  one  another,  lit.  they  themselves  slay  them- 
selves (V.  37). 

163.  a.  A  Relative  ProBOun  agrees  with  its  Antecedent  in  Gender 
and  Number,  but  its  Case  depends  upon  its  construction  in  the  clause 
to  which  it  belongs;  as,  tr6s  (legionSs,  Fern.,  Ace),  quae  (Fem., 
PL,  Nom.)  .  .  .  hiemSbant,  three  legions  which  were  wintering  (I.  10). 

b.  A  Relative  referring  to  two  or  more  Antecedents  of  the  same 
Gender  and  Number  agrees  with  them  in  Gender,  but  in  Number  may 
agree  with  the  nearest  Antecedent,  or  be  Plural ;  as,  pr6  8u5  cl6- 
mentil  ac  mSiisuStudine,  quam  audirent,  in  accordance  with  his 
forbearance   and   graciousness,    of  which    they   were   hearing  (II.   31); 


§  167]  Pronouns  553 

filius    et   fratris   filius,  .  .  .  quos  .  .  .  ,   his   son    and  his   brother's 
son,  whom  ...  (V.  27). 

c.  A  Relative  referring  to  two  or  more  Antecedents  of  different 
Gender  or  Number  may  agree  with  the  nearest  Antecedent,  or  be 
Masculine  Plural  in  case  one  Antecedent  denotes  a  man,  Feminine 
Plural  in  case  one  Antecedent  denotes  a  woman  and  the  others  things, 
or  Neuter  Plural  in  case  only  things  are  denoted;  thus,  frumento 
(Neut.)  commeatuque,  qui  (M.,  Sing.),  grain  and  (other)  supplies 
tchich  ...  (I.  48)  ;  matres  familiae  .  .  .  petierunt,  ne  se  (Fem.), 
et  liberos  dederent,  quos  .  .  .  ,  the  matrons  besought  not  to  give  up 
themselves  and  the  children  whom  (VII.  26) ;  usus  ac  discipllna,  quae 
(Neuter  Plural)   .  .  .  ,  experience  and  training,  tvhich  .  .  .  (1.40). 

164.  a.  The  Antecedent  of  a  Relative  Pronoun  is  sometimes 
omitted;  as,  (el  incolunt)  qui,  those  inhabit  who  (I.  1). 

b.  Caesar  sometimes  uses  a  Relative  referring  to  an  implied  Ante- 
cedent ;  as,  servili  tumultu,  quos  .  .  .  ,  as  if  he  had  said  tumultu 
servorum,  quos  .  .  .  ,  in  the  uprising  of  the  slaves,  whom  ...  (I.  40). 

c.  A  Noun  in  Predicate  attracts  a  Relative  Pronoun  standing  as 
subject  into  agreement  with  it ;  as,  Belgas,  quam  (for  quos)  tertiam 
esse  Galliae  partem  dizeramus,  the  Belgians  who,  we  had  said,  form 
(lit.  are)  a  third  of  Gaul  (II.  1). 

d.  A  Plural  Relative  may  refer  for  its  Antecedent  to  a  Singular 
Collective  Noun  which  suggests  Plurality ;  as,  equitatum  .  .  .  qui 
videant,  cavalry  .  .  .  to  see,  lit.  who  should  see  (I.  15). 

165.  a.  An  Antecedent  is  sometitnes  repeated  in  a  Relative  Clause, 
and  should  be  translated  only  once ;  as,  itinera  duo,  quibus  itineri- 
bus,  two  rotites  by  which  (I.  6),  not  by  which  routes. 

b.  An  Appositional  Antecedent  is  sometimes  incorporated  in  a  Rela- 
tive Clause,  and  should  be  translated ;  as,  quod  tempus  convenerat, 
the  tim£  which  had  been  agreed  on  (II.  19). 

c.  An  Antecedent  is  often  incorporated  in  a  Relative  Clause ;  as, 
Cui  rationi,  .  .  .  htc.  By  the  cunning,  .  .  .  for  which  (I.  40). 

166.  Caesar  uses  the  Neuter  of  a  Relative  or  Demonstrative  Pro- 
noun, sometimes  both  a  Demonstrative  and  a  Relative,  referring  to  a 
Clause  or  Thought  as  a  whole ;  as,  supplicttio  decreta  est,  quod 
.  .  .  ,  a  thanksgiving  was  decreed,  (a  distinction)  which  .  .  .  (II.  35)  ; 
magna,  id  quod  necesse  erat  accidere,  perturbatio  facta  est,  a 
great  commotion,  as  was  bound  to  be  the  case,  ensued  (IV.  29) . 

167.  A  Relative  is  often  used  in  Latin  at  the  beginning  of  a  Clause 
or  Sentence  where  English  idiom  requires  a  Demonstrative,  with  or 


554  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  les 

without  a  connective;  as,  Qua  dS  causa,  And  for  this  reason,  For  this 
reason  (I.  1)  ;  Qui  .  .  .  proelium  committuut  (Historical  Present), 
They  (or  And  they)  .  .  .  joined  battle  (I.  15). 

168.  Of  the  Indefinite  Pronouns,  Caesar  uses  quidam,  a  certain,  in 
respect  to  persons  or  things  distinctly  thought  of  but  not  described; 
aliquis,  some,  any,  somebody,  of  persons  or  things  referred  to  in  a  gen- 
eral way;  quia  and  qui,  any,  some,  still  more  vaguely,  with  si,  nisi, 
seu,  ng,  and  ubi ;  and  quisquam,  any  at  all,  in  Interrogative  or  Nega- 
tive Clauses  or  in  a  Clause  following  a  Comparative;  as,  quasdam 
rgs,  certain  things  (I.  30) ;  quidam  ex  mllitibus,  a  certain  one  (or 
one)  of  the  soldiers  (I.  42)  ;  alicuius  iniuriae,  of  any  wrong-doing 
(I.  14)  ;  si  quid  vellent,  if  they  wanted  anything  (I.  7)  ;  Cur  quis- 
quam iudicaret.  Why  should  any  one  suppose  (I.  40)  ;  prius  quam 
quicquam  conaretur,  before  taking  any  measures,  lit.  before  he  should 
attempt  anything  at  all  (I.  19). 

169.  Caesar  uses  the  Indefinite  Distributive  Pronoun  uterque,  each 
of  two,  in  the  Plural  as  well  as  the  Singular ;  as,  utrisque  castris, 
for  each  camp  (I.  51)  ;  ab  utrisque,  by  those  on  each  side  (IV'.  20). 

170.  a.  Caesar  sometimes  uses  the  Indefinite  Distributive  Pronoun 
quisque,  each,  with  a  Superlative  to  designate  a  Class,  or  with  a  Nu- 
meral Ordinal  to  indicate  a  Proportion  ;  thus,  nobilissimi  cuiusque 
liberos,  the  children  of  every  man  of  high  rank  (I.  31)  ;  decimum 
quemque  militem,  one  soldier  in  ten,  lit.  each  tenth  soldier  (V.  52). 

6.  Caesar  uses  quisque,  each,  in  close  connection  with  s6  and  suus ; 
as,  cum  sibi  quisque  .  .  .  peteret,  when  each  one  was  seeking  for  him- 
self (11.  11);  uti  eos  testes  suae  quisque  virtutis  habSret,  that 
each  might  have  them  as  witnesses  of  his  own  valor  (I.  52). 

171.  a.  Of  the  Pronominal  Adjectives,  cSteri  (Plural)  means  the 
other,  the  rest  besides  those  mentioned;  reliqui,  the  rest  in  the  sense 
those  remaining  after  some  are  taken ;  as,  Aeduos  cSterosque  ami- 
cos  populi  RomSni,  the  Aedv^ns  and  the  other  friends  of  the  Roman 
people  (I.  35)  ;  reliquos  Oallos,  the  rest  of  the  Gauls,  after  the  Helve- 
tians have  been  singled  out  (I.  1). 

b.  Caesar  repeats  alter  and  alius  i  u  a  Correlative  Relation ;  as,  hSrum 
altera  occisa,  altera  capta  est,  of  these  (daughters)  one  was  killed, 
the  other  captured  (I.  53) ;  aliae  (nSvgs)  .  .  .  aliae  .  .  .  ,  some  (shij»s) 
.  .  .  others  (IV.  28);  alteri  —  alteri,  the  latter  —  the  fonner  (VII.  17). 

c.  Caesar  repeats  alius  with  the  sense  one  .  .  .  one,  another  .  .  . 
another;  as,  legiSngs  aliae  alia  in  parte  resisterent,  legions  were 
offering  resistance,  one  at  one  point,  another  at  another  (II.  22). 


VERBS 
AGREEMENT,    MOODS   AND   TENSES,    QUESTIONS 

172.  a.  A  Finite  Verb  agrees  with  its  Subject  in  Number  and  Per- 
son ;  in  compound  forms  of  the  Verb  the  Participle  must  agree  with 
the  Subject  also  in  Gender.  Thus,  Orgetorix  deligitur,  Orgetorix  is 
chosen  (I.  3)  ;  Ea  res  est  enuntiata,  The  matter  (lit.  that  thing)  was 
made  known  (I.  4). 

h.  When  a  Verb  is  used  with  more  than  one  Subject,  it  may  agree 
with  the  nearest  Subject,  or  be  Plural ;  as,  filia  et  unus  e  filils  cap- 
tus  est,  a  daughter  and  one  of  the  sons  were  taken  captive  (I.  26)  ;  Nam- 
meius  et  Verucloetius  .  .  .  obtinebant,  Nammeius  and  Verucloetius 
held  (I.  7). 

c.  Verbs  are  sometimes  used  in  the  Third  Person  Plural  with  an 
implied  indefinite  subject,  as,  dicunt,  they  say  (V.  12). 

d.  A  verb  in  Latin  is  sometimes  used  with  a  Personal  Subject 
where  the  English  prefers  the  Impersonal  Construction  with  "  it  " ; 
as,  Quod  non  fore  dicto  audientes  .  .  .  dicantur,  As  to  the  fact 
that  it  was  said  that  they  would  not  be  obedient,  lit.  that  they  are  said  not 
to  be  about  to  be,  etc.  (I.  40). 

173.  a.  When  two  Subjects  express  a  single  idea,  the  Verb  may  be 
Singular ;  as,  Matrona  et  Sequana  dividit,  the  Marne  and  the  Seine 
separate  .  .  .,  the  two  rivers  being  thought  of  as  forming  one  boundary 

(1. 1). 

b.  A  Plural  Verb  may  be  used  with  a  Singular  Noun,  or  with  an 
unexpressed  Subject  representing  a  Singular  Noun,  where  the  sense 
suggests  Plurality;  as,  cum  tanta  multitudo  lapides  conicerent, 
when  so  great  a  host  were  hurling  stones  (II.  6). 

174.  Caesar  rarely  uses  a  Passive  Verb  or  Participle  in  a  Reflexive 
Sense ;  as,  sublevati,  supporting  themselves  (I.  48)  ;  armari,  to  arm 
themselves  (IV.  32). 

175.  a.  The  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future  Tenses  represent  an 
action  as  going  on  in  Present,  Past,  or  Future  Time ;  as,  eSrumque 
agros  populabantur,  and  were  laying  waste  their  country  (I.  11). 

b.  In  vivid  narration  Caesar  often  thinks  of  past  events  as  in  prog- 
ress Hnd  uses  the  Present  Indicative  (Historical  Present).     In  trans- 

655 


556  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  i76 

lating  the  Historical  Present  a  past  tense  should  generally  be  used ; 
as,  dicit  liberius,  he  spoke  (lit.  speaks)  more  freely  (I.  18), 

c.  The  Present  is  used  in  statements  true  at  all  times  (Universal 
Present),  and  statements  about  Customs;  as,  hominSs  id,  quod 
[crgdere]  volunt,  crSdunt,  men  readily  believe  what  they  wish  to 
believe  (III.  18). 

(1.  The  Imperfect  may  be  used  of  Repeated  or  Customary  Action ; 
as,  periclitabatur,  he  kept  trying  (II.  8)  ;  adori§bantur  .  .  .  circum- 
sistebant  .  .  .  coniciCbant,  would  attack  .  .  .  would  surround  .  .  . 
would  hurl  (IV.  26). 

e.  The  Imperfect  is  sometimes  used  of  Attempted  Action  (Conative 
Imperfect)  ;  as,  nostros  intra  mumtiongs  ingredi  prohibebant, 
were  trying  to  prevent  our  men  from  getting  inside  the  fortification  (V.  9). 

/.  The  Imperfect  with  iam,  used  of  an  action  already  in  progress 
for  a  considerable  period,  should  be  translated  with  a  Progressive 
Pluperfect;  as.  Cum  iam  amplius  horis  sex  pugnaretur,  when  fight- 
ing had  now  been  going  on  more  than  six  hours  (III.  5). 

176.  a.  Caesar  generally  uses  the  Historical  Perfect,  as  discessit, 
he  loithdrew  (I.  14)  ;  very  rarely  he  uses  the  Perfect  in  the  sense  of  the 
English  Present  Perfect,  as  non  vgngrunt,  they  hare  not  come  (VII.  77). 

b.  The  Perfect  and  Pluperfect  of  nosco,  cognosco,  consugsco 
express  a  state  resulting  from  action,  and  are  generally  best  trans- 
lated by  the  Present  and  Imperfect ;  as,  noverunt,  they  are  familiar 
vnth,  lit.  have  come  to  know  (VI.  15)  ;  ire  consugrant,  were  accustomed 
(had  hr^ronie  accustomed)  to  go  (III.  1).  The  Perfect  and  Pluperfect  of 
memini  and  odi  also  are  translated  by  the  Present  and  Imperfect. 

c.  The  Latin  Future  Perfect  is  used  with  great  precision,  where 
frequently  in  English  a  Future  or  Present  Tense  might  be  employed ; 
as,  meum  ofiBcium  praestitero,  /  shall  hare  done  my  duty,  where  we 
should  ordinarily  say,  I  shall  do  my  duty  (IV.  25). 

177.  a.  In  the  Sequence  of  Tenses  a  Primary  Tense  (Present, 
Future,  or  Future  Perfect  i)  in  the  Principal  Clause  is  ordinarily 
followed  by  a  Primary  Tense  in  the  Subordinate  Clause ;  and  a  Sec- 
ondary Tense  (Imperfect,  Perfect,  or  Pluperfect  *)  of  the  Principal 


1  The  Primary  Tenses  of  the  Indicative,  referring  to  Present  and  Future 
Time,  are  the  Present,  Future,  and  Future  Perfect.  The  Primary  Tenses  of 
the  Subjunctive  are  the  Present  and  Perfect.    Cf.  354  (p.  642). 

2  The  Secondary  Tenses  of  the  Indicative,  referring  to  Past  Time,  are  the 
Imperfect,  Perfect,  and  Phiperfect.  The  Secondary  Tenses  of  the  Subjunctive 
are  the  Imperfect  and  Pluperfect. 


§  179]  Tenses  557 

Clause  by  a  past  tense  in  the  Subordinate  Clause.  Thus,  Mercato- 
ribus  est  aditus  ut,  quae  bell 6  ceperint,  quibus  vendant,  habeant, 
Traders  have  access  {to  them)  .  .  .  that  they  may  have  purchasers  for  the 
things  that  they  have  captured  in  war,  lit.  that  they  may  have  (those)  to 
whom  they  may  sell  (those  things)  which  they  have  taken  in  war  (IV.  2)  ; 
equitatumque,  qui  sustineret  impetum,  misit,  and  he  sent  his 
cavalry  to  sustain  the  attack  (I.  24). 

b.  A  Historical  Present  in  the  Principal  Clause  is  sometimes  fol- 
lowed by  a  Primary  Tense,  sometimes  by  a  Secondary  Tense,  in  the 
Subordinate  Clause;  as,  diem  dicunt,  qua  die  .  .  .  conveniant, 
they  set  a  day  on  which  they  were  (lit.  are)  to  come  together  (I.  6)  ; 
pontem,  qui  erat  ad  Genavam,  iubet  rescind!,  he  gave  (lit.  gives) 
orders  that  the  bridge,  which  was  near  Geneva,  be  cut  down  (I.  7). 

c.  A  verb  in  a  Subordinate  Clause  containing  a  Statement  of  Fact 
or  a  General  Truth  may  be  in  the  Present  Tense  even  though  the 
verb  of  the  Principal  Clause  is  in  a  Past  Tense ;  as,  eis  persuasit, 
quod  Helvetii  .  .  .  continentur,  he  persuaded  them,  because  the 
Helvetians  are  hemmed  in  .  .  .  (I.  2). 

178.  The  Tenses  of  the  Infinitive  in  Indirect  Discourse  express 
time  relative  to  that  of  the  Verbs  on  which  they  depend,  the  Present 
Infinitive  expressing  the  same  time  as  the  Governing  Verb ;  the  Per- 
fect Infinitive,  time  earlier  than  that  of  the  Governing  Verb ;  and  the 
Future  Infinitive,  time  later  than  that  of  the  Governing  Verb.  Thus, 
non  se  hostem  vereri  .  .  .  dicebant,  ivere  saying  that  they  did  not 
fear  the  enemy  (T.  39)  ;  ilium  fecisse  intellegerent,  they  understood 
that  he  had  done  (1.  13)  ;  Caesar  .  .  .  sese  eos  .  .  .  conservaturum 
[esse]  dixit,  Caesar  said  that  he  would  spare  their  lives  (II.  15). 

179.  a.  Direct  Questions  in  Latin  are  introduced  by  Question 
Words  and  are  of  two  kinds : 

(1)  Single     Questions,    introduced    by    Interrogative     Pronouns 

and  Adverbs,  or  by  the  Enclitic  -ne  attached  to  the  em- 
phatic word  of  the  question  and  asking  for  information,  by 
nonne  implying  the  answer  "  Yes,"  or  num  implying  the 
answer  "  No."  Thus :  quem  locum  .  .  .  exspectas  ?  what 
(kind  of  a)  chance  are  you  waiting  for  (V.  44)  ?  Audisne  ? 
Do  you  hear  ?  Nonne  audis  ?  Do  you  not  hear  f  Num 
audis  ?      You  don't  hear,  do  you  ? 

(2)  Double  Questions,  which  ordinarily  have  utrum  or  the  Enclitic 

-ne  in  the  First  Member,  and  an,  or,  or  annon,  or  not,  in  the 
second ;  as,  utrum  officium,  an  timor,  plus  valet,  Is  sense 


558  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  iso 

of  duty,  or  cowardice,  stronger  ?     The   First   Member  of   a 

Double  Question  may  be  omitted,  An  alone  introducing  the 

second;  as,  An  .  .  .  dubitatis?    Do  you  have   {any)  doubt 

(VII.  77)  ? 

h.   In  Indirect  Discourse  Caesar  uses  Rhetorical  Questions,  implying 

a  Negative  Answer,  Doubt,  or  Perplexity;  these  in  the  Direct  Form 

would  have  had  the   Indicative,  or  the   Deliberative   Subjunctive. 

Thus: 

(1)  Indicative  in  the  Direct  Form  :  num  .  .  .  memoriam  dSponere 

posse  ?  could  he  lay  aside  the  recollection  i  As  a  Direct  Ques- 
tion :  Num  .  .  .  memoriam  deponere  possum,  can  I  put 
aside  the  recollection?  implying  the  answer  "No";  as  when 
we  say  "How  can  I  do  that?"  meaning,  emphatically,  "I 
cannot  do  that"  (1.14). 

(2)  Deliberative  Subjunctive  in  the  Direct  Form  :  cur  quisquam 

.  .  .  iudicSret,  why  should  any  one  infer  ^  in  the  Direct  form, 
curiudicet?  (1.40);  neque  satis  Bruto  .  .  .  centurioni- 
busque  .  .  .  constabat,  quid  agerent,  and  Brutus  and  the 
centurions  .  .  .  did  7iot  quite  know  what  to  do,  lit.  and  it  was  not 
quite  clear  to  Brutus  and  the  centurions  .  .  .  what  they  should 
do;  as  a  Direct  Question,  Quid  agSmus  ?  What  are  we  to  do  ? 
(III.  14). 

180.  a.  Caesar  rarely  uses  the  Subjunctive  in  the  First  Person  to 
express  an  Exhortation  (Hortatory  Subjunctive)  ;  as,  hos  latronSs 
interficiamus,  let  us  kill  these  bandits  (VII.  38)  ;  simus  parati,  let  us 
be  ready  (C.  III.  85). 

b.  Caesar  rarely  uses  the  Subjunctive  in  the  Third  Person  to  ex- 
press a  Command  (Jussive  Subjunctive)  ;  as,  Cum  his  mihi  res  sit, 
let  me  deal  (lit.  let  the  issue  be  to  me)  with  those  (VII.  77). 

c.  A  Wish  Capable  of  Realization  is  expressed  by  the  Present  Sub- 
junctive, often  with  utinam ;  as,  utinam  redeant,  may  they  return  ! 

d.  A  Wish  Incapable  of  Realization  is  expressed  in  Present 
Time  by  utinam  with  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive  and  in  Past  Time 
by  utinam  with  the  Pluperfect  Subjunctive ;  as,  utinam  adessent, 
.oh  that  they  were  here  (but  they  are  not)  ;  utinam  redissent.  oh  that 
they  had  come  back  (but  they  did  not). 

181.  a.  Caesar  rarely  uses  the  Imperative,  in  Direct  Quotations, 
as  Dgsilite,  Jump  down  (IV.  25). 

b.   Caesar  uses  the  Imperatives  n61i,  udllte  with  the  Infinitive  to 


§  184]  Causal  Clauses  559 

express  Prohibition ;  as,  Nollte  hos  vestro  auxilio  exspoliare,  Do 
not  (lit.  he  unwilling  to)  rob  them  of  your  assistance  (VJI.  77). 

182.  Caesar  rarely  uses  an  Infinitive  in  a  Principal  Clause  in  the 
place  of  an  Imperfect  or  Perfect  Indicative  (Historical  Infinitive),  the 
Subject  being  in  the  Nominative;  as,  Caesar  Aeduos  frumentum 
flagitare,  Caesar  kept  pressing  the  Aeduans  for  the  grain  (I.  1(5)  ;  hostes 
.  .  .  signo  dato  decurrere,  the  enemy  at  a  given  signal  rushed  down 
(III.  4). 

CAUSAL    AND    TEMPORAL    CLAUSES,    RELATIVE    CLAUSES, 
CLAUSES   OF  PURPOSE   AND   RESULT 

183.  a.  In  Causal  Clauses  introduced  by  quod  and  quoniam  Cae- 
sar uses  the  Indicative  whbn  the  reason  is  stated  as  that  of  Caesar 
the  Writer,  the  Subjunctive  when  the  reason  is  presented  as  some 
one  else's.  Thus,  Dumnorix  .  .  .  Helvetiis  erat  amicus,  quod 
.  .  .  duzerat,  Dumnorix  was  friendly  to  the  Helvetians,  because  he  had 
taken  .  .  .,  the  quod-clause  containing  Caesar's  explanation  of  the 
reason  why  Dumnorix  favored  the  Helvetians  (I.  9);  ei  gratias  egit, 
quod  optimum  iudioium  fecisset,  thanked  him  because  (as  the  dele- 
gation said)  he  had  passed  a  most  favorable  judgment,  the  quod-clause 
here  having  the  Subjunctive  because  it  presents  the  rjeason  given 
by  the  delegation  for  the  expression  of  thanks  (I.  41). 

b.  In  Causal  Clauses  Caesar  sometimes  uses  the  Subjunctive  of  a 
Verb  of  Saying  or  Thinking  to  introduce  a  statement  of  a  reason 
ascribed  to  some  one  else;  as,  Bellovaci  suum  numerum  non 
compleverunt,  quod  se  suo  nomine  .  .  .  bellum  gestures  di- 
cerent,  the  Bellovaci  did  not  furnish  their  full  contingent  because, 
as  they  said,  they  were  going  to  wage  war  on  their  own  account  .  .  . 
(Vn.75). 

c.  The  Subjunctive  introduced  by  non  quod,  not  because,  or  quam 
quo  (=  quam  eo  quod),  than  because,  may  be  used  to  express  an 
alleged  or  assumed  reason ;  as,  quam  quo  .  .  .  desiderent,  than 
beca  use  they  desire  (IV.  2) . 

184.  a.  A  Causal  Clause  introduced  by  cum,  sitice,  has  its  verb  in 
the  Subjunctive;  as,  cum  .  .  .  persuadere  non  possent,  since  they 
were  not  able  to  persuade  (I.  9) . 

b.  Caesar  sometimes  uses  the  adverb  praesertim,  especially,  to  make 
prominent  the  Causal  Idea  in  a  Clause  introduced  by  cum;  as,  prae- 
sertim cum  eorum  precibus  adductus  bellum  susceperit,  especially 


560  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  185 

since,  in  response  to  (\\t. prevailed  upon  by)  their  entreaties,  he  had  under- 
taken the  campaign  (I.  16). 

185.  a.  Cum  Temporal,  when,  referring  to  the  Present  or  Future  is 
used  with  the  Indicative;  as,  cum  .  .  .  premuntur,  when  they  are 
overivhelmed  (VI.  13). 

b.  With  cum  Temporal,  ivhen,  and  cum  primum,  as  soon  as,  refer- 
ring to  Past  Time,  Caesar  uses  the  Indicative  when  the  force  of  cum 
is  purely  Temporal ;  as,  cum  .  .  .  ezercitus  .  .  .  meritus  (esse) 
vidgb&tur,  when  the  army  clearly  earned,  lit.  was  seen  to  have  earned 
(I.  40)  ;  cum  primum  potuit,  as  soon  as  he  could  (III.  9). 

c.  With  cum  Temporal,  when,  and  cum  primum,  as  soon  as,  refer- 
ring to  Past  Time,  Caesar  uses  the  Subjunctive  when  an  idea  of 
Circumstance,  Condition,  or  Cause  is  involved ;  as,  cum  ferrum  se 
inflexisset,  lohen  (i.e.  when  and  because)  the  iron  had  become  bent,  lit. 
had  bent  itself  (1. 25)  ;  cum  primum  p^buli  copia  esse  inciperet,  as 
soon  as  (and  because)  there  began  to  be  plenty  of  forage  (II.  2). 

186.  a.  Caesar  sometimes  uses  cum  Temporal  or  ubi  with  the 
Indicative  to  denote  recurrent  action ;  as,  cum  usus  est,  whenever  it 
is  necessary  (IV.  2). 

b.  Caesar  sometimes  uses  cum  Temporal  correlatively  with  the 
Adverb  tum  in  the  sense  not  only  .  .  .  but  also,  but,  both  .  .  .  and ;  as, 
cum  omnis  iuventus  .  .  .  convenerant,  tum  nSvium  quod  ubique 
fuerat,  not  only  (lit.  when)  had  all  the  youth  .  .  .  assembled  but  (lit. 
then)  all  the  ships  they  had  (III.  16). 

187.  Caesar  sometimes  uses  cum  Adversative,  although,  while,  with 
the  Subjunctive;  as,  cum  ea  ita  sint,  although  this  (lit.  those  things)  is 
true  (I.  14). 

188.  a.  Caesar  uses  the  Temporal  Conjunctions  ubi,  ut,  when, 
postquam,  after,  posteS  quam  (written  as  two  words)  after  that, 
after,  and  simul  atque,  simul,  as  soon  as,  with  the  Indicative,  usually 
in  the  Perfect  Tense.  Thus,  Quod  ubi  Caesar  resciit.  When  Caesar 
found  this  out  (I.  28)  ;  postquam  Caesar  pervSnit,  after  Caesar 
arrived  (I.  27) ;  simul  atque  sg  recgpgrunt,  so  soon  as  they  rallied 
(IV.  27). 

b.  The  conjunction  ut,  as,  introducing  a  comparison,  is  used  with 
the  Indicative ;  as,  ut  .  .  .  n51uerant,  ita,  as  they  had  been  unwilling 
so  .  .  .  (II.  1). 

c.  ubi  primum,  as  soon  as  (lit.  when  first),  is  used  with  the  Perfect 
Indicative ;  as,  ubi  primum  nostrfis  equitgs  conspexgrunt,  as  soon 
as  they  saw  our  horsemen  (IV.  12). 


§  193]  Temporal  and  Relative  Clauses  561 

d.  The  Pluperfect  Indicative  with  ubi  may  denote  a  Repeated 
Action ;  as,  ubi  .  .  .  conspexerant,  whenever  they  saw,  lit.  when  they 
had  seen  (IV.  26). 

189.  a.  Caesar  uses  prius  quam,  until,  before,  with  the  Indicative 
to  denote  an  actual  occurrence  or  a  fact ;  as,  neque  prius  fugere  de- 
stiterunt  quam  ad  flumen  Rhenum  ,  .  .  pervenerunt,  and  they  did 
not  stop  their  flight  until  they  reached  the  river  Rhine  (I.  53). 

h.  Caesar  uses  prius  quam  and  ante  quam,  sooner  than,  before, 
with  the  Subjunctive,  implying  Expectancy  or  Purpose  in  an  action; 
as,  prius  quam  se  hostes  reciperent,  before  the  enemy  could  rally 
(11.12). 

190.  a.  Caesar  uses  dum  Temporal  in  the  sense  of  while  with  the 
Indicative  Historical  Present ;  in  the  sense  of  so  long  as,  while,  with  the 
Indicative  Present,  Imperfect,  and  Perfect.  Thus,  Dum  ea  conqul- 
runtur,  ivhile  those  things  icere  (lit.  are)  being  sought  out  (I.  27)  ;  Dum 
longius  aberant  Galli,  so  long  as  the  Gauls  were  further  away 
(VII.  82). 

b.  Caesar  uses  dumi,  until,  with  the  Subjunctive  to  denote  Intention 
or  Expectancy ;  as,  dum.  .  .  .  Helvetii  pervenirent,  until  the  Helve- 
tians should  reach  (I.  11). 

c.  Caesar  uses  quoad  in  the  Temporal  sense  of  so  long  as,  until, 
with  the  Indicative ;  in  the  sense  of  until  denoting  Intention  or  Ex- 
pectancy, with  the  Subjunctive.  Thus,  quoad  potuit,  so  long  as  he 
could  (IV.  12)  ;  quoad  ipse  propius  .  .  .  acoessisset,  until  he  him- 
self should  have  come  up  nearer  (IV.  11). 

191.  a.  Caesar  uses  the  Adversative  Conjunctions  etsi,  tametsi, 
although,  with  the  Indicative ;  as,  etsi  .  .  .  videbat,  although  he  saw 
(I.  46). 

b.  Concessive  ut,  meaning  granted  that,  although,  is  followed  by  the 
Subjunctive;  as,  ut  omnia  contra  opinionem  accidant,  granted 
that  everything  turn  out  contrary  to  expectation  (in  Indirect  Form  III.  9). 

192.  Relative  Clauses,  introduced  by  a  Relative  or  General  Rela- 
tive Pronoun,  have  their  Verb  in  the  Indicative  unless  an  idea  of 
Purpose,  Characteristic,  Cause,  Result,  or  Condition  is  involved ;  as, 
AUobrogum,  qui  nuper  pacati  erant,  of  the  A  llobroges,  ivho  had 
lately  been  subdued  (I.  6)  ;  quaecumque  pars  oastrorum  .  .  .  premi 
videbatur,  ivhenever  any  part  (lit.  whatever  part)  of  the  camp  seemed  to 
be  hard  pressed  (III.  4). 

193.  a.  A  Relative  Clause  of  Purpose  may  be  introduced  by  qui 
(=  ut  is,  in  order  that  he),  or  by  the  Relative  Adverbs  quo   (=  ut 


562  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  194 

eo),  qu5  (=  ut  e5),  and  has  its  Verb  in  the  Subjunctive;  as,  legates 
mittunt  (Historical  Present)  nobilissimda  civitatis  .  .  .  qui  dice- 
rent,  they  sent  as  envoys  the  citizens  of  highest  rank  to  say,  lit.  who  should 
say  (I.  7)  ;  quo  gravius  homines  .  .  .  doleant,  in  order  that  men 
may  more  Utterly  suffer  (I.  14).     Cf.  365  (p.  643). 

h.  In  Relative  Clauses  of  Purpose  quo  is  generally  used  with  a 
Comparative ;  as,  quo  facilius  .  .  .  possit,  that  he  might  (lit.  mxiy) 
he  able  the  more  easily  (I.  8). 

194.  a.  A  Relative  Clause  with  the  Subjunctive,  introduced  by  a 
Relative  Pronoun  or  Relative  Adverb,  may  characterize  an  Indefinite 
Antecedent  (Clause  of  Characteristic);  as,  itinera  duo,  quibus 
itineribus  .  .  .  exire  possent,  two  routes  by  which  they  could  go  out, 
i.e.  two  routes  of  such  a  character  that  by  them  they  could  go  out 
(I.  6)  ;  nihil  [els]  erat  quo  famem  tolerSrent,  they  had  nothing 
loith  which  they  could  satisfy  hunger  (I.  28). 

b.  A  Clause  of  Characteristic  may  be  used  after  a  Comparative ;  as 
non  longius  aberant  quam  quo  telum  adigi  posset,  were  already 
within  range,  lit,  not  further  away  than  (the  distance)  to  which  a  dart 
could  he  thrown  (II.  21). 

c.  A  Relative  Clause  with  the  Subjunctive  may  have  a  Causal 
Force;  as,  Catuvolcus  .  .  .  detestatus  Ambiorigem,  qui  eius 
consilii  auctor  fuisset,  .  .  .  se  exanimavit,  cursing  Amhiorix,  since 
he  (lit.  who)  had  been  the  originator  of  that  scheme,  Catuvolcus  killed 
himself  (VLSI). 

d.  A  Relative  Clause  with  the  Subjunctive  may  have  an  Adversa- 
tive Force;  as,  Cicero,  qui  .  .  .  militSs  in  castris  continuisset^ 
Cicero,  although  he  had  kept  the  soldiers  in  camp  (VI.  30). 

e.  A  Relative  Clause  with  the  Subjunctive  may  have  a  Conditional 
Force;   as  qui  .  .  .  vid§ret  if  one  should  look  at  (VII.  19). 

/.  A  Restrictive  Clause  may  be  introduced  by  the  Relative  quod 
and  have  the  Subjunctive ;  as,  quod  .  .  .  posset,  so  far  as  he  might  be 
able,  (lit.  that)  which,  etc.  (I.  35). 

195.  A  Relative  Clause  of  Result  may  be  introduced  by  qui  (  =  ut 
is,  so  that  he),  or  quin  (=  qui  non,  quae  non,  quod  non),  and  has 
its  Verb  in  the  Subjunctive;  as,  Ngmo  est  tam  fortis,  quin  rei 
novitate  perturbStur,  No  one  (of  them)  was  so  strong  that  he  was  not 
upset  by  the  unexpectedness  of  the  occurrence  (VI.  39). 

196.  a.  Clauses  of  Purpose  in  Caesar  are  most  often  introduced 
by  ut,  uti,  in  order  that,  that,  or  n6,  in  order  that  not,  lest,  and  have 
their  Verb  in  the  Subjunctive;  as,  ut  spatium  intercSdere  posset, 


§  198]  Substantive  Clauses  563 

in  order  that  a  period  of  time  might  (lit.  might  be  able  to)  intervene  (I. 
7)  ;  Id  ne  accideret,  in  order  that  this  might  not  happen  (I.  38). 

b.  In  Clause,-^  of  Purpose  Caesar  uses  ne  .  .  .  neve  (neu)  in  the 
sense  of  that  not  .  .  .  nor,  and  ut  (uti)  .  .  .  neve  (neu)  in  the  sense  of 
that  .  .  .  and  that  not,  with  the  Subjunctive ;  as,  ut  .  .  .  earum  rerum 
VIS  minueretur,  neu  ponti  nocerent,  that  the  force  of  these  things  might 
he  lessened  and  that  they  might  not  damage  the  bridge  (IV.  17). 

197.  a.  Clauses  of  Result  are  most  often  introduced  by  ut  or  uti, 
so  that,  that  (negative  non),  and  have  their  Verb  in  the  Subjunc- 
tive ;  as,  ut  perpauci  prohibere  possent,  so  that  a  very  few  (men) 
could  stop  them  (I.  6)  ;  ut  .  .  .  iudicari  non  possit,  that  it  cannot  be 
determined  (1.  12). 

b.  Clauses  of  Result  are  often  preceded  by  a  word  of  Measure  or 
Quality,  tam,  tantus,  ita,  sic,  etc. ;  as,  tanta  rerum  commutatio 
est  facta,  ut  nostri  .  .  .  proelium  redintegrarent,  so  great  a  change 
was  brought  about  that  our  {men)  renewed  the  fight  (II.  27)  ;  sic  munie- 
batur,  ut  magnam  .  .  .  daret  facultatem,  was  so  fortified  that  it 
afforded  a  great  resource  (I.  38). 

c.  A  Clause  of  Result  with  the  Subjunctive  may  be  introduced  by 
quam  after  a  Comparative,  with  or  without  ut ;  as,  pulverem  ma- 
iorem,  quam  consuetude  ferret,  a  cloud  of  dust  greater  than  usual 
lit.  greater  than  (so  that)  an  ordinary  condition  would  bring  it  (IV.  32). 

SUBSTANTIVE   CLAUSES 

198.  a.  Substantive  Clauses  are  used  as  Subject  of  a  Verb,  as 
Object  of  a  Verb,  and  in  other  Relations  similar  to  those  in  which 
Nouns  are  used. 

b.  A  Substantive  Clause  introduced  by  quod,  meaning  the  fact  that, 
that,  has  its  Verb  in  the  Indicative,  and  may  stand  as  Subject,  or 
Predicate,  or  Object  of  a  Verb,  or  in  Apposition.  Thus,  magno  erat 
impedimento,  quod  .  .  .  neque  .  .  .  poterant,  A  great  hindrance 
.  .  .  was  the  fact  that  they  were  able  neither  to  .  .  .  the  quod-clause 
being  the  Subject  of  erat  (I.  25)  ;  causa  mittendi  fuit  quod  .  .  . 
volebat,  the  reason  for  sending  was  the  fact  that  he  wanted  .  .  .  the 
quod-clause  being  in  Predicate  (III.  1)  ;  multae  res  ...  in  primis 
quod  .  .  .  videbat,  many  circumstances,  first  of  all  the  fact  that  he  saw 
.  .  .  the  quod-clause  being  in  Apposition  with  res  (I.  33). 

c.  A  Substantive  Clause  introduced  by  quod,  meaning  As  to  the 
fact  that,  As  regards  the  fact  that,  may  have  the  force  of  an  Accusative 
or  Ablative  of  Specification.     Thus,  quod  .  .  .  enuntiarit,  '  As  to  the 


564  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  199 

fact  that  he  had  reported';  in  the  direct  form,  quod  gnuntiSvI,  as 
to  the  fact  that  I  have  reported  (I.  17). 

199.  a.  Substantive  Clauses  with  the  Subjunctive  introduced  by  ut, 
or  uti,  that,  andng,  that  not,  are  used  after  Verbs  of  Commanding,  Urging, 
Reminding,  Asking,  Persuading,  Conceding  and  Permitting,  Deciding, 
Striving ;  the  Subjunctive  may  often  best  be  translated  by  an  Infini- 
tive. Thus,  Allobrogibus  imperavit,  ut  .  .  .  copiam  facerent, 
ordered  the  AUohroges  to  furnish  (lit.  that  they  should  furnish)  a  suppli/ 
.  .  .  (1.28)  ;  persuadet  (Historical  Present)  Castico  .  .  .  ut  rggnum 
.  .  .  occuparet,  persuaded  Casticus  to  seize  the  kingly  power  (I.  3). 

Such  Verbs  and  Phrases  used  by  Caesar  are  : 

(1)  Commanding:    impero,  order;    interdico,  enjoin  (VII.  40);  mandS, 

command  (I.  47)  ;  negotium  do,  assign  the  task  (II.  2) ;  praecipio,  en- 
join, direct  (I.  22)  ;  denuntio,  enjoin,  (C.  III.  86) ;  praedico,  order 
in  advance  (C.  III.  92). 

(2)  Urging  :   cohortor,  encourage  (II.  21)  ;  hortor,  urge  (I.  19) ;  sollicito, 

press  (III.  8). 

(3)  Reminding  :  admoneo,  admonish  (V.  49) ;  mone5,  warn  (I.  20). 

(4)  Asking  :  deprecor,  beg  to  escape  (II.  31) ;  oro,  beg  (IV.  16) ;  obsecro, 

beseech  (I.  20) ;  obtestor,  pray  (IV.  25) ;  peto,  ask  earnestly  (I.  28) ; 
postulo,   demand  (I.  34)  ;  T0g<5,  ask  {1.  7) . 

(5)  Persuading:  adduc5,  prevail  upon  (I.  31);  persuadeo,  persuade;  im- 

pello,  incite  (IV.  16). 

(6)  Conceding  and  Permitting  :  conced5,  grant  (III.  18) ;  patior,  suffer,  al- 

low (1.45);  permitto, />ermi<  (I.  36). 

(7)  Deciding  :  censeo,  decree  (1. 35)  ;  cdnstituo,  determinp.  (II.  10) ;  placuit, 

it  pleased  (I.  34) ;  sanciS,  bind  (I.  30). 

(8)  Striving  :  ago,  arrange  (I.  41) ;   contendo,  strive  (I.  31) ;  do  operam, 

take  pains  (V.  7) ;  impetro,  obtain  one's  request  (I.  9) ;  laboro,  put 
forth  effort  {I.  31). 

b.  Such  Verbs  are  sometimes  used  impersonally  in  the  Passive,  the 
Substantive  Clause  taking  the  place  of  a  Subject;  as  erat  eipraecep- 
tum,  ne  proelium  committeret,  he  had  been  ordered  not  to  Join  battle, 
lit.  it  had  been  ordered  to  him  that  he  should  not,  etc.  (I.  22). 

c.  With  such  Verbs  the  Substantive  Clause  is  sometimes  replaced 
by  the  Infinitive,  with  or  without  a  Subject  Accusative ;  as,  loqul 
concfiditur,  permission  is  given  to  speak  (VI.  20)  ;  H5s  [nftvgs]  ftctu- 
Sri§s  imperat  (Historical  Present)  fieri,  he  ordered  that  these  (ships) 
he  built  for  fast  movement  (V.  1). 

d.  As  a  Negative  Connective  between  Substantive  Subjunctive 
Clauses  Caesar  uses  nfive  (before  vowels  and  h)  and  neu  (before  con- 
sonants), witli  the  meaning  and  that  .  .  .  not,  or  that  .  .  .  not. 


§202]  Substantive  Clauses  565 

200.  a.  In  Substantive  Clauses  with  ut  after  admoneo,  cohortor, 
constituo,  impero,  mando,  nuntio,  order,  postulo,  demand,  and 
rogo,  ask,  and  a  few  phrases,  the  ut  is  sometimes  omitted ;  as,  rogat 
(Historical  Present),  finem  orandi  faciat,  asked  him  to  make  an  end 
of  his  pleading  (I.  20). 

h.  lubeo,  order,  hid,  and  veto,  forbid,  are  regularly  used  by  Caesar 
with  the  Infinitive  and  Subject  Accusative;  conor,  attempt,  with  the 
Infinitive ;  as,  quemque  effere  iubent,  they  gare  (lit.  gii^e)  orders  that 
each  person  carry  away  ...  (I.  5) ;  ezsequi  conaretur,  attempted  to 
enforce  (I.  4). 

201.  a.  Substantive  Clauses  with  the  Subjunctive  introduced  by 
ne,  that  not,  quo  minus,  that  not  (lit.  by  which  the  less),  and  quin, 
that  not,  are  used  after  Verbs  of  Hindering,  Preventing,  and  Refusing ; 
the  Conjunction  often  may  best  be  rendered  by  from  with  a  Par- 
ticiple. Thus,  hos  .  .  .  deterrere  ne  frumentum  conferant,  these 
through  fear  were  holding  back  (the  people)  from  furnishing  the  grain 
(I.  17)  ;  retineri  non  potuerant  quin  .  .  .  tSla  conicerent,  could 
not  be  restrained  from  hurling  darts  (I.  47). 

Such  Verbs  used  by  Caesar  are  : 

deteffreo,  ^o/(Z  back  through  fear :  recuse,  re/use  (1.31)  ;  rvlmeio,  restrain ; 
tempero,  restrain  one's  self  (I.  33) ;  teneo,  hold  back  (IV.  22) ;  terreo,  frighten 
(VII.  49). 

b.  Substantive  Clauses  with  the  Subjunctive  introduced  by  quin 
are  used  also  after  general  expressions  of  Doubt  and  Negation,  quin 
being  translated  that.  Thus,  non  esse  dubium,  quin  .  .  .,  that  there 
was  no  doubt  that  (I.  3)  ;  neque  abest  suspicio  .  .  .  quin,  a7id  there  is 
ground  for  suspecting  that,  lit.  and  there  is  not  lacking  suspicion  that  (I.  4). 

c.  After  dubito,  meaning  doubt,  Caesar  uses  a  Substantive  Clause 
with  quin  and  the  Subjunctive ;  after  dubito,  hesitate,  generally  the 
Infinitive,  rarely  a  clause  with  quin.  Thus,  non  dubitare  quin  .  .  . 
sumat,  he  did  not  doubt  that  he  (Ariovistus)  would  inflict  (I.  31)  ; 
transire  flumen  non  dubitaverunt,  did  not  hesitate  to  cross  the  river 
(II.  23)  ;  dubitandum  non  existimavit  quin  .  .  .  profioTsciretur, 
thought  that  he  ought  not  to  hesitate  to  set  out  (II.  2). 

202.  Substantive  Clauses  with  the  Subjunctive  introduced  by  ut 
and  ne  are  used  after  Yerbs  of  Fearing ;  after  such  Verbs  ut  is  to  be 
translated  that  not,  and  ne,  that,  or  lest.  Thus,  nS  .  .  .  offenderet 
verebatur,  was  afraid  that  he  might  offend  (I.  19) ;  ut  .  .  .  supportari 
posset,  timere  dicebant,  ivere  saying  that  they  feared  that  (the  supply 
of  grain)  cuuld  not  be  brought  up  (I.  39). 


566  Companion  to  Caesar  [§203 

203.  Clauses  of  Result  introduced  by  ut  or  uti  aiul  ut  non  are 
used  as  Substantive  Clauses  in  four  ways  : 

(1)  As  the  Subject  of  Impersonal  Verbs ;  thus,  fiebat  ut  .  .  .  va- 

garentur,  it  came  about  that  they  wandered  (1.  2)  ;  AccSdSbat 
ut  .  .  .  tempestatem  ferrent,  There  teas  the  additional  fact 
that  they  weathered  the  storm  (III.  13). 

The  more  important  Impersonal  Forms  thus  used  by  Caesar  are  accedebat; 
accidit,  it  happened  (IV.  29) ;  fit  (C.  II.  4) ;  fiebat ;  factum  est  (III.  19) ;  factum 
esse  (I.  31),  fieri  (II.  4) ;  institutum  est,  the  custom  bpcame  Jixed  (C.  III.  92); 
Belinquebatur,  the  result  loas,  lit.  it  ions  left  (V.  19);  and  the  Future 
Infinitive  of  sum  in  both  forms,  futurum  esse  (I.  10,  20,  31),  and  fore 
(1.42). 

(2)  As  Predicate  or  Appositive  with  consugtudo  est  and  ius  est; 

thus,  ea  consuetude  asset,  ut  matres  familiae  .  .  .  de- 
clSrarent,  tho-e  was  the  custom  that  the  matrons  should  declare 
(T.  50). 

(3)  As  Object  after  Verbs  of  Action  and  Accomplishment;  thus, 

committeret  ut  is  locus  .  .  .  nomen  caperet.  lit.  bring  it 
about  that  the  place  .  .  .  should  assume  a  name  (I.  13)  ;  com- 
meStus  ut  .  .  .  portSri  possent,  efficiebat,  made  it  possible 
for  supplies  to  be  brouyht,  lit.  was  accompUshing  that  supplies 
could  be  brought  (II.  5). 

The  Verbs  thus  used  by  Caesar  are  committo,  efficio,  perficio  (I.  9). 

(4)  As  Appositive  of  a  Noun  or  Neuter  Pronoun  whose  meaning 

the  ut-clause  defines;  thus,  poenam,  ut  igni  crem5r6tur, 
the  penalty  of  being  burned  by  Jire,  lit.  that  he  should  be  burned 
by  fire  (I.  4) ;  id,  quod  coustituerant  .  .  .  ut  6  finibus 
suTs  ezeant,  that  ivhich  they  had  resolced  upon,  a  migration 
from  their  country,  lit.  that  they  should  go  out  from  their  terri- 
tories (I.  5). 

204.  Indirect  Questions  are  used  as  Substantive  Clauses  after  Ex- 
pressions of  Inquiry,  Narration,  Deliberation,  and  Uncertainty,  and 
have  the  Subjunctive.  The  following  types  of  Indirect  Questions  are 
used  by  Caesar : 

(1)  Introduced  by  the  Interrogative  Particles  -ne  (V.  27),  num 
(I.  14)  in  Single  Questions ;  in  Double  Questions,  by  the 
Correlative  Particles  utrum  .  .  .  an,  whether  .  .  .  or  (I.  40); 
utrum  .  .  .  necne,  whether  .  .  .  or  not,  necne  representing 
annon  of  the  Direct  Form  (I.  50);  -ne  .  .  .  an,  whether  .  .  . 


§  205]  Conditional  Sentences  567 

or  (VI.  31) ;  -ne  .  .  .  an  .  .  .  an,  whether  .  .  .  or  .  .  .  or  (IV.  14) ; 
-ne  .  .  .  -ne,  whether  .  .  .  or  (VII.  14)  ;  and  an  alone,  utrum 
being  omitted,  or  (VII.  15).  Thus,  consultum  [esse], 
utrum  igni  statim  necaretur  an  .  .  .  reservaretur,  that 
counsel  was  taken  ivhether  he  should  at  once  be  put  to  death  by 
burning,  or  saved  up  for  another  occasion  (I.  53). 

(2)  Introduced  by  an  Interrogative  Pronoun ;  as,  Dumnorigi  cus- 

t5des  ponit  (Historical  Present),  ut,  quae  agat,  quibuscum 
loquatur,  scire  possit  (Caesar),  set  guards  over  Dumnorix, 
in  order  to  be  able  to  know  what  (lit.  what  things)  he  did,  with 
whom  he  talked  (I.  20). 

(3)  Introduced  by  Pronominal  Adjectives,  and  Adverbs  used  Inter- 

rogatively ;  as,  in  utram  partem  fluat,  in  which  direction  it 
flows  (I.  12).  Adjectives  and  Adverbs  thus  used  by  Caesar 
are  qualis,  of  ivhat  sort  (I.  21)  ;  quam  with  an  Adjective, 
how  (I.  43)  ;  quantus,  how  great  (I.  17)  ;  quem  ad  modum, 
in  what  way  (I.  36)  ;  uter,  which;  cur,  why  (I.  40)  ;  quare, 
wherefore,  why  (I.  45);  quo,  whither  (III.  16);  quot,  how 
many  (VII.  19)  ;  quotiens,  how  often  (I.  43)  ;  unde,  whence 
(V.  53)  ;  ut,  how  (I.  43). 

(4)  Introduced  by  si,  if,  whether,  after  Verbs  of  Effort  and  Expec- 

tation ;  as,  si  perrumpere  possent,  conati,  trying  (to  see) 
whether  they  could  break  through  (I.  8). 

CONDITIONAL   SENTENCES 

205.  Caesar  has  General  Conditions  of  the  First  Type  (Conditions 
of  Fact)  introduced  by  si,  if,  with  the  Indicative  in  both  Protasis  and 
Apodosis,  the  Protasis  implying  Customary  or  Repeated  Action ;  si  is 
almost  equivalent  to  whenever.     Thus: 

(1)  Present  Tense  in  both  Protasis  and  Apodosis :  si  qui  ex  reli- 

quis  excellit,  succ§dit,  if  anyone  of  the  rest  is  preeminent,  he 
becomes  the  successor  of  the  arch-druid  (VI.  13). 

(2)  Imperfect  Tense  in  both  Protasis  and  Apodosis :  si  quid  erat 

durius,  concurrebant,  if  there  was  unusually  serious  difficulty 
(lit.  if  there  was  anything  rather  hard)  they  would  rush  to  the 
rescue  (I.  48). 

(3)  Perfect  Tense  in  the  Protasis,  Present  in  the  Apodosis:   si 

compertum  est,  interficiunt,  if  the  fact  (of  crime)  has  been 
established,  they  kill  (VI.  19). 


568  Companion  to  Caesar  [§206 

(4)  Pluperfect  Tense  in  the  Protasis,  Imperfect  in  the  Apodosis-. 
81  qui  .  .  .  equo  dSciderat,  circumsistSbaiit,  if  anyone  had 
fallen  from  his  horse,  they  would  gather  around  him  (I.  48). 

206.  Caesar  has  Specific  Conditions  of  the  First  Type  (Conditions 
of  Fact)  introduced  by  si,  if,  or  nisi,  unless,  with  the  Indicative  in  the 
Protasis,  and  the  Indicative,  Imperative,  or  Hortatory  Subjunctive  iu 
the  Apodosis.     Thus : 

(1)  Present  Indicative  in  both  Protasis  and  Apodosis:  Cuius  si 

vos  paenitet,  vestrum  vobis  beneficium  remitto,  if  you 
regret  this,  I  give  yon  hack  your  furor  (C.  II.  32). 

(2)  Present  Indicative  in  the  Protasis,  Present  Imperative  in  the 

Apodosis  :  Dgsillte  .  .  .  nisi  vultis  aquilam  hostibus  pr6- 
dere,  jump  down,  unless  you  luish  to  abandon  your  eagle  to  the 
enemy  (IV.  25). 

(3)  Present  Indicative  in  the  Protasis,  Hortatory  Subjunctive  in 

the  Apodosis :  SI  quid  in  nobis  animi  est,  persequamur 
mortem,  if  ice  have  any  vestige  of  courage  in  us,  let  us  avenge 
the  death  (VII.  38). 

(4)  Future  Perfect  Indicative  in  the  Protasis,  Future  Indicative  or 

Imperative  in  the  Apodosis:  si  gravius  quid  acoiderit, 
rationem  reposcent,  if  any  disaster  shall  befall  them  (lit.  any- 
thing rather  heavy  shall  have  happened),  they  will  demand  an 
accounting  (V.  30) ;  TugminI  castra,  et  defendite,  si  quid 
durius  acoiderit,  guard  the  camp,  and  defend  it  in  case  of  any 
trouble,  lit.  if  anything  rather  hard  shall  have  happened  (C.  III. 
94). 

207.  Caesar  has  conditions  of  the  Second  Type  (Conditions  of 
Possible  Realization),  introduced  by  si,  if,  nisi,  unless,  or  sin,  but 
if,  with  the  Subjunctive  in  the  Protasis,  and  the  Potential  Subjunc- 
tive, or  the  Indicative  (emphasizing  the  situation  as  an  actual  one) 
in  the  Apodosis ;  thus  : 

(1)  Present  Subjunctive  in  both  Protasis  and  Apodosis  :  qui,  si  per 

te  liceat,  .  .  .  cum  reliquls  belli  c&sum  sustineant,  if 
they  should  have  your  permission,  they  would  share  the  fortune 
of  war  with  the  rest  (V.  30). 

(2)  Present  Subjunctive  in  the  Protasis,  Present  Indicative  in  the 

Apodosis :  neque,  aliter  si  faciat,  uUam  habet  auctdritft- 
tern,  and  if  (a  leading  ma7i)  does  (lit.  should  do)  otherwise,  he 
has  no  influence  Qt  q,ll  (VI,  11). 


§209]  Conditional  Sentences  569 

(3)  Imperfect  Subjunctive  in  the  Protasis,  Imperfect  Indicative  in 
the  Apodosis :  si  continere  ad  signa  manipulos  vellet, 
locus  ipse  erat  praesidio  barbaris,  if  he  desired  to  keep  Ms 
companies  with  the  standards,  the  very  (character  of  the)  region 
was  a  protection  to  the  natives  (VI.  84). 

208.  a,  Caesar  has  Conditions  of  the  Third  Type  (Conditions 
Contrary  to  Fact),  introduced  by  si,  if  or  nisi,  unless,  with  the  Sub- 
junctive in  both  Protasis  and  Apodosis,  the  Imperfect  referring  to 
.Present  Time,  the  Pluperfect  to  Past  Time.     Thus : 

(1)  Imperfect :  ego  banc  sententiam  probarem  ...  si  nuUam 

praeterquam    vitae    nostrae    iacturam    fieri  viderem,  / 

should  approve  this  view  if  I  saw  that  no  {loss)  ivas  involved 
except  the  loss  of  our  own  lives,  implying  that  the  speaker  did 
not  approve  the  view,  and  that  other  loss  was  involved 
(VII.  77). 

(2)  Pluperfect :  nisi  .  .  .  milites  essent  defessi,  omnes  hostium 

copiae  delSri  potuissent,  if  the  soldiers  had  not  been  ex- 
hausted .  .  .,  the  entire  forces  of  the  enemy  might  have  been 
wiped  out,  implying  that  the  soldiers  were  exhausted,  and  that 
many  of  the  enemy  escaped  (VII.  88). 

h.  The  Indicative  is  used  in  the  Apodosis  of  Conditions  Contrary 
to  Fact  when  there  is  present  an  idea  of  Necessity,  Propriety,  or  Pos- 
sibility ;  as,  sT  populus  Romanus  alicuius  iniuriae  sibi  conscius 
fuisset,  non  fuit  difBcile  cavere,  if  the  Roman  people  had  been  con- 
scious of  any  wrongdoing  it  would  not  have  been  (lit.  was  not)  difficult 
{for  them)  to  take  precautions  (from  the  Indirect  Form  in  I.  14). 

c.  The  Imperfect  Subjunctive,  referring  to  Past  Time,  may  be 
used  in  Conditions  Contrary  to  Fact,  if  a  lasting  state  of  affairs  is 
implied ;  as,  si  quid  mihi  a  Caesare  opus  esset,  ad  eum  venissem. 
If  I  had  wanted  {or  now  wanted)  anything  of  Caesar,  I  should  have  come 
to  him  (from  the  Indirect  Form  in  I.  34). 

209.  In  the  Protasis  of  a  Conditional  Sentence  an  Ablative  Abso- 
lute, a  Participle,  or  other  form  of  expression  implying  a  Condition, 
may  be  used  in  place  of  the  clause  with  si ;  as,  data  facultate,  tak- 
ing the  place  of  si  faoultas  data  esset,  if  an  opportunity  should  have 
been  granted,  in  the  Direct  Form,  si  faoultas  data  erit  (I.  7)  ;  dam- 
natum  (eum),  him,  if  condemned,  damnatum  taking  the  place  of 
si  damnatus  esset  (I.  4). 


570  Companion  to  Caesar  l$2io 

210.  Caesar  has  Conditional  Clauses  of  Comparison  with  the  Sub- 
junctive introduced  by  velut  si,  quasi,  and  proinde  ac  si.  Thus : 
quod  .  .  .  absentis  Ariovisti  crudelitatem  velut  si  coram  adesset, 
horrgrent,  that  is  .  .  .  velut  horrerent,  si  coram  adesset,  hor- 
rSrent,  because  they  dreaded  Ariovistus's  cruelty  when  he  was  away  just 
as  (they  would  dread  it)  if  he  were  present  (I.  32)  ;  Quasi  vSr6  cSnsilii 
sit  rgs.  As  if  indeed  it  were  a  matter  of  choice,  i.e.  as  it  would  be,  if  it 
should  be  a  matter  of  choice  (VII.  38)  ;  proinde  ac  si  .  .  .  vellent, 
just  as  if  they  proposed  (C.  III.  60). 

DIRECT  AND  INDIRECT   QUOTATION   AND  INDIRECT 
DISCOURSE 

GENERAL   STATEMENT 

211.  a.  Caesar  presents  the  language  of  another  person  in  two 
ways,  either  in  Direct  Quotation,  or  in  Indirect  Quotation,  a  form  of 
Indirect  Discourse. 

b.    In  Direct  Quotation  Caesar  quotes : 

(1)  Words  spoken  directly  to  him,  as  the  brave  words  of  Crastinus 

just  before  going  into  action  at  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  (C. 
III.  91). 

(2)  Words  reported  to  him,  presumably  by  his  ofl&cers ;  as  the  exhor- 

tation of  the  unnamed  standard-bearer  of  the  Tenth  Legion 
when  landing  on  the  British  shore,  if  this  was  spoken  outside 
of  Caesar's  hearing  (IV.  25),  and  the  challenge  of  Pullo  to 
Vorenus  (V.  44). 

(3)  Words  or  Speeches,  sometimes  in  dialects  foreign  to  Caesar, 

which  he  presents  in  his  own  language,  but  throws  into  the 
form  of  Direct  Quotation  in  order  to  enhance  the  effect ; 
such  are  the  words  of  the  Eburonian  captive  to  the  Sugam- 
brian  leaders  (VI.  35),  and  the  speech  of  the  cold-blooded 
Critognatus  at  the  war  council  in  Alesia  (VII.  77)  ;  also  the 
words  of  the  dying  eagle-bearer  (C.  III.  64),  and  the  remarks 
of  Pompey  and  Labienus  before  Pharsalus  (C  III.  86,  87). 

212.  a.  In  Indirect  Quotation,  or  Indirect  Discourse  in  the  nar- 
rower sense,  Caesar  in  most  cases  aims  to  present,  not  a  word-for- 
word  reproduction  of  what  was  said  or  written,  but  a  summary,  as 
brief  as  possible,  of  the  main  points.  For  example,  in  order  to  move 
to  action  the  other  prominent  Helvetians,  and  carry  through  the 
negotiations  with  Casticus  and  Dumnorix,  Orgetorix  must  have  had 


§212]  Indirect  Quotation  571 

many  conferences,  extending  over  a  considerable  period  of  time ;  yet 
the  gist  of  the  argument  by  which,  according  to  Caesar,  he  per- 
suaded the  whole  Helvetian  nation  to  migrate,  is  given  in  ten  words 
of  Indirect  Discourse  (I,  2),  while  the  gist  of  the  argument  by  which 
Casticus  and  Dumnorix  were  induced  to  join  him  in  forming  a 
triumvirate  of  usurpation  is  summarized  in  thirty -one  words  (I.  3). 

h.  The  kind  of  Summary  found  in  the  longer  passages  of  Caesar's 
Indirect  Discourse  has  a  parallel  in  the  condensed  reports  of  addresses 
in  the  newspapers.  A  reporter,  sent  to  prepare  a  synopsis  of  a  lecture 
an  hour  in  length,  on  the  Moon,  might  on  his  return  to  the  news- 
paper office  find  his  space  reduced,  by  pressure  of  matter,  to  sixty 
words ;  he  might  nevertheless  summarize  the  main  points  thus : 

*'  The  lecturer  said  that  the  moon  is  iiearhj  two  hundred  and  thirty-nine 
thousand  miles  from  the  earth  ;  that  under  the  telescope  it  has  the  appearance 
of  a  dead  planet ;  that  most  careful  observations  have  failed  to  detect  the 
presence  of  air  or  water ;  and  that,  notwithstanding  the  moon's  brightness, 
due  to  reflection,  its  surface  must  he  as  cold  as  ice." 

c.  In  a  manner  somewhat  similar,  but  with  marvelous  clearness 
and  cogency  in  view  of  the  degree  of  condensation,  Caesar  in  Indirect 
Discourse  presents  summarizing  statements,  or  outlines,  including  — 

(1)  Conferences  with  Gallic  and  German  leaders,  conducted,   no 

doubt  haltingly,  through  interpreters,  as  with  Divico  (I.  13, 
14),  Liscus  and  other  Aeduans  (I.  17,  18),  the  Gallic  delega- 
tion (T.  30-33),  and  Ariovistus  (I.  43-45). 

(2)  His  own  addresses ;.  as  the  speech  with  which  he  quelled  an 

incipient  mutiny  (I.  40),  and  his  exhortation  to  his  soldiers 
at  Pharsalus  (C.  III.  90). 

(3)  Reports  made  to  him ;  as  by  Labienus  (II.  1)  and  the  envoys 

of  the  Remi  (II.  3.  4). 

(4)  Requests  and  replies,  messages  and  instructions;  as  the  request 

of  the  Helvetian  envoys,  and  Caesar's  answer  (I.  7);  the 
plea  of  the  Aeduans  (I.  11),  Caesar's  message  to  the  Lin- 
gones  (1.26),  messages  to  and  from  Ariovistus  (I.  34-36,47). 

(5)  Arguments;  as  the  arguments  of  Orgetorix  (I.  2,  3),  and  of 

disloyal  natives  (II.  17). 

(6)  Brief  reports,    explanations   or   speeches,   presented  in   some 

cases  with  little  or  no  condensation,  as  the  hurried  report  of 
Considius  (I.  22),  the  apology  of  the  soldiers  (I.  41),  the 
joke  by  the  soldier  of  the  Tenth  Legion  (I.  42),  and  the 
taunt  of  the  Atuatuci  as  translated  into  Latin  (II.  30). 


572  Companion  to  Caesar  [§213 

d.  Indirect  Discourse  in  a  broader  sense  includes  all  statements  in 
the  Indirect  Form  after  words  of  Thought  as  well  as  S|>eech  ;  as, 
biennium  satis  esse  duxerunt,  they  reckoned  that  two  years  would  be 
sufficient  (1.  3). 

e.  In  the  Latin  text  of  this  book  the  more  important  Indirect  Quota- 
tions and  Summaries  are  printed  in  Italic  Type. 

213.  a.  Indirect  Discourse  is  introduced  by  a  Verb  or  other  Ex- 
pression of  Saying,  Perceiving,  Ascertaining,  Thinking,  Knotoing,  or 
Remembering;  as,  s5  .  .  .  condonare  dicit  (Historical  Present)  he 
said  that  he  would  pardon  (I.  20). 

Such  Verbs  and  Expressions  used  by  Caesar  are : 

ago,  present  a  case  (I.  13);  animadverto,  notice  (I.  32);  arbitror,  think 
(I.  2) ;  audio,  hear  (IV.  7) ;  censeo,  decide,  think  (VII.  21) ;  certiorem  facio, 
inform  (I.  11);  certior  fit,  is  Informed  (I.  12);  ciatnito,  cry  out  (V.  7), 
cogito,  think  (V.  33) ;  cognosco,  learn  (I.  22) ;  commemoro,  relate  (IV.  16) ; 
comperio,  ascertain  {W.  19);  concl9.mo,  shout  (III.  18);  confidS,  he  confi- 
dent, trust  (III.  9) ;  confirmo,  assure  (I.  3)  ;  coniecturam  capio,  infer  (VII. 
36) ;  conspicio,  see  (II.  24) ;  constat,  it  is  agreed  (III,  0) ;  constituo,  resolve 
(II.  10) ;  contends,  insist  (VI.  41) ;  credo,  believe  (II.  33). 

demonstro,  shoio,  prove  (1. 11)^  denuntio,  threaten  (I.  3(5) ;  dico,  say ;  dif- 
fido,  lose  confidence  (VI.  36) ;  disco,  learn  (VII.  54) ;  doceo,  explain  (I.  43) ; 
duco,  reckon  (I.  3)  ;  existimS,  reckon,  think  (I.  6) ;  facio  verba,  make  a  plea 
(II.  14) ;  intellego,  understand  (I.  16) ;  invenio,  fmd  out  (II.  16) ;  iudico, 
judge  (I.  45) ;  iuro,  sioear  (VI.  12) ;  loquor,  speak,  say  (11.31). 

memini,  remember  (III.  6) ;  memoriS,  teneo,  hold  in  memory,  remember 
(I.  7) ;  mihi  persu9.sum  habed,  am  conviyiced  (111.  2) ;  moneo,  explain  (C.  III. 
89);  nego,  declare  that  .  .  .  7iot  (I.  8);  nuntio,  announce  (II.  2);  nuntium 
m'itto,  send  word  (II.  6) ;  ostendS,  make  plain  (I.  8) ;  perscribo,  irrite  fully 
(V.  49) ;  perspicio,  perceive  (III.  9) ;  polliceor,  promise  (I.  .'W)  ;  praedicd, 
declare  (I.  39) ;  pro  explorftto  habeo,  consider  certain  (VI.  5) :  probS,  show, 
prove  (I.  3) ;  profiteor,  declare  (VII.  2) ;  pronuntio,  announce  (V.  56) ; 
pr5vide5,  foresee  (VII.  39) ;  puto,  think  (IV.  3). 

recordor,  recall  (C.  III.  47) ;  refer5,  report  (VI.  10) ;  reniintio,  bring  {hack) 
report  (1. 10) ;  reperio,.^"nfZ  out,  ascertain  (I.  18) ;  respondeS,  <nisiror  (I.  14) ; 
Bci5,  know  (I.  20) ;  scribo,  write  (V.  13) ;  sentio,  perceive  (I.  IS) ;  spem  habeo, 
have  hope  that  (I.  33) ;  significo,  give  intirnation  (II.  13)  ;  simulS,  pretend 
(IV.  4) ;  spSro,  hope  (I.  3) ;  statuo,  determine  (I.  42) ;  suspicor,  suspect  (I.  44) ; 
testibus  utor,  take  as  ivitnesses  that  (VII.  77) ;  video,  see  (I.  33) ;  voveo, 
vow  (VI.  16). 

b.  The  Verb  of  Saying,  on  which  Indirect  Discourse  depends,  is 
sometimes  not  expressed,  but  implied  in  the  Context;  as,  Caesarem 
oomplexus  obsecrare  coepit  .  .  .  scire  s6,  throwing  his  arms 
around  Caesar  began  to  beseech  (Jiim,  saying)  that  he  knew  (1.20). 


217]  Indirect  Discourse  573 


RULES   FOR  INDIRECT  DISCOURSE 

214.  a.  In  Indirect  Discourse  the  Principal  Statements,  corre- 
sponding with  the  Principal  Clauses  of  Direct  Discourse,  are  ex- 
pressed by  the  Subject  Accusative  and  the  Infinitive;  Subordinate 
Clauses  have  the  Subjunctive.  Thus,  Consuesse  deos  immortales 
.  .  .  quos  pro  scelere  eorum  ulcisci  velint,  his  secundiores  in- 
terdum  res,  et  diuturniorem  impunitatem,  concedere,  The  im- 
mortal gods  are  ivont  to  grant  a  more  prosperous  estate  meanivJiile,  and 
longer  freedom  from  punishment^  to  those  whom  they  desire  to  punish  for 
their  wickedness ;  in  the  Direct  Form  consuesse  deos  would  be- 
come consuerunt  di,  and  velint  in  the  Subordinate  Clause  would 
be  volunt,  the  other  words  remaining  unchanged,  and  the  sentence 
would  read  Consuerunt  di  immortales  .  .  .  qu5s  pro  scelere 
eorum  ulcisci  volunt,  his  secundiores  interdum  res  et  diuturni- 
orem impunitatem  concedere  (I.  14) . 

b.  A  Subordinate  Clause  containing  an  implied  quotation  may 
have  the  Subjunctive;  as,  frumentum,  quod  essent  poUiciti,  the 
grain  which  (as  he  said)  they  had  promised  (I.  16). 

c.  In  Indirect  Discourse  a  Subordinate  or  Parienthetical  Clause, 
presenting  a  Statement  of  Fact  which  is  not  necessarily  a  part  of  the 
Indirect  Discourse,  may  have  the  Indicative ;  as,  Condrusos  .  .  . 
Paemanos,  qui  Germani  appellantur,  that  the  Condrusi  .  .  .  and  the 
Paemani,  ivho  are  called  Germans  (II.  4). 

215.  The  Subject  Accusative  in  Indirect  Discourse  is  sometimes 
omitted  when  it  is  easily  understood  from  the  Context,  especially 
when  it  refers  to  the  same  person  as  the  Subject  of  the  Verb  on 
which  the  Indirect  Discourse  depends;  as,  scire,  for  se  scire,  that  he 
knew  (I.  40,  1.  41)  ;  prohibiturum  ostendit,  for  se  prohibiturum 
esse  ostendit  (Historical  Present),  he  showed  that  he  would  prevent 
them  (I.  8). 

216.  Commands  expressed  in  Direct  Quotation  by  the  Imperative, 
or  by  the  Jussive  Subjunctive,  in  Indirect  Discourse  have  the  Sub- 
junctive, the  Negative  being  ng.  Thus,  reminisceretur,  let  him 
remember,  which  in  the  Direct  Form  would  be  Imperative,  remini- 
scere,  remember  (1. 13)  ;  ng  .  .  .  tribueret,  that  he  should  not  presume, 
the  Direct  Form  being  noli  tribuere  (I.  13). 

217.  a.  Ordinary  Questions  in  Indirect  Discourse  have  the  Sub- 
junctive;  as.  Cur  in  suas  possessiones  veniret,  Why  did  he  (Cae- 
sar) come  into  his  possessions  f  in  the  Direct   Form  this  would  be, 


574  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  218 

Cur  in  meSs  possessiones  venis  ?  Why  do  you  come  into  my  pos- 
sessions (T.  44)  ? 

h.  Deliberative  Questions  in  Indirect  Discourse  retain  the  Subjunc- 
tive, but  the  Tense  is  governed  by  that  of  the  Verb  on  which  the 
Indirect  Discourse  depends  (277,  a,  6)  ;  thus,  Quid  agSmus?  What 
are  we  to  do  ?  after  a  Past  Tense  in  Indirect  Discourse  becomes  Quid 
agerent ;  as,  neque  satis  .  .  .  constSbat,  quid  agerent,  and  it  was 
not  quite  clear  .  .  .  tvhat  they  should  do  (III.  14). 

c.  Rhetorical  Questions  in  Indirect  Discourse  have  the  Infinitive 
(275,  b)  ;  as,  quid  esse  levius,  what  is  more  capricious,  implying 
that  nothing  could  be  more  capricious  (V.  28). 

218.  An  Apodosis  of  a  Conditional  Sentence  containing  a  State- 
ment is  expressed  in  Indirect  Discourse  by  the  Accusative  and  Infini- 
tive, containing  a  Command,  by  the  Subjunctive;  the  Protasis, 
containing  the  Condition,  has  the  Subjunctive,  as  follows : 

(1)  a.  In  the  First  Type  (Conditions  of  Fact),  the  Tense  of  the 
Infinitive  in  Indirect  Discourse  corresponds  with  the  Tense 
of  the  Apodosis  in  the  Direct  Form,  while  the  Tense  of  the 
Protasis,  introduced  by  si  or  sin,  is  governed  by  that  of  the 
Verb  on  which  che  Indirect  Discourse  depends  (177,  a,  b). 
Thus,  Is  ita  cum  Caesare  egit ;  si  pacem  populus  R5ma- 
nus  cum  Helvetiis  faceret,  in  eam  partem  ituros  [esse] 
atque  ibi  futures  [esse]  Helvetios,  ubi  eos  Caesar  consti- 
tuisset  atque  esse  voluisset,  He  took  up  {the  matter)  icith 
Caesar  thus :  If  the  Roman  people  would  make  peace  with  the 
Helvetians,  they  loould  go  wherever  Caesar  should  have  appointed 
and  wished  them  to  he,  and  would  there  remain ;  in  the  Direct 
Form,  Si  pacem  populus  Romanus  cum  HelvStiis  faciet, 
in  eam  partem  ibunt  atque  ibi  erunt  Helvetii,  ubi  eos 
tu  constitueris  (Future  Perfect  Indicative)  atque  esse 
volueris  (I.  113). 
b.  In  the  Protasis  of  the  First  Type  a  Perfect  or  Pluperfect 
Subjunctive  in  Indirect  Discourse  may  i-epresent  a  Future 
Perfect  Indicative  in  the  Direct  Form  ;  as,  Quod  si  fgcerit 
(Perfect  Subjunctive),  Aeduorum  auctoritfttem  amplificS- 
turum  [esse],  If  he  shoidd  do  this,  he  would  increase  the  pres- 
tige of  the  Aeduans;  in  the  Direct  Form,  Quod  si  f§ceris 
(Future  Perfect  Indicative)  Aeduorum  auctoritatem  am- 
plificSbis,  Tf  you  will  do  (lit.  shall  hare  done)  this,  you  will 
increase  the  prestige  of  the  Aeduans  (FI.  14). 


§220]  Indirect  Discourse  575 

(2)  Tn  the  Second  Type  (Conditions  of  Possible  Realization)  the 

Infinitive  in  Indirect  Discourse  represents  the  Subjunctive 
of  the  Direct  Form  ;  the  Tense  of  the  Present  Subjunctive  in 
the  Protasis  is  Present  after  a  Present  Tense,  but  Imperfect 
in  case  the  Indirect  Discourse  follows  a  Past  Tense.  Thus, 
after  a  Present  Tense,  Si  quid  accidat  Romanis,  summam 
in  spem  .  .  .  venire,  if  any  (disaster)  should  befall  the  Romans, 
he  would  entertain  the  highest  expectation,  lit.  would  come  into  the 
highest  hope',  in  the  Direct  Form,  si  quid  accidat  Ro- 
manis, summam  in  spem  veniat  (I.  18). 

(3)  In  the  Third  Type  (Conditions  Contrary  to  Fact)  in  Indirect 

Discourse  the  Perfect  Infinitive  of  the  Active  Periphrastic 
Conjugation  corresponds  to  the  Active  Pluperfect  Subjunctive 
in  the  Apodosis  of  the  Direct  Form,  while  a  Passive  Pluper- 
fect Subjunctive  in  the  Apodosis  is  represented  by  futurum 
fuisse  (Impersonal)  ut  .  .  .  with  a  Passive  Impei-fect  Sub- 
junctive, the  Protasis  being  in  the  Subjunctive ;  as,  neque 
EburonSs,  si  ille  adesset,  (fuisse)  ventures,  nor  would  the 
Eburones  have  come  if  he  (had  been  and)  were  at  hand  (V.  29 ; 
of.  S08,  c)  ;  nisi  nuntii  essent  aliati,  existimabant  plerique 
futurum  fuisse,  uti  (oppidum)  amitteretur,  if  neics  had 
not  been  brought,  most  people  were  of  the  opinion  that  the  town 
would  have  been  lost,  in  the  Direct  Form,  nisi  nuntii  essent 
all&ti,  oppidum  amissum  esset  (C.  III.  101). 

219.  The  Apodosis  of  a  Conditional  Sentence  is  sometimes  incor- 
porated in  a  Substantive  Clause  introduced  by  ut,  ne,  or  quin.  Thus, 
ut,  SI  vellet  Ariovistus  proelio  contendere,  ei  potestas  non  de- 
esset,  in  order  that,  if  Ariovistus  wished  to  contend  in  battle,  opportunity 
might  not  be  lacking  to  him,  in  the  Direct  Form,  Si  .  .  .  volet  .  .  .  non 
deerit  (I.  48)  ;  neque  dubitare  debere  quin,  si  Helvetios  supe- 
raverint  (Perfect  Subjunctive)  Romani  .  .  .  Aeduis  libertatem 
sint  erepturi,  and  that  they  ought  not  to  doubt  that,  if  the  Rornans  should 
have  overpowered  the  Helvetians,  they  were  going  to  take  away  liberty  from 
the  Aeduans,  in  the  Direct  Form,  si  Helvetios  superaverint  (Future 
Perfect  Indicative)  RomSni  .  .  .    erepturi  sunt  (I.  17). 

220.  The  VerVj  of  a  clause  subordinate  to  a  clause  having  its  Verb  in 
the  Subjunctive,  or  in  the  Infinitive,  is  ordinarily  put  in  the  Subjunctive 
(Subjunctive  by  Attraction)  ;  as,  uti  frumento  commeatuque,  qui 
.  .  .  supportaretur,  Caesarem  intercluderet,  that  he  might  cut  Caesar 
off  from  the  grain  and  other  supplies  which  were  being  brought  up  (I.  48). 


576  Companion  to  Caesar  [§221 


THE   INFINITIVE 

221.  a.  Caesar  uses  the  Infinitive  after  many  Verbs  to  complete 
the  Meaning  (Complementary  Infinitive)  ;  as,  .  .  .  exire  possent, 
they  were  able  to  go  out,  ezire  filling  out  the  sense  which  with  pos- 
sent alone  would  be  incomplete  (I.  6). 

b.  A  Participle,  Adjective  or  Noun  in  Predicate  with  a  Complemen- 
tary Infinitive  is  attracted  to  the  case  of  the  Subject  of  the  Verb  on 
which  the  Infinitive  depends ;  as,  purgati  esse  vellent,  they  should 
wish  to  be  guiltless  (I.  28). 

c.  Caesar  has  the  Infinitive  after  certain  Participles  used  as  Ad- 
jectives; as,  paratum  (Accusative)  decertare,  ready  to  Jight  it  out 
(I.  44). 

222.  a.  An  Infinitive  may  be  the  Subject  of  an  Impersonal  Verb, 
or  of  other  Verbs  used  Impersonally ;  as,  Maiori  parti  placuit  .  .  . 
dSfendere,  The  majority  decided  (lit.  to  the  greater  part  it  was  pleasing) 
to  defend  .  .  .  (III.  3)  ;  Commodissimuin  visum  est  .  .  .  mittere, 
//  seemed  most  expedient  to  send,  mittere  being  the  Subject  of  visum 
est  (I.  47). 

b.  An  Infinitive  is  sometimes  used  as  the  Subject  of  an  Infinitive, 
especially  in  Indirect  Discourse ;  as,  commodissimum  esse  statuit 
.  .  .  imponere,  he  decided  that  the  most  expedient  (thing)  was  to  place  .  .  . 
on,  imponere  being  the  Subject  of  esse  used  imj^ersonally  (I.  42). 

c.  An  Infinitive  used  as  Subject  may  have  a  Subject  Accusative; 
as,  intersit  (Historical  Present)  manus  distinSri,  it  was  important 
that  the  forces  be  kept  apart  (II.  5). 

223.  a.  Caesar  uses  the  Accusative  with  the  Infinitive  not  only 
after  words  of  Speech  and  Thought  (Indirect  Discourse,  Sl£,  d),  but 
also. after  Words  expressing  Will  or  Desire,  Feeling,  Permission  and 
Prevention,  Persuasion,  Command,  Training  and  Compulsion;  as,  efts 
rSs  iact&ri  nolSbat,  he  was  unwilling  that  those  matters  should  be  dis- 
cussed (I.   18)  ;   eos  Ire  paterentur,  would  allow  them  to  go  (I.  6). 

Such  Words  used  by  Caesar  are  : 

(1)  Expressing  Will  or  Desire:    desidero,   desire   (IV.  2);    mftl5,  prefer 

(C.  III.  80) ;  nol3,  be  unwiUinf/  ;  studeS,  be  eager  (C.  1.  4) ;  v516, 
wish  (I.  13). 

(2)  Expressing    Feeling:    admlror,    he    sitrpriscd  (I.    14);    doled,   grieve 

(III.  2) ;  gaudeo,  rejoice  (IV.  l.'i)  ;  glorior,  boost  (('.  1.  4);  queror, 
complaiti  (C.  III.  %;  usually  followed  by  a  quod  claiist)  :  mag^O 
dolore  ferS,  feel  deeply  chagrined  (\'II.  03) ;  moleste  ferO,  fed 
irntatiou  (II.  1). 


§  226]  Participles  577 

(3)  Expressing  Permission  or  Prevention :  patior,  suffer,  allov)  (sometimes 

followed  by  an  ut-clause)  ;  proihibeo,  prevent  .  .  .  from  (II.  4,  etc.)' 

(4)  Expressing  Command,  Training,  or  Compulsion :  iubeo,  order  (I.  5) ; 

veto,  forbid  (II.  20);  assuefacio,  train  (IV.  2) ;  cogo,  force  (I.  4). 

b.  Cupio,  malo,  nolo,  studeo,  and  volo  frequently  have  the  In- 
finitive without  a  Subject  Accusative  (Complementary  Infinitive) ; 
as,  ulcisci  velint,  may  loish  to  punish  (I.  14). 

224.  a.  When  Verbs  which,  in  the  Active  Voice,  have  the  Accusa- 
tive and  Infinitive,  are  used  in  the  Passive,  a  Subject  Nominative  may 
take  the  place  of  the  Accusative,  the  Infinitive  remaining  the  same ; 
in  translating,  the  English  Impersonal  construction  should  often  be 
used.  Thus,  non  fore  dicto  audientes  .  .  .  dicantur,  that  it  is  said 
they  will  not  be  obedient  to  the  command,  lit.  that  they  are  said  not  to  be 
about  to  be  obedient  (I.  40). 

b.  The  Accusative  and  the  Infinitive  may  stand  as  the  Subject  of 
an  Impersonal  Verb,  or  of  other  Verbs  used  Impersonally;  as,  poe- 
nam  sequi  oportebat,  the  penalty  tvould  inevitably  follow,  lit.  that  the 
penalty  follow,  icas  inevitable  (I.  4)  ;  Non  esse  fas  Germanos  supe- 
rare,  That  it  was  not  right  for  the  Germans  to  conquer,  Germanos 
superare  being  the  Subject  of  esse  used  Impersonally  (I.  50). 

225.  The  place  of  the  Future  Infinitive  may  be  taken  by  fore  or 
futurum  esse  and  a  clause  with  ut  and  the  Subjunctive ;  as,  fore,  uti 
pertinacia  desisteret,  that  he  would  desist  from  his  obstinate  course,  lit. 
that  it  would  be  that  he  would  desist  (I.  42). 

PARTICIPLES 

226.  a.  The  Time  denoted  by  a  Present  Participle  is  the  same  as 
that  of  the  Principal  Verb ;  as,  flens  peteret,  with  tears  (lit.  weeping) 
he  was  entreating  (I.  20). 

b.  The  Time  denoted  by  a  Perfect  Participle  is  prior  to  that  of  the 
Principal  Verb;  as,  cupiditate  inductus,  led  on  (lit.  having  been  led) 
by  a  desire  (I.  2). 

c.  Caesar  sometimes  uses  Perfect  Participles  of  Deponent  and  Serai- 
deponent  Verbs  where  English  usage  prefers  a  Present  Participle ;  as, 
Caesarem  complexus,  embracing  Caesar,  lit.  having  embraced  (I.  20). 
Examples  are : 

arbitratus,  thinking  (III.  28) ;  complexus ;  commoratus,  delaying  (V.  7) ; 
confisus,  trusting  (I.  53) ;  consoiatus,  comforting  (I.  20) ;  diffisus,  distrust- 
ing (VI.  38) ;  gavisus,  rejoicing  (IV.  13) ;  miratus,  wondering  (I.  32) ;  secu- 
tVLB,  following  (I.  24) ;  usus,  tising  (II.  7) ;  veTitViS,  fearing  (II.  11). 


578  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  227 

227.  a.  A  Participle  is  often  used  to  express  concisely  an  idea 
which  might  have  been  expanded  into  a  Clause,  particularly  an  idea 
of  Cause,  Condition,  Opposition,  Characterization,  or  Description.     Thus  : 

(1)  Expressing  Cause:  se,  Biturigum  perfidiam  veritos,  rever- 

tisse,  that  they,fearin(j  the  treachery  of  the  Bituriges,  had  come 
hack,  that  is,  that  they  had  come  hack  hecause  they  feared  the 
treachery  of  the  Biturif/es  (VII.  5). 

(2)  Expressing   Condition :   banc    adept!   victoriam,  in   perpe- 

tuum  se  fore  victores  confidebant,  having  won  this  victory, 
they  were  confident  that  they  icould  be  ricforious  for  all  time, 
adept!  being  equivalent  to  si  adept!  essent  (V.  39). 

(3)  Expressing   Opposition :    in    colloquium   venire    invitStus, 

although  invited  to  come  to  a  conference  (1.  35). 

(4)  Expressing  Characterization  or  Description  -.  victis,  venientSs, 

those  beaten,  those  coming  up,  meaning  those  who  had  been  beaten, 
those  who  were  coming  up  (I.  25). 

(5)  Expressing  Time :  conantes,  when  they  were  attempting  (I.  47). 

h.  A  Participle  may  express  Manner  or  Circumstance;  as,  flSns 
peteret,  with  tears  (lit.  weeping)  he  was  entreating  (I.  20)  ;  pugnSns 
interficitur,  is  killed  while  fighting  (V.  37). 

228.  a.  Caesar  sometimes  uses  a  Perfect  Participle  in  agreement 
with  the  Subject  or  the  Object  of  a  Verb  where  Phiglish  usage  prefers  a 
coordinate  clause.  Thus,  Persuadent  (Historical  Present)  Rauracis 
.  .  .  uti,  eodem  usi  consilio,  .  .  .  cum  eis  proficiscantur.  Per- 
suaded the  Rouraci  .  .  .  to  adopt  the  same  plan,  and  set  out  with  them, 
lit.  that,  having  used  the  same  plan,  they  should  set  out  (I.  5)  ;  Boios* 

.  .  .  receptos  ad  s5  socios  sibi  asciscunt,  they  received  and  assJw^ 
dated  with  themselves  the  Boians,  lit.  the  Boians,  having  been  received 
.  .  .  they  associated  (I.  5). 

b.  Caesar  sometimes  uses  a  Perfect  Passive  Participle  in  agreement 
with  a  Noun  where  the  Participle  has  the  main  idea  and  is  best  trans- 
lated by  a  Noun ;  as,  ante  primam  confectam  vigiliam,  before  the 
end  of  the  first  watch,  lit.  before  the  first  ivatch  having  been  completed 
(VII.  3). 

c.  Caesar  sometimes  uses  a  Participle  in  agreement  with  the  Object 
of  a  Verb  to  depict  an  Action  or  a  Situation  more  vividly.  Thus, 
aliqu5s  ex  nSvf  6gredient6s  c5nspexerant,  had  seen  some  (soldiers) 
disembarking,  is  more  vivid  than  aliquos  .  .  .  Sgredl,  that  some  (sol- 
diers) were  disembarking  (IV.  26). 


§  230]        Gerund  and  Gerundive  Construction  579 

229.  a.  Habeo  with  a  Perfect  Passive  Participle  in  agreement 
with  its  Object  may  have  almost  the  force  of  a  Perfect  or  Pluperfect 
tense ;  as,  quern  .  .  .  coactum  habgbat,  which  he  had  collected,  lit. 
which,  having  been  collected,  he  was  having  (I.  15). 

b.  Caesar  uses  the  Future  Passive  Participle  (Gerundive)  in  agree- 
ment with  the  Object  of  Certain  Verbs  to  express  Purpose  or  Accom- 
plishment; as,  pontem  faciendum  curat  (Historical  Present),  he 
had  a  bridge  built,  he  attended  to  the  building  of  a  bridge,  lit.  cared  for 
a  bridge  to  be  built  (I.  13). 

The  verbs  thus  used  are  euro,  arrange,  provide ;  do,  give  (IV.  22) ;  and 
trado,  deliver  (VI.  4). 

c.  The  Future  Passive  Participle  combined  with  the  forms  of  sum 
in  the  Passive  Periphrastic  Conjugation  (63)  is  often  used  to  express 
Obligation,  Necessity,  or  Propriety ;  as,  revocandi  [erant]  milites, 
the  soldiers  had  to  be  called  back  (II.  20).     Cf.  357,  a  and  b  (p.  643). 

GERUND  AND  GERUNDIVE  CONSTRUCTION 

230.  In  place  of  the  Gerund,  Caesar  more  often  uses  the  Gerun- 
dive Construction,  with  the  Noun  in  the  case  in  which  the  Gerund 
might  have  been  put,  and  the  Gerundive  agreeing  with  it.  His  use 
of  the  Gerund  and  of  the  Gerundive  Construction  is  as  follows : 

(1)  Genitive  after  Nouns  and  Adjectives,  and  with  causa  and  gra- 

tia expressing  Purpose  :  bellandi  cupidi,  desirous  of  icaging 
war  (I.  2)  ;  Galliae  impugnandae  causa,  in  order  to  attack 
Gaul  (I.  44).     Cf.  355  (p.  643). 

(2)  Dative  after  Verbs  (Gerundive  Construction  only)  :  vix  ut  eis 

rSbus  .  .  .  collocandis  .  .  .  tempus  daretur,  barely  time 
(enough)  was  given  for  making  those  arrangements,  lit.ybr  those 
things  to  be  arranged  (III.  4). 

(3)  Accusative  after  ad  to  express  Purpose :  ad   deliberandum, 

for  consideration  (I.  7)  ;  Ad  eas  res  conficiendas.  To  com- 
plete these  preparations,  Wt.  for  these  things  to  be  accomplished 
(I.  3).     Cf.  355  (p.  643). 

(4)  Ablative  of  Means  without  a  Preposition,  and  Ablative  with 

the  Prepositions  in  or  de  :  fallendo,  by  practising  deception 
(IV.  13) ;  in  quaerendo,  on  making  inquiry  (I.  18) ;  de 
expugnando  oppido,  in  regard  to  storming  the  stronghold 
(II.  10).. 


580  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  231 

THE  SUPINES 

231.  a.  The  Supine  in  -um  is  used,  chiefly  after  Verbs  of  Motion, 
to  express  Purpose;  as,  ad  Caesarem  grStul^tum  convSnSrunt, 
came  to  Caesar  to  offer  congratulations  (I.  30).     Cf.  355  (p.  643). 

h.  The  Supine  in  -um  may  be  followed  by  a  Direct  Object,  or  by  a 
Clause ;  as,  legStos  mittunt  (Historical  Present)  rog&tum  auziliuin, 
sent  envoys  to  ask  for  help  (I.  11);  questum,  quod  HarudSs  .  .  . 
finSs  eorum  populSrentur,  to  make  complaint  because  the  Harudes 
were  laying  waste  their  country  (I.  37). 

232.  Caesar  uses  the  Supine  in  -u  after  a  few  adjectives  to  denote 
in  What  Respect  their  Meaning  is  to  be  taken ;  as,  Perfacile  facta, 
very  easy  of  accomplishment,  lit.  very  easy  in  respect  to  the  doing  (I.  3). 

The  Adjectives  thus  used  by  Caesar  are  horridus  (V.  14),  optimus  (I\'. 
30),  and  perfacUis  (I.  3,  VII.  (J4). 

CONJUNCTIONS 

233.  a.  Of  the  Copulative  Conjunctions  Caesar  uses  et,  and,  et  .  .  . 
et,  both  .  .  .  and,  on  the  one  hand  .  .  .  on  the  other,  to  express  simple 
connection  ;  -que,  and,  -que  .  .  .  -que,  both  .  .  .  and,  to  express  a  closer 
connection  ;  atque  or  ac,  and  also,  and  indeed,  and,  to  express  a 
close  connection  and  also  make  that  which  follows  slightly  more 
prominent ;  and  neque  or  nee,  and  . . .  7iot,  neque  (or  nee)  . . .  neque 
(or  nee),  neither  . . .  nor,  not . . .  and  not ;  et . . .  neque,  hoih  .  . .  and  not : 
neque  or  nee  .  .  .  et,  and  not  .  .  .  and,  to  express  a  connection  with  a 
negative  idea. 

b.  The  enclitic  Conjunction  -que,  and,  is  attached  to  the  word 
introduced  by  it,  or  to  the  first  word  of  a  Phrase  or  Clause  which  it 
introduces,  excepting  a  Prepositional  Phrase;  -que  introducing  a 
Prepositional  Phrase  may  be  attached  to  the  first  word  after  the 
Preposition.  Thus,  ob  easque  rgs,  and  on  account  of  these  things 
(IT.  35). 

c.  After  words  expressing  Similarity,  or  the  Opposite,  atque  or  ae 
has  the  force  of  than,  as ;  as,  in  parem  .  .  .  eondieionem  atque  ipsi 
erant,  into  the  same  condition  .  .  .  as  themselves,  lit.  as  (^and)  they  them- 
selves were  (I.  28). 

d.  Caesar  uses  the  conjunctions  et,  -que,  atque,  ae,  and  neque  in 
various  combinations,  sometimes  joining  more  than  two  members;  as, 
et  .  .  .  que  (ITF.  11),  -que  .  .  .  et  (II.  22),  et  .  .  .  atque  (I.  1.")), 
atque  .  .  .  et  (II.  8),  atque  .  .  .  -que  (VI.  11),  neque  .  .  .  atque 


§  236]  Conjunctions  581 

(11.  10),  neque  .  .  .  et  (11.  25),  -que  .  .  .  -que  .  .  .  -que  (I.  30), 
ac  .  .  .  atque  .  .  .  -que  (III.  5),  et  .  .  .  atque  .  .  .  et  .  .  .  et 
.  .  .  et  (IV.  33). 

234.  a.  When  more  than  two  words  stand  in  the  same  relation, 
the  Copulative  Conjunction  may  be  expressed  with  all,  or  omitted 
with  all,  or  the  last  two  words  may  be  joined  by  -que ;  in  each  case 
English  usage  generally  prefers  "  and  "  between  the  last  two  words. 
Thus,  Rauracis  et  Tulingis  et  LatobrigTs,  the  Rauraci,  Tulingi,  and 
Latobrigi  (I.  5)  ;  lingua,  institutis,  legibus,  in  respect  to  language,  in- 
stitntions,  and  laws  (1. 1)  ;  pueri,  senes  mulieresque,  children,  old  men, 
and  women  (I.  29). 

b.  Sometimes,  especially  after  a  negative  expression,  Caesar  uses 
et,  -que,  and  atque  or  ac,  where  English  usage  prefers  but:  as, 
portus  .  .  .  capere  non  potuerunt,  et  paulo  infra  delatae  sunt, 
could  not  make  the  harbors  but  were  carried  a  short  distance  below  (IV.  36). 

235.  a.  Of  the  Disjunctive  Conjunctions  Caesar  uses  aut,  or,  to 
connect  alternatives  that  cannot,  in  most  cases,  both  be  true  at  the 
same  time ;  vel,  or,  negative  neve  or  neu,  or  not,  and  not,  to  connect 
alternatives  between  which  there  might  be  a  choice ;  and  sive  or  seu, 
or  if,  to  connect  alternatives  involving  a  condition.  Thus,  quinis  aut 
senis  milibus  passuum.  Jive  or  six  miles  each  day  (1. 15)  ;  Bruto  .  .  . 
vel  tribunis,  to  Brutus  or  the  tribunes  (III.  14). 

b.  The  Disjunctive  Conjunctions  are  often  used  in  pairs,  as  aut  .  .  . 
aut,  either  .  .  .  or  (I.  1),  vel  .  .  .  vel,  either  .  .  .  or  (I.  6),  sive 
.  .  .  sive,  whether  .  .  .  or,  either  .  .  .  or  (I.  12). 

236.  a.  Of  the  Adversative  Conjunctions  Caesar  uses  at,  but,  at  any 
rate,  to  express  Contrast  or  Restriction ;  autem,  hoioever,  on  the  other 
hand,  moreover,  to  express  Contrast  or  Addition  ;  sed,  but,  to  correct 
or  limit  a  Preceding  Statement ;  tamen,  nevertheless,  yet,  to  emphasize 
the  importance  of  something  that  follows  in  opposition  to  a  Preced- 
ing Statement ;  and  vero,  in  fact,  but  in  truth,  to  emphasize  a  contrast 
with  a  Preceding  Statement. 

b.  The  Adversative  Conjunctions  autem  and  vero  are  regularly 
placed  after  the  First  Word  of  a  Clause. 

c.  The  Adversative  Conjunction  tamen  sometimes  stands  after  the 
First  Word  of  a  Clause. 

d.  Caesar  uses  correlatively  non  solum  .  .  .  sed  etiam,  not  only . .  . 
but  also;  non  modo  .  .  .  sed  etiam,  not  only  .  .  .  but  also;  non 
modo  .  .  .  sed,  not  only  .  .  .  but ;  non  modo  non  .  .  .  sed  nS  .  .  . 
quidem,  not  only  not  .  .  .  but  not  even. 


582  Companion  to  Caesar  [§237 

e.  In  non  modo  .  .  .  n5  —  quidem  Caesar  uses  non  modo  as 
equivalent  to  non  modo  non,  when  a  verb  appears  only  in  the 
second  member  ;  as  non  modo  defesso  .  .  .  sed  nS  saucio  quidem, 
not  only  not  to  one  (who  was)  exhausted  .  .  .  hut  even  to  a  wounded  man 
(III.  4). 

237.  a.  Of  the  Conjunctions  denoting  Logical  Relations  Caesar 
uses  chiefly  itaque,  accordinfjly  (lit.  and  so),  to  introduce  a  statement 
of  a  fact  or  situation  naturally  resulting  from  what  preceded ;  pro- 
inde,  hence,  to  introduce  a  Command  ;  nam  or  enim,/or,  to  introduce 
an  Explanation  of  a  Preceding  Statement;  and  quare,  wherefore,  and 
there/ore,  to  introduce  a  Logical  Consequence,  or  a  Comniand. 

b.  In  presenting  a  succession  of  points  Caesar  often  uses  primum, 
Jirst,  and  deinde,  then,  in  the  second  place ;  sometimes,  also,  dSnique 
in  Jine,  to  introduce  the  conclusion  of  an  argument. 

c.  In  the  Adverbial  Phrase  ng  .  .  .  quidem,  not  even,  the  word  or 
phrase  emphasized  is  placed  between  the  two  words;  as,  n6  pabuli 
quidem,  not  even  of  fodder  (I.  16). 

FIGURES  OF  SPEECH 

238.  Caesar  uses  the  following  Grammatical  Figures: 

a.  Asyndeton  (a-sin'de-ton),i  the  omission  of  a  Conjunction  where 
a  Connective  might  have  been  used ;  as,  looa,  portus,  aditus  cogno- 
visset,  should  have  become  acquainted  with  the  natural  features,  the  har- 
bors (and)  the  approaches  (IV.  20)  ;  L.  Fisone,  A.  Gabinio  consuli- 
bus,  in  the  Consulship  of  Lucius  Pisa  (and)  Aultis  Gabinius  (I.  6). 

b.  Brachylogy  (bra-kil'o-ji),  a  condensed  form  of  expression;  as, 
cdnsimilis  capris  figura,  shape  like  (that  of)  goats,  that  is,  figura 
cSnsimilis  figurae  (Dative)  caprSrum  (VL  27). 

c.  Ellipsis  (e-lip'sis),  the  omission  of  words  essential  to  the  mean- 
ing ;  as,  Duae  filiae,  for  Duae  fHiae  fugrunt.  There  were  two  daugh- 
ters (I.  53). 

d.  Hendiadys  (hen-di'a-dis),  the  use  of  two  Nouns  with  h  Connec- 
tive where  a  noun  with  a  Modifying  (ienitive  or  Adjective  might 
have  been  expected ;  as,  fidem  et  ius  iurandum,  «  pledge  of  good 
faith  bound  by  an  oath,  lit.  ^700^/  faith  and  oath  (I.  3). 

e.  Parenthesis  (p^-ren'the-sis),  the  insertion  of  an  Independent 
Sentence  or  phrase,  interrupting  the  Construction;  as,  quam  maxi- 
mum potest  mllitum  numerum  imperat  (erat  .  .  .  legid  ana), 


1  The  key  to  the  Pronunciation  is  given  at  the  beginning  of  the  Vocabulary. 


§  239]  Figures  of  Speech  583 

pontem  .  .  .  iubet  (Historical  Present),  rescind!,  he  levied  as  many 
soldiers  as  possible  (there  was  only  one  legion,  altogether,  in  further  Gaul) 
and  gave  orders  that  the  bridge  be  cut  down  (I.  7). 

/".  Polysyndeton  (pol-i-sin'de-ton),  the  use  of  more  Conjunctions 
than  the  sense  requires ;  as,  Ceutrones  et  Graioceli  et  Caturiggs, 
the  Ceutrones,  the  Graioceli,  and  the  Caturiges  (I.  10). 

g.  Prolepsis  (pro-lep'sis),  or  Anticipation,  the  use  of  a  Noun  as 
Object  in  a  clause  preceding  that  in  which  it  naturally  belongs  as 
Subject ;  as,  rem  frumentariam,  ut  supportari  posset,  timere,  that 
they  feared  that  the  supply  of  grain  could  not  be  brought  up,  lit.  they  feared 
the  supply  of  grain,  that  it  ...  (1.  39). 

h.  Synesis  (sin'e-sis),  construction  according  to  the  Sense,  without 
regard  to  the  Grammatical  Form ;  as,  civitati  persu^sit,  ut  .  .  . 
exirent,  persuaded  the  (people  of  his)  state  to  go  out,  lit.  persuaded  his 
state  that  they  should  go  out  (I.  2). 

239.    Caesar  uses  the  following  Rhetorical  Figures: 

a.  Anaphora  (an-af'o-ra),  the  Repetition  of  the  same  word  at  the 
beginning  of  Successive  Phrases  or  Clauses ;  as,  non  aetate  con- 
fectis,  non  mulieribus,  non  infantibus  pepercerunt,  they  spared 
not  the  aged,  not  the  ivomen,  not  the  children  (VII.  28). 

b.  Antithesis  (an-tith'e-sis),  the  juxtaposition  of  contrasted  ex- 
pressions in  like  order;  as,  Non  sese  Gallis,  sed  Gallos  sibi,  bellum 
intulisse.  He  did  not  make  war  on  the  Gauls,  but  the  Gauls  on  him  (I.  44). 

c.  Chiasmus  (ki-as'mus),  an  arrangement  of  contrasted  words  in 
inverse  order;  as,  fama  nobiles  potentesque  bello,  in  reputation 
notable,  and  powerful  in  war  (VII.  77). 

d.  Climax  (kli'max),  an  arrangement  of  words,  phrases,  or  clauses 
with  gradual  increase  of  interest  or  vigor  of  expression  to  the  end ; 
as,  conferre,  comportari,  adesse,  that  it  was  being  collected,  ivas  on 
the  way,  was  at  hand  (I.  16). 

e.  Euphemism  (ii'fe-raizm),  the  use  of  a  mild  expression  in  order 
to  avoid  a  word  of  bad  omen  ;  as,  si  quid  acoidat  Romanis,  if  any- 
thing should  happen  to  the  Romans,  meaning  if  any  disaster  should  befall 
the  Romans  (I.  18). 

/.  Hyperbaton  (hi-per'ba-ton),  the  arrangement  of  words  in  un- 
usual order,  as  the  separation  of  words  that  belong  together,  such  as 
the  insertion  of  one  or  more  words  between  the  parts  of  an  Ablative 
Absolute  ;  thus,  simulata  Caesarem  amicitia,  that  Caesar  under  the 
pretense  of  friendship,  the  usual  order  being  Caesarem,  simulata 
amicitia  (l'.  44,  1.  37). 


584 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§240 


g.  Litotes  (lit'o-iez),  the  Affirmation  of  an  idea  through  the  Nega- 
tion of  its  Opposite ;  as,  neque  tam  imperitum  esse  rgrum  ut  non 
sclret,  and  he  was  not  so  unversed  in  affairs  as  not  to  know,  meaning 
that  he  was  so  worldly  wise  that  he  very  well  knew  (I.  44,  1.  32). 

h.  Personification  (per-son'i-fi'ka'shun),  the  representation  of  some- 
thing inanimate  or  abstract  as  endowed  with  Life  and  Action;  as 
Cdnspic^tae  nSvgs  trirSmgs  duae  nSvem  D.  Bruti,  Two  triremes, 
sighting  the  ship  of  Decimus  Brutus  (C.  II.  6).  • 

EXPRESSIONS  RELATING  TO  TIME 


TVTtLA 

IVMONiS 

PKLVS 

A.OVIIVR 

KA^VKDO 
C^EDIIVR 
oACRinCAH 

OiS 
P£NA.TlEfVy 


MENSIS 
FEBRAR 
DtE5Xxva( 
NONqVlNT 
OICSHORXS 

NoxiioRxin 
CAfRicoRhio  rvrtLNtnvNit 

StOETES 

VIMEARVM 
SVPERfKCOLir 
HAR,VMDINEi 
INCENOVKl 


(tnvNi  vttt 


LVPLIVCALIA 
CARACOOlAt 


MEKSIS 
MARTIVi 
DIES  XXXl' 

oresHoR  xii' 

NOXHORXIt! 

vtNocrvi 

vttt  KAL  K9'A 

rvTat^iNEKvi'l 

wiN£/^fEDAM(ll 


PVT'A.NtVB.  I 

PAfl.ENTAU>(jlS10li  NAVlCturt 
5A>Cf!-M^MV«J« 


240.  a.   The  Roman  year  (annus)  is  usually  dated  by  the  consuls 
in  office,  their  names   being  given    in   the  Ablative  Absolute   with 

consulibus ;  as,  Cn.  Pom- 
peio,  M.  Crasso  consuli- 
bus, in  the  consulship  of 
Gnaeus  Pompey  and  Marcus 
Crassus  (IV.  1),  55  B.C. 

b.  In  Caesar's  time  the 
year  commenced  on  Jan- 
uary 1,  and  the  months  were 
named  (mSnsis)  lanu^rius, 
Februarius,  Martius  (orig- 
inally the  first  month  of  the 
year),  Aprilis,  Mains,  Jun- 
ius, Quinctilis  (from  quln- 
que ;  named  the  fijlh  month 
when  the  year  began  with 
March),  Sextilis  (sex), 
September,  October,  No- 
vember, December  (the 
tenth  month,  reckoning  March 
as  the  first).  Afterwards 
Quinctilis  was  changed  t^ 
lulius  (our  July)  in  honor 
to  Augustus  (our  August)  in  honor 


Figure  152.  —  A  Roman  Calendar. 
Of  marble.  Above  the  name  of  each  month  is 
a  sign  of  the  zodiac  associated  with  it:  Capricorn 
with  January.  Aquarius  with  February.  Pisces  with 
March,  Aries  with  April,  Taurus  with  May,  and 
Gemini  with  June. 


pf  Julius  Caesar,  and  Sextilis 
of  the  Emperor  Augustus. 

241.  a.  Dates  in  the  month  were  reckoned  backward  from  three 
points,  the  mode  of  reckoning  being  sinular  to  that  which  we  use 
when  we  say  "  Four  days  yet  before  the  New  Moon."  These  points, 
designated  by  Plural  Feminine  Nouns,  are  the  Calends,  ^alendae, 


§  242]  Expressions   Relating  to  Time  585 

the  first  day  of  the  month ;  the  Nones,  Nonae  (ninth  before  the 
Ides),  the  seventh  day  of  March,  May,  July,  and  October,  the  Jifth  day 
of  other  months;  and  the  Ides  (Idus),  the  fifteenth  day  of  March, 
May,  July,  and  October,  the  thirteenth  of  other  months. 

b.  In  giving  dates  the  days  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  a  given  period 
were  both  included,  and  abbreviations  were  employed.  Thus,  a.  d.  v. 
Kal.  Apr.  (I.  6),  in  full  would  be  ante  diem  quintum  Kalendas 
Apriles,  which  is  translated  as  if  it  were  (dies)  quintus  ante 
Kalendas  Apriles,  the  fifth  (day)  before  the  Calends  of  April;  since 
March  had  31  days,  we  start  from  April  1  and  count  back : 

Day  I  Day  II  Day  III  Day  IV  Day  V 

April  1  March  31  March  30  March  29  March  28 

and  so  we  find  the  fifth  day,  which  is  March  28  according  to  our 
method  of  writing  dates. 

c.  In  46  B.C.  the  Calendar  was  reformed  by  Julius  Caesar  by  virtue 
of  his  authority  as  Supreme  Pontiff  {252),  and  since  that  year  it  has 
undergone  slight  change.  As  the  dates  of  the  Gallic  War  and  of  the 
Civil  War  are  prior  to  46  B.C.,  they  fall  in  the  period  of  the  Un- 
reformed  Calendar,  when  there  was  much  confusion.  Thus,  the 
twenty-eighth  day  of  March  of  the  Unreformed  Calendar  in  58  b.c. 
(I.  6)  is  considered  by  some  to  be  the  same  as  March  24  of  our  Cal- 
endar ;  by  others,  the  same  as  March  25 ;  by  others  still,  as  April  16 
of  our  Calendar. 

242.  a.  The  day  from  sunrise  to  sunset  was  divided  into  twelve 
hours,  horae,  which  varied  in  length  according  to  the  season  of  the 
year,  and  were  numbered  1-12  ;  thus,  hora  septima,  the  seventh  hour' 
(I.  26).  Since  the  sixth  hour  ended  at  noon,  the  seventh  hour  at  the 
equinoxes  would  correspond  exactly  with  the  hour  between  twelve 
and  one  o'clock  according  to  our  reckoning ;  at  other  times  the  sev- 
enth hour  would  end  after,  or  before,  one  o'clock. 

b.  The  method  of  reducing  the  Roman  hours  to  our  system  of 
reckoning  may  be  illustrated  by  the  following  problem  : 

Question.  "What,  approximately,  is  our  equivalent  of  the  fourth  Roman 
hour  in  the  last  week  of  August  in  the  region  of  Dover,  England  ?  " 

Answer.  In  the  region  of  Dover  in  the  last  week  in  August  the  sun  rises 
about  5  o'clock  and  sets  about?.  The  length  of  the  day  is  therefore  about  14 
hours  by  our  reckoning.  Since  the  Romans  divided  the  full  day  into  12  equal 
hours,  we  divide  14  by  12  and  have  1^,  that  is,  the  Roman  'hour  in  this  prob- 
lem =  1^  of  our  hours.  At  the  beginning  of  the  fourth  Roman  hour  3  Roman 
hours  have  passed ;  3  X  1^  =  3^,  that  is,  at  the  beginning  of  the  fourth 
Roman  hour  3|  of   our  hours    have  passed  since   sunrise.     As  sunrise  is 


586  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  243 

reckoned  about  5  o'clock  by  our  time,  we  add  3J  to  5,  making  8.30  ;  that  i8, 
8.30  A.M.,  by  our  reckoning  from  midnight,  will  approximately  represent  the 
beginning  of  the  fourth  hour  of  the  day  by  Roman  reckoning  under  the  condi- 
tions of  the  problem. 

c.  In  military  usage  the  night  was  divided  into  four  watches  of 
three  hours  each  :  prima  vigilia,  Jirst  watch  (VII.  8),  commencing  at 
sunset,  6  to  9  o'clock  by  Roman  reckoning ;  secunda  vigilia  (II.  11), 
ending  at  midnight,  9  to  12  o'clock  ;  tertia  vigilia  (II.  83),  commencing 
at  midnight,  12  to  3  o'clock  a.m.;  quarta  vigilia  (I.  21),  ending  at 
sunrise,  3  to  6  o'clock  a.m.,  by  Roman  reckoning. 

d.  Caesar  uses  the  Preposition  d6  in  certain  expressions  of  time 
with  the  meaning  yusf  after,  in  the  course  of ;  as  dg  media  nocte,  just 
after  midnight  (II.  7)  ;  dS  tertiS  vigiliS,  soon  after  the  beginning  of  the 
third  ivatch  (I.  12),  which  lasted  f lom  midnight  to  3  a.  m. 

e.  When  the  sun  was  not  visible,  recourse  might  be  had  to  water 
clocks,  ex  aqua  mensurae  (V.  13),  for  the  measurement  of  time. 

EXPRESSIONS   RELATING   TO   LENGTH   AND  DISTANCE 

243.  a.  Of  the  terms  denoting  measurement  Caesar  uses  digitus, 
finger-hreadth  (VII.  73) ;  pgs,  foot  (I.  8),  which  measured  approxi- 
mately .97  of  the  English  foot ;  passus,  pace  (I.  49)  ;  and  mille 
passus,  mile,  Plural  milia  passuum,  miles  (I.  2).  The  passus  con- 
tained two  ordinary  steps  (gradus),  and  measured  the  distance  be- 
tween the  points  where  the  same  heel  is  lifted  and  touches  the  ground 
again. 

h.  The  relations  of  the  units  of  measurement,  and  their  modern 
equivalents,  are  as  follows  : 

English  Feet        Meters 
1  digitus  =  .728  inch  =  .0185 

16  digit!        =  1  pes  =  11.65  inches  =  .296 

1\  pedes       =  1  gradus  =  2  feet  5^  inches    =  .74 

2   gradus     =  1  passus  =  4  feet  lOJ  inches  =        1.48 

1000  passus  =       mllle  passus     =  4864  feet  =  1480.00 

Since  the  Roman  foot  was  approximately  .97  of  the  English  foot  in 
length,  the  Roman  mile,  4854  English  feet  in  length,  was  426  feet 
shorter  than  the  English  mile  of  5280  feet;  12  English  miles  are  a 
little  more  than  the  equivalent  of  13  Roman  miles. 

c.  Long  distances  may  be  loosely  expressed  by  iter  (Accusative) 
with  the  Genitive;  as,  novem  diSrum  iter,  a  nine  days''  Journey 
(VL25). 


GAIUS   JULIUS   CAESAR 


LIFE   OF   CAESAR 


244.  "  My  aunt  Julia,"  said  Julius  Caesar  in  an  address  in 
68  B.C.  at  the  funeral  of  his  aunt,  wife  of  the  famous  Marius, 
"  My  aunt  Julia  on  her  mother's  side  traced  her  ancestry  back 
to  kings,  on  her  father's  side  to  the  immortal  gods.  For  those 
who  bear  the  name  Marcius  Rex,  her  mother's  family,  are 
descended  from  Ancus  Marcius  ;  ^  from  Venus  the  Julii  are 
sprung,  and  to  that  clan  our  family 
belongs.  In  our  stock  therefore  are 
blended  the  sacred  authority  of  kings, 
whose  power  is  greatest  among  men, 
and  a  right  to  the  reverence  due  to 
the  gods,  under  whose  power  kings 
themselves  are." 

Whatever  the  truth  may  be  about 
the  origin  of  the  Julian  clan  (gens), 
in  these  proud  words  the  man  who  was 
destined  to  become  its  most  distin- 
guished   representative   asserted 


un- 


Figure  153.  —  Aeneas  flee- 
ing from  Troy. 

Silver  coin,  denarius,  struck  in 
the  East  soon  after  the  battle 
of  Pharsalus.  Inscription, 
CAESAR. 


mistakably,  its  aristocratic  standing. 
Twenty  years  afterwards,  when  Caesar 
had  the  authority  to  strike  coins,  he  gave  a  visible  expression 
to  the  popular  belief  in  the  Trojan  origin  of  the  Julii,  from 
Venus  and  Anchises ;  stamped  upon  a  denarius  (85)  Aeneas 
appears,  in  the  flight  from  burning  Troy,  carrying  his  aged 
father  Anchises  upon  his  left  shoulder  and  in  his  right  hand 
the  sacred  image,  the  Palladium,  which,  men  said,  had  fallen 
from  heaven  (Fig.  153). 

1  The  fourth  king  of  Rome,  following  Tullus  Hostilius. 
587 


588 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§245 


245.  Toward  the  end  of  the  Republic  the  Caesar  family  far 
outstripped  the  other  families  of  the  Julian  gens  in  prominence. 
In  the  two  centuries  immediately  preceding  the  Christian  era 
it  furnished  a  full  score  of  names  sufficiently  distinguished  to 
find  mention  in  biographical  dictionaries  two  thousand  years 
afterwards.  Of  the  father  of  Julius  Caesar,  however,  nothing 
important  is  of  record  except  his  sudden  death,  at  Pisa,  when 
he  was  putting  on  his  shoes. 

246.  Gains  Julius  Caesar  was  born  on  July  12,  in  the  year 
100  B.C. ;   he  was  thus  six  years  younger  than  Pompey  and 

the  orator  Cicero.  It  is 
assumed  that  his  birth- 
place was  Kome.  His 
mother  was  Aurelia,  a 
Roman  matron  of  the 
highest  type.  She  not 
only  watched  over  the 
education  of  her  son  — 
and  Julius '  was  the  only 
son  —  with  great  care,  but 
followed  his  career  with 
solicitude,  and  on  one 
occasion  at  least  rendered 
him  a  notable  service. 
She  was  not  spared,  how- 
ever, to  see  her  son  at 
the  head  of  the  State,  or 
to  be  harrowed  by  civil  war;  she  died  when  Caesar  was  in 
Gaul. 

We  know  nothing  about  the  education  of  the  young  Julius, 
except  that  he  had  as  private  teacher,  at  his  own  home, 
Antonius  Gnipho,  a  distinguished  rhetorician,  who  had  studied 
at  Alexandria  and  was  well  versed  in  Greek.  We  may  assume 
that  the  youth  received  the  usual  training  of  the  time  in  Greek 
as  well  as  in  declamation,  numbers,  and  music;  for  Greek 
was  then  the  foundation  of  liberal  studies. 


Figure  154. — A  Roman  Boy 

Portrait  of  a  Roman  boy,  probably  connected 
with  the  Caesar  family.  From  a  bronze  statue 
of  the  first  century  b.c.  in  the  Metropolitan 
Museum,  New  York. 


§  249]  Life  of  Caesar  589 

At  the  age  of  twelve  Caesar's  face  must  remotely,  at  least, 
have  resembled  that  of  the  Roman  boy  whose  portrait  is  pre- 
served in  the  lifelike  bronze  statue  acquired  in  1914  by  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  in  New  York  (Fig.  154). 

247.  The  only  career  deemed  suitable  for  a  young  patrician 
was  in  the  service  of  the  State,  either  through  public  office, 
or  through  service  in  the  field,  as  occasion  might  require.  We 
do  not  understand  how  high-born  Caesars  were  first  led  to 
espouse  the  cause  of  the  common  people  and  champion  the 
interests  of  the  masses  as  opposed  to  the  aristocracy,  which 
believed  in  the  government  of  the  many  by  the  few  and  had 
its  stronghold  in  the  Senate ;  but  when  Julius  was  old  enough 
to  take  an  active  interest  in  public  affairs,  his  uncle  by  mar- 
riage, Marius,  was  leader  of  the  popular  or  democratic  party, 
which  was  then  dominant.  Marius  died  in  86  e.g.,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Cornelius  Cinna  as  democratic  leader. 

248.  The  daughter  of  this  Cinna,  Cornelia,  in  83  e.g.  became 
Caesar's  wife.  To  them  was  born  a  daughter  Julia  who,  in 
59  E.G.,  in  her  early  twenties,  became  the  fourth  wife  of 
Pompey. 

249.  In  82  E.G.  Sulla  returned  from  a  series  of  victories  in 
the  East  and  restored  the  power  of  the  Senate,  wreaking  ven- 
geance upon  political  enemies.  There  was  a  reign  of  terror. 
Cinna  had  been  killed,  and  Sulla  ordered  Caesar  to  divorce 
his  wife,  Cinna's  daughter.  This  Caesar  refused,  at  the  risk 
of  his  life.  In  disguise  he  made  his  escape  to  the  mountains. 
He  was  tracked  by  Sulla's  emissaries,  one  of  whom  found 
him ;  he  purchased  his  life  with  a  large  bribe.  After  a  time, 
through  influential  friends,  pardon  was  obtained  from  Sulla, 
who  is  said  to  have  granted  it  with  the  warning  that  in  young 
Caesar  there  were  many  Mariuses. 

Advancement  in  Rome,  however,  was  blocked  so  long  as 
Sulla  lived.  Caesar  went  East  and  joined  the  army.  At  the 
siege  of  Mytilene,  on  the  island  of  Lesbos,  in  80  e.g.,  he  was 
awarded  the  Civic  Crown  for  conspicuous  bravery.  This 
crown,  though  made  of  oak  leaves,  represented  a  military  dis- 


590 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§250 


tinction  rarely  conferred,  and  most  highly  esteemed.  It  was 
given  only  to  the  soldier  who  had  saved  the  life  of  a  Roman 
citizen  in  battle,  had  killed  his  adversary,  and  held  the  posi- 
tion where  the  rescue  was  made,  without  retreating.  There  is 
a  good  representation  of  a  Civic  Crown 
on  a  coin  of  the  Emperor  Augustus 
(Fig.  155). 

250.  Returning  to  Rome,  after  Sulla's 
death  (78  b.c),  Caesar  brought  charges 
of  extortion  in  provincial  management 
first  against  Gnaeus  Dolabella,  who 
had  been  proconsul  in  Macedonia,  and 
afterwards  against  Gains  Antonius, 
who  had  plundered  Greece;  at  that 
time  the  bringing  of  delinquent  officials 
to  justice  was  a  common  way  of  intro- 
ducing one's  self  to  public  notice. 
Though  both  Dolabella  and  Antonius 
seem  to  have  escaped  punishment, 
Caesar  showed  marked  oratorical  power,  and  in  prosecuting 
them  attracted  favorable  attention. 

Wishing  to  perfect  himself  in  oratory,  in  76  Caesar  started 
for  Rhodes,  to  study  under  Apollonius  Molo,  the  most  eminent 
teacher  of  the  art.  In  the  Eastern  Mediterranean  the  pirates 
were  still  active ;  near  Miletus  his  ship  was  captured,  and  he 
was  held  a  prisoner  on  an  island  for  thirty-eight  days,  until 
his  retinue  could  return  and  bring  to  the  pirates  a  ransom  of 
fifty  talents,  more  than  fifty  thousand  dollars.  As  a  captive 
he  showed  himself  merry  and  sociable  ;  and  he  jokingly  told 
his  captors  that  some  day  he  would  come  back  and  crucify 
them.  Being  released,  he  at  once  manned  ships  at  Miletus, 
attacked  the  pirates  suddenly,  and  captured  most  of  them. 
True  to  his  word,  he  crucified  them,  but  ordered  their  throats 
cut  first  —  Suetonius  adds,  as  an  example  of  Caesar's  humane- 
ness —  in  order  to  spare  needless  suffering.  The  quickness  of 
action,  daring,  and  success  of  this  adventure  reveal  in  Caesar 


Figure  155.  — Civic  Crown, 

corona  civica. 

Silver  coin  of  Au^stus,  de- 
narius, struck  in  16  or  15  b.c. 
The  crown,  of  oak  leaves,  is  tied 
with  a  fillet.  Inscription,  OB 
civis  SERVATOS,  '  on  account  of 
the  saving  of  citizens.' 


§251] 


Life  of  Caesar 


591 


at  the  age  of  twenty-four  the  qualities  that  characterized  his 
entire  career. 

251.  a.  During  the  next  sixteen  years  Caesar  followed  the 
usual  course  of  political 
promotion,  neglecting  no 
means  by  which  he  might 
increase  his  popularity. 
He  bestowed  gifts  with 
a  free  hand,  assumed  the 
debts  of  bankrupt  young 
nobles  who  had  squan- 
dered their  inheritance, 
gave  largesses  to  the 
people.  When  his  own 
means  were  exhausted, 
he  borrowed  large"  sums 
at  high  rates  of  interest, 
with  the  design  of  obtain- 
ing reimbursemeuc  from 
the  spoils  of  office.  Ac- 
cording to  Plutarch  his 
indebtedness,  before  he 
held  a  single  office,  had 
reached  the  enormous  sum 
of  thirteen  hundred  tal- 
ents, about  a  million  and 
a  half  of  dollars. 

h.  In  68  B.C.  Caesar 
was  quaestor,  and  accom- 
panied Antistius  Vetus  to 
Spain.  Here  his  duties 
were  chiefly  financial ;  the 
provincial  quaestor  had 
charge  of  the  military 
stores  and  supervised  the  keeping  of  accounts  for  the  pro- 
vincial governor.     This  was  doubtless  a  good  business  training 


Figure  156. — Ancient  trophy,  of  marble. 

Now  on  the  Capitoline  hill  in  Rome,  badly 
weatherworn ;  by  some  thought  to  be  one  of  the 
very  trophies  set  up  by  Marius  and  restored  by 
Julius  Caesar. 

This  is  an  imitation  of  the  trophies  which  were 
made  on  battle-fields  by  fastening  shields,  helmets, 
and  other  weapons  of  the  enemy  to  trunks  of 
trees,  or  posts. 


592 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§262 


for  Caesar,  which  he  turned  to  excellent  use  later  in  his  ad- 
ministration in  Gaul. 

c.  In  65  B.C.  Caesar  was  curule  aedile,  with  Bibulus  as 
colleague ;  the  curule  aediles  had  charge  of  the  streets  and 
public  buildings,  the  markets,  and  the  celebration  of  the  public 
games.  In  this  office,  by  extravagant  expenditures  on  games 
and  public  improvements,  he  raised  the  enthusiasm  of  the 
populace  to  the  highest  pitch.  He  even  dared  by  night  to  set 
up  in  the  Capitol  the  statue  of  Marius,  and  trophies  of 
victories  in  the  Jugurthine  and  Cimbrian  wars,  which  had 
been  thrown  down  by  Sulla  seventeen  years  before ;  and  the 
people  wept  for  joy  at  the  revival  of  old  memories  (Fig.  156). 
He  secured  so  many  gladiators  for  public  shows  that  the 
Senate  became  alarmed,  on  account  of 
the  presence  of  so  great  an  armed  force, 
and  passed  a  law  restricting  the  num- 
ber ;  but  he  nevertheless  exhibited 
three  hundred  and  twenty  pairs,  all 
resplendent  in  silver  armor.  Caesar's 
political  methods  were  not  unlike  those 
of  his  contemporaties,  but  he  excelled 
them  in  daring  and  foresight  —  and 
succeeded. 

252.  It  has  been  believed  by  many 
that  Caesar  was  connected  with  the 
Catilinarian  conspiracy  of  65  b.c,  if 
not  also  with  that  of  63 ;  but  the  evi- 
dence is  meager.  Much  more  important 
was  his  election,  in  63  b.c,  after  a 
bitter  contest,  to  the  office  of  Supreme 
Pontiff,  Pontifex  Maximus.  The  ten- 
ure  of  this  office  was  for  life.  As  the 
head  of  the  college  of  pontiffs,  then 
fifteen  in  number,  the  Supreme  Pontiff  was  virtually  the  head 
of  the  Roman  religious  system.  He  decided  questions  relat- 
ing to  religious  law  and  usage,  and  he  had  charge  of  the 


Figure   157.  —  Symbols  of 
Caesar's  office,  as  Su- 
preme Pontiff. 
Middle,  axe  used  in  sacrifices, 
with  wolf's  head  above. 

Right,  priest'scap,  with  point 
(apex),  and  bands  for  tying 
under  the  chin. 

Left,  sprinkler  for  holy 
water,  and  underneath,  wine- 
ladle. 

Silver  coin,  denarius,  struck 
by  Caesar  in  Gaul,  probably  in 
50  B.C.    Obverse  in  Fig.  164. 


§254]  Life  of  Caesar  593 

Calendar  ;  the  priests  of  Jupiter  and  of  other  divinities,  as 
well  as  the  Vestal  Virgins,  were  under  his  jurisdiction.  The 
first  coin  struck  by  Caesar  in  Gaul  on  one  side  bears  the 
symbols  of  his  sacred  office  (Fig.  157),  the  ax  for  striking 
victims  in  offering  sacrifice,  the  close-fitting  cap,  with  point  of 
olive  wood,  worn  by  certain  priests,  the  brush-shaped  sprinkler 
for  holy  water,  and  the  ladle  for  dipping  up  wine,  for  use  in 
pouring  libations. 

253.  In  62  B.C.  Caesar  held  the  office  of  praetor,  in  the  dis- 
charge of  which,  amid  scenes  of  violence,  he  carried  himself 
with  firmness  and  dignity  ;  the  functions  of  the  praetor  were 
judicial,  and  in  stormy  times  the  administration  of  justice  is 
doubly  difficult.  The  next  year  he  was  propraetor  in  Further 
Spain,  where  he  won  distinction  by  subduing  several  tribes 
along  the  Atlantic  in  Gallaecia  and  Lusitania.  Keturning  to 
Rome  in  the  summer  of  60,  with  abundant  means  of  satisfying 
his  creditors,  he  was  decreed  a  public  thanksgiving  for  his 
victories,  and  was  soon  elected  consul  for  the  year  59. 

In  the  year  of  his  consulship,  59,  Caesar  married  Calpurnia, 
familiar  to  readers  of  Shakespeare's  "  Julius  Caesar " ;  she 
was  the  daughter  of  Calpurnius  Piso  (I.  12),  and  was  Caesar's 
fourth  wife.  For  his  first  wife,  Cossutia,  was  divorced  before 
he  married  Cornelia,  his  second  wife  (24.8),  who  had  died 
before  his  quaestorship  ;  and  Pompeia,  whom  Caesar  married 
in  67  B.C.,  as  his  third  wife,  was  divorced  six  years  later. 

254.  For  some  years  Pompey  had  been  the  most  conspicuous 
lioman.  His  successes  in  the  campaign  against  the  pirates 
and  the  war  with  Mithridates,  and  his  conquest  of  Syria  and 
Palestine,  had  made  him  the  national  hero  (Fig.  147).  But 
in  the  qualities  needful  for  a  political  leader  he  was  quite 
lacking ;  so  that  even  from  his  own  party,  the  aristocratic,  he 
was  unable  to  win  either  the  recognition  he  desired  or  the 
privileges  to  which  he  was  entitled.  More  than  once  the 
Senate  snubbed  him  outright.  Here  Caesar  saw  an  opportunity. 
Relying  on  his  own  popularity,  he  proposed  to  Pompey  that 
they  work  in  harmony,  and  by  uniting  their  influence  accom- 


594 


Companion  to  Caesar 


I§255 


plish  what  either  might  desire.  Pompey  agreed;  and  with 
these  two,  Crassus,  the  wealthiest  man  of  Kome,  was  joined, 
making  a  political  coalition  really  supreme,  which  is  known  as 
the  First  Triumvirate.  It  had  no  official  existence ;  it  was 
simply  a  political  ring,  of  only  three  members  but  of  un- 
limited power.  It  was  to  cement  this  union  that  Pompey, 
then  a  widower  for  the  third  time,  married  Caesar's  daughter 
Julia  {2Jt8)^  who  was  less  than  half  his  age. 

255.  During  his  consulship,  in  59,  among  other  measures 
Caesar  caused  a  law  to  be  passed  regarding  the  division  of  the 

public  lands,  which,  though  bitterly 
opposed  by  the  Senate,  pleased  the 
people  greatly.  With  his  aid,  too, 
Pompey  gained  the  favors  previously 
denied.  While  consul  he  seems  to  have 
used  his  influence  with  the  Senate  to 
secure  a  recognition  of  Ariovistus,  the 
German  ruler,  with  whom  he  after- 
wards fought  (I.  33,  35,  40). 

At  the  close  of  his  consulship,  as  it 
was  the  custom  to  give  to  ex-consuls 
the  charge  of  provinces,  Caesar  easily 
obtained  for  live  years  the  govern- 
ment of  both  Cisalpine  Gaul  {28 Ji)  and 
Illyricum  {298),  together  with  the  part 

of  Transalpine  Gaul  previously  subdued,  which  in  this  book 

is  called  the  Province  {290). 

256.  Caesar  was  soon  engaged  in  the  conquest  of  Trans- 
alpine Gaul  beyond  the  Province.  The  first  summer  (68  b.c.) 
he  drove  back  to  their  homes  the  Helvetians,  who  had  at- 
tempted to  migrate  from  the  country  now  called  Switzerland, 
to  the  west  of  Gaul ;  and  he  annihilated  the  army  of  the  Ger- 
man king,  Ariovistus.  The  following  year  he  subdued  the 
Belgic  States  in  the  north. 

The  third  campaign  (56  b.c.)  was  against  the  peoples  of  north- 
west Gaul,  that  had  leagued  together  to  resist  Caesar.     In  April 


Figure  158.  —  Goddess  of 
Concord. 
Silver  coin,  denarius,  struck 
about  53  B.C.  to  symbolize  the 
harmony  between  the  members 
of  the  Triumvirate.  Inscription, 
CONCORDIAI  =  Concordiae,  '  To 
Concord.' 


§257] 


Life  of  Caesar 


595 


of  this  year  at  Luca,  near  the  southern  border  of  Cisalpine  Gaul, 
Caesar  had  renewed  his  compact  with  Poiiipey  and  Crassus,  who 
agreed  to  see  to  it  that  his  command  should  be  extended  for 
five  years  longer  (Fig.  158).  A  part  of  every  winter  except  one 
(54-53),  he  spent  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  so  as  to  be  near  Rome  and 
retain  his  influence  in  home  politics  ;  it  was  contrary  to  law  that 
a  provincial  governor  having  an  army  should  enter  Italy  while 
in  office. 

In  55  B.C.  Caesar  chastised  several  German  tribes  and  bridged 
the  Rhine  ;  then  he  crossed  over  to  Britain.  The  campaign  of 
the  next  summer  (54)  was  principally 
against  the  Britons,  part  of  whom  he 
reduced  to  nominal  subjection.  In  the 
fall  a  division  of  his  army  in  Belgium, 
under  the  command  of  Sabinus  and 
Cotta,  was  cut  off  by  a  sudden  uprising 
of  the  enemy. 

In  53  Caesar  had  to  face  an  extensive 
rebellion  of  the  Gallic  states,  which, 
however,  he  speedily  crushed.  But  the 
next  year  almost  all  Gaul  rose  against 
him,  and  under  the  leadership  of  Ver- 
cingetorix  taxed  his  powers  to  the 
utmost.  He  finally  prevailed ;  and 
after  the  fall  of  Alesia  (52  b.c),  the 
strength  of  the  Gauls  was  forever 
broken. 

In  the  eighth  campaign,  summer  of 
51,  the  states  that  had  not  submitted 

were  one  by  one  reduced  to  complete  subjection.  The  following 
spring,  in  50  b.c,  Caesar  left  his  army  and  went  into  Cisalpine 
Gaul.  Here  he  resolved  to  remain  till  the  expiration  of  his 
command  in  49,  returning  to  Transalpine  Gaul  only  for  a 
short  time  during  the  summer  to  review  the  troops. 

257.    Caesar's  Gallic  victories  are  symbolically  portrayed  on 
several  coins.    On  one  (Fig.  159),  we  see  in  the  middle  a  trophy, 


Figure  159.  —  Symbols  of 
victories  over  the  Gauls. 

Middle,  trophy,  draped;  at 
the  top,  a  Gallic  helmet,  horned. 

Hanging  from  the  trophy  at 
the  left  is  an  oval  shield  ;  at  the 
right,  a  Gallic  war-trumpet. 

Behind  the  war-trumpet  Is 
a  sacrificial  axe,  above  which 
is  the  head  of  an  animal. 

Gold  coin,  aureus,  struck  by 
Caesar  in  Rome  in  49  b.c 


596 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§258 


draped  ;  on  the  top  is  a  Gallic  helmet,  with  a  bull's  horns. 
Suspended  on  one  side  of  the  trophy  is  an  oval  shield  ;  opposite 
is  a  Gallic  war  trumpet,  with  the  mouth  carved  to  represent 
the  head  of  a  serpent;  then,  nearer  the  edge  of  the  coin,  a 
sacrificial  ax.  The  base  of  the  trophy  divides  the  victor's 
name,  Caesar.  A  trophy  appears  less  distinctly  on  another 
coin  of  Caesar,  but  at  the  foot  is  Vercingetorix,  sitting,  with 
his  hands  tied  behind  him ;  his  head  is  turned  toward  the  left 
as  he  looks  upward  (cf.  Fig.  161). 

258.  During  Caesar's  absence  in  Gaul,  in  55  b.c,  Crassus 
undertook  a  campaign  of  conquest  against  the  Parthians,  in 
the  Far  East;  -he  was  defeated  and 
killed  in  53  b.c.  The  triumvirate  was 
thus  brought  to  an  end,  and  with  it 
speedily  ended  the  cooperation  be- 
tween Caesar  and  Pompey. 

Pompey  began  to  view  Caesar's  suc- 
cesses with  distrust  and  alarm.  He 
entered  into  alliance  again  with  the 
aristocracy.  In  60  b.c.  the  Senate  in 
Pompey's  interest  passed  a  decree  that 
he  and  Caesar  should  each  give  up  a 
legion  for  service  in,  the  East.  Since 
53  Caesar  had  had  one  of  Pompey's 
legions  ;  this  was  now  demanded  back. 
Caesar  let  it  go,  and  one  of  his  own 
too,  without  a  complaint,  although  the 
intent  of  the  whole  action  was  evidently  to  weaken  his  forces. 
As  it  was  not  lawful  for  him  to  proceed  in  person  to  Rome,  he 
stationed  himself  in  Ravenna,  the  town  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  nearest 
the  boundary  of  Italy  (283),  on  the  east  side ;  thence  he  sent 
agents  and  friends  to  the  City  to  negotiate  for  him,  to  try  to 
offset  the  influence  now  openly  brought  to  bear  against  him, 
but  the  negotiations  were  fruitless. 

Pompey  (Fig.  160)  and  the  Senate  both  hated  and  feared 
Caesar.     A  decree  was  passed  that  he  should  disband  his  army 


Figure  160.  —  Pompey  the 
Great. 
Silver  coin  struck  by  Pom- 
pey's admiral,  Nasidius,  some 
years  after  his  death.  The  tri- 
dent, the  dolphin,  and  the  in- 
scription NEPTUNI,  'Of  Nep- 
tune,' refer  to  the  fleet  of  his  son, 
Sextus  Pompey.    Cf.  Fig.  146. 


§261]  Life  of  Caesar  597 

by  a  certain  date^  or  be  considered  an  outlaw.  In  the  state  of 
public  affairs  at  the  time,  this  was  simply  to  wrest  from  him 
the  fruits  of  his  hard-won  successes,  without  leaving  him  even  a 
guaranty  of  his  personal  safety.  Caesar  hesitated.  The  Senate 
voted  further,  that  the  consuls  should  "  provide  that  the  state 
receive  no  hurt,"  which  is  like  a  proclamation  of  martial  law  in 
our  day. 

259.  This  action  of  the  Senate  was  virtually  a  declaration  of 
war  against  Caesar,  inspired  by  the  jealousy  of  his  opponent. 
With  one  legion  he  at  once  (in  January,  49  b.c.)  crossed  the 
Rubicon,  the  boundary  of  his  province  (283),  and  marched  south. 
Soon  all  Italy  was  in  his  power  ;  Pompey,  the  Senate,  and  their 
followers  had  lied  to  Macedonia,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Adri- 
atic {299). 

After  arranging  matters  at  Rome  to  suit  himself,  in  April,  49 
B.C.,  Caesar  went  to  Spain,  where  lieutenants  devoted  to  Pom- 
pey, Afranius  and  Petreius,  had  a  strong  army.  They  were 
soon  crushed,  the  main  force  being  captured  near  Ilerda  in 
August  of  49.  On  his  return  from  Spain  to  Italy,  Massilia 
(Marseilles),  which  had  closed  its  gates  to  him  on  the  way  out, 
and  had  been  besieged  with  great  energy  in  his  absence  by 
Trebonius,  gave  itself  into  his  hands ;  its  fleet  had  been  de- 
stroyed, in  two  engagements,  by  Decimus  Brutus  (p.  425). 

260.  Operations  in  Africa  in  49  were  not  so  fortunate ;  for 
the  force  dispatched  under  Curio  to  defeat  the  followers  of 
Pompey  in  Africa,  led  by  Varus,  was  utterly  destroyed  through 
the  aid  of  the  wily  Numidian  king,  Juba. 

261.  At  the  end  of  49  Caesar  had  control  of  all  Roman 
territories  west  of  the  Adriatic ;  the  provinces  east  of  the 
Adriatic,  however,  were  in  the  hands  of  Pompey,  who  was 
mobilizing  forces  in  Macedonia  obviously  for  a  descent  upon 
Italy  from  across  the  sea ;  in  consequence  Caesar  also  now 
gathered  his  forces  on  the  east  side  of  the  Adriatic.  For 
some  months,  in  the  earlier  part  of  48,  the  armies  of  Pompey 
and  Caesar  faced  each  other  near  Dyrrachium  (Durazzo)  ;  but 
Caesar  was  obliged  to  withdraw  into  the  interior.     The  decisive 


598  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  262 

battle  was  fought  August  9,  48  b.c,  near  the  city  of  Pharsalus, 
in  Thessaly.  Caesar's  forces  numbered  about  twenty-two  thou- 
sand men,  with  one  thousand  cavalry  ;  Pompey  had  forty-seven 
thousand  infantry,  seven  thousand  cavalry,  and  some  light- 
armed  troops.  But  superior  generalship  and  the  courage  of 
desperation  won  the  day  against  overwhelming  odds.  The 
Senatorial  forces  were  entirely  routed.  Pompey  fled  to  Egypt, 
where  he  was  treacherously  murdered. 

262.  Caesar  also  went  with  a  small  force  to  Egypt,  where, 
in  Alexandria,  he  became  involved  in  the  Alexandrine  War. 
For  a  time  this  war  occasioned  him  great  difficulty  because  of 
his  inability  to  secure  reenforcements  ;  but  finally  Mithridates 
of  Pergamum  came  to  his  assistance  with  an  army,  marching 
down  through  Cilicia  and  Syria  to  Egypt.  By  April  of  47  B.C. 
Caesar  had  the  country  under  complete  control ;  but  he  him- 
self is  said  to  have  fallen  a  victim  to  the  charms  of  the  young 
and  beautiful  Egyptian  princess,  Cleopatra. 

263.  Leaving  Cleopatra  and  a  younger  brother  on  the  Egyp- 
tian throne,  Caesar  in  June  proceeded  through  Syria  north  to 
Pontus,  where  at  Zela  he  easily  crushed  the  rebellious  King 
Pharlia'ces,  reporting  the  quick  victory  to  a  friend  in  the 
laconic  message,  veni,  vidi,  vici.  He  soon  afterwards  returned 
to  Rome. 

264.  Caesar  had  only  three  months  in  Rome  before  he  was 
obliged  to  take  the  field  against  the  Pompeian  forces,  now 
gathered  in  Africa  under  the  leadership  of  Scipio  and  Labienus. 
In  January,  46,  he  landed  with  a  small  army  near  Hadrumetum, 
southeast  from  Carthage,  where  he  maintained  his  position 
until  sufficient  forces  could  be  brought  over.  At  the  battle  of 
Thapsus,  April  6,  46  b.c,  he  won  a  complete  victory  over  the 
Pompeians  and  Juba,  who  was  still  helping  them. 

265.  Caesar  was  now  everywhere  master.  In  accordance 
with  legal  forms  he  promulgated  several  laws  of  great  benefit 
to  the  people.  He  reformed  the  calendar  also  (241,  c).  In 
August  of  46  in  Rome  Caesar  celebrated  his  great  triumph.  On 
four  different  days  triumphal ,  processions   wound   along   the 


267] 


Life  of  Caesar 


599 


Sacred  Way  through  the  Forum  and  up  the  Capitoline  Hill, 
displaying  to  the  astonished  multitudes  the  spoils  of  victories 
in  Gaul,  Egypt,  and  Pontus,  and  over  Juba  in  Africa. 
Treasure  amounting  to  65,000  talents  (more  than  $70,000,000) 
was  carried  in  the  procession ;  and  a  conspicuous  figure  was 
the  Gallic  commander-in-chief,  Vercingetorix,  who  had  been 
kept  in  prison  six  years  awaiting  this  event.  In  honor  of  the 
triumph  twenty-two  thousand  tables 
were  spread  for  the  feasting  of  the 
populace,  and  games  and  gladiatorial 
shows  were  given  with  a  magnificence 
previously  unheard  of. 

266.  In  45  B.C.  a  large  army  was 
collected  against  Caesar  in  Spain,  com- 
manded by  the  two  sons  of  Pompey. 
Caesar  marched  against  it,  and  at  the 
battle  of  Munda  (March  17)  totally 
defeated  it.  On  a  coin  struck  in  Spain 
in  45,  and  perhaps  put  into  circulation 
in  order  to  pay  his  soldiers,  Caesar 
commemorates  Spanish  as  well  as 
Gallic  victories  (Fig.  161).  A  large 
trophy  supports,  in  the  middle,  a  coat 
of  mail,  above  which  is  a  helmet ;  on 
either  side  is  a  spear  (disproportion- 
ately short),  then  a  shield,  and  a  war- 
trumpet.  At  the  foot,  on  the  right,  is  a  seated  captive,  with 
his  hands  tied  behind  him  and  face  turned  backward,  looking 
up,  his  hair  streaming  down ;  this  we  may  safely  identify  as 
Vercingetorix.  At  the  left  sits  a  female  figure,  weeping,  a 
personification  of  Hispania. 

267.  On  Caesar's  return  to  Rome  the  Senate,  whose  mem- 
bers were  now  mainly  of  his  own  choosing,  loaded  him  with 
honors.  By  conferring  upon  him  all  the  important  offices, 
especially  the  dictatorship  in  life  tenure,  it  centered  the  whole 
authority  in  his  hands.     Finally  it  ordered  his  portrait  struck 


Figure  161.  —  Commemo- 
ration    of     Gallic     and 
Spanish  victories. 
Middle,    trophy    with    Gallic 
and    Spanish     arms ;     cuirass, 
helmet,   two  spears. .  twp    ovjil 
shields,  two  trumpets.  ^     '; 

Below,  at  right,  VeYciri^ff-"' 
torix,  seated,  with  hands  bound 
behind  him  ;  at  left,  Hispania, 
personified,  weeping. 

Silver  coin,  denarius,  struck 
by  Caesar  in  Spain  in  45  b.c. 


600 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§268 


Figure  162.  —  Caesar. 

Silver  coin,  denarius,  struck 
In  Rome  in  44  b.c. 

Obverse,  head  of  Caesar 
with  laurel  wreath.  Inscription  : 
CAESAR,  DICT[aTOR]  PER- 
PETUO,  'Dictator  for  Life.' 


on  coins,  from  whi(;li  previously  faces  of  living  men  had  been 

excluded  (F\^.  162),  and  decreed  that  statues  of  him  should  be 
placed  in  the  temples  of  the  gods  in 
Home. 

268.  Caesar's  use  of  absolute  power 
was  marked  by  unexpected  clemency 
towards  former  opponents ;  in  recog- 
nition of  this  the  Senate  shortly  l>efore 
his  death  ordered  a  temple  built  and 
dedicated  to  'Caesar's  Mercifulness,' 
personilied  as  a  divinity  (Fig.  163). 
He  contemplated  large  projects  for  the 
public  weal ;  nevertheless  his  foresight 
and  breadth  of  view  counted  for  noth- 
ing in  the  bitter  hatred  of  his  political 
enemies.  A  conspiracy  was  formed  to 
take  his  life.     On  March  15,  44  b.c, 

as  Caesar  had  just  entered  the  hall  where  the  Senate  met, 

near  Pompey's   Theater,   he   was  set 

upon  with  daggers,  and  fell,  pierced 

by  twenty-three  wounds,  at  the  foot  of 

a  statue  of  his  vanquished  rival. 
Though  the  assassination  of  Caesar 

was    commemorated   by  a  coin   (Fig. 

167),  the  plans  of  the  murderers  all 

miscarried.     It  is  said  that  not  one  of 

them  died  a  natural  death ;  and  before 

many  years  Caesar's  nephew  and  heir, 

Octavianus,  afterwards  called  Augus- 
tus, was  Emperor  of  the  Roman  world. 
269.   Caesar  was   tall   and  of   com- 
manding presence.     His  features  were 

angular  and   prominent.      He  had  a 

fair  complexion,  with  keen  black  eyes. 

In  later  years  he  was  bald ;  at  no  time  of  life  did  he  wear  a 

beard.     Suetonius  says  that  among  all  the  honors  conferred 


Figure  163.— Temple  of 
Caesar's  Mercifulness. 
Front  of  the  Temple,  with 
four  columns,  and  double  doors 
closed.  Inscription,  CLEMEN- 
TIAE  CAESARIS.  '  To  the  Mer- 
cifulness of  Caesar.' 

Silver  coin,  denarius,  struck 
in  44  B.C. 


§271]  The  Name  Caesar  601 

upon  Caesar  by  the  Senate  and  the  People  none  was  more 
acceptable  to  him  than  the  privilege  of  wearing  at  all  times  a 
laurel  crown,  by  which  his  baldness  was  concealed  (Fig.  162). 
Though  endowed  with  a  constitution  naturally  by  no  means 
robust,  he  became  inured  to  hardship,  *and  exhibited  astonish- 
ing powers  of  endurance.  In  matters  of  dress  he  was  par- 
ticular to  the  verge  of  effeminacy. 

270.  Of  all  the  Eomans  Caesar  was  without  doubt  the 
greatest.  In  him  the  most  varied  talents  were  united  with  a 
restless  ambition  and  tireless  energy.  While  deliberate  and 
far-seeing  in  forming  his  plans,  in  carrying  them  out  he  often 
acted  with  a  haste  that  seemed  like  recklessness.  He  could 
occasion  scenes  of  the  most  shocking  cruelty ;  yet  none  could 
be  more  forgiving,  or  more  gracious  in  granting  pardon.  Ap- 
parently believing,  with  the  Epicurean  philosophy,  that  death 
ends  all  and  life  is  worth  living  only  for  the  pleasure  to  be 
gotten  out  of  it,  he  mingled  freely  with  the  dissolute  society 
of  Rome ;  yet  when  it  was  time  for  action  he  spurned  indul- 
gences, gave  himself  to  the  severest  toil,  and  endured  priva- 
tions without  a  murmur. 

In  regard  to  all  these  things,  however,  we  may  say  that 
Caesar's  faults  were  those  he  shared  in  common  with  his  age ; 
his  genius  belongs  to  all  ages.  Chateaubriand  declares  that 
Caesar  was  the  most  complete  man  of  all  history ;  for  his 
genius  was  transcendent  in  three  directions  —  in  politics,  in 
war,  and  in  literature. 

THE   NAME   CAESAR 

271.  Roman  surnames,  which  in  many  cases  became  family 
names,  were  generally  derived  from  some  personal  character- 
istic or  association.  For  the  name  Caesar  scholars  in  antiquity 
suggested  four  derivations,  of  which  one  was,  that  the  tirst  of 
the  Julii  to  bear  the  name  Caesar  received  it  because  he  was 
born  with  a  thick  head  of  hair,  caesaries ;  another  was,  that 
it  came  from  the  color  of  the  eyes,  bluish  gray,  caesins. 


602 


Companion  to  Caesar 


(§272 


Figure       164.  —  Elephant 
trampling   upon   a   ser- 
pent-headed Gallic  war- 
trumpet. 
Silver  coin,  denarius,  struck 

by  Caesar  in  Gaul,  probably  in 

50  B.C. 

The  reverse  of  the  same  coin 

IS  shown  in  Fig.  157. 


There  was  also  a  tradition  that  the  first  Julius  to  be  called 
Caesar  had  killed  an  elephant  and  received  the  name  from  the 
word  for  elephant  in  the  language  of 
the  Mauri,  in  Africa,  from  whose  coun- 
try elephants  came.  This  derivation 
seems  to  have  commended  itself  to 
Julius  Caesar ;  for  on  a  coin  struck  by 
him  in  Gaul  (Fig.  164),  we  see,  over 
his  name,  an  elephant  trampling  upon 
a  Gallic  war  trumpet  with  a  serpent's 
head,  symbolizing  his  utter  defeat  of 
the  Gauls  and  conquest  of  the  country. 
To  the  end  of  the  Empire  Roman 
emperors  adopted  the  name  Caesar  as 
a  title  ;  and  it  survives  in  two  imperial 
titles  of  modern  times,  "Kaiser,"  of 
Germany  and  Austria,  and  "Czar," 
of  Russia.  What  an  impress  the  life 
of  Julius  Caesar  made  upon  the  world  —  not  merely  to  leave 
a  heritage  of  influence  in  government  and  literature,  but  to 
transmit  his  very  name  across  the 
ages  as  a  designation  of  the  highest 
authority  recognized  among  men  ! 

THE   PORTRAITS  OF  CAESAR 

272.  After  Caesar  became  supreme, 
almost  innumerable  likenesses  of  him 
must  have  been  made.  Statues  of 
him  were  ordered  set  up  in  all  cities, 
as  well  as  in  the  temples  of  Rome ; 

his  features  were  not  only  stamped  Figure  165.  — Caesar, 

on    coins    but    engraved    upon    gems         cem.    Behind  is  an  augur's  staff. 
(Fig.  166).  symbolic  of  his  priestly  authority. 

Of  the  numerous  extant  busts  and  statues  bearing  C'aesar's 
name,   however,   only   a  few    can    be    considered    authentic. 


§273] 


Caesar's  Commentaries 


603 


Though  two  of  the  best  of  these,  a  colossal  bust  at  Naples 
and  a  large  statue  in  Eome,  have  been  somewhat  restored,  the 
expression  of  face  has  not  been  materially  affected ;  a  bust  in 
the  British  Museum,  representing  Caesar  at  a  somewhat  later 
period  of  life,  is  singularly  well  preserved. 

In  the  statue  in  Rome  (shown  in  the  frontispiece  of  this  book, 
Plate  I)  Caesar  appears  as  a  commander.  To  judge  from  the 
manner  of  treatment,  both  this  statue  and  the  bust  at  Naples 
(Plate  X)  were  made  near  the  end  of  the  first  century  a.d., 
but  copied  from  earlier  works. 

CAESAR'S   COMMENTARIES 

273.  The  Commentaries  of  Caesar  were  not  designed  to  be  a 
biographical  work,  nor  yet,  strictly  speaking,  a  military  history. 
They  were  rather,  as  the  title  Commentaries  of  Deeds,  Com- 
mentarii  Rerum  Gestarum,  implies,  an  informal  record  of  events. 
For  commentarius  comes 
from  commentor,  a  verb 
used  by  speakers  with  the 
meaning  make  preparation 
for  a  speech  by  gathering 
material  and  preparing 
outlines ;  whence  liber 
commentarius,  or  commen- 
tarius, commentary,  came 
to  designate  a  collection  of 
materials  for  future  use. 

Had  Caesar  intended 
that  the  Commentaries 
should  be  a  formal  his- 
tory, the  matter,  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  universal  custom  of  antiquity,  would  have 
been  arranged  in  such  a  way  that  the  books  would  be  of  about 
the  same  length  ;  but  he  grouped  his  material  by  years,  without 
regard  to  the  length  of  the  divisions,  and  we  find  that  the  first 
book,  or  Commentary,  is  as  long  as  the  second  and  third  corn- 


Figure  166.  —  A  Case  for  Books. 
With  cover  and  straps  for  carrying.     In  the  case 
are  seven  rolls,  volumina,  corresponding  with  the^ 
number  of  the  Commentaries  on  the  Gallic  War. 
A  writing  tablet  leans  against  the  case. 


604  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  274 

bined,  while  the  seventh  is  almost  as  long  as  the  second,  third, 
and  fourth  taken  together.  Approximate  uniformity  in  the 
length  of  the  books  comprised  in  a  literary  work  was  usual  on 
account  of  convenience  in  handling,  since  each  book  formed  a 
separate  roll ;  hence  the  name  for  the  roll  or  hook,  volumen 
(from  volvo,  roll  up),  which  survives  in  our  word  "  volume  " 
(Fig.  166). 

274.  Nevertheless  it  is  evident  that  the  Commentaries  were 
not  prepared  as  a  diary,  for  private  use,  but  written  at  one 
time  and  intended  for  circulation.  We  are  safe  in  believing 
that  Caesar  intended  through  them  not  only  to  give  to  the  pub- 
lic an  authoritative  account  of  the  important  events  treated,  but 
also  to  supply  to  historians  of  the  period  a  collection  of  authen- 
tic material  on  which  they  might  draw;  hence,  perhaps,  the 
peculiar  restraint  under  which  he  refers  to  himself  in  the  third 
person,  a  practice  as  rare  in  narratives  of  the  kind  in  antiquity 
as  it  is  to-day  ;  hence,  also,  presumably,  the  frequent  use  of 
indirect  discourse  near  the  beginning,  while  in  the  later  books 
the  style  is  more  often  enlivened,  as  generally  in  Greek  and 
Latin  historical  works,  by  direct  quotation  {211,  b). 

275.  The  Seven  Commentaries  of  the  Gallic  War  were  prob- 
ably composed  soon  after  the  fall  of  Alesia,  in  the  winter  of 
52-51  B.C. ;  they  were  probably  taken  down  from  dictation 
and  circulated  through  the  multiplication  of  copies  from  the 
original  copy  or  copies  sent  from  Gaul  to  Rome  in  51. 

276.  The  Civil  War  was  seemingly  incomplete  at  the  time  of 
Caesar's  death ;  only  two  Commentaries,  narrating  the  events 
of  49  and  48  B.C.,  were  finished.  Later  the  first  Commentary, 
dealing  with  the  events  of  49,  was  divided  into  two  books,  the 
other  remaining  undivided  ;  consequently  in  manuscripts  and 
editions  the  Civil  War  now  appears  in  three  books,  the  first  and 
second  being  devoted  to  the  events  of  49,  the  third  to  those 
of  48  B.C. 

277.  A  gap  of  two  years  was  left  between  the  Commentaries 
of  the  Gallic  War,  covering  the  period  58-52  n.c,  and  those  of 
the  Civil  War,  covering  the  years  49  and  48.     This  was  filled 


279] 


Caesar*s  Commentaries 


605 


by  Aulus  Hirtius,  who  added  to  the  Gallic  War  an  eighth  book 
narrating  briefly  the  events  of  51  and  50  b.c.  in  Gaul.  Other 
writers  afterwards  extended  the  Civil  War  also  by  adding  nar- 
ratives of  Caesar's  military  operations 
in  Egypt,  Africa,  and  Spain. 

278.  Notwithstanding  Caesar's  aim 
in  composing  the  Commentaries  as 
source  books  rather  than  finished 
works,  the  clearness,  conciseness,  and 
vigor  of  his  style,  and  the  importance 
of  the  matter,  have  given  them  a  place 
in  the  first  rank  of  historical  writings. 
Of  the  Commentaries  on  the  Gallic 
War  Cicero  wrote  {Brut.  Ixxv.  262)  : 


Figure  167.  —  Coin  com- 
memorating the  assassi- 
nation of  Caesar. 


Struck  by  an  officer  of  Marcus 
Junius  Brutus.  A  "  cap  of  lib- 
erty "  appears  between  two  dag- 
gers. Inscription  :  EID  •  MAR, 
for  EIDIBUS  MARTIIS,  '  On  the 
Ides  of  March.' 


"They  are  worthy  of  all  praise.  They 
are  unadorned,  straightforward,  and  elegant, 
every  embellishment  being  stripped  off  as  a 
garment.  Caesar  desired,  indeed,  to  furnish 
others,  who  might  wish  to  write  history,  with 
material  upon  which  they  might  draw;  and  perhaps  men  without  good 
taste,  who  like  to  deck  out  facts  in  tawdry  graces  of  expression,  may 
think  that  he  has  rendered  a  service  to  historians  by  providing  them  with 
raw  material,  but  he  has  deterred  men  of  sound  sense  from  trying  to 
improve  on  the  Commentaries  in  literary  expression.  For  in  history  a 
pure  and  brilliant  conciseness  of  style  is  the  highest  attainable  beauty." 

279.  The  question  has  been  much  discussed  whether  or  not 
in  the  Commentaries  Caesar  warped  the  truth  in  self-justifica- 
tion. No  one  will  deny  that  he  had  a  complete  command  of 
the  facts,  and  that,  when  the  Commentaries  on  the  Gallic  War 
were  published,  there  were  many  officers  and  men  who  would 
instantly  have  detected  untruths  and  condemned  them.  Caesar 
seems  to  have  been  too  large  a  man  to  condescend  to  misrepre- 
sentation even  in  narrating  his  own  defeats,  as  at  Gergovia 
and  Dyrrachium  ;  while  there  may  have  been  occasional  lapses 
of  memory  in  respect  to  details,  we  have  no  reason  to  question 
the  substantial  accuracy  of  the  Commentaries  as  historical  doc- 
uments. 


606  Companion  to  Caesar  [§  28O 

The  Commentaries  themselves  convey  no  impression  of  ex- 
aggeration. Plutarch,  who  had  at  hand  other  sources  of  in- 
formation, no  longer  extant,  thus  summarizes  the  results  of  the 
Gallic  war : 

"  Caesar  was  engaged  in  the  Gallic  war  less  than  ten  years. 
In  that  time  he  captured  more  than  eight  hundred  towns, 
brought  into  submission  three  hundred  peoples,  fought  against 
three  million  foes,  killed  a  million,  and  took  a  million  prisoners.'.' 

Caesar  took  part  in  thirty  battles. 

CAESAR  AS  AN  ORATOR 

280.   As  an  orator  Caesar  was  rated  second  only  to  Cicero. 

His  orations  have  perished  ;  but  apart  from  other  evidence  a 
favorable  judgment  of  Caesar's  oratorical  style  might  be  formed 
from  the  speech  which  he  puts  into  the  mouth  of  Critognatus 
(VII.  77),  and  the  outline  of  the  argument  by  which  he  quelled 
an  incipient  mutiny  (I.  40). 


THE   GEOGRAPHY   OF   CAESAR'S 
COMMENTARIES 

INTRODUCTORY 

281.  The  Geography  of  the  Commentaries  on  the  Gallic 
War  touches  Italy,  Cisalpine  Gaul,  Illyricum,  and  Transalpine 
Gaul ;  that  of  the  Civil  War  touches  also  Spain,  Macedonia, 
Epirus  and  Thessaly,  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Egypt,  and  Africa. 

282.  Caesar  frequently  uses  the  name  of  a  peoplfe  for  that 
of  the  country  inhabited  by  them,  where  English  usage  ex- 
pects the  word  "  country  "  or  "  land  "  or  an  equivalent ;  as  qui 
agrum  HelvetLum  a  Germanis  dividit,  ivhich  separates  the  Helve- 
tian territory  from  that  of  the  Germans,  lit.  from  the  Germans 
(I.  2)  ;  unum  per  Sequanos,  07ie  (i^oute)  through  the  country  of 
the  Sequanians,  lit.  through  the  Sequanians  (I.  6). 

ITALY   AND   CISALPINE   GAUL 

283.  Caesar  uses  Italia,  Italy,  in  two  senses : 

a.  Italy  in  the  narrower  sense  as  a  political  unit  (C.  I.  6), 
Italy  proper,  having  as  its  northern  boundary  on  the  east  side 
the  small  river  Rubicon,  on  the  west  the  lower  course  of  the 
river  Auser,  and  between  the  two  rivers  a  line  running  a  short 
distance  south  of  Luca  (modern  Lucca). 

b.  Italy  in  the  geographical  sense  (I.  10),  designating  the 
entire  peninsula  as  far  as  the  Alps,  and  including  Cisalpine 
Gaul  in  addition  to  Italy  proper. 

284.  Cisalpine  Gaul  is  designated  by  Caesar  as  Cisalpina 
Gallia  (VI.  1),  Gallia  citerior,  Hither  Gaul  (I.  24),  and  citerior 
provincia,  the  nearer  province  (I.  10).  It  comprised  the  great 
drainage  area  of  the  Padus,  Po  (V.  24),  extending  from  Italy 
proper  to  the  Alps.     The  entire  region  was  brought  under 

607 


608 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§285 


Roman  domination  in  the  second  century  B.C.,  but  Cisalpine 
Gaul  was  not  joined  with  Italy  politically  till  the  reign  of 
Augustus. 

285.  Of  the  cities  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  Caesar  mentions  two, 
Aquileia  (I.  10),  at  the  head  of  the  Adriatic  Sea,  chief  city 
of  the  Cisalpine  Veneti,  who  gave  their  name  to  modem 
"Venice  " ;  and  Ocelum  (I.  10),  in  the  extreme  western  part. 


TRANSALPINE   GAUL 

286.  Transalpine  Gaul  is  designated  by  Caesar  as  Trans- 
alpina  Gallia  (VII.  6),  Gallia  Transalpina  (VII.  1)  ;  Gallia  ulterior 
(I.  7),  and  ulterior  Gallia  (I.  10),  Further  Oaul;  or  simply  Gallia, 

Gaul  (I.  1).  It  extended  from  the 
Alps  and  the  Rhine  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  comprising  the  countries  now 
known  as  France  and  Belgium,  the 
German  possessions  west  of  the  Rhine, 
and  the  greater  part  of  Switzerland 
and  Holland.  In  this  book  where 
"  Gaul "  stands  alone.  Transalpine  Oaul 
is  meant.  (See  Map  inside  back  cover). 
After  the  conquest,  Gallia  as  a  sub- 
ject country  was  personified  as  a  female 
ligure,  sometimes  with  the  character- 
istic Gallic  war-trumpet,  as  on  a  coin 
struck  in  Rome  in  48  b.o.  (Fig.  168)  ;  here  only  the  head 
is  shown,  with  long  hair,  dishevelled,  the  war-trumpet  being 
behind  the  head. 

287.  On  account  of  differences  in  speech,  and  other  char- 
acteristics, Caesar  describes  Transalpine  Gaul  as  divided  into 
three  parts: 

a.  Tlie  land  of  the  Belgians,  Belgium,  in  the  northeast,  ex- 
tending from  the  rivers  Sequana,  Seine,  and  Matrona,  Marne, 
to  the  river  Rhenus,  Rhine.  The  Belgium  described  by  Caesar 
was  much  larger  than  the  modern  country.     The  ancient  Bel- 


Figure  168.  —  Conquered 
Gaul,  personified. 

Behind  the  head  is  a  Gallic 
war-trumpet.    Denarius,  48  b.c 


§  289]  Geography  of  the  Commentaries  609 

gian  stock  survives  in  the  Walloons.  The  language  was  mostly 
Celtic. 

h.  TJie  land  of  the  Galli,  the  Celtic  country,  Celtic  Gaul,  ex- 
tending from  the  Seine  and  Marne  to  the  river  Garumna, 
Garonne.  This  part  is  often  called  Gallia  (I.  1,  1.  20 ;  I.  30). 
The  numerous  dialects  of  Celtic  Gaul  belonged  to  the  great 
Celtic  family,  which  has  modern  representatives  in  Armoric, 
spoken  in  Brittany,  and  the  Welsh  language. 

c.  The  land  of  the  Aquitanians,  Aquitania,  extending  from 
the  Garonne  River  to  the  Pyrenees.  The  language  of  the 
Aquitanians  seems  to  have  been  related  to  the  Basque. 

288.  a.  The  three  divisions  of  Gaul  were  made  up  of  many 
small  states,  civitates,  each  of  which  had  its  own  political 
organization.  A  number  of  the  states  had  their  own  coinage 
in  gold  and  other  metals ;  but  the  coins  were  mostly  imita- 
tions of  those  struck  by  Greek  states  and  Rome. 

b.  In  Celtic  Gaul  the  governing  power  was  in  the  hands  of 
two  classes,  the  knights  and  the  Druid  priests  ;  the  condition 
of  the  common  people  was  not  much  above  slavery  (VI.  13). 

289.  a.  Government  in  Gaul  was  administered  by  magi- 
strates, magistratus,  chosen  by  the  dominant  classes,  such  as 
the  Vergobrets  (I.  16)  ;  a  few  of  the  more  backward  states 
had  kings,  reges,  as  Galba,  king  of  the  Suessiones  (II.  4),  and 
Commius,  king  of  the  Atrebates  (IV.  21). 

b:  In  some  states  there  was  a  council  of  elders,  senatus 
(11.  6). 

c.  Politically  Gaul  in  Caesar's  time  was  in  a  condition  of 
unrest.  Usurpations  of  power  and  changes  of  rulers  were 
frequent  (II.  1).  Not  only  in  the  different  states  but  in  the 
subdivisions  of  states,  and  even  in  powerful  families,  there 
were  party  divisions  (VI.  11),  from  which  strifes  of  great  bit- 
terness arose.  A  conspicuous  example  is  the  irreconcilable 
antagonism  between  the  brothers  Diviciacus  and  Dumnorix  (I. 
18),  of  whom  the  former  did  everything  possible  to  advance 
Caesar's  interests  (II.  5,  10),  while  the  latter,  as  leader  of  an 
anti-Roman  party  among  the  Aeduans,  sought  in  all  ways  to 


610  Companion  to  Caesar  [§290 

thwart  Caesar,  until  finally  he  was  killed,  while  resisting  cap- 
ture, by  Caesar's  cavalry  (V.  7). 

290.  The  southeastern  part  of  Gaul,  not  specified  in  Caesar's 
threefold  division,  had  been  conquered  by  the  Romans  and 
organized  into  a  province  in  121  b.c.  This  was  the  only  part 
of  Transalpine  Gaul  that  properly  came  under  Caesar's  juris- 
diction when  he  went  out  as  governor  in  58  b.c.  {255).  It  is 
designated  by  Caesar  as  Gallia  provincia  (I.  19)  or  provincia 
Gallia  (I.  53),  the  Oallic  Province  ;  as  ulterior  provincia,  the 
Further  Province  (I.  10),  provincia  nostra,  oi^r  Province  (I.  2),  or 
simply  provincia,  the  Province  (I-  1)- 

291.  Of  the  mountains  of  Gaul  the  most  important  are. 
Alpes,  the  Alps  (I.  10),  of  which  the  western  and  southern 
portion,  the  French  and  the  Swiss  Alps,  were  known  to  Caesar ; 
mons  Cebenna,  the  Cevennes  (VII.  8),  in  Southern  Gaul ;  mons 
lura,  the  Jura  Mountains  (I.  2),  extending  from  the  Rhone  below 
Geneva  northeast  to  the  Rhine ;  mons  Vosegus,  the  Vosges 
(IV.  10),  west  of  the  Rhine  and  north  of  the  Jura  range ; 
Pyrenaei  montes,  the  Pyrenees,  on   the  border   toward   Spain 

(I.  1). 

292.  The  more  important  rivers  of  Gaul  mentioned  by  Caesar 
are :  Rhodanus,  the  Rhone  (I.  2),  which  flows  through  lacus 
Lemannus,  Lake  Geneva  (I.  2),  and  empties  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean ;  Arar,  Sadne  (I.  12),  a  tributary  of  the  Rhone,  which 
it  enters  from  the  north  ;  Sequana,  the  Seine  (I.  1) ;  Matrona, 
Marne  (I.  1),  a  tributary  of  the  Seine,  which  it  enters  from  the 
east ;  Azona,  Aisne  (II.  5),  a  tributary  of  the  Oise,  which  in 
turn  flows  into  the  Seine  from  the  northeast,  below  the  conflu- 
ence with  the  Marne  ;  Rhenus,  Rhine  (1. 1)  ;  Garumna,  Garonne 
(I.  1) ;  Iiiger,  Loire  (III.  9),  the  largest  river  of  Gaul,  flowing 
into  the  Bay  of  Biscay ;  Mosa,  Meuse  (IV.  9),  in  northeastern 
Gaul ;  Sabis,  Sambre,  a  tributary  of  the  Meuse,  which  it  enters 
from  the  west  (II.  16). 

293.  The  cities  of  Gaul  in  Caesar's  time  were  situated  on  or 
near  a  coast,  on  a  river,  or  on  the  top  of  a  high  mountain.  The 
more  noteworthy  were : 


§  294]  Geography  of  the  Commentaries 


611 


Figure  169. —  Coin  of  Massilia. 
Silver.  Obverse,  head  of  Artemis 
with  earrings  and  necklace  ;  reverse, 
lion,  prowling,  with  abbreviation  of 
the  Greek  name  above,  and  crescent 
in  front. 


a.  In  the  Province:  Massilia,  Marseilles  (C.  II.  3),  founded 
by  Greeks  from  Phocaea  about  600  b.c,  a  prosperous  city, 
which  retained  its  Greek  character,  carried  on  an  extensive 
commerce,  and  became  an  impor- 
tant civilizing  influence  (Fig.  169)  ; 
Narbo,  Narbonne  (III.  20),  on  the 
river  Atax  not  far  from  the  sea, 
colonized  by  the  Romans  in  118 
B.C. ;  Tolosa,  Toulouse  (III.  20), 
on  the  Garonne  river ;  Geiiava, 
Geneva  (I.  6),  on  lacus  Lemannus, 
Lake  Geneva  (I.  2). 

b.  In  Celtic  Gaul :  Agedincura, 
Sens  (VI.  44)  ;  Alesia,  Alise-Sainte-Eeine  (VII.  68)  ;  Avaricum, 
Bourges  (VII.  13)  ;  Bibracte,  on  Mt.  Beuvray  (I.  23)  ;  Cenabum, 
Orleans  (VII.  3)  ;  Decetia,  Decize  (VII.  33)  5  Gergovia  (VII.  36) ; 
Lutecia  Parisiorum,  Paris  (VI.  3) ;  Vesontio,  Besangon  (I.  38). 

c.  In  Belgium:  Bibrax  (II.  6)  near  the  Aisne;  Durocorto- 
rum,  Reims  (VI.  44);  Noviodunum  of  the  Suessiones,  near 
JSoissons  (II.  12) ;  Samarobriva,  Amiens  (V.  24). 

BRITAIX,   GERMANY,   AND  SPAIN 

294.  Caesar  uses  Britannia,  Britain  (II.  4),  to  designate  the 
island  of  Great  Britain,  including  modern  England,  Scotland, 

and  Wales.  He  was  the  first  Ro- 
man general  to  invade  the  island, 
whose  inhabitants  he  found  similar 
to  those  of  Celtic  Gaul  in  language 
and  institutions,  but  not  so  far  ad- 
Figure  170.— Early  British  vanced  in  civilization  (Fig.  170). 
Coin.  His   two    expeditions,    in    55    and 

Silver,  of  crude  workmanship;  54  B.C.,  had  slight  apparent  effect, 
probably  in  circulation  in  Caesar's  13^^  ^j^cy  Stimulated  Commerce  and 

time.  "^ 

prepared  the  way  for  the  introduc- 
tion of  Roman  wares  and  customs  (Fig.  140).  The  subjuga- 
tion of  Britain  by  the  Romans  began  in  43  a.d. 


612  Companion  to  Caesar  (§295 

295.  Caesar  uses  Germania,  Germany  (IV.  4),  to  designate  a 
country  of  indefinite  extent  east  of  the  Khine  and  north  of  the 
Danube.  He  came  into  contact  only  with  the  German  peoples 
near  the  Rhine.  His  two  expeditions  across  the  Rhine,  in  55 
and  53  b.c,  produced  slight  effect ;  the  Romans  never  conquered 
more  of  Germany  than  a  narrow  strip  along  the  Rhine  and  the 
Danube. 

296.  Ancient  Spain,  Hispania,  included  modern  Spain  and 
Portugal.  After  the  Roman  Conquest,  about  200  b.c,  it  was 
divided  into  two  provinces,  citerior  Hispania,  Hither  Spairi  (III. 
23),  including  the  northern  and  eastern  part  of  the  peninsula, 
and  ulterior  Hispania,  Further  Spain  (C.  I.  38),  on  the  south 
and  west. 

297.  Caesar  sometimes  uses  Hispania,  Spain,  to  designate  the 
peninsula  as  a  whole  (V.  1) :  sometimes  the  plural,  Hispaniae, 
the  Spains  (C.  III.  73),  referring  to  the  two  Spanish  jjrovinces. 

ILLYRICUM,   MACEDONIA,   EPIRUS,   AND   THESSALY 

298.  niyricum  was  a  narrow  province  that  bordered  Cisalpine 
Gaul  for  a  short  distance  at  the  head  of  the  Adriatic  Sea,  and 
extended  down  the  east  side  of  the  Adriatic  as  far  as  the  river 
Drilo,  Dnn.  It  included  parts  of  modern  Albania,  Montene- 
gro, Herzegovina,  Dalmatia,  Croatia,  and  Istria.  It  came  under 
Roman  control  about  167  b.c. 

299.  Belonging,  in  Caesar's  time,  to  the  province  of  Mace- 
donia, was  a  strip  of  coast  between  Illyricum  and  Epirus  with 
the  important  cities  Apollonia  (C.  III.  75),  about  live  miles 
from  the  sea,  and  Dyrrachium,  Durazzo  (C.  III.  53),  on  the 
coast  (Map  19). 

300.  Epirus  was  the  northernmost  division  of  Greece  on  the 
west  side  ;  it  occupied  a  part  of  modern  Albania.  It  was  con- 
quered by  the  Romans  in  168  b.c.  (Map  19). 

Towns  of  Epirus  mentioned  by  Caesar  are  Buthrotum  (C.  III. 
16)  and  Oricum  (C.  III.  90),  both  on  the  coast  (Map  19). 

301.  Thessalia,  Thessaly,  in  northeastern  Greece,  corre- 
sponded roughly  with  the  division  of  modern  Greece  called 


§306]  Geography  of  the  Commentaries  613 

by  the  same  name.  Towns  of  Thessaly  mentioned  by  Caesar 
are  Gtomphi  (C.  III.  80),  Lirisa,  Larissa  (C.  III.  96),  and  Me- 
.tropolis  (C.  III.  80).     Cf.  Map  19. 

ASIA,   SYRIA,   EGYPT,   AND  AFRICA 

302.  The  Romans  used  Asia  in  three  senses,  designating  : 
(a.)  The  continent  Asia,  as  we  use  the  name  to-day. 

(b.)  'The  western  projection  of  the  continent,  between  the 
Mediterranean  and  the  Black  Sea ;  called  Asia  Minor  in  order 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  mass  of  the  continent  as  a  whole. 

(c.)  The  Roman  province  Asia,  which  was  organized  in 
129  B.C.  The  Roman  province  Asia  included  only  the  western 
part  of  Asia  Minor,  with  the  countries  Caria,  Lydia,  Mysia, 
and  Phrygia.  Caesar  uses  Asia  (C.  III.  53)  to  designate  the 
Roman  province,  not  Asia  Minor  or  the  continent. 

303.  At  the  time  of  the  Civil  War  Bithynia,  including  a  part 
of  Pontus  (C.  III.  3),  and  Cilicia  in  Asia  Minor  (C.  III.  102) 
were  already  organized  as  separate  provinces. 

304.  Syria  (C.  III.  103),  including  Phoenicia  and  Palestine, 
was  conquered  by  Pompey  and  became  a  Roman  province 
about  64  B.C.  At  Jerusalem  Pompey  profaned  the  Holy  of 
Holies  in  the  Temple  by  entering  it,  but  he  refrained  from 
carrying  off  the  treasure.  The  treasure,  however,  a  few  years 
later  fell  a  prey  to  Crassus,  who,  on  his  way  to  attack  the 
Parthians  {258),  delayed  in  Jerusalem  in  order  to  rob  the 
Temple. 

305.  Aegyptus,  Egypt  (C.  III.  104),  at  the  time  of  the  Civil 
War  was  an  independent  kingdom.  It  was  not  made  subject 
to  Rome  till  29  b.c.  Its  principal  city,  Alexandria,  Alexandria 
(C.  III.  103),  was  founded  by  Alexander  the  Great,  who  gave 
to  it  his  name. 

306.  Caesar  uses  Africa  (C.  II.  37)  to  designate,  not  the  con- 
tinent, but  the  comparatively  small  Roman  province  of  Africa, 
which  was  organized  after  the  destruction  of  Carthage  in  146  b.c. 
After  the  battle  of  Thapsus  and  the  death  of  Juba  (262)  Caesar 


614 


Companion  to  Caesar 


(§306 


made  another  province'  out  of  the  Kingdom  of  Numidia,  which 
adjoined  the  province  Africa  on  the  south  and  west,  and  after 
his  death  was  added  to  it. 


Figure  171.  — Africa,  personified  as  a  goddess. 

As  a  headdress  she  wears  the  spoils  of  an  elephant,  with  trunk  and  tusks  projecting 
above  and  broad  ears  falling  beside  the  neck  ;  over  the  right  shoulder  we  see.  projecting, 
the  bow  of  the  hunting  goddess,  Artemis,  and  the  club  of  Hercules;  underneath  is  the 
rattle,  sistrum,  sacred  to  Isis. 

On  her  right  shoulder  is  a  lion,  while  an  asp  rises  threateningly  above  her  right  hand, 
facing  a  panther  that  stands  on  the  fruits  gathered  in  the  fold  of  her  robe  ;  these  creatures 
and  the  fruits  symbolize  the  wild  life  and  fertility  of  the  Province.    Relief  on  a  silver  plate. 

Africa  was  personified  as  a  female  figure,  wearing  as  a  head- 
dress the  spoils  of  an  elephant  (Fig.  171). 


THE    ROMAN   ART   OF   WAR   IN    CAESAR'S 
TIME 

I.     COMPOSITION   OF   THE   ARMY 

307.  The  legion.  —  a.  The  legion,  legio  (I.  7),  in  Caesar's 
time  was  composed  exclusively  of  Roman  citizens.  Probably 
Caesar's  legionary  soldiers,  legionarii  (C.  III.  63)  or  simply  milites 
(I.  7),  were  mainly  volunteers  who  were  willing  to  enlist  for 
the  regular  term  of  twenty  years  on  account  of  the  certainty 
of  the  pay,  and  of  provision  for  their  old  age  in  case  they  lived 
beyond  the  period  of  service.  However,  citizens  between  the 
ages  of  seventeen  and  forty-six  were  liable  to  be  called  out  by 
a  levy,  dilectus  (C.  I.  6),  at  any  time.  Romans  of  the  upper 
classes  who  wished  to  serve  in  the  army,  or  found  themselves 
unable  to  evade  conscription,  were  ^  employed  as  officers,  or 
attached  to  the  bodyguard  of  the  commander. 

b.  The  normal  strength  of  a  legion  at  the  end  of  the  Re- 
public was  6000  men ;  but  the  average  number  of  men  in 
Caesar's  legions  probably  did  not  exceed  3600  in  the  Gallic 
War,  and  3000  in  the  Civil  War. 

c.  The  legion  was  divided  into  ten  cohorts,  cohortes  (III.  1), 
averaging,  in  Caesar's  army,  about  360  men  each ;  the  cohort 
was  divided  into  three  maniples,  manipuli  (II.  25),  of  120  men ; 
the  maniples  into  two  centuries  or  companies,  ordines  (I.  40). 
In  legions  having  a  full  complement  of  men  each  century 
would  contain  100 ;  in  Caesar's  army  the  number  could  hardly 
have  averaged  more  than  60. 

d.  The  legions  that  had  seen  long  service,  apparently  not  less 
than  nine  or  ten  years,  were  called  veteran,  legiones  veteranae 
(I.  24)  ;  the  rest,  last  levied,  or  raw,  legiones  proxime  con- 
scriptae  (I.  24),  or  legiones  tironum  (C.  III.  28).  The  legions 
were  designated  by  number. 

615 


616  Companion  to  Caesar  [§308 

e.  In  the  first  year  of  the  Gallic  War  Caesar  had  four  veteran 
legions,  numbered  vii.,  vi^  ix.,  —  these  three  ajjparently 
brought  from  th^^icinity  ot  Aquileia  (I.  10),  —  and  x. ;  the 
tenth  legion  was  in  the  Province  at  the  time  of  his  arrival  in 
Gaul  (I.  7).  After  Caesar  learuod  that  the  Helvetians  pro- 
posed to  go  through  the  country  of  the  Sequanians  ad^ 
Aeduans  he  hastily  raised  in  Cisalpine  Gaul  two  legions 
(I.  10),  which  were  numbered  xi.  and  xii.  With  these  six 
legions  he  gained  two  of  .his  most  brilliant  victories,  over  the 
Helvetians  and  over  Ariovistus. 

/.  In  the  second  year  of  the  war  Caesar  raised  two  new 
legions  in  Cisalpine  Gaul  (II.  2),  numbered  xiii.  and  xiv.,  so 
that  he  now  had  four  veteran  and  four  raw  legions,  eight  in  all. 

g.  In  the  fifth  year  (54  b.c.)  the  xivth  legion  and  half  of 
another  were  annihilated  in  the  ambuscade  set  by  Ambiorix 
(V.  26-37).  At  the  beginning  of  the  next  year  Caesar  raised 
two  more  legions  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  one  replacing  the  lost 
xivth  (VI.  32),  the  other  numbered  xv.,  and  besides  obtained  a 
legion  from  Pompey,  which  was  numbered  vi.  (VI.  1 ;  VIII.  54). 
In  the  last  two  years  of  the  war  he  had  thus  ten  legions  (VII.  34), 
numbered  vi.  to  xv.  inclusive.  It  appears  probable  that  the 
whole  force  of  legionary  soldiers  engaged  in  the  siege  of  Alesia 
fell  short  of  forty  thousand. 

308.  The  infantry  auxiliaries.  —  In  addition  to  the  legions,  a 
Roman  army  (contained  bodies  of  ihfantry  and  cavalry  drawn 
from  allied  and  subject  peoples,  or  hired  outright  from  inde- 
pendent nations,  called  auxiliaries  or  auxiliary  troops,  auzilia 
(I.  24).  These  in  some  cases  retained  their  native  dress, 
equipment,  and  mode  of  fighthig,  in  others  were  armed  and 
trained  after  the  Roman  fashion  (Fig.  172).  To  the  former 
class  belong  the  light-armed  troop8,*\ev\B  armaturae  pedites 
(II.  24),  including  as  special  classes  ihe  ^lingers  (Plate  III.  1), 
and  bowmen.  In  the  Gallic  War  Caesar  availed  himself  of 
the  help  of  slingers,  funditores,  from  the  Balearic  Islands 
(II.  7),  bowmen,  sagittarii,  from  (-rete  and  from  Numidia  (II.  7), 
and  light-armed  German  troops  (VII.  05).     He  utilized  also 


§309] 


The  Roman  Art  of  War 


617 


contingents  from  the  Gallic  States  that  he  subdued  (III.  18, 
VIII.  10).  i<|r^2  B.C.  he  had  a  force  of  ten  thousand  Aeduans 
(VII.  34).  Caesar,  as 
other  Roman  writers,  is 
generally  not  careful  to 
state  the  exact  number  of 
the  auxiliary  troops  ;  they 
were  regarded  as  rela- 
tively unimportant.  The 
officers  of  the  auxiliaries, 
both  infantry  and  cavalry, 
were  Romans.  Auxiliary 
troops  posted  on  the 
wing  of  an  army  might 
be  called  wing-men,  alarii 
(I.  51). 

309.  The  cavalry.  —  a. 
A  troop  of  cav^ry  usually 
accompanied  each  legion. 
While  the  evidence  is  not 
conclusive,  it  is  probable 
that  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  Gallic  War,  if 
not  from  the  beginning, 
Caesar  had  contingents 
of  cavalry  in  connection 
with  his  legions,  averag- 
ing 200  to  300  men 
each.  These  horsemen 
were  foreigners,  serving 
for  pay  ;  they  were  drawn  ^'^""'^  ^^2.  -  Light-armed  soldier, 
from  Spain,  Spanish  horsemen,  Hispani  equites  (V.  26),  from 
Germany,  German  horsemen,  Germani  equites  (VII.  13),  and 
from  Gaul. 

b.    Apart  from  the  legionary  contingents,  Caesar  had  a  force 
of  cavalry  raised  from  the  Gallic  States  subject  or  friendly  to 


618  Companion  to  Caesar  [§3io 

Rome,  which  was  reckoned  as  a  single  body,  numbering  undei 
ordinary  circumstances  about  4000  (I.  15 ;  V.  5),  or  5000  men 
(IV.  12). 

c.  The  cavalry  was  divided  into  squads  or  squadrons,  turmae, 
of  about  30  horsemen ;  such  a  squad  went  with  Commius  to 
Britain  (IV.  35).  Probably  the  squad  contained  three  decuriesy 
decuriae,  of  10  men  each,  under  the  command  of  decurions, 
decuriones  (I.  23).  The  higher  officers  were  called  cavab-y 
prefects,  praefecti  equitum  (III.  26).     See  Plate  III,  5. 

310.  The  non-combatants.  —  a.  There  were  two  classes  of  non- 
combatants,  slaves  employed  for  menial  services,  and  free  men, 
or  f reedmen.  In  the  former  class  were  included  the  officers'  ser- 
vants and  camp  servants,  calones  (II.  24),  as  well  as  the  drivers 
and  muleteers  with  the  heavy  baggage,  muliones  (VII.  45)  ;  in 
the  latter  class  were  citizens  or  others  who  were  allowed  to 
accompany  the  army  but  were  obliged  to  find  quarters  outside 
of  the  camp,  as  the  traders,  mercatores  (VI.  37). 

b.  The  mechanics,  fabri  (V.  11),  were  not  enrolled  as  a 
separate  corps,  but  were  drawn  from  the  ranks  of  the  legionary 
soldiers  whenever  needed. 

311.  The  baggage  train.  —  Each  legion  had  a  separate  bag- 
gage train.  The  heavy  baggage,  impedimenta  (II.  19),  com- 
prised tents,  hand-mills  for  grinding  grain,  artillery,  extra. 
weapons,  and  other  military  stores,  as  well  as  supplies  of  food. 
In  the  enemy's  country  for  better  defense  the  baggage  trains  of 
a  number  of  legions  foiight  be  formed  into  a  single  column 
(II.  19).  From  the  baggage  of  the  legion,  or  heavy  baggage, 
the  baggage  of  the  soldiers,  carried  in  individual  packs,  sarcinae, 
should  be  clearly  distinguished  (Fig.  6). 

II.    THE  OFFICERS 

312.  The  general  was  properly  called  leader,  dux,  until  he 
had  won  a  victory  ;  after  the  first  victory  he  had  a  right  to  the 
title  imperator,  commander  or  general  (1. 40).  Caesar  used  the 
title  Imperator  from  the  time  that  he  defeated  the  Helvetians, 
in  58  B.C.,  until  his  death  (I.  40,  etc.). 


315] 


The  Roman  Art  of  War  619 


313.  a.  Next  in  rank  came  the  lieutenant,  or  lieutenant- 
general,  legatus  (I.  10),  who  was  frequently  placed  by  Caesar 
in  command  of  separate  legions,  or  of  corps  containing  more 
than  one  legion.  When  acting  in  the  absence  of  the  general 
the  lieutenant  became  lieutenant  in  the  generaVs  place,  legatus 
pro  praetore  (I.  21),  and  exercised  unusual  authority.  The 
title  "lieutenant  general"  would  more  accurately  define  the 
military  position  of  Labienus,  for  example,  than  that  of 
"lieutenant"  as  the  word  is  used  in  the  United  States  and 
England. 

h.  The  quaestor,  quaestor  (I.  52),  was  charged  with  the  care 
of  the  military  chest  and  the  supplies,  but  was  sometimes 
clothed  with  purely  military  authority,  and  assumed  the  func- 
tions of  a  lieutenant.  The  quaestor  and  the  lieutenants  be- 
longed to  the  staff  of  the  general,  and  had  with  him  the 
distinction  of  a  body-guard,  oohors  praetoria  (I.  40),  composed 
of  picked  soldiers  and  of  young  men  of  rank  who  wished  to 
acquire  military  experience. 

314.  The  military  tribunes,  tribuni  militum  (I.  39),  numbered 
six  to  a  legion.  In  Caesar's  army  the  tribunes  appear  to  have 
received  appointment  for  personal  rather  than  military  reasons ; 
and  they  were  intrusted  with  subordinate  services,  such  as  the 
leading  of  troops  on  the  march,  the  command  of  detachments 
smaller  than  a  legion  (cf.  VI.  39),  the  securing  of  supplies 
(III.  7),  and  the  oversight  of  the  watches.  Only  one  military 
tribune,  Gains  Volusenus  (III.  5),  is  mentioned  by  Caesar  in 
terms  of  praise. 

315.  a.  In  marked  contrast  with  the  higher  officers,  who  were 
of  good  social  position,  were  the  captains,  or  centurions,  centu- 
riones,  ordines  (V.  30).  These  were  often  of  the  humblest 
origin ;  they  were  promoted  from  the  ranks  simply  on  account 
of  bravery  and  efficiency.  At  the  drill,  on  the  march,  and  in 
battle,  they  were  at  the  same  time  the  models  and  the  leaders 
of  the  soldiers. 

b.  As  each  century  had  a  centurion,  there  were  2  centurions 
in  each  maniple  (distinguished  as  first,  prior,  and  second,  pos- 


620  Companion  to  Caesar  [§3i6 

terior),  6  in  each  cohort,  and  60  in  the  legion.  The  first  in 
rank  was  the  first  centurion  (of  the  first  maniple)  of  the  first 
cohort  J  primipiluB  (II.  25).  The  first  centurion  of  the  second 
maniple  of  a  cohort  was  called  princeps  prior  (C.  III.  64). 

316.  Below  the  centurions,  but  ranking  above  the  common 
soldiers,  were  the  privileged  soldiers,  who  were  relieved  from 
picket  duty  as  well  as  work  on  fortifications  and  other  manual 
labor.  Such  were  the  veteran  volunteers,  evocati  (C.  III.  53), 
soldiers  who  had  served  their  full  time  but  had  reenlisted  at 
the  general's  request ;  the  musicians,  and  the  standard-hearers, 
sigiiiferi. 

in.    PROVISIONING   AND  PAY  OF   THE   SOLDIERS 

317.  Caesar  was  careful  to  have  ample  supplies  always  at 
hand. 

The  care  of  the  stores  was  in  the  hands  of  the  quaes- 
tor, with  his  staff.  Not  bread  or  flour,  but  grain,  frumentum 
(1. 16),  usually  wheat,  was  served  out  to  the  soldiers  for  rations. 
This  they  themselves  ground  with  hand-mills,  molae  manuales, 
and  prepared  for  food  by  boiling  into  a  paste  or  by  making 
into  bread  without  yeast. 

The  grain  was  portioned  out  every  fifteen  days,  and  on  the 
march  each  soldier  carried  his  share  in  a  sack.  The  amount 
furnished  does  not  seem  large  when  we»  reflect  that  the  men 
lived  almost  exclusively  on  a  vegetable  diet.  The  allowance 
for  the  fifteen  days  was  two  Roman  pecks,  modii,  about  half  a 
bushel  by  our  measure.  As  the  weight  of  this  was  not  far  from 
thirty  pounds,  the  soldier  had  about  two  pounds  per  day.  On 
difficult  or  forced  marches  extra  rations  were  served  out. 

If  the  soldier  desired  to  do  so  he  could  trade  off  his  grain  for 
bread,  or  buy  other  articles  of  food  from  the  numerous  traders, 
mercatores  (I.  39),  who  accompanied  the  army  and  had  a  flour- 
ishing business.  When  wheat  was  scarce,  barley,  hordeum  (C. 
III.  47),  was  substituted.  Rations  of  barley  were  frecjuently 
served  out  also  instead  of  wheat  as  a  punishment  for  slight 


320] 


The  Roman  Art  of  War  621 


offenses.     In  traversing  an  enemy's  country  fresh  meat  was 
often  secured. 

318.  The  wages  of  the  Roman  soldier  were  very  small,  but 
in  successful  campaigns  the  men  had  a  share  of  the  hooty^ 
praeda  (C.  III.  97),  consisting  largely  of  captives,  who  were 
sold  as  slaves  (VII.  89).  These  were  bought  up  on  the  spot  by 
the  traders,  and  thus  readily  turned  into  cash.  Sometimes 
Caesar  gave  money  realized  from  the  sale  of  booty ;  thus  after 
the  conquest  of  the  Bituriges  in  51  B.C.  the  soldiers  received 
200  sesterces  (about  $8.00)  apiece,  the  centurions  a  much 
larger  sum  (VIII.  4).  As  other  rewards,  praemia  (V.  58),  the 
commander  could  make  special  gifts,  militaria  dona  (C.  III.  53), 
such  as  disk-shaped  decorations  of  metal  for  the  breast,  phalerae 
(Fig.  62),  clothing,  and  double  pay  (C.  III.  53). 

When  convicted  of  cowardly  or  disgraceful  conduct  the 
soldier  was  deprived  of  his  weapons  and  driven  from  the 
camp,  or  in  extreme  cases  put  to  death  ;  oflicers  and  privileged 
soldiers  might  be  reduced  in  rank,  as  were  certain  standard- 
bearers  after  an  engagement  before  Dyrrachium  (C.  III.  74). 

319.  At  the  close  of  his  period  of  service,  twenty  years,  or 
on  reaching  his  fiftieth  year,  the  soldier  who  had  served  well 
was  entitled  to  an  honorable  discharge,  missio  honesta,  or  missio 
(C.  I.  86),  together  with  an  allotment  of  land,  or  a  payment  of 
money. 

IV.     THE  DEESS  AND  EQUIPMENT 

320.  The  legionary  soldier  wore  a  thick  woolen  undergar- 
ment, tunic,  tunica,  reaching  nearly  to  the  knees  (cf.  C.  III.  44). 
His  cloak,  sagum  (0.  I.  75),  which 
served  also  as  a  blanket,  was  like- 
wise of  undyed  wool,  and  fastened 
by  a  clasp,  fibula,  on  the  right 
shoulder,  so  as  not  to  impede  the 
movement  of  the  right  arm.  The 
soldier's  shoes,  caUgae  (Fig.  173), 
were  like  a  sandal,  but  had  heavy      Figure  173. —  Soldier's  shoe. 


622 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§321 


Figure  174. —  Legion- 
ary's helmet,  galea 
without  the  crest. 


soles  which  were  fastened  on  by  straps 
over  the  foot  and  instep. 

321.  The  cloak  of  the  commander,  palu- 
damentum,  differed  from  tliat  of  the 
soldier  only  in  being  more  ample,  of 
tiner  quality,  and  ornamented  ;  it  was 
ordinarily  scarlet  in  color  (VII.  88). 

322.  The  weapons  of  the  legionary  were 
in  part  offensive,  in  part  defensive. 

As  defensive  iveapons,  arma,  he  had : 
o.    A    helmet,  galea    (Fig.    174),   orna- 
mented with  a  crest,  crista  (Plate  III,  3 ;  Fig.  33).      On  the 
march  the  helmet  was  hung  on  a  cord  which  passed  through 
the  ring  at  the  top   and 
around  the  soldier's  neck. 
The  crest  was  fastened  on 
before  going  into  action. 

b.  A  cuirass,  or  coat  of 
mail,  lorica,  of  leather,  or 
of  leather  strengthened 
with  strips  of  metal,  or  of 
metal  (Figures  148, 150). 

c.  A  shield,  ordinarily 
rectangular,  scutum  (II 
25;  Fig.  175;  Plate  IV,  3), 
but  in  some  cases  oval, 
cUpeus  (Plate  IV,  1), 
made  of  two  layers  of 
boards  fastened  together, 
strengthened  on  the  out- 
side by  layers  of  linen 
or  of  leather,  and  at  the 
edges  by  a  rim  of  metal. 
At  the  middle  of  the  out- 
side was  an  iron  knob, 
umbo,   used    in    striking. 


Figure  175. 


Roman  oblong  shield, 
scutum. 


§322] 


The   Roman   Art  of  War 


623 


On  the  march  the  shield  was  protected  from  the  wet  by  a 
leather  covering,  tegimentum  (II.  21).  In  battle  it  was  held 
on  the  left  arm  (Fig.  33). 

The  offensive  weapons  of  the  legionary  were  : 

d.   A  pike,  pilum  (I.  25),  a  heavy  and  formidable  javelin.     It 


e  a  bed 

Figure  176.  —  Roman  pike,  restored. 

a.  Wooden  shaft. 

b.  Iron  collar,  strengthening  the  end  of  the  wooden  shaft  where  the  iron  is  fitted  in. 

c.  The  "  iron,"  ferrum  ;  of  soft  iron,  easily  bent. 

d.  Hard  barbed  point,  of  iron. 

e.  Iron  shoe,  making  it  possible  to  stick  the  pike  into  the  ground,  so  that  it  would  stand 
upright,  without  frazzling  the  wood. 

consisted  of  a  shaft  of  wood  about  four  feet  long,  into  the 

end  of  which  was  fitted  a  small  iron  shaft,  ferrum  (I.  25), 

with  a  pointed  head,  which  projected  two  feet 

beyond  the  end  of  the  wood  (see  Figures  49, 

50,  176,  and  Plate  IV,  6).     The  weight  of  the 

whole  was  not  far  from  ten  or  eleven  pounds. 

Pikes   could    be    thrown  only  about  75  feet ; 

but  they   were   hurled    with    such   skill  and 

force  that  the  first  hurling  often  decided  the 

battle. 

e.  A  sword,  gladius  (I.  25),  called  Spanish 
sword,  gladius  Hispanus,  because  made  accord- 
ing to  a  pattern  brought  from  Spain  after  the 
Second  Punic  War.  The  Spanish  sword  was 
short,  broad,  two-edged,  and  pointed,  better 
adapted  for  stabbing  than  for  slashing,  though 
used  for  both  purposes  (Plate  IV,  9).  It  was 
kept  in  a  scabbard,  vagina  (V.  44),  fastened  to 
a  belt,  balteus  (V.  44),  which  was  passed  over 
the  left  shoulder  (Plate  III,  3,  and  Fig.  177) ; 

this  brought  the  sword  on  the  right  side,  so       Figure  177. 

that  it  was  not  in  the  way  of  the  shield.  Spanish    sword, 

/.    In  the  time  of  the  Empire,  and  probably  in  the  scabbard. 


624 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§323 


also  in  Caesar's  day,  officers  carried   a  dagger,  pugio,  which 
was  attached  to  a  belt  running  around  the  waist  (Fig.  178). 

323.  The  dress  and  equipment  of  the  light-armed  soldiers 
varied  greatly  (Fig.  172,  and  Plate  III,  1;  PI.  IV,  7,  11). 
They,  as  well  as  the  cavalry,  seem  generally  to 
have  had  a  light  round  or  oval  shield,  parma, 
about  three  feet  in  diameter  (Plate  IV,  4).  The 
cavalry  had  helmets  of  metal,  cassides  (VII.  45, 
Figure  179),  light  lances  for  hurling,  and  a  longer 
sword  than  that  used  by  the  infantry  (Figure  98, 
and  Plate  III,  5). 

V.     THE  STANDARDS 


Figure  178. 
—  Roman  dag- 
ger. 


324,  a.  While  the  ancient  battle  lacked  the 
noise  and  smoke  of  cannon  and  of  other  death- 
dealing  devices  of  modern  war,  great  clouds  of 
dust  were  raised  and  obscured  the  movements 


of   the   combatants ;    the   standards,  or  ensigns,   were  conse- 
quently   more    numerous,    and    had    a 
relatively  more  important  place,  than 
flags  have  to-day. 

h.    The    ensigns    of    Caesar's    army 
were: 

(1)  The  eagle  of  the  legion,  aquila 
(IV.  26),  of  silver,  carried  in  battle  on 
the  end  of  a  pole  by  the  eagle-bear-er, 
aquilifer  (V.  37).  In  camp  it  was  kept 
in  a  little  shrine,  sacellum  (Plate  IV,  8). 
It  was  the  standard  of  the  legion  as  a 
whole ;  the  eagle  with  extended  wings  borne  aloft  seemed  to 
signify  that  the  bird  sacred  to  Jupiter,  god  of  victory,  was 
ready  to  lead  the  legion  to  success ;  and  the  loss  of  the  eagle 
was  the  deepest  disgrace  that  could  be  incurred  (IV.  25; 
V.  37 ;  C.  III.  64).     See  Fig.  180,  and  Plate  IV,  2. 

The  ancient  Persians  had  a  golden  eagle  as  the  royal  stand- 


Figure  179.  —  Cavalry- 
man's helmet,  cassis. 


325] 


The  Roman  Art  of  War 


625 


Figur 


—  Standards. 


ard ;    and   to-day  the  eagle   appears  among  the  emblems  of 
several  European  countries,  and  of  the  United  States. 

(2)  The  staridards,  signa  (II.  21),  one  to  each  maniple,  carried 
by  standard-bearers,  signiferi  (II.  25 ;  Fig.  187).  These  varied 
in  appearance.  One  type,  known  from 
a  coin  struck  in  49  b.c.  (Fig.  180),  had 
small  streamers  attached  to  the  end  of 
the  pole,  underneath  which  were  two 
crescents  (perhaps  for  good  luck), 
one  just  above  the  other ;  below  these 
were  two  disks  of  metal,  phalerae,  no 
doubt  presented  .to  the  maniple  for 
meritorious  conduct,  and  last  of  all  a 
square  plate  of  metal,  indicating  by  a 
letter  the  place  of  the  maniple  (H  = 
hastati,  P  =  principes).  In  some  cases 
figures  of  animals  appeared. 

There  was  no  separate  standard  for 
the  cohort. 

(3)  The  banners,  vexilla,  rectangular  flags  of  different  sizes 
used  for  a  yariety  of  purposes  (Fig.  149).  A  large  red  flag 
was  the  special  ensign  of  the  commander  (II.  20).  Smaller 
banners  were  used  by  special  detachments  not  formed  of 
regular  maniples  (VI.  36),  or  attached  to  the  standards  of  the 
maniples. 

325.  On  the  march  the  standard  was  at  the  front,  in  battle 
some  distance  behind  the  front,  of  the  maniple. 

From  the  immediate  association  of  the  manipular  standards 
with  military  movements  arose  several  idiomatic  expressions 
used  by  Caesar.     Such  are  : 

Bigna  ferre,  to  go  forward  (I.  39). 

signa  inferre,  to  advance  (II.  26). 

signa  convertere,  to  face  about  (I.  25). 

ad  signa  convenire,  to  assemble  (VI.  1). 

infestis  signis,  m  battle  formation,  lit.  with  hostile  standards 
(VII.  51 ;  C.  III.  93). 


Denarius,  struck  in  49  b.c.  ; 
eagle  between  two  standards. 
Inscription,  L  •  LENT[ulus], 
c  •  marc[ellus1  cos,  '  Lucius 
Lentulus  and"  Gaius  Marcellus, 
Consuls. ' 


626 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§326 


VI.     THE   MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS 


326.    a.    The  musical  instruments  were : 

(1)  The  trumpet,  tuba  (II.  20),  about  three  feet  long,  with 

a  funnel-shaped  opening 
(Fig.  84,  and  Plate  II, 
7) ;  it  had  a  deep  tone, 
and  was  sounded  by  the 
trumpeters,  tubicines  (VII. 
47). 

(2)  The  horn,  cornu,  a 
large  curved  instrument, 
with  a  shriller  note  (Fig. 
181,  and  Plate  II.  8). 

(3)  The  shell  trumpet, 
bucina,  perhaps  resem- 
bling the  large  shells  in 
use  in  modern  times  about 
Naples  as  dumer  horns 
(Fig.  182) ;  such  at  least  is 
Triton's  bucuia  described 

by  Ovid  (Met.  I,  333-338). 

The  shell  trumpet  was  used  especially  in  camp  for  giving 
the  signals  to  change  the  watches  (C.  II.  35). 

6.  As  the  maniple  was 
the  unit  of  military  move- 
ment, signals  were  ad- 
dressed to  the  standard- 
bearer's,  algniferi. 

c.  The  order  "  to  ad- 
vance" or  "to  fall  back" 
was  conveyed  by  the  gen- 
eral to  the  trumpeters, 
tubicines  (of.  VII.  47);  Fig^'-e  182. -Modern  shell  trumpet,  with 
,,     .       .        T  ,    ,  "^  iron  mouthpiece. 

their  signal  was  taken  up 

,         ,       r^  It  has  a  deep  tone  which  can  be  heard  a  long 

by  the  horn-blowers,  COrni-     distance.    From  Boscoreale.  near  Pompeii. 


Figure   181.  —  Horn,  with  crosspiece  by 
which  it  was  carried. 


§329] 


The   Roman  Art  of  War 


627 


cines,  of  whom  there  was  one  to  each  maniple.  The  notes  of 
the  instruments  could  be  heard  above  the  din  of  battle  much 
more  clearly  than  the  spoken  words  of  the  officers. 


VII.     THE   AEMY   ON   THE   MARCH 

327.  When  in  an  enemy's  country  Caesar  maintained  an 
exceedingly  efficient  information  service.  Parties  of  mounted 
patrols,  exploratores  (I.  21),  scoured  the  coun- 
try ;  and  their  observation  was  supplemented 
by  single  scouts  or  spies,  speculatores  (II.  11), 
who  gathered  information  wherever  they  could 
(Fig.  183). 

328.  The  army  advanced  ordinarily  in  three 
divisions.  At  the  front,  primum  agmen  (VII. 
67),  came  the  cavalry,  with  perhaps  a  division 
of  light-armed  troops,  sent  ahead  to  feel  out 
the  enemy  (I.  15),  and  in  case  of  attack,  to 
hold  him  at  bay  until  the  rest  of  the  army 
could  prepare  for  action  (II.  19). 

Next  came  the  main  force,  each  legion  being 
accompanied  by  its  baggage  train ;  but  when 
there  was  danger  of  attack  the  legions  marched 
in  single  column,  with  the  baggage  of  the 
whole  army  united  (II.  19). 

The  rear,  novissimum  agmen,  might  in  case 
of  danger  be  formed  of  part  of  the  legionary  force,  the  baggage 
being  between  the  rear  and  the  main  body  (II.  19). 

329.  The  regular  day^s  march,  iustum  iter,  was  from  six  to 
seven  hours  long.  The  start  was  usually  made  at  sunrise  ;  but 
in  emergencies  the  army  got  under  way  at  midnight,  or  two 
or  three  o'clock  in  the  morning.  The  distance  ordinarily 
traversed  was  about  15  or  16  English  miles  ;  on  a  forced  march, 
iter  magnum  (II.  12),  a  much  greater  distance  might  be  made,  as 
25  or  30  English  miles  (VII.  41).  Caesar's  forced  marches 
manifested  astonishing  powers  of  endurance  on  the  part  of 


1 

\3 

[/ 

1 

It^ 

S- 

Figure  183. — 
Scout,  specula- 
tor. 


628  Companion  to  Caesar  [§330 

his  soldiers.  Kivers  were  often  crossed  by  fording ;  in  such 
operations  the  ancient  army  had  the  advantage  over  the 
modern,  because  it  carried  no  ammunition  that  would  be 
spoiled  by  the  water  (V.  18,  VII.  56). 

330.  On  the  march  the  soldier  carried  his  rations,  his  cook- 
ing utensils,  his  arms,  blanket,  and  one  or  two  rampart  stakes, 
or  palisades,  valli ;  palisades  for  defense  were  carried  by  dra- 
goons as  late  as  the  seventeenth  century. 

The  luggage  was  done  up  in  tight  bundles  or  packs,  sarcinae 
(Plate  III,  4),  which  v.^ere  fastened  to  forked  poles,  and  raised 
over  the  shoulder  (Fig.  6).  This  arrangement  was  introduced 
by  MariuSj  in  memory  of  whom  soldiers  so  equipped  were 
called  Marius's  mides,  muli  Mariani.  The  helmet  was  hung 
by  a  cord  from  the  neck,  the  other  weapons  disposed  of  in  the 
most  convenient  way.  When  it  rained,  the  oblong  shields, 
scuta  {S22,  c),  could  be  put  over  the  head  like  a  roof. 

VIII.     THE  ARMY  IN  CAMP 

331.  a.  A  camp  was  fortified  at  the  close  of  every  day's 
march.     When  the  army  was  still  on  the  march,  men  were  sent 

forward  to  choose  a  suitable  location  for  a  camp 
and  measure  it  off. 

b.  Whenever  possible,  a  site  for  the  ciimp  was 
selected  on  a  slight  elevation,  with  abundance  of 
water,  and  of  wood  for  fuel,  near  at  hand.  The 
proximity  of  a  dense  forest  or  overhanging  moun- 

p.  T^^ tain  was  avoided,  that  a  favorable  opportunity 

Roman  spade,    ^f  attack  might   not  be   given  to   the  enemy. 
Of  iron ;  such,   Sometimes  the  rear  or  one  side  was  placed  par- 
with     wooden  allel  with  a  river  (II.  6). 

us*ed^by  Calslr's  ^^  "^^^  ^^V  was  usually  rectangular  (see 
soldiers.  Maps  3, 4,  6, 20);  in  a  few  cases  there  were  camps 

of  irregular  shapes,  adapted  to  the  nature  of  the  ground 
(Maps  6,  15).  The  size  of  the  camp  varied  according  to  the 
size  of  the  force. 


§333] 


The  Roman  Art  of  War 


629 


333.  In  fortifying  a  camp,  first  an  embankment  was  thrown 
up  on  all  four  sides ;  for  digging  the  soldiers  used  spades,  or 
trenching  tools,  like  those  in  use  to-day  (Figures  3,  4,  184). 

Outside  of  this  embankment  was  a  trench,  usually  triangular 
in  section  (V-shaped),  from  which  the  earth  for  the  embank- 
ment was  taken  (Fig.  185,  and  Plate  IV^  10).     On  the  outer 


Figure   185.  —  Bird's-eye  view  of  a  Roman  Camp. 

Plainly  seen  are  the  trench  or  moat,  and  the  rampart,  with  its  stockade,  on  which  are 
battlements  ;  gates,  with  towers  at  each  side  ;  the  general's  quarters,  and  the  rows  of  tents. 

edge  of  the  embankment  a  row  of  strong  rampart  stakes  or 
palisades,  valli,  was  driven  firmly  in,  forming  a  stockade.  The 
rampart,  vallum  (II.  5),  thus  made,  was  several  feet  high  and 
wide  enough  so  that  the  soldiers  could  stand  on  it  behind  the 
palisades.  The  trench,  or  moat,  fossa  (II.  8),  was  from  twelve 
to  eighteen  feet  wide  (II.  5)  and  from  seven  to  ten  feet  deep. 
When  the  army  expected  to  remain  in  the  same  place  for  a 
long  time,  as  in  winter  quarters,  hiberna  (I.  54),  or  a  stationary 
camp,  castra  stativa  (C.  III.  30),  sometimes  towers,  turres 
(V.  40),  were  added  at  brief  intervals,  and  the  intervening 
spaces  further  protected  by  a  roof  (Plate  IX,  6). 


630  Companion  to  Caesar  [§334 

The  labor  of  fortifying  a  camp  was  prodigious. 

334.  a.  The  camp  had  four  gates  (Plate  IV,  10).  That  in 
the  direction  of  the  advance,  toward  the  enemy,  was  called  the 
generaVs  gate,  porta  praetoria  (C.  III.  94),  the  one  opposite  to 
this,  at  the  rear,  the  decuman  gate,  porta  decumana  (II,  24) ; 
the  gates  on  the  right  and  left  side  respectively,  as  one  faced 
the  front,  main  right  gate,  porta  principalis  dextra,  and  m^in  left 
gate,  porta  principalis  sinistra.  The  last  two  were  connected  by 
the  main  street,  via  principalis.  The  entrances  were  made  more 
easily  defensible  by  an  approach  so  laid  out  that  an  enemy 
attempting  to  enter  would  expose  the  right,  or  unprotected 
side  (Fig.  185). 

h.  Inside  the  rampart,  between  it  and  the  tents,  a  vacant 
space  two  hundred  feet  wide  was  left  on  all  sides.  The  remain- 
ing room  in  the  enclosure  was  systematically  divided,  so  that 
every  maniple,  decuria,  and  body  of  light-armed  troops  knew 
its  place  and  could  find  its  quarters  at  once.  The  generaVs 
quarters,  praetorium  (C.  III.  94),  was  near  the  middle  of  the 
camp ;  near  it  was  an  open  space  where  he  could  address  his 
troops  from  a  'platform,  suggestus  (VI.  3).  Access  to  all  parts 
of  the  camp  was  made  by  means  of  passageways,  viae  (V.  49). 

335.  a.  The  tents,  tabernacula  (I.  39),  were  of  leather  (Plate 
VII,  3)  ;  hence  sub  pellibus,  lit.  under  hides,  means  in  tents 
(III.  29).  Each  was  calculated  to  hold  ten  men ;  but  a  cen- 
turion seems  generally  to  have  had  more  room  to  himself 
than  the  soldiers. 

h.  The  winter  quarters,  hib^ma,  were  made  more  comfortable 
by  the  substitution  of  straw-thatched  huts,  casae  (V.  43),  for 
tents. 

c.  In  a  hostile  country  a  strong  guard  was  kept  before  the 
gates  of  the  camp  (IV.  32).  In  the  earlier  times,  and  probably 
in  Caesar's  army,  the  password,  admitting  to  the  camp,  was 
different  each  night;  it  was  written  on  slips  of  wood,  which 
were  given  by  the  commander  to  the  military  tribunes,  and 
passed  by  these  to  the  men  on  duty. 

336.  Many  Roman  camps  became  the  nucleus  of  permanent 


337] 


The  Roman  Art  of  War  631 


settlements,  which  survive  in  cities  to-day.  A  marked  instance 
is  the  city  of  Chester,  England,  the  name  of  which  is  derived 
from  castara  ;  so  Rochester  comes  from  Rodolphi  castra. 

IX.  THE  ARMY  IN  BATTLE  ARRAY 

337.  a.  When  the  Roman  force  was  far  outnumbered  by  the 
enemy,  the  legionary  soldiers  might  be  arranged  in  a  double 
line,  duplex  acies  (III.  24),  or  even  in  a  single  line,  acies  simplex, 

First  Line. 


Second  Line. 


Third  Line. 

Figure  186. — Acies  triplex. 

One  legion  in  triple  line  formation,  showing  the  arrangement  of  the  ten  cohorts,  and  of 
the  three  maniples  and  six  centuries  in  each  cohort. 

Four  cohorts  are  shown  in  the  first  line,  three  in  the  second,  and  three  in  the  third. 

In  each  cohort  the  three  maniples  stand  side  by  side.  Each  maniple  is  represented  as 
divided  into  two  centuries,  one  century  being  behind  the  other. 

The  men  in  each  maniple  probably  stood  8  ranks  deep,  each  century  being  formed  in  4 
ranks. 

as  at  the  battle  of  Ruspina,  near  Hadrumetum  (264).  But 
under  ordinary  circumstances  Caesar  drew  up  his  legions  in  a 
triple  line,  triplex  acies,  as  in  the  battles  with  the  Helvetians, 
Ariovistus,  and  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri.  This  arrangement 
was  probably  as  follows  (Eig.  186)  : 

(1)  Four  cohorts  of  each  legion  stood  in  the  first  line ;  about 
160  feet  behind  them  stood  three  cohorts ;  and  ordinarily  the 
remaining  three  cohorts  of  the  legion  were  posted  still  farther 
back  as  a  reserve.  At  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  there  were  only 
two  cohorts  in  Caesar's  third  line  (as  indicated  on  Map  20), 
one  cohort  from  each  legion  having  been  drawa  o:ff  to  form  a 


632 


Companion  to  Caesar 


r§337 


fourth  line ;  and  there  were  probably  only  two  cohorts  in  the 
third  line  at  the  battle  with  Ariovistus  (Map  4),  one  cohort 
from  each  legion  being  required  for  guard  duty  at  the  camps. 

(2)  In  each  cohort  the 
three  maniples  stood  side 
by  side,  one  of  the  centu- 
ries in  each  maniple  being 
behind  the  other. 

The  soldiers  in  each 
battle  line  stood  about 
three  feet  apart  each  way ; 
and  there  is  some  reason 
for  supposing  that  in 
Caesar's  cohorts  the  men 
stood  8  ranks  deep. 

The  standard-bearers 
(Fig.  187)  did  not  stand 
in  the  front  rank,  but 
were  protected  by  soldiers 
selected  for  their  agility 
and  strength,  the  men 
before  the  standards,  ante- 
signani  (C.  III.  84). 

b.  As  the  first  line  went 
into  action  the  second  fol- 
lowed closely  behind ;  as 
the  men  of  the  first  fell 
or  withdrew  exhausted, 
those  of  the  second  pressed 
forward  and  took  their 
places ;  in  case  of  need 
the  third  line  advanced 
and  in  like  manner  re- 
lieved the  combined  first 
and  second.  In  the  battle  with  the  Helvetians  the  whole  third 
line  faced  about  and  repQllQ(i  9(0  attack  on  the  rear  (Map  3). 


Figure  187.  —  Standard-bearer. 

This  standard-bearer  belongs  to  a  time  some- 
what later  than  Caesar;  whether  Caesar's  stand- 
ard-bearers wore  bearskins  on  their  heads  or  not, 
we  do  not  know. 


§342]  The  Roman  Art  of  War  633 

338.  When  circumstances  required  it,  soldiers  were  massed 
in  serried  ranks,  as  in  a  wedge-sliaped  column,  wedge,  cuneus 
(VI.  40),  or  under  a  turtle-shell  roof,  testiido  (used  by  the  Gauls, 
VII.  85).  For  defense  sometimes  a  force  was  formed  into  a 
circle,  orbis,  corresponding  with  our  hollow  square  (IV.  37). 

339.  The  place  of  the  light-armed  troops  and  cavalry  was 
ordinarily  at  first  in  front  of  the  triple  line,  or  on  the  wings. 
They  opened  the  engagement  by  skirmishing,  prevented  flank 
movements  of  the  enemy,  drew  the  brunt  of  the  attack  if  the 
legions  wished  to  take  another  position,  and  were  employed  in 
various  other  ways  as  occasion  demanded.  The  cavalry  were 
utilized  especially  to  cut  down  the  fleeing. 

X.   OPERATIONS   AGAINST   FORTIFIED  PLACES 

340.  The  taking  of  walled  towns  was  accomplished  either 
by  sudden  storming  without  long  preparation,  repentina  oppug- 
natio  (C.  III.  80),  or  oppugnatio  (VII.  36)  ;  by  siege  blockade, 
obsidio  (VII.  69),  or  obsessio  (VII.  36),  which  aimed  to  repel 
all  attempts  of  the  enemy  to  escape  or  secure  supplies,  and  to 
reduce  him  by  starvation,  as  at  Alesia  (VII.  69-90)  ;  or  by 
siege  and  storming,  longinqua  oppugnatio  (C.  III.  80),  with  the 
help  of  appliances  to  break  down  the  enemy's  fortifications 
and  gain  admission  to  the  city,  as  at  Avaricum  (VII.  16-28). 

In  storming  a  city  the  forces  rushed  forward,  tried  to  batter 
down  the  gates,  fill  up  the  moat,  and  mount  the  walls  with 
ladders. 

341.  The  siege  was  begun  by  extending  a  line  of  works,  in 
case  the  nature  of  the  site  allowed,  entirely  around  the  place  to 
be  reduced.  Then  a  siege  embankment,  or  mole,  agger,  a  wide 
roadway  of  timber  and  earth,  was  begun  outside  the  reach  of 
the  enemy's  weapons ;  it  was  gradually  prolonged  toward  the 
city  wall,  and  raised  until  at  the  front  the  top  was  on  a  level 
with  the  wall,  or  even  higher.* 

342.  a.  The  workmen  at  the  front  were  protected  by  mov- 
able breastworks,  plutei  (cf.  Plate  IX,  4,  5),  or  by  arbor-sheds,  or 


634  Companion  to  Caesar  (§343 

sappers^  huts,  vineae  (II,  12  ;  see  Plate  IX,  9),  made  of  timber 
or  of  thick  wickerwork,  with  rawhides  stretched  over  the  out- 
side as  a  protection  against  fire.  Kows  of  arbor-sheds  were 
placed  along  the  sides  of  the  mole  to  afford  passageways  to 
the  front  (Plate  IX,  2);  a  long  arbor-shed  was  called  a  mousie, 
musculus  (VII.  84 ;  C.  II.  10).  A  sappers'  shed  with  a  sloping 
roof  of  strong  boards  specially  adapted  for  use  in  undermining 
a  wall  was  called  a  turtle-shell  shed,  testudo  (Plate  VII,  10). 

b.  Movable  towers,  turres  ambulatoriae  (II.  12,  31),  to  be  tilled 
with  soldiers,  were  built  out  of  range  of  the  enemy's  missiles 

and  brought  up  near  the 

walls,  usually  on  the  siege 

embankment,  which  sloped 

gently  from  the  rear  up 

to  the  wall  (Plate  IX,  7 ; 

Figure  188.  — Wall  hook.  Plate  XII). 

Iron  head  of  a  wall  hook,  found  in  the  remains  C.     In    the    lowCSt    Story 

of  the  Gallic  wall  at  Besancon.  ancient  Vesontio.         ^f   ^j^^    movable  toWCr,    Or 

under  a  separate  roof,  was  the  battering  ram.,  aries  (II.  32),  an 
enormous  beam  with  a  metallic  head  which  was  swung  against 
the  walls  with  terrific  force  (Plate  VII,  1).  The  attacking 
force  tried  also  to  pry  stones  out  of  the  walls  with  ivall  hooks, 
falces  (murales),  light  poles  with  a  strong  iron  hook  at  the 
end  (VII.  22  ;  Fig.  188),  and  clear  the  walls  of  defenders  by 
means  of  artillery  of  thedorsioner  type,  tormenta. 

d.  Walls  and  ramparts  were  mounted  by  means  of  scaling 
ladders,  scalae  (V.  43). 

343.  For  throwing  heavy  missiles  the  Eomans  had  torsioners, 
tormenta  (VII.  81),  so  named  from  the  method  of  developing 
the  force  required  for  hurling ;  tormentum  is  derived  from 
torqueo,  twist.  This  was  obtained  by  twisting  with  great  ten- 
sion strong  ropes  of  hair  (Fig.  189),  whicli  were  suddenly  re- 
leased by  means  of  a  trigger  ;  the  force  was  utilized  for  the 
shooting  of  missiles  by  a  mechanism  of  which  there  were  three 
principal  types : 

a.    The  catapult,  catapulta  (Plate  IX,  8),  for  shooting  large 


3441 


The   Roman  Art  of  War 


635 


arrows  or  darts.     A  small  catapult  is  called  scorpion,  scorpio, 
by  Caesar  (VII.  25). 

h.  The  ballista,  balUsta  (Plate  VII,  8),  which  cast  stones  ;  the 
trough  was  sharply  inclined,  while  that  of  the  catapult  was 
nearly  horizontal.     The  ballista  is  not  mentioned  by  Caesar. 


I  mi  \ 

Mil 


Figure  189. 


Head  of  a  catapult,  restored. 
St.  Germain,  near  Paris. 


In  the  Museum  of 


a,  a.  Tightly  twisted  ropes. 

b,  b.  Arms,  to  which  are  attached  the  cords  connected  with  the  trigger.  The  methods 
of  loading  and  discharging  artillery  of  this  kind  are  easily  understood  from  the  figures 
shown  in  Plate  VII,  8,  and  Plate  IX,  8. 

c.  The  wild  ass,  onager  (Plate  VII,  7),  which  hurled  stones, 
but  was  probably  not  used  in  Caesar's  time. 

Where  the  ground  allowed,  the  walls  were  undermined  and 
tunnels  run  under  the  town. 

344.  The  besieged  met  mines  by  counter-mines.  With  great 
hooks  they  tried  to  catch  the  head  of  the  battering  ram  and 
hold  it,  or  let  down  masses  of  wood  or  wickerwork  along  the 


636  Companion  to  Caesar  [§345 

side  of  the  wall  to  deaden  the  force  of  the  blow,  or  drew 
the  wall  hooks  over  into  the  city  with  windlasses  (VII.  22). 
By  frequent  sallies,  eruptionea  (VII.  22),  they  endeavored 
to  destroy  the  works  of  the  besiegers,  drove  the  workmen 
from  their  posts,  and  hurled  firebrands  into  the  sheds  and 
towers. 

345.  Owing  to  the  amount  of  wood  used  in  siege  works  the 
danger  from  lire  was  great.  Once  even  the  siege  embankment 
was  burned  (VII.  24).  When  a  breach  had  been  made  in  the 
wall,  or  a  gate  battered  down,  an  attack  was  begun  wherever 
it  was  thought  possible  to  force  an  entrance.  The  siege  em- 
bankmeat  and  towers  were  connected  with  the  top  of  the  wall 
by  means  of  planks  and  beams  thrown  across  (Plate  XII). 
Detachments  of  soldiers,  holding  their  oblong  shields  close 
together  above  their  heads,  formed  a  turtle-shell  roof,  testudo, 
under  which  they  marched  up  close  to  the  walls  and  tried  to 
scale  them,  or  entered  the  breach  (Plate  VII,  6). 

XI.   THE   ROMAN   BATTLESHIPS 

346.  a.  The  battleships  or  galleys,  naves  longae  (III.  9),  of 
Caesar's  time  were  propelled  mainly  by  oars ;  they  had  only 
one  mast,  and  generally  one  large  sail  (Fig.  146).  There  were 
usually  three  rows  or  banks  of  oars,  hence  the  name  tnremej 
navis  triremis  (C.  II.  6)  or  triremis  (C.  III.  101),  but  some- 
times vessels  with  two  banks  of  oars  were  used,  hireme,  biremis 
(C.  III.  40),  and  even  live  banks,  quinquereme,  quinqueremis 
(C.  III.  101).  The  rowers  kept  time  to  the  sound  of  a  horn  or 
click  of  a  hammer. 

h.  The  rudders,  gubernacula,  were  not  like  those  of  to-day, 
but  consisted  of  two  large  paddles  thrust  down  into  the  sea, 
one  on  each  side  of  the  stern  (Fig.  146) ;  they  were  controlled 
by  the  steersman,  gubernator  (III.  9).  The  anchor  was  like 
those  of  our  own  time. 

c.  At  the  prow,  near  the  water  line,  was  the  ship's  beak, 
rostnun  (III.   13),   consisting   of   one  or   more   sharp   metal- 


§348]  The   Roman  Art  of  War  637 

pointed  beams  projecting  in  front,  for  use  in  ramming  a 
hostile  ship  (Figures  24,  146).  When  the  galleys  were  not  in 
use  they  might  be  drawn  up  on  the  shore  (IV.  29). 

d.  Before  the  galley  went  into  action  the  sail  was  rolled 
up  and  the  mast  taken  down ;  a  tower,  turris  (III.  14),  was 
raised  on  the  front  part  of  the  ship,  from  which  missiles  could 
be  hurled  over  into  a  vessel  near  at  hand ;  grappUng-hooks, 
ferreae  manus  (lit.  iron  hands;  C.  II.  6),  were  provided,  by 
which  the  opposing  ship  might  be  seized,  and  a  movable 
bridge  that  could  be  thrown  across  in  boarding. 

e.  For  the  carrying  of  his  troops  Caesar  used  transports,  one- 
rariae  naves  (IV.  22),  which  were  broader  and  slower  than  the 
galleys  (Fig.  202,  in  the  Vocabulary);  these  were  accompanied 
by  galleys  as  escort  (V.  8). 

/.  The  admiral's  ship,  or  flag-ship,  was  distinguished  by  a 
red  banner,  vexillum,  resembling  that  used  by  the  general  on 
land  {324,  b,  3). 

347.  The  naval  tactics  of  the  Romans  consisted  mainly  in 
either  propelling  a  vessel  with  great  force  against  a  rival  and 
crushing  the  side  by  ramming,  or  in  catching  hold  of  the  hostile 
craft  with  grappling-hooks,  pulling  alongside,  springing  over 
on  it,  and  settling  the  conflict  with  a  hand-to-hand  fight 
(Plate  XI).  In  the  sea-fight  with  the  Venetans,  who  had 
only  sailing  vessels,  the  Roman  sailors  crippled  the  enemy's 
ships  by  cutting  down  the  sail  yards ;  the  legionaries  on  the 
galleys  then  boarded  the  Venetan  ships  and  despatched  the 
crews    (III.  13-15). 

Galleys  were  used  on  the  Mediterranean  until  'the  beginning 
of  the  nineteenth  century. 

XII.  DRESS  AND  EQUIPMENT  OF  THE  GAULS  AND 
GERMANS 

348.  The  Gauls  wore  trousers,  bracae,  which  the  Romans  con- 
sidered barbaric.  The  Gallic  military  cloak,  sagulum  (V.  42), 
was  apparently  smaller  than  that  of  the  Roman  soldiers. 


638 


Companion  to  Caesar 


[§349 


Figure  190  — 
Gallic  sword  and 
sheath. 

Found  at  Alesia. 
The  handle  has 
rusted  away. 


349.  The  Gallic  infantry  were  protected  by 
large  oblong  or  oval  shields,  of  wood  or  metal 
(called  by  Caesar,  scuta,  I.  25  ;  Figures  19, 48, 
and  131),  and  by  helmets  of  metal  on  which 
sometimes  horns,  and  even  wheels,  appeared 
(Figures  46  and  131). 

The  offensive  weapons  of  the  Gauls  were  a 
long  sword  (Figures  39  and  190),  and  several 
types  of  missile  for  throwing  (Figures  40,  43), 
as  javelins,  gaesa  (III.  4),  spears,  matarae 
(I.  26),  and  darts,  tragulae  (I.  26),  or  veruta 
(V.  44). 

350.  The  Gallic  standard,  in  many  cases 
at  least,  was  an  image  of  a  boar  mounted 
on  a  pole  (Figures  30,  42). 

Signals  in  Gallic  armies  were  given  on  a 
curved  ivar-trumpet,  csimyx,  which  terminated 
in  the  head  of  an  animal  or  serpent  (Figures 
19, 151). 

351.  The  clothing  of  the  Germans  was 
largely  of  skins  (IV.  1),  but  the  more  ad- 
vanced wore  trousers,  like  the  Gauls,  and 
confined  their  long  hair  in  a  kind  of  knot 
(Fig.  66). 

The  principal  weapons  of  the  Germans  were 
a  shield  and  spear,  and  a  long  sword  with  a 


single  edge  (Fig.  67). 


EXERCISES   IN   LATIN   COMPOSITION 

Forty  Exercises  reprinted,  by  permission,  from 

Latin  Composition,  by  Bernard  JVl.  Allen  and  John  L.  Phillips, 

of  Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Massachusetts. 


Figure  191.  —  Roman  inkstand,  reed  pen,  and  book  partly 

unrolled,  with  title  on  a  small  tag  attached  at  the  end. 

From  an  ancient  wall  painting. 


POINTS   TO   BE   NOTED   IN   WRITING   LATIN 
0RDP:R  OF   WORDS  IN  LATIN 

352.  Normal  Order,  a.  When  the  emphasis  is  evenly  distributed 
in  a  Latin  sentence,  the  Subject  comes  first,  the  Predicate  last,  and 
the  Modifiers  of  the  Predicate  precede  the  Verb  in  this  order :  Indirect 
Object,  Direct  Object,  Adverb  or  Adverbial  Phrase;  as.  Is  sibi  lega- 
tionem  ad  civitates  suscepit,  he  took  upon  himtfelf  the  misson  of  envoy 
to  the  states  (I.  3). 

h.  Genitives,  Adjectives,  Possessive  Pronouns,  and  Ordinal  Nu- 
merals when  unemphatic  follow  their  Nouns;  as  gloria  belli,  reputa- 
tion for  ivar  (I.  2)  ;  cupiditate  regni,  by  desire  of  kingly  power  (I.  9)  ; 
locis  patentibus  maximeque  frumentariis,  open  and  exceedingly 
productive  country  (I.  10)  ;  filiam  suam,  his  daughter  (I.  3)  ;  die 
quarto,  on  the  fourth  day  (I.  26). 

c.  The  Demonstrative  Pronouns  hic,  iste,  ille,  is,  the  Intensive 
ipse,  and  Adjectives  indicating  quantity  or  po'sition  when  unemphatic 
precede  their  Nouns ;  as.  His  rebus,  by  these  conditions  (I.  3)  ;  ipse 
imperator,  the  general  himself  (I.  40) ;  tres  populos,  three  peoples 
(I.  3)  ;  magnum  numerum,  a  great  number  (I.  4)  ;  extremum  oppi- 
dum,  the  furthest  town  (I.  6)  ;  superiore  aci§,  the  upper  line  (I.  24). 

353.  Order  according  to  Emphasis,  a.  For  the  sake  of  emphasis 
the  Normal  Order  of  words  in  the  sentence  may  be  reversed,  the 
Subject  being  placed  last;  as,  Apud  Helvetios  longe  nobilissimus 
fuit  et  ditissimus  Orgetorix,  Among  the  Helvetians  Orgetorix  was 
far  the  highest  in  rank,  and  wealthiest  (I.  2). 

b.  Genitives,  Adjectives,  Possessive  Pronouns,  and  Ordinal  Nu- 
merals when  emphatic  precede  their  Nouns ;  as,  regni  cupiditate,  by 
desire  of  kingly  power  (1.2);  inimioo  anim5,  of  hostile  disposi- 
tion (I.  7)  ;  decima  legio,  the  tenth  legion  (I.  41). 

c.  When  emphatic,  the  Demonstratives  hic,  iste,  ille,  is,  the  In- 
tensive ipse  and  Adjectives  indicating  quantity  or  position  follow 
their  nouns;  as,  in  insula  ipsa,  in  the  island  itself  (V.  12)  ;  Galliae 
totius,  of  entire  Gaul  (I.  31);  partes  tres,  three  parts  (I.  1)  ; 
locis  superioribus,  the  higher  places  (I.  10). 

d.  For  the  sake  of  emphasis  words  belonging  together  in  construc- 
tion are  often  separated ;  as,  aliud  iter  haberent  niillum,  they  had 

641 


642 


Exercises  in   Latin  Composition 


[§354 


no  other  way  (I-  7)  ;  magno  ad  pugnam  erat  impediments,  was  a 
great  hindrance  (I.  25). 

e.  An  important  word  in  a  clause  may  be  made  emphatic  by 
placing  it  before  the  conjunction  introducing  the  clause;  as  Ditl 
cum  esset  pugnStum,  When  the  fighting  had  continued  a  long  time 
(I.  26). 

THE   SEQUENCE  OF   TENSES 

354.  In  writing  Latin  the  Sequence  of  Tenses  should  be  particu- 
larly noted  when  a  Subjunctive  is  required  in  a  Dependent  Clause. 
For  convenience  of  reference  the  statement  of  the  grammar  {177,  a) 
is  here  supplemented  by  a  tabular  outline : 


PRIMARY   SEQUENCE 


rogat         1 

quid  f  aciam 

rogabit 

(incomplete  ac- 

rogaverit 

tion) 

rogat          1 

quid  fecerim 

rogabit 

(completed   ac- 

rogaverit 

tiou) 

rogabat 

rogavit 

rogaverat 

rogabat 

rogavit 

rogaverat 


He  asks,  is  asking 

He  will  ask 

He  will  have  asked 

He  asks,  is  asking 

He  will  ask 

He  will  have  asked 


SECONDARY   SEQUENCE 

quid  facerem  He  asked,  was  asking 

(incomplete  ac-  He  asked 

tion)  He  had  asked 

quid  fecissem  He  asked,  was  asking 

(completed  ac-  He  asked 

tion)  He  had  asked 


what  I  am 
doing. 

what  I  did, 
or  have 
done. 


what  I 
was  do- 
ing. 

what       I 
had 
done. 


Table  Illustrating  Sequence  of  Tenses 


• 

Main  Veru 

FOLLOWBD    BY   SuBJTTNCTIVB 

Referring  to  the  Same 
or  Later  Time 

Referring  to  Previous 
Time 

Present 
Future 
Future  Perfect 

Present 

Perfect 

05 

Imperfect 

Perfect 

Pluperfect 

Imperfect 

Pluperfect 

§  357]  Exercises  in   Latin   Composition  643 

WAYS  OF   EXPRESSING   PURPOSE 

355.  Purpose  in  Latin  may  be  expressed  in  five  ways : 
By  the  use  of  ut  with  the  Subjunctive  {196,  a)  ; 

By  the  use  of  a  Relative  with  the  Subjunctive  (193,  a)  ; 

By  ad  with  the  Accusative  of  the  Gerund  or  the  Gerundive  Con- 
struction (230,  3)  ; 

By  causa  with  the  Genitive  of  the  Gerund  or  the  Gerundive  Con- 
struction (230,  1)  ; 

By  the  Supine  in  -um  (£31,  a  and  h). 

"MAY,"   "MIGHT,"  AND   "MUST,"   "OUGHT"  IN   LATIN 

356.  a.  "May"  and  "might"  often  appear  in  clauses  expressing 
Purpose,  which  are  translated  into  Latin  by  ut  with  the  Subjunctive ; 
as,  "  in  order  that  they  might  be  more  ready,"  ut  paratiores  essent 
(L  5).     196,  a. 

b.  "May"  and  "might"  may  also  express  Permission  and  be  best 
translated  by  licet  with  the  Dative  of  the  Person  and  the  Infinitive; 
as,  "  We  may  discuss  with  him,"  nobis  cum  eo  agere  licet,  lit.  '  it 
is  permitted  to  us,'  etc.     73,  b,  and  222,  a. 

357.  a.  "  Must  "  implies  Necessity,  and  is  translated  by  the  Passive 
Periphrastic  conjugation  (73,  e,  and  229,  c),  or  by  necesse  est  with 
the  Infinitive,  or  Infinitive  with  Subject- Accusative,  the  Infinitive  with 
necesse  est  being  the  Subject  of  est ;  as,  '  as  was  bound  to  happen,' 
quod  necesse  erat  accidere,  lit.  '  which  was  necessary  to  happen,' 
quod  accidere  being  the  subject  of  erat  (IV.  29). 

b.  "  Ought,"  implying  Obligation  or  Propriety,  is  translated  either 
by  the  Passive  Periphrastic  conjugation  (73,  e,  and  229,  c),  by  oportet 
and  the  Present  Infinitive  with  Subject  Accusative  (73,  a),  or  by 
debed  with  a  Present  Infinitive ;  since  "  ought "  is  a  defective  verb, 
past  time  is  expressed  in  English  by  the  Past  Infinitive  with  "  ought," 
while  in  Latin  past  time  is  expressed  by  the  Principal  Verb  and  only 
the  Present  Infinitive  is  used.     Thus : 


Present  Time 
"  They  ought  to  fight  bravely  " 


fortiter  pugnare  debent 
eos  fortiter  pugnare  oportet 
eis  fortiter  pugnandum  est 


Past  Time 
rht  to  have 
OS  ages  obsides  ei  mittendi  erant 


TT         ..XI.  X  f  obsides  mittere  debuit 

He  ought  to  have  sent  .  ^^^  ^^^.^-^  ^.^^^^^  ^^^^^^.^ 


LESSON   I 
PRONOUNS 

Personal.    39,  a  and  b;  87,  a  and  b ;  155, 156.    B.  242;  A.  295;  H.  600. 

Demonstrative  and  Intensive.  42-45,  46;  160-162;  B.  246-249;  A.  296- 
298;  H.  r)05-507. 

Reflexive.  40,  a  and  b;  158,  a  and  6;  159.  B.  244;  A.  299,  and  300,  1,  2; 
H.  502-504. 


2.  1.  These  often  carry  on  war  with  them 
2.  That  river  separates  all  these  from  the  Belgians.  3.  We 
call  you  Gauls.  4.  They  call  themselves  Celts.  5.  The 
Helvetians  carry  on  war  with  the  Germans,  and  fight  in  their 
territory.  6.  They  all  differ  from  one  another.  7.  The 
Belgians  inhabit  this  part  of  Gaul,  and  call  themselves  the 
bravest  of  all.  .  8.  Their  boundaries  are  narrow  in  propor- 
tion to  the  number  of  men. 

LESSON    II 
PRONOUNS  —  Continued 

Relative.    47 ;  163,  a  and  b.    B.  250,  251 ;  A.  304-306,  and  308,  a;  H.  610. 
Possessive.    41 ;  157,  a-c,  158,  c.    B.  243;  A.  302,  a,  c,  d,e;H.  601. 


Book  I.  3,  4.  1.  Oasticus  had  been  called  our  friend. 
2.  He  will  seize  the  royal  power  in  his  own  state.  3.  Divi- 
ciacus,  who  held  the  leadership,  was  a  brother  of  Dumnorix. 
4.  They  will  establish  peace  with  those  states  which  are  near- 
est. 6.  They  were  influenced  by  his  speech,  and  gave  a 
pledge  to  one  another.  6.  His  father  held  the  royal  power 
for  many  years.  7.  He  will  take  all  his  clients  with  him  to 
the  trial.  8.  Dumnorix,  to  whom  he  gave  his  daughter  in 
marriage,  was  very  powerful.  9.  You  attempted  the  same 
thing  in  your  state. 

644 


I,  81  Exercises  in   Latin  Composition  645 

LESSON   III 

PRONOUNS  —  Continued 

Interrogative.    48,  a  and  b.    B.  90;  A.  148,  152;  H.  511. 
Indefinite.    49,  a  and  & ;  168.    B.  252;  A.  309-314;  H.  51!J-515. 
Direct  Questions.    J79,a.    B.  162;  A.  330-333;  H.  378. 
Ablative  of  Agent  and  Means.    126,  a;  131,  a,  h,  and  c.    B.  216;  A.  405; 
H.  468,  and  1.  

Book  I.  5,  6.  1.  Were  all  the  towns  and  villages  burned 
by  the  Helvetians  ?  2.  Certain  ^  of  the  Rauraci  adopted  the 
same  plan,  and  started  out  with  them.  3.  If  there  is  any 
road  by  which  we  can  ^  go  from  home,  we  will  burn  all  our 
towns  and  villages.  4.  What  did  they  try  to  do  when^  they 
went  out  from  home  ?  5.  They  cannot  persuade  their  neigh- 
bor, can  they,  to  attempt  to  do  this?  6.  They  permitted 
them  to  go  through  their  territory. 

1  certain ;  quidam  and  numerals  take  ex  with  the  Ablative  instead  of  the 
Partitive  Genitive.    97,  d. 

2  can ;  note  mood  in  text.    194,  a. 

3  when ;  use  ubi.    Note  construction  in  text. 

LESSON   IV 

REVIEW 

Book  I.  7,  8.  Lake  Geneva  empties  into  the  Rhone,  which  is 
a  river  in  Gaul  between  the  (country  of  the)  Sequanians  i  and 
the  (country  of  the)  Allobroges.  Caesar  built  a  rampart  ten 
feet  high  from  this  lake  to  the  Jura  mountains,  which  sepa- 
rate the  (country  of  the)  Helvetians  from  the  (country  of  the) 
Sequanians.  When  this  rampart  was  finished,  he  fortified 
redoubts ;  and  after  stationing  ^  garrisons,  he  was  able  very 
easily  to  stop  those  who  tried  to  cross  over.  The  Helvetians 
were  intending  to  march  through  the  Province  because  they 
could  not  go  by  any  other  route ;  and  so  ^  they  fastened  many 
boats  together,  and  made  rafts  by  which  they  crossed  the 
Rhone  at,  its  shallowest  point. 

"^282.  2  a/^e^g^a^ioninfir;  use  Ablative  Absolute.    i44,  a  and  6. 

8  and  so,  itaque.    237,  a. 


646  Exercises  in   Latin  Composition  p,  9 

LESSON   V 

Indirect  Questions.    204.    B.  300;  A.  573,  574;  H.  649,  ii. 

Sequence  of  Tenses.    177,  a,  and  354.    B.  267,  268 ;  A.  482-484 ;  H.  543-546. 


Book  I.  9,  10.  1.  He  does  not  understand  why  they  are 
sending  envoys.  2.  He  announced  what^  the  Helvetians 
were  planning.  3.  They  found  out  why  he  had  enrolled 
two  legions.  4.  Did  Caesar  know  whether  Dumnorix  was  a 
friend  of  the  Helvetians  or  not?  5.  Caesar  knew  what* 
was  being  done  by  the  Helvetians.  6.  He  does  not  know 
whether  they  obtained  their  request.  7.  Can  he  find  out 
why  they  led  their  legions  out  from  winter  quarters  ?  8.  I 
asked  him  whether  Caesar  was  passing  the  winter  there,  or 
had  gone  into  Gaul. 


1  what,  plural. 


LESSON    VI 


Subjunctive  of  Purpose.  196,  a,  6,  and  193,  a,  b.  B.  282;  A.  531;  H. 
568,  590. 

Constructions  of  Place.  119,  a,  b,  and  120,  a ;  130,  a  and  6 ;  145,  a,  b,  c ; 
146.  B.  182,  228,  229,  232;  A.  426,  427;  H.  418,  and  4,  419,  1,  and  461,  462, 
483,  484. 


Book  I.  11, 12.  1.  The  Aeduans,  in  order  to  defend  them- 
selves and  their  possessions,  asked  help  of  *  Caesar.  2.  They 
sent  an  army  to  keep  off  the  at'tack  of  the  enemy.  3.  They 
had  nothing  left  at  home.  4.  When  the  Tigurini  had  gone 
out  from  home,  they  sent  Cassius's  army  under  the  yoke. 
5.  He  will  cross  the  river  in  order  to  be  able  to  judge  in 
which  direction  it  flows.  6.  Caesar  inflicted  a  great  disaster 
on  this  state,  with  the  design  of  avenging*  his  personal 
wrongs.      7.   He  will  send  envoys  to  Rome  to  ask  help. 

1  ask  of,  peto,  with  ab  and  Ablative.    116,  b. 

2  irith  the  design  of  avenging ;  in  Latin,  with  this  design  that  he  might 
avenge. 


1, 15]  Exercises  in   Latin  Composition  647 

LESSON   VII 

REVIEW 

Book  I.  13.  Caesar  led  his  army  across  the  Arar,  so  that 
he  might  follow  up  the  forces  of  the  Helvetians.  His  sudden 
arrival  alarmed  them,  and  they  sent  envoys  to  him  to  make 
peace,  for^  they  could  not  understand  how^  he  had  crossed 
the  river  so  quickly.^  Divico  was  the  leader  of  this  embassy, 
and  he  asked  Caesar  where  he  wished  the  Helvetians  to  go. 
He  inquired  if  Caesar  remembered  the  former  valor  "^  of  the 
Helvetians,  and  the  destruction  of  the  army  which  had  crossed 
from  the  Eoman  Province  ^  into  their  territory. 

i/or,  nam  2  how,  quern  ad  modum.  s  quickly,  celeriter. 

*  valor ;  note  case  after  reminiscor  in  text. 
6  province,  provincia. 

LESSON   VIII 

Subjunctive  of  Eesult.    197,  a  and  6.    B.  284;  A.  537;  H.  570. 
Ablative  of  Means.    131,  a.    B.  218;  A.  409;  H.  476. 
Dative  of  Possession,    ill.    B.  190;  A.  373;  H.  430. 


Book  I.  14,  15.  1.  They  boasted  so  insolently  that  Caesar 
could  not  put  aside  the  memory  of  the  injuries.  2.  Caesar 
had  less  doubt  because  he  remembered  what  the  envoys  had 
mentioned.  3.  They  will  march  in  such  a  way  that  we  can- 
not attack  them.  4.  By  this  battle  he  kept  the  enemy  from 
foraging.  5.  The  gods  tad  granted  prosperity  to  them  for 
so  long  that  they  were  grieved  at  the  change  of  circumstances. 
6.  The  number  of  the  enemy  is  so  large  that  they  cannot 
drive  them  back.  7.  He  stationed  men  to  see  in  what  direc- 
tion the  enemy  were  marching. 


648  Exercises  in   Latin  Composition  [i,  16 

LESSON    IX 

Indirect  Discourse:  Simple  Declarative  Sentenpes.  212,  d;  213,  a  and 
6  ,•  214,  a  ;  178.     B.  313,  314,  1,  2,  aud  317  ;  A.  571)-582,  584;  H.  642,  644.      • 

Partitive  Genitive.  97,  a,  b,  c,  and  d.  B.  201,  1,  2;  A.  346,  a,  c;  H.  440, 
5,  and  441-443.  

Book  I.  16, 17.  1.  Caesar  said  that  the  grain  in  the  fields 
was  not  ripe.  2.  He  knew  that  many  of  their  chiefs  had 
been  called  together  to  complain  about  the  leadership  of  the 
.  Aeduans.  3.  For  this  reason  he  thought  Caesar  would  take 
away  liberty  from  the  Gauls.*  4.  Day  after  day  he  declared 
that  the  Aeduans  were  not  collecting  the  grain.  5.  They 
have  a  large  supply  of  grain,  which  they  can  use  if  Caesar 
undertakes  ^  the  war.  6.  He  said  that  he  thought  we  knew 
with  how  great  danger  he  had  reported  our  plans. 

1  Gauls ;  note  case  in  text. 

2  undertakes ;  what  time  is  referred  to  ? 

LESSON   X 

REVIEW 

Book  I.  18.  Caesar  realized  that  Liscus  referred  to  Dum- 
norix,  and  that  these  matters  had  been  discussed  very  freely 
and  boldly ;  but  because  Dumnorix  was  in  charge  of  the  cav- 
alry and  was  utterly  reckless,*  he  wished  him  to  favor  the 
Romans.  After  dismissing  ^  the  council  he  asked  many  ques- 
tions,^ and  discovered  that  for  several  years  Dumnorix  had 
been  enlarging  his  private  property  and  had  very  great  power 
both  at  home  and  among  the  Helvetians.  Caesar  knew  that 
Dumilorix,  by  means  of  this  power,  could  restore  hfmself  to 
his  former  position  of  influence,  and  that  he  had  amassed  so 
much  4  wealth  that  he  entertained  hopes  of  getting  the  royal 
power.  He  learned  also  that  Dumnorix  and  his  horsemen  had 
started  the  flight  of  the  cavalry  a  few  days  before. 

1  utterly  reckless;  in  Latin,  of  supreme  recklessness. 

2  after  dismissing ;  use  Ablative  Absolute.    144,  a  and  6. 
^  questions;  omit,  and  use  neuter  adjective  as  a  noun. 

*  80  much,  tantus. 


I,  22]  Exercises  in   Latin  Composition  649 

LESSON    XI 
INDIRECT  DISCOURSE 

Complex  Sentences.  214,  a;  218;  158,  a;  354.  B.  314,  1  and  318;  A.  580, 
and  585,  a  ;  H.  643. 

Prepositions.  122,  a;  124,  a \  125,  a.  B.  141,  142,  143;  A.  220,  a,  b,  c; 
H.  420,  2  and  3,  and  490,  2. 


Book  I.  19,  20.  1.  He  knew  that  everything  1  which  was 
said  to  him  was  true.  2.  Caesar  hoped  not  to  hurt  (that 
he  should  not  hurt)  the  feelings  of  Diviciacus,  if  he  should 
punish  his  brother.  3.  We  all  know  that  Procillus  was  a 
man  in  whom  2  he  had  great  confidence.  4.  Diviciacus 
thought  that  Caesar  would  punish  Dumnorix  because  he  had 
led  an  army  through  the  territory  of  the  Sequanians.  5.  He 
will  order  Diviciacus  to  be  called  to  him,  in  order  that  he 
may  tell  him  what  he  knows.  6.  Caesar  replied  that  he 
would  tell  what  had  been  said  in  the  council. 

1  everything ;  in  Latin,  all  things. 

2  in  lohom ;  use  the  Dative. 


LESSON   XII 
ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE 

Ablative  Absolute.    144,  a  and  h.    B.  227;  A.  419,  420;  H.  489. 


Book  I.  21,  22.  1.  Caesar,  having  sent  ahead  all  his  cav- 
alry, ordered  Labienus  to  climb  to  the  summit  of  the  mountain. 
2.  While  our  men  were  seizing  this  mountain,  the  Helvetians 
moved  camp.  3.  After  seizing  the  mountain,  Labienus  did 
not  begin  battle,  but  waited  for  Caesar.  4.  Caesar  led  his 
forces  to  the  nearest  hill,  but  did  not  make  an  attack  on  the 
enemy.  5.  When  they  had  pitched  camp  three  miles  from 
Caesar's  camp,  the  enemy  refrained  from  battle. 


650  Exercises  in   Latin  Composition  [1,23 

LESSON   XIII 

REVIEW 

Book  I.  23,  24.  On  the  following  day  it  was  announced  to 
the  enemy  that  Caesar  had  changed  his  route  and  gone  to 
Bibracte,  which  was  the  richest  city  of  the  Helvetians,  to  pro- 
vide for  grain.  The  Helvetians  thought  that  he  was  with- 
drawing because  he  was  frightened,  and  attacked  him  in  the 
rear ;  but  Caesar,  after  leading  his  forces  to  the  nearest  hill 
and  drawing  up  his  line  of  battle,  stationed  two  legions  on  the 
top  of  the  ridge,  and  collected  the  packs  in  i  one  place.  The 
Helvetians,  following  with  all  their  baggage,  formed  a  phalanx 
close  by  ^  the  line  of  battle  of  the  Romans. 

1  in;  in  Latin,  into.    124,  a.  ^  close  by,  sub,  with  the  Ablative. 

LESSON   XIV 

Substantive  Clauses  with  Verbs  of  Commanding,  Vrging,  Reminding, 
Persuading,  and  Permitting.  199,  a;  200,  b;  223,  a,  (1)  and  (4).  B.  294,  295, 
1,  2,  and  29f),  1 ;  A.  563 ;  H.  564,  565,  568. 

Ablative  of  Accompaniment.  137,  a,  b,  and  c.  B.  222;  A.  413;  H.  473, 
and  474,  2,  n.  1. 


Book  I.  25,  26.  They  threw  away  their  shields,  and 
fought  with  the  enemy  with  swords.  2.  Caesar  ordered  the 
soldiers*  to  make  an  attack  on  the  Helvetians  with  drawn 
swords.  3.  Having  noticed  this,  he  bade  the  cavalry  sur- 
round the  enemy  and  renew  the  battle.  4.  He  urges  them  to 
retreat  to  the  mountain  with  their  baggage  and  carts.  5.  We 
persuaded  them  not  to  help  the  soldiers  with  wagons  or  any- 
thing else.  6.  They  fought  a  long  time  near  the  baggage, 
and  got  possession  of  the  camp  and  the  horses. 


I,  301  Exercises  in   Latin  Composition  651 

LESSON   XV 

Substantive  Clauses  with  Verbs  of  Asking  and  Fearing.    199,  a,  and  202. 
H.  295,  1,  and  296,  2;  A.  563,  564;  H.  565,  567. 


Book  I.  27,  28.  1.  Caesar  demanded  that  they  should 
await  his  i  arrival  in  that  place.  2.  The  Helvetians  feared 
that    Caesar   would    ask    that    they    surrender    their    arms. 

3.  They  begged    Caesar    not    to    regard    them   as   enemies. 

4.  He  will  ask  that  envoys  be  sent  to  him.  5.  He  was 
afraid  that  the  Germans  might  cross  into  the  territory  of  the 
Helvetians.  6.  Caesar  asked  the  Helvetians  to  return  to 
their  own  territory,  so  that  the  lands  2  might  not  be  unoccupied. 
7.  They  urge  him  to  accept  their  surrender.^  8.  They  fear 
that  they  may  not  be  able  to  conceal  their  flight. 

1  his,  indirect  reflexive.    158,  a.  2  lands,  agri. 

8  accept  their  surrender ;  note  the  text. 

LESSON   XVI 

REVIEW 

Book  I,  29,  30.  The  soldiers  found  records  in  the  camp 
showing  1  the  number  of  Helvetians  who  could  bear  arms. 
These  had  gone  out  from  home  with  all  the  women  and  chil- 
dren. Caesar  ordered  his  men  to  make  an  enumeration  of 
those  who  had  returned  home,  and  the  total  was  about  120,000. 
The  envoys  of  the  Gauls,  who  had  come  to  Caesar,  feared  that 
he  would  inflict  punishment  on  their  states,  but  nevertheless 
asked  him  not  to  take  possession  of  all  Gaul.  This  war  had 
turned  out  to  the  advantage  of  Gaul,  and  they  begged  Caesar 
that  they  might  be  permitted  to  appoint  a  council,  and  to  ask 
of  him  the  things  which  they  wished.2  This  request  was 
granted,  and  they  agreed  together  not  to  disclose  anything 
except  with  Caesar's  consent. 

1  showing ;  in  Latin ,  which  showed. 

^wished;  use  Subjunctive,  Subordinate  Clause  in  implied  Indirect  Dis- 
course.   214,  b. 


652  Exercises  in  Latin  Composition  [i,  31 

LESSON   XVII 

Ablative  of  Separation  or  Source.    127,  a,  b,  and  c.    B.  214,  215;  A.  400- 
402,  and  403,  1 ;  H.  461-4«o,  4()7. 

Ablative  of  Comparison.    129,  a  and  6.    B.  217 ;  A.  406  and  407,  a ;  H.  471. 
Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference.    140.    B.  223;  A.  414;  H.  479. 


E-ook  I.  31  (first  half).  1.  They  asked  back  their  hostages 
from  the  Sequanians,  and  sought  aid  of  the  Roman  people. 
2.  The  Germans  are  much  fiercer  than  the  Gauls,i  and  covet 
their  lands.  3.  Diviciacus  fled  from  his  state,  and  came  to 
Rome  many  years  before.  4.  The  Aeduans  are  less  powerful 
in*Gaul  than  the  Sequanians,  being  weakened  by  great  disasters, 
6.  We  are  working  to  induce  2  Diviciacus  to  give  his  children 
as  hostages  to  the  Germans.  6.  About  a  thousand  of  the 
Germans  crossed  the  Rhine,  and  contended  in  arms  with  the 
Aeduans  and  their  dependents. 

1  than  the  Gauls  ;  express  in  two  ways.  ^to  Induce,  196,  a. 

LESSON   XVIII 

Substantive  Clauses  of  Besult.    203.    B.  297;  A.  568,  569;  H.  571. 
Ablative  of  Manner.    130,  a  and  6.     B.  220 ;  A.  412 ;  H.  473,  3. 
Ablative  of  Accordance,    nn,  c.    B.  220,  3;  A.  418,  a ;  H.  475,  3. 


Book  I.  31  (latter  half).  1.  The  result  was  that  they  could 
not  longer  endure  his  cruelty.  2.  He  will  cause  a  place  to 
be  prepared  for  the  Harudes.  3.  He  saw  that  the  best  part 
of  entire  Gaul  would  be  occupied  by  Ariovistus.  4.  All  these 
things  were  done  with  the  greatest  injustice.  5.  He  says  that 
they  will  not  be  able  to  drive  the  Germans  from  the  Gallic 
territory.  6.  The  cruelty  of  Ariovistus  caused  them  to  seek 
another  home.  7.  It  happened  that  a  larger  number  of  Ger- 
mans crossed  the  Rhine. 


I,  35]  Exercises  in   Latin  Composition  653 

LESSON   XIX 
REVIEW 

Book  I.  32,  33.  The  lot  of  the  Sequanians  was  much  more 
unhappy  than  (that)  of  the  others,  because  the  cruelty  of  Ario- 
vistus  had  caused  them  to  fear  him  in  his  absence,  and  they 
did  not  dare  to  seek  aid  from  Caesar. 

Therefore  ^  when  Caesar  asked  why  they  did  not  do  what 
the  others  did,  it  happened  that  they  made  no  answer, 2  but 
remained  silent.  Diviciacus  finally  told  what  the  reason  was. 
Caesar  promised  to  put  an  end  to  the  outrages  of  Ariovistus, 
and  dismissed  the  council.  The  Roman  Province  was  sep- 
arated by  the  Rhone  from  the  territory  of  the  Sequanians,  and 
Caesar  thought  it  would  be  dangerous  to  the  Roman  people 
(for)  the  Germans  to  cross  from  their  own  boundaries  into 
Gaul. 

1  therefore,  itaque. 

2  made  no  answer ;  in  Latin,  answered  nothing. 


LESSON   XX 

Verbs  of  Hindering,  Preventing,  Doubting.    201,  a,  6,  and  c.    B.  295,  Sj 
and  298 ;  A.  558 ;  H.  m%,  8,  and  595,  1,  2,  and  59(),  2. 

Ablative  of  Time.    147,  a  and  h.    B.  230,  231 ;  A.  423;  H.  486,  487. 
Accusative  of  Extent.    118,  a.    B.  181 ;  A.  423,  425;  H.  417. 


Book  I.  34,  35.  1.  They  could  not  be  restrained  from  send- 
ing envoys  to  Caesar.  2.  In  three  days  he  will  advance 
many  miles.  3.  There  was  no  doubt  that  these  replies  had 
been  brought  back  to  Caesar.  4.  He  talked^  with  him  a 
large  part  of  the  day  about  very  important  matters. 
5.  Caesar  demanded  of  him  that  he  prevent  a  large  number 
from  being  led  across  the  Rhine.  6.  This  river  was  half 
a  mile  (five  hundred  paces)  wide.' 

1  talked,  ago.  2  sq^  and  243,  a  and  6. 


654  Exercises  in   Latin   Composition  (i,  36 

LESSON   XXI 

Dative  with  Special  Verbs.    105.    B.  187,  ii ;  A.  367 ;  H.  426. 
Dative  with  Compounda.    107,  a  and  6.    B.  187,  m ;  A.  ^70;  H.  429. 


Book  I.  36.  1.  The  Germans  rule  those  whom  they  con- 
quer, as  they  wish.  2.  We  do  not  prescribe  to  you  how  you 
shall  pay  the  tax.  3.  I  shall  not  make  war  on  their  allies 
unjustly.  4.  They  could  not  be  persuaded  to  return  the 
hostages.  5.  No  one  had  resisted  him  without  his  own  de- 
struction. 6.  They  put  him  in  command  ^  of  the  conquered. 
7.  He  ordered  *  them  not  to  make  the  revenues  less.  8.  He 
will  persuade  them  to  do  what  he  wishes.  9.  They  had  been 
ordered*  to  do  all  these  things. 

i  put  in  command,  praeficiS. 

2  ordered;  use  imper5  in  one  sentence,  and  iubeo  in  the  other. 


LESSON   XXII 

REVIEW 

Book  I.  37,  38.  The  Harudes,  who  had  lately  come 
into  Gaul,  could  not  be  kept  from  laying  waste  the  lands  of 
the  Aeduans.  The  latter  resisted  bravely  for  many  days,  and 
did  not  doubt  that  Caesar  was  hurrying  by  forced  marches 
against  the  Swabians,  commanded  by  Nasua,^  in  order  to  pre- 
vent them  from ,  crossing  the  Khine.  Caesar  thought  that 
he  ought  to  advance  as  quickly  as  possible  to  seize  Vesontio, 
and  after  getting  ready  a  grain  supply,  he  hastened  to  that 
town  with  all  his  forces.  The  town  is  almost  surrounded  by 
a  river  of  great  width,  which  touches  the  base  of  a  mountain 
six  hundred  feet  high.  Caesar  fortified  this  town  with  a  very 
high  wall,  so  that  a  great  opportunity  was  given  to  prolong 
the  war,  and  having  stationed  a  garrison  there,  he  advanced  a 
three  days'  march  toward  Ariovistus. 

1  commanded  by  Nasua ;  in  Liitin,  whom  Nasua  commanded. 


I,  40]  Exercises  in  Latin  Composition  655 

LESSON   XXIII 

Gerund  and  Gerundive.    230.    B.  338,  339 ;  A.  501-507 ;  H.  623-631. 

Supine.     231,232.    B.  340 ;  A.  509 ;  H.  633. 

Active  Periphrastic  Conjugation.  63.  B.  115;  A.  193-195,  and  498,  a; 
H.  236,  531. 

Passive  Periphrastic  Conjugation.  63,  73,  e,  and  229,  c.  B.  115,  and  337, 
8,  6,  1 :  A.  193,  194,  196,  and  500,  2;  H.  237,  and  621,  1,  2. 

Dative  of  Agent,    no.    B.  189,  1 ;  A.  374,  a ;  H.  431. 


Book  I.  39.  1.  One  assigned  one  reason  for  departing,  an- 
other another.  2.  He  remained  in  camp  for  the  sake  of 
avoiding  suspicion.  3.  Caesar  intended  to  delay  a  few  days 
near  Vesontio.  4.  Caesar  sent  some  of  his  men  to  bring  up 
the  grain.^        5.    We  shall  have  to  break  camp  in  a  few  days. 

6.  He   said  that  he   was   going    to    report   this    to   Caesar. 

7.  Having  sealed  their  wills,  they  remained  in  their  tents  to 
lament  the  common  danger.  8.  The  Germans,  with  whom 
they  were  going  to  contend,  had  ^  incredible  valor. 

1  to  bring  up  the  grain  ;  write  in  five  ways.    355. 

2  had;  in  Latin,  were  of. 

LESSON   XXIV 
MAY,  MIGHT,  MUST,  OUGHT 

May,  Might.    356,  a  and  h.    B.  327,  1  ;  A.  565,  n.  1,  2  ;  H.  564,  2. 
Must,  Ought.    357,  a  and  6.    B.  115,  270,  2,  and  337,  8,  6,  1 ;  A.  194, 196,  486, 
a,  and  500,  2 ;  H.  237,  618,  2,  and  621,  1,  2. 


Book  I.  40  {first  half).  1.  Caesar  ought  ^  to  summon  to  the 
council  the  centurions  of  all  ranks.  2.  A  centurion  is  not 
allowed  to  inquire  by  what  plan  he  is  being  led.  3.  Caesar 
said  he  did  this  in  order  that  Ariovistus  might  not  reject 
his  friendship.  4.  This  he  should  not  have  said  (=  ought 
not  to  have  said).  5.  After  learning  their  plans,  you  may 
stay  in  camp  if  you  wish.  6.  The  Eomans  did  not  need  to 
fear  that  these  unarmed  men  would  conquer  them.* 

1  ought ;  write  in  three  ways.    357,  b.  2  them,  158,  a. 


656  Exercises  in   Latin  Composition  p,  40 

LESSON    XXV 

REVIEW 

Book  I.  40  {latter  half).  Caesar  urged  the  Roman  soldiers 
not  to  despair  in  regard  to  grain,  which  was  then  already  ripe 
in  the  fields.  He  told  them  that  they  ought  not  to  be  dis- 
turbed by  the  narrow  roads,  and  that  they  were  not  permitted 
to  dictate  to  the  commander  concerning  his  duties.  He  de- 
sired to  know  as  soon  as  possible  whether  the  soldiers  were 
going  to  be  ^  obedient  to  his  command  or  not,  and  so  he  ordered 
them  to  move  camp  on  the  next  night.  He  had  the  greatest 
confidence  in  the  tenth  legion,  and  did  not  ^  doubt  that  they 
would  follow  3  him,*  and  do  what  **  had  to  be  done. 

1  were  going  to  be,  etc.,  63,  and  204,  (1).  2  and  .  .  .  not,  neque. 

^follow,  201,  b.  *  hitn,  158,  a. 

6  what ;  iir  Latin,  =  those  things  which. 

LESSON   XXVI 

Temporal  Clauses  with  Ubi,  Ut,  Postquam,  Simul  atque.  x88,  a.  B.  287, 
1;  A.  543;  H.  602. 

Temporal  Clauses  with  Cum,  Cum  primum.  185,  a,  b,c.  B.  288,  1,  and 
289 ;  A.  545-547  ;  H.  GOO,  601. 

Ablative  with  Certain  Deponents.    131,  c.    B.  218, 1 ;  A.  410;  H.  477. 


Book  I.  41,  42.  1.  When  Caesar  had  delivered  this  speech, 
the  military  tribunes  thanked  him.  2.  As  soon  as  Ariovistus 
learned  of  Caesar's  arrival,  he  promised  many  things  of  his 
own  accord.  3.  After  getting  possession  of  the  horses,  he 
put  on  them  his  bravest  soldiers.  4.  When  he  saw  that 
Ariovistus  wished  a  conference,  he  decided  not  to  use  the 
Gallic  horsemen.  5.  As  soon  as  they  came,  they  said  that  the 
enemy's  forces  were  twenty  miles  away. 


1, 44]  Exercises  in  Latin  Composition  657 

LESSON   XXVII 

Temporal  Clauses  with  Prms  guam.  759,  a  and  6.  B;  291,  292;  A.  551; 
H.  605. 

Temporal  Clauses  with  Dum  and  Quoad.  190,  a,  b,  and  c.  B.  293 ;  A.  553- 
556;  H.  603,  604,  1. 

Ablative  of  Specification.    142,  a  and  b.    B.  226 ;  A.  418 ;  H.  480. 

Ablative  of  Cause.    135,  a  and  b.    B.  219;  A.  404;  H.  475. 


Book  I.  43.  1.  Caesar  stationed  the  legion  two  hundred 
paces  from  the  mound,  before  he  came  to  the  conference. 
2.  While  he  was  making  war  on  their  allies,  a  part  of  the 
Germans  crossed  the  Ehine.  3.  The  Aeduans  had  held  the 
leadership  before  Ariovistus  came  into  Gaul.  4.  They  had 
been  able  to  secure  these  gifts  through  his  kindness.  5.  They 
did  not  send  back  the  hostages  until  ^  he  demanded  them. 
6.  They  were  his  allies,  and  for  this  reason  he  made  these  de- 
mands. 7.  He  waited  ^  until  they  should  seek  our  friendship. 
1  until ^  J.DO,  b.  2  loait,  exspecto. 


LESSON   XXVIII 

REVIEW 

Book  I.  44  (Jirst  half).  After  Ariovistus  was  summoned  by 
the  Gauls,  he  crossed  the  Rhine,  and  took  possession  of  the 
settlements  whirih  the  Gauls  had  granted  him.  When  they 
made  war  upon  him,  they  were  routed  in  one  battle,  and  after 
being  defeated,  paid  tribute  and  enjoyed  peace.  While  this 
was  going  on,  Caesar  was  marching  to  attack  Ariovistus,  and 
wished  to  come  into  Gaul  before  he^  should  impose  tribute 
on  all  the  states.  As  soon  as  he  came  there,  he  pitched  camp, 
and  waited  2  until  Ariovistus  should  reply  to  his  demands. 
The  latter  ^  was  ready  to  fight  if  Caes^ar  wished  to,  but  Caesar 
made  objections  about  the  tribute,  which  up  to  this  time  had 
been  paid  willingly  by  the  Gauls. 

I  he,  ille.  2  loait,  exspectd.  «  the  latter,  here  ille. 


658  Exercises  in   Latin  Composition  (i,  44 

LESSON    XXIX 

Causal  Clauses  with  Quod,  Quia,  Quoniam.     183,  a  and  6.    B.  286,  1; 
A.  540;  H.  588. 

Causal  Clauses  with  Cum.    184,  a  and  6.    B.  28G,  2;  A.  549;  H.  598. 
Dative  with  Adjectives.    108,  a  and  6.    B.  192 ;  A.  383-385 ;  H.  434. 


Book  I.  44  (latter  half).     1.   He  withdrew  his  army  into 
those  regions,  because  they  were  nearest  the  province  (of)  Gaul. 

2.  Since  the  Aeduans  had  been  called  brothers  by  the  senate, 
they  ought  to  have  enjoyed  the  assistance  of  the  Romans. 

3.  Ariovistus  complained  because  we  had  made  an  attack  on 
his  territories.  4.  The  friendship  of  the  Roman  people  was 
pleasing  to  the  Aeduans,  since  they  did  not  wish  to  be  over- 
whelmed. 5.  Since  he  has  withdrawn  from  Gaul,  we  shall 
consider  him  as  a  friend,  and  not  as  an  enemy. 


LESSON   XXX 

Adversative  or  Concessive  Clauses.    187,  and  191,  a  and  6.    B.  908,  and 
309,  2,  3;  A.  527,  549;  H.  585,  586,  598. 

Genitive  with  Adjectives.    102.    B.  204, 1 ;  A.  349,  a ;  H.  450,  451. 


Book  I.  45,  46.  1.  Although  Fabius  conquered  the  Aver- 
nians,  he  did  not  reduce  them  to  a  province.  2.  Since  the 
horsemen  were  hurling  weapons  against  our  men,  Caesar 
stopped  speaking.^  3.  Although  the  soldiers  were  eager  for 
the   battle,   Caesar   ordered   them  not   to    make    an   attack. 

4.  Even   if   Gaul   is   free,  still   it  cannot  use  its  own  laws. 

5.  When  this  had  been  announced  to  Caesar,  he  ordered  his 
men  to  return  to  camp.  6.  Although  they  are  ignorant  of 
the  custom  of  the  Roman  people,  he  will  not  pardon  tHem. 

1  stopped  speaking ;  note  the  expression  in  the  text. 


I,  49]  Exercises  in  Latin  Composition  659 

LESSON    XXXI 

REVIEW 

Book  I.  47.  Ariovistus  sent  a  messenger  to  Caesar,  to  ask 
that  he  should  a  second  time  appoint  a  day  for  a  conference. 
Although  the  matters  which  they  had  begun  to  discuss  the 
day  before  had  not  been  finished,  Caesar  was  unwilling  to  go 
himself,  or  to  send  envoys  and  expose  them  to  so  great  danger. 
However,!  because  he  desired  to  know  what  Ariovistus  would 
say  (was  going  to  say),^  it  seemed  best  to  him  to  send  Valerius 
Procillus  and  Marcus  Mettius.  When  they  had  come  to  Ario- 
vistus in'  camp,  and  were  attempting  to  speak,  he  called  out 
that  they  were  spies,  and  threw  them  into  chains.  Caesar 
ought  not  to  have  sent  these  men  to  Ariovistus,  since  there 
was  no  reason  for  a  conference,  and  he  knew  that  the  danger 
to'*  them  would  be  great. 

1  however,  autem,  the  second  word  of  its  clause.    236,  a  and  6. 

2  would  say,  63. 

8  in,  in  with  accusative.    124,  a. 
'  to ;  in  Latin,  of. 

LESSON   XXXTI 

Subjunctive  of  Characteristic.  194,  a.  B.  283,  1,  2;  A.  535,  a,  &;  H. 
591,  1,2,4,5. 

Ablative  of  Description.    143,  a  and  h.    B.  224 ;  A.  415 ;  H.  473,  2. 
Genitive  of  Quality  and  Measure.    I00,a2in&h.    B.  203 ;  A.  345 ;  H.  440, 3. 


Book  I.  48,  49.  1.  A  place  about  six  hundred  paces  long  was 
picked  out,  suitable  for  two  legions.  2.  The  forces  of  Ario- 
vistus are  the  only  ones  which  can  keep  our  troops  from  sup- 
plies. 3.  The  G-ermans  were  very  swift  and  of  great  courage, 
and  terrified  our  men.  4.  There  is  no  army  in  all  Gaul  that 
can  overcome  the  forces  of  the  Eomans.  5.  They  were  (men) 
of  so  great  swiftness  that  they  equaled  the  speed  of  the 
horses.  6.  They  were  cut  off  from  grain  and  supplies  by  a 
river  two  hundred  feet  in  width.^ 

1  Two  hundred  feet  in  width ;  express  in  two  ways. 


660  Exercises  in   Latin  Composition  [i.  50 

LESSON   XXXIII 

Exhortations,  and  Jussive  Subjunctive.  180,  a  and  b.  B.  27^275;  A. 
439;  H.  559,  1,2. 

Commands  and  Prohibitions.    18l,  a  and  b.    B.  276,  b;  A.  450;  H.  561,  1. 

Wishes.    180,  c  and  d.    B.  279;  A.  441 ;  H.  558. 

Dative  of  Purpose;  Two  Datives.  112,  a  and  6.  B.  191,  1,  2;  A.  382; 
H.  425,  3,  and  433. 


51.  1.  Let  US  lead  out  the  troops  from  camp, 
and  draw  up  our  line  of  battle.  2.  Would  that  we  had  not 
given  them  an  opportunity  for  fighting  !  3.  Caesar  left  the 
auxiliaries  as  a  protection  for  the  smaller  camp.  4.  0  that 
they  would  not  deliver  us  into  slavery  !  5.  Do  not  fight  be- 
fore the  new  moon,  if  you  wish  to  conquer.  6.  Let  him  not 
use  the  auxiliaries  for  a  show.  7.  Would  that  it  were  not 
ordained  that  the  Germains  should  conquer ! 

LESSON   XXXIV 

Conditions.    205-209.    B.  301-304,  1;  A.  515-517;  H.  574-579. 


Book  I.  52.  1.  If  the  enemy  should  suddenly  make  an  at- 
tack on  our  men,  they  would  not  be  able  to  hurl  their  javelins. 
2.  They  would  have  sent  the  lieutenant  to  our  assistance,  if 
they  had  noticed  this.  3.  If  Caesar  were  in  command  of  the 
troops,  they  would  not  be  in  difficulty.  4.  I  shall  not  begin 
battle  on  the  left  wing,  unless  I  see  that  that  part  of  the  line 
is  the  strongest.  5.  I'hey  said  that  if  they  leaped  upon  the 
enemy  from  above,  they  would  put  them  to  flight.  6.  Do 
not  throw  your  javelins  against  the  enemy,  unless  they  make 
an  attack  upon  you.  7.  Had  he  not  put  a  lieutenant  in 
charge  of  our  men,  they  would  have  been  routed. 


IV,  28]  Exercises  in   Latin  Composition  661 

LESSON   XXXV 
REVIEW 

Book  I.  53,  54.  When  the  battle  had  been  renewed,  the 
enemy  were  put  to  flight,  and  fled  to  the  river.  A  few,  who 
trusted  in  their  strength,  swam  across.  There  were  some  who 
crossed  over  in  boats  which  they  found,  but  the  rest  were  put 
to  death  by  our  cavalry.  Ariovistus  himself  would  have  been 
killed,  if  he  had  not  found  a  skiff  fastened  to  the  shore,  and 
sought  safety  in  it. 

While  he  was  following  the  enemy,  Caesar  fell  in  with 
Valerius  Procillus,  whom  the  guards  were  dragging  along. 
Having  rescued  him,  Caesar  said :  "  I  should  have  little  pleas- 
ure in  this  victory,  if  you  were  now  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 
Would  that  the  other  envoys,  whom  1  sent  to  Ariovistus,  had 
also  been  restored  to  me  !  Let  us  hope  that  they  may  be  found 
and  brought  back." 


LESSON   XXXVI 
REVIEW 
Causal  and  Concessive  Clauses  (Lessons  XXIX  and  XXX). 


Book"  IV.  27,  28.  As  soon  as  the  hostages,  whom  the  enemy 
sent  to  Caesar,  did  what  he  had  ordered,  he  pardoned  them, 
and  begged  them  not  to  make  war  on  him  without  good  cause. 
Although  he  pardoned  their  ignorance,  he  complained  because 
they  had  thrown  Commius  the  Atrebatian  into  chains,  and  had 
not  sent  him  back.  Since  part  of  the  hostages  which  they 
promised  were  at  a  distance,  he  ordered  them  to  be  sent  to  the 
continent  in  a  few  days.  The  ships  in  which  the  cavalry  were 
carried  approached  Britain,  but  could  not  hold  their  course 
because  a  great  storm  suddenly  came  up  and  carried  them 
back  to  the  continent. 


662  Exercises  in   Latin   Composition  [iv,  29 

LESSON   XXXVII 
REVIEW 

Clauses  of  Besult,  and  Substantive  Clauses  of  Besult  (Lessons  VIII 
and  XVIII).  

Book  rv.  29-31.  1.  It  happened  that  the  tides  were  very- 
high  on  that  night  because  there  was  a  full  moon.  2.  He 
caused  those  things  which  were  of  use  to  be  brought  from  the 
continent.  3.  We  must  keep  them  from  supplies,  and  pro- 
long the  affair  until  winter.  4.  The  tide  was  so  ^  high  that 
it  filled  the  ships  which  had  been  drawn  up  on  dry  land. 
5.  Although  they  were  going  to  pass  the  winter  in  Gaul,  they 
had  made  no  provision  for  grain.  6.  The  ships  are  so  dam- 
aged by  the  storm  that  they  cannot  be  repaired.  7.  He 
brought  it  about  that  no  one  afterwards  crossed  to  Britain 
to  bring  on  war.  8.  It  happened  that  everything  was  lack- 
ing which  was  useful  for  carrying  on  war. 

1  so,  tarn. 

LESSON   XXXVIII 

REVIEW 

Exhortations,  Commands,  Prohibitions  and  Wishes  (lesson  XXXm). 


Book  IV.  32,  33.  1.  Let  part  of  the  legion  march  in  that 
direction  in  which  the  dust  was  seen.  2.  Would  that  Caesar 
had  suspected  the  plans  of  the  barbarians,  and  attacked  them 
wlien  their  arms  were  laid  aside !  3.  It  was  reported  to  the 
general  that  the  cohorts  which  were  on  guard  had  started  in 
the  same  direction.  4.  If  the  enemy  attack  you,  throw  your 
weapons  quickly ;  let  the  cavalry  dismount  and  light  on  foot. 
6.  Do  not  be  disturbed  by  the  noise  of  the  chariots,  for  if 
hard  pressed,  you  will  have  an  easy  retreat.  6.  The  Brit- 
ons fight  with  chariots,  and  daily  practice  makes  them  able 
to  do  many  things  with  their  horses  at  full  speed. 


IV.  38J  Exercises  in  Latin  Composition  663 

LESSON   XXXIX 

REVIEW 

Purpose  Clauses,  and  Substantive  Clauses  after  Certain  Verbs  (Lessons 
VI,  XIV,  and  XV) . 

Book  IV.  34,  35.  1.  Caesar  will  keep  his  men  in  camp 
that  they  may  not  be  attacked  by  the  enemy.  2.  The  bar- 
barians sent  messengers  in  all  directions  to  tell  what  had  hap- 
pened. 3.  Storms  followed  for  so  many  days^  that  the 
enemy  were  kept  from  a  battle.  4.  Caesar  feared  that  the 
same  thing  would  happen.  5.  They  urged  the  rest,  who 
were  in  the  fields,  to  depart.  6.  Disturbed  by  th:  strange 
sort  of  fighting,  they  begged  Caesar  to  send  aid  to  them. 
7.  They  gathered  a  large  number  of  cavalry  and  infantry,  in 
order  that  they  might  the  more  easily  ^  drive  the  Romans 
from  the  camp.  8.  He  ordered  them  to  burn  the  buildings 
far  and  near,  and  return  to  camp.  9.  Having  killed  many, 
they  prevented  the  rest  from  escaping.^ 

1  days,  118,  a,      ^  easily,  facile,      ^from  escaping,  201,  a,  and  223,  a,  (3). 

LESSON   XL 

REVIEW 

Conditions  (Lesson  XXXIV) . 


Book  IV.  36-38.  If  Caesar  had  not  sailed  on  that  night, 
the  hostages  which  he  ordered  would  have  been  brought  to 
him,  but  the  equinox  was  near,  and  he  thought  if  he  hastened 
he  would  arrive  safely  at  the  continent.  After  finding  a  suit- 
able place,  he  disembarked  some  three  hundred  men,  who 
started  for  the  camp,  but  were  surrounded  by  the  Morini,  who 
said,  "  Lay  down  your  arms  if  you  do  not  wish  to  be  killed. 
If  Caesar  and  his  cavalry  were  here,  they  would  defend  you, 
but  you  cannot  withstand  our  attack  and  will  be  all  killed 
unless  he  comes  to  your  assistance."  But  after  those  who 
said  this  saw  that  our  cavalry  were  coming,  they  quickly 
turned  and  fled. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS' 


1.  Wolf-holes  along  Caesar's  lines  before  Alesia,  in  52  B.C.     L.  Gur- 

litt,  Anschauungstafeln  zu  Caesar^  II  .         .         .         .       ix 

2.  Wolf-holes  along  the  German  lines  near  Ypres,  Belgium,  in  19 14. 

Photograph,  Press  Illustrating  Company,  New  York    .         .        x 

3.  Roman  soldier's  trenching  tool,  spade,  found  in  the  remains  of 

the  Roman  camp  at  the  Saalburg,  near  Homburg.  R.  Forrer, 
Reallexikon  der  prdhistorischen^  klassischen  und  fruhchrist- 
lichen  Altertiitner,  Taf.  182 xi 

4.  Trenching  tool,  spade,  supplied  with  the  marching  equipment  of 

the  U.  S.  army  and  navy xii 

5.  "  One-man  tank,"  used  "  somewhere  in  France."     Photograph    .     xiii 

6.  Roman  soldier  in  heavy  marching  order,  impeditus.^    S.  Cybulski, 

Tabulae,'^  VI        ........         .     xiv 

7.  United  States  sailor  in  heavy  marching-order  equipment     .         .       xv 

8.  French  soldier  hurling  a  hand  grenade.     Photograph,  Under- 

wood and  Underwood,  New  York         .....     xvi 

9.  French  bayonet,  with  scabbard.     Type  of  191 5.     Photograph, 

G.  R.  S.4 xvii 

10.  French  helmet,  type  of  1915.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.  .         .    xvii 

11.  Gallic  bronze  helmets,  perhaps  of  the  second  century  B.C.     Brit- 

ish Museum.  Photograph,  kindly  furnished  by  Sir  Hercules 
Read xvii: 

1  Stereopticon  slides  of  all  illustrations  and  maps  in  this  book  can  be  supplied  to 
teachers  and  schools  at  cost;  inquiry  should  be  addressed  to  the  Latin  Department, 
University  0/  Michigan ,  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan. 

2  The  three  series  of  wall  plates,  L.  Gurlitt's  Anschauungstafeln  zu  Caesar,  S.  Cy- 
bulski's  Tabulae  quibus  antiquitates  Graecae  et  Romanae  illustrantur,  and  Ad.  Leh- 
mann's  Kulturgeschichtliche  Bilder  (cf.  Fig.  117),  are  imported  by  G.  E.  Stechert  and 
Company,  New  York,  and  A.  J.  Nystrom  and  Company,  Chicago. 

8  The  designs  reproduced  in  the  illustrations  from  Cybulski's  Tabulae  were  pre- 
pared by  Dr.  Martin  Fickelscherer.  They  are  based  chiefly  upon  evidence  drawn 
from  monuments  later  than  Caesar's  time,  yet  in  most  respects  the  designs  are  correct 
for  the  military  equipment  of  Caesar's  armv. 

*  The  photographs  designated  "  G.  R.  S. "  were  made  by  Mr.  George  R.  Swain. 

666 


666  List  of  Illustrations 

FAGK 

12.  Roman  legionary's  helmet,  galea.     S.  Cybulski,  Tabulae,  V        .     xix 

13.  Italian  barb-wire  cutter.     Photograph,  Medem  Photo  Service     .     xxi 

14.  Leaden  slingshot,  inscribed.     Ephemeris   Epigraphica,  vol.  6 

(1885),  pi.  3,  no.  16 xxiii 

15.  Highlanders  holding  to  stirrups  of  Scots  Greys  charging  at  St. 

Quentin.  From  a  colored  plate,  published  in  191 5. 
Courtesy  of  Collier's  Weekly        ......     xxv 

16.  Gold  coin,  ascribed  to  the  Ambarri.     H.  de  la  Tour,  Atlas  de 

monnaies gauloises  (Paris,  1895),  pi.  16,  no.  5315         .         .  xxix 

17.  Gold  coin  of  the  Mediomatrici.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  36,  no. 

8933    ...........   xxix 

18.  Arvernian  gold  coin.     De  la  Tour,  ^^/<rzj-,  pi.  12,  no.  3775  .         .    xxx 

19.  Altar,  of  marble,  discovered  at  Nimes.     Espdrandieu,  Bas-reliefs 

de  la  Gaule  romaine,  vol.  i,  no.  431     .         .         .         .         .    xxx 

20.  Bronze  coin  attributed  to  the  Leuci  or  Treverans.     De  la  Tour, 

Atlas,  pi.  37,  no.  9248 xxxi 

21.  Gold  coin  of  Tasciovanus.     J.  Evans,  Coins  of  the  Ancient  Brit- 

ons, pi.  8,  no.  '11  ;  De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  43         .         .         .   xxxi 

22.  Silver  coin  of  Tasciovanus.     J.   Evans,  Coins  of  the  Ancient 

Britons,  pi.  6,  no.  6;  De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  43    .         .         .  xxxii 

23.  Bronze  coin  of  Cunobelinus.     J.  Evans,  Coins,  pi.  12,  no.  i ;  De 

la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  44 xxxii 

24.  Bronze  coin  of  Lugdunum.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  7,  no.  4669     xxxii 

25.  Gold  coin,  aureus,  of  Julius  Caesar:   Pietas  and  trophy.     En- 

graved from  a  cast  of  the  original  in  the  British  Museum  ^     xxxvi 

26.  Bronze  ball  believed  to  contain  the  ashes  of  Julius  Caesar;  on 

the  Vatican  obelisk,  Rome,  before  it  was  moved  to  the  front 
of  St.  Peter's,  in  1586.  From  an  engraving  published  by 
Gamucd,  A ntichitd  di  jRoma  (i^6g)    ....  xxxix 

27.  Modern  road  in  the  Jura  Mountains.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.      .         3 

28.  Long  summit  of  the  Jura  range.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.      .         .         6 

29.  Helvetian  yoke,  of  wood,  found  in  1910.     J.  Ddchelette,  Manuel 

d^archhlogie  prehistorique  celtiqiie  et  gallo-romaine,  IL  3 
(1914),%  509  (p.  1 194) 8 

30.  Gallic  standard-bearer.     From  a  plate  of  H.  Rheinhard      .         .       12 

31.  Ancient  Gallic  mill.      G.  and  A.  de   Mortillet,  Musie  prihis- 

torique,  2d  edit.  (1903),  pi.  66,  no.  717        ....       14 

1  Casts  of  Roman  coins  engraved  for  this  book  were  kindly  furnished  by  the  British 
Museum,  through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  G.  F.  Hill. 


List  of  Illustrations  667 


32.  Mill-race   Gorge,  Pas   de   TEcluse,  looking  down  the   Rhone. 

Photograph,  G.  R.  S. 17 

33.  Roman  legionary  soldier.     Cybulski,  Tabulae^  VI       .         .         -19 

34.  Section  of  the  fortifications  along  the  Rhone.      Napoleon  III, 

Atlas^  pi.  3 22 

35.  Lake  Geneva.     Photograph 23 

36.  A  road  through  the  Alps.     Photograph       .         .         .         .         .       26 
■37.    The  Sa6ne  at  Trevoux,  looking  upstream.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.       30 

38.  The  Rhone  below  Geneva.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.     .         .         .       33 

39.  Gallic  swords,  now  in  the  Museum  of  St.  Germain,  near  Paris. 

Photograph,  G.  R.  S. 36 

40.  Gallic    spear    heads    and    dart    heads,    of   iron.       Dechelette, 

Manuel,  II.  3,  fig.  478  (p.  1145)  .         .         .         .         .40 

41.  Mount  Beuvray.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.     .         .         .         .         -42 

42.  Silver  coin,  of  Dumnorix.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  15,  no.  5026  .       47 

43.  Helvetian  spear.     Dechelette,  ^1/rt:;«/^/,  II.  3,  fig.  494  (p.  1 171)  .       49 

44.  Lance  heads  found  at  Alesia,  now  in  the  Museum pf  St.  Germain. 

Photograph,  G.  R.  S 50 

45.  Typical  ridge  in  France,  like  that  seized  by  Labienus.     Photo- 

graph, G.  R.  S. 54 

46.  Gallic  helmets.     Dechelette,  J/rt;«?^^/,  II.  3,  fig.  484  (p.  11 56)     .       56 

47.  Site  of  the  battle  with  the  Helvetians.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.     .       59 

48.  Gallic  shield,  of  wickerwork.     Drawing  by  R.  Suarez  after  De- 

chelette, Manuel,  II.  3,  fig.  493  (p.  1169)    ....       60 

49.  Pike  iron.     Drawing  by  R.  Suarez,  from  a  cast  in  the  collection 

of  the  University  of  Michigan  ;  original  in  the  Museum  of 

St.  Germain         .........       61 

50.  Roman  pike  irons,  found  at  Alesia,  now  in  the  Museum  of  St. 

Germain.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S 63 

51.  Carts  about  a  corral.     Drawing  by  R.  Suarez     ....       64 

52.  Care  of  Roman  wounded,  relief  on  the  column  of  Trajan,  in 

Rome.     From  a  plate  of  H.  Rheinhard        ....       65 

53.  Writing  tablets.     Ancient  wall  painting.     Museo  Borbonico,  vol. 

I,  pi.  12 69 

54.  Helvetian  silver  coin.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  38,  no.  9355  .       71 

55.  Sequanian  silver  coin.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  16,  no.  5351  .       73 

56.  View  across  the  Rhine  valley,  from  the  site  of  Ariovistus's  camp. 

Photograph,  G.  R.  S 76 

57.  Pottery  found  at  Bibracte,  now  in  the  Museum  of  St.  Germain. 

Photograph,  G.  R.  S 83 


668  List  of  Illustrations 


PACK 


58.  Aeduan  gold  coin.     De  la  Tour,  ^//<!Zj,  pi.  15,  no.  4837       .  86 

59.  The  Doubs  (Dubis)  below  Besan9on  (Vesontio).     Photograph, 

G.R.S 89 

60.  The  loop  of  the  Dubis  (Doubs)  at  Vesontio.     C.  Stoffel,  Guerre 

de  Cesar  et  cf  Ariovtste,  p.  48       .         .         .         .         .         -91 

61.  The  Doubs  River  twenty-two  miles  above  Besan^on  (Vesontio). 

Photograph,  G.  R.  S. 94 

62.  Centurion,  with  his  decorations.     Cybulsici,  Tabulae,  VII   .         .  96 

63.  Gold  coin  of  the  Leuci.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  ^y,  no  9018       .  100 

64.  Modern  canal  in  the  plain  of  Alsace,  near  Strassburg.     Photo- 

graph, G.  R    S 103 

65.  Hill  of  Plettig.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S 106 

66.  The  Conference  between  Caesar  and  Ariovistus.     Gurlitt,  An- 

schauungstafeln,  III.         .         .         .         .         .         .         -US 

67.  Ancient  German  sword  with]  its  wooden  scabbard.     Ddchelette, 

J/««?^4  II.  3,  fig.  469  (p.  1133) 124 

68.  Scene   in   Belgipm :    the   Meuse,  below   Namur.     Photograph, 

G.  R.  S.      . 131 

69.  Bronze  coin  of  the  Remi.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi   32,  no.  8040   .  132 

70.  Gold  coin  of  the  Bellovaci.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  32,  no.  7878  135 

71 .  Bronze  coin  of  the  Ambiani.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  33,  no.  8472  137 

72.  View  across  the  Aisne  near  where  Caesar's  camp  was.     Photo- 

graph, G.  R.  S. 139 

73.  Slinger,  supplied  with  pebbles.     Cybulski,  Tabulae,  VI       .         .  142 

74.  View  toward  the  Miette  from  the  site  of  Caesar's  camp.     Photo- 

graph, G.  R.  S 145 

75.  View  across  the  Aisne  toward  Ponta vert.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.  147 

76.  Leaden  slingshot,  inscribed.      Ephemeris  Epigraphica,  vol.  6, 

pi.  8,  no.  6 .         .         .  148 

yy .    Bronze  coin  of  the  Suessiones.    De  la  Tour,  ^//^j,  pi.  41.  no.  7704  152 

78.  Hill  town  in  France,  having  a  situation  similar  to  that  of  Novio- 

dunum.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S 153 

79.  A  Nervian  gold  coin.     De  la  Tour, /^//d!j,  pi.  35,  no.  8755          .  156 

80.  A  characteristic  bit  of  the  country  through  which  Caesar  made 

his  three-day  march.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.        .         .         '157 

81.  A  Viromanduan  bronze  coin.    De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  34,  no.  8570  158 

82.  Hedges  near  the  river  Sambre.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.       .         .  161 

83.  View  across  the  fields  in  the  direction  from  which  Caesar's  bag- 

gage was  coming.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.           .         .         .  164 

84.  Roman  trumpet,  tuba.     Cybulski,  Tabulae,  V     .         .         .         .165 


List  of  Illustrations  669 


PAGE 


85.  Roman  helmet,  with  crest.     Cyhuhki,  Tadulae,  V     .         .         .     168 

86.  Open  ground  along  the  Sambre  over  which  the  Nervians  ad- 

vanced ;   looking  toward  the  site  of  Caesar's  camp,  which 
is  now  in  part  covered  by  woods.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.  .     171 
j  87.    Typical  hedges  near  the  site  of  the  battle  at  the  Sambre.     Pho- 
tograph, G.  R.  S 175 

88.  View  on  the  Sambre,  near  the  site  of  the  battle.     Photograph, 

G.  R.  S 179 

89.  Bronze  coin  of  the  Atuatuci.     De  la  Tour,  Alias,  pi.  36,  no.  8885     182 

90.  Site  of  the  stronghold  at  Namur.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.  .     183 

91.  Coin  of  the  Coriosolites.     De  la  Tour,  ^//«j,  pi.  22,  no.  6654  .     188 

92.  The  great  St.  Bernard  Pass  and  the  famous  hospice.     Photo- 

graph  191 

93.  Valley  of  the  Dranse.     Photograph,  Earle  M.  Parker        .         .     193 

94.  View  of  the  Loire  River  with  the  town  of  Decize.     Photograph, 

G.  R.  S.  201 

95.  A  tongue  of  land  on  the  Venetan  coast.     Photograph,  E.  M.  P.     206 

96.  A  denarius  struck  by  Decimus  Brutus.    Original,  British  Museum     211 

97.  Venellan  gold  coin.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  24,  no.  6925  .     215 

98.  Roman  cavalryman.     Cybulski,  Tabulae,  VII    ....     220 

99.  Bronze  coin  struck  by  Adiatunnus.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  11, 

no.  3605 222 

100.  Gold  coin  of  the  Morini.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  35,  no.  8704  .     229 

10 1.  A  typical  landscape  on  the  lower  Rhine.     Photograph,  Neue 

Photographische  Gesellschaft,  Berlin 233 

102.  A  Treveran  gold  coin.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  35,  no.  8799       .     235 

103.  Falls  of  the  Rhine  at  Schaffhausen.     Photograph,  Neue  Photo- 

graphische Gesellschaft 239 

104.  Along  the  Meuse  below  Namur.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.   .         .     243 

105.  The  slopes  of  the  Rhine  valley.      Photograph,  Neue  Photo- 

graphische Gesellschaft 247 

106.  The  Moselle  at  Beilstein  ;  ruins  of  the  castle  at  the  right.     Y\\o- 

togr2i^\\,  Neue  Photographische  Gesellschaft        .         .         .251 

107.  Foot  of  chalk  cliffs  north  of  Dover,  at  low  tide.     Photograph, 

G.  R.  S 261 

108.  St.  Margaret's  Bay,  between  Dover  and  the  open  shore  to  the 

northeast  where  Caesar  landed.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.       .     267 

109.  Ancient  British  shield,  of  bronze,  enameled.     British  Museum 

Guide  to  the  Antiquities  of  the  Early  Iron  Age  (1905),  pi.  i     269 

1 10.  Cliffs  on  the  English  coast,  north  of  Dover.    Photograph,  G.  R.  S.     273 


670  List  of  Illustrations 


PAGB 


111.  Gold  coin  of  Cunobelinus.     J.  Evans,   Coins  of  the  Ancient 

Britons^  pi.  9,  no.  3  ;  De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  44  .         .         .     277 

112.  British  war  chariot.     From  a  plate  of  H.  Rheinhard  .         .     280 

113.  Gold  coin  of  the  Menapii.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  35,  no.  8743     285 

114.  View  across  Belgium's  fertile  fields.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.      .     287 

115.  British  gold  coin.     J.   Evans,   Coins,  pi.  D.  6;    De  la  Tour, 

Atlas,  pi.  41 298 

1 16.  British  bronze  helmet,  found  in  the  Thames  at  Waterloo  Bridge, 

London.     British  Museum  Guide  to  the  Antiquities  of  the 
Early  Iron  Age,  fig.  67      ......         .     298 

117.  Scene  in  a  Roman  camp.     Ad.  'LthmAnn,  Kulturgeschichtliche 

Bilder 303 

118.  Gold  coin  of  the  Eburones.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  36,  no.  8859     314 

1 19.  Looking  down  into  a  depression  in  Belgium  thought  by  some  to 

be  the  valley  where  the  ambuscade  took  place.     Photo- 
graph, G.  R.  S 317 

120.  Statue  of  Ambiorix,  at  Tongres.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.     .         .     322 

121.  Gold  coin  of  the  Atrebatians.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  34,  no.  8588     332 

122.  Bronze  coin  of  the  Carnutes.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  38,  no.  7064     346 

123.  Sacred  stones  called  Menhirs.     Photograph,  Earle  M.  Parker   .     349 

124.  Gallic    bracelets,    of  bronze.      D^chelette,    Manuel,    fig.    517 

(P-  1220) 352 

125.  Bronze-trimmed  burial  bucket,  imported  into  Britain  from  Gaul. 

British  Museum  Guide  to  the  Antiquities  of  the  Early  Iron 
Age,  fig.  2S        .         .         . 353 

1 26.  Coin  of  the  Boians,  struck  east  of  the  Rhine.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas, 

pi.  39,  no.  9419 357 

127.  Caribou  with  one  horn.     Provincial  Museum  at  Victoria,  B.  C. 

Photograph,  kindly  loaned  by  Charles  Shelden  .         .     360 

128.  Horns  of  a  Moose.     E.  Thompson  Seton,  Life  Histories  of 

Northern  Animals,  vol.  i 361 

129.  Low  ground  northeast  of  Bourges,  ancient  Avaricum.     Photo- 

graph, G.  R.  S 373 

130.  Section  of  Caesar's  works  at  Avaricum.     Napoleon  III,  Atlas, 

pl.  20 374 

131.  Vercingetorix  viewing  the  burning  of  Avaricum.     Gurlitt,  An- 

schauungstafeln,  IV 380 

132.  Gergovia,  slope  down  toward  White  Rock.    Photograph,  G.  R.  S.     383 

133.  Gold  coin  of  the  Parisii.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pl.  31,  no.  7816    .     390 

134.  Coin  of  the  Senones,  bronze.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pl.  30,  no.  7467     391 


List  of  Illustrations  671 

PAGE 

135     The   hill   of  Alesia,  seen    from    the   southeast.     Photograph, 

G.R.S 397 

136.  A  Roman  soldier  cutting  timber.     Daremberg  et  Saglio,  Dic- 

tionnaire  des  antiquites  grecques  et  romaines,  fig,  6277,  after 

an  ancient  relief 402 

137.  A  "goad,"  stimulus.     Daremberg  et  SdigWo,  Dictionnaire,  fig. 

6639 404 

138.  Barbed  hooks  found  at  Alesia,  now  in  the  Museum  of  St.  Ger- 

main.    Photograph,  G.  R.  S 404 

139.  Gold  coin  of  the  Aulerci  Cenomani.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  23, 

no.  6829 405 

140.  Coin  of  Verica,  or  Virica,  son  of  Commius.     J.  Evans,  Coins 

of  the  Ancient  Britons,  pi.  2,  no.  10;  De  la  Tour,  Atlas, 

pi.  42 407 

141.  Alise-Ste-Reine,  on  the  site  of  Alesia,  seen  from  the  south. 

Photograph,  G.  R.  S 409 

142.  Statue  of  Vercingetorix,  at  Alesia.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S.         .     415 

143.  A    characteristic    bit    of  the    slope    at    Alesia.     Photograph, 

G.R.S 417 

144.  Heads  and  butts  of  lances  found  at  Alesia,  now  in  the  Museum 

of  St.  Germain.     Photograph,  G.  R.  S 420 

145.  Denarius  with  portrait  of  Vercingetorix.     Original  coin  in  the 

British  Museum 424 

146.  Denarius,  with  a  galley  :  Q.  Nasidius.     British  Museum  .         .     427 

147.  Pompey,  marble  bust  in  the  Jacobsen  Museum,  Copenhagen. 

Photograph,  kindly  furnished  by  the  Director    .         .         .  444 

148.  Cuirass  of  a  legionary  soldier.     Q^hv\.^V\,  Tabjdae,N        .         .  447 

149.  Banner,  vexillum.     Cybulski,  Tabulae,  V .         .         .         .         .  449 

150.  Symbols   of  Victory.     From  an  ancient  relief.     Museo  Bor- 

bonico,  vol.  3,  pi.  58 461 

151.  Goddess  of  Victory  bearing  a  Gallic  war  trumpet.     Relief.     Ma- 

zois,  Les  ruines  de  PompSi,  I,  pi.  26  .         .         .         .         .     477 

152.  Ancient  Roman  calendar,  of  marble.    Naples  Museum.     Museo 

Borbonico,  vol.  2,  pi.  44 584 

153.  Denarius,  Aeneas  fleeing  from  Troy  ;  Caesar.     British  Museum     587 

154.  Roman  boy,  head  of  bronze  statue  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum, 

New  York.     Photograph,  kindly  furnished  by  Miss  Gisela 

M.  A.  Richter 588 

155.  Silver  coin  of  Augustus,  with  civic  crown.     British  Museum      .  590 

156.  Marble  trophy  on  the  Capitoline  hill,  Rome.     Photograph         .  591 


672  List  of  Illustrations 

PAGE 

157.  Denarius  with  symbols  of  office  of  Pontifex  Maximus;  Caesar. 

British  Museum 592 

158.  Denarius  with  Concordia ;  Caesar.     British  Museum         .         .     594 

159.  Aureus   with   symbols   of  victories   over  the   Gauls;    Caesar. 

British  Museum 595 

160.  Denarius  with  portrait  of  Pompey.     British  Museum         .         .     596 

161 .  Denarius,  commemorating  Gallic  and  Spanish  victories  ;  Caesar. 

British  Museum 599 

162.  Denarius  with  portrait  of  Caesar.     British  Museum  .         .         .  600 

163.  Denarius  with  temple  of  dementia.     British  Museum       .         .  600 

164.  Denarius  with  elephant ;  Caesar.     British  Museum  .         .         .  602 

165.  Gem  with  portrait  of  Caesar.     From  a  photograph  kindly  fur- 

nished by  the  Imperial  German  Archaeological  Institute  in 
Rome 602 

166.  A  case  for  books.     Ancient  wall  painting.     Museo  Borbonico, 

vol.  I,  pi.  12      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     603 

167.  Denarius  commemorating  the  assassination  of  Caesar.     British 

Museum     ..........  605 

168.  Denarius,  Gallia  conquered,  personified.     British  Museum         .  608 

169.  Silver  coin  of  Massilia.     De  la  Tour,  Atias,  pi.  3,  no   791  .  61 1 

170.  Early   British   silver  coin.     J.    Evans,    Coins  of  the  Ancient 

Britons,  pi.  E,  no.  i  ;  De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi-  41  •         •     611 

171.  Africa,  personified.     Silver  plate  in  the  Louvre.     A.  Mau  and 

F.   W.    Kelsey,  Pompeii:     Its  Life  atid  Art,  2d  edit., 

fig-  187 614 

172.  Light-armed  soldier  in  the  Roman  army.     Cybulski,  T^^/zAx^,  VI     617 

173.  Soldier's  shoe.     H.  Lmdenschmit,  Trac/it  und  Bewq^nung^  des 

roemischen  Heeres,  Taf.  10         .         .         .         .         .         .621 

174.  Legionary's     helmet,    galea,    without     the    crest.      Cybulski, 

Tabulae,  V 622 

175.  Roman  oblong  shield,  scutum.     Q'jhwX^Vx,  Tabulae,  V      .         .  622 

176.  Roman  pike,  restored.     Vjesnik,  vol.  12  (191 2),  p.  93      .  623 

177.  Spanish    sword,    gladius,    in    scabbard,    vagina.       Cybulski, 

Tabulae^  V 623 

178.  Roman  dagger,  pugio.     Cybulski,  Tabulae,  V  .         .         .         .  624 

179.  Cavalryman's  helmet,  cassis.     Cybulski,  Tabulae,  V  .         .  624 

180.  Denarius,  with  standards.     British  Museum      ....  625 

181.  Horn,  cornu.     Cybulski,  Tabulae,  V  .....  626 

182.  Modern  shell  trumpet  with  iron  mouthpiece.     From  Boscoreale, 

near  Pompeii.     Collection  of  the  University  of  Michigan   .     626 


List  of  Illustrations  673 


PAGE 


183.  Scout,  speculator.     Daremberg  et  Saglio,  Dictionnaire,  fig.  5790, 

after  an  ancient  relief         .         .         .         .         .         .         .627 

184.  Roman  trenching  tool,  spade,  found  in  the  remains  of  the  Ro- 

man camp  at  the  Saalburg.     Forrer,  Reallexikon,  Taf.  182     628 

185.  View  of  a  Roman  camp.     G\ir\\\Xy  Anschauungstafeln,  i   .         .     629 

186.  Acies   triplex.      E.    Kalinka,   Bas   roemische  Kriegswesen   in 

Cdsars  gallischeti  K amp  fen  (1906),  fig.  27  .         .         .631 

187.  Roman  standard-bearer.     Cybulski,  Tabulae,  VII     .         .         .     632 

188.  Wall  hook,  falx  muralis,  found  in  the  remains  of  a  Gallic  wall  at 

Besan9on    (Vesontio).      Daremberg    et    Saglio,   Diction- 
naire, fig.  2873 634 

189.  Head  of  a  catapult,  restored.     Museum  of  St.  Germain.     Pho- 

tograph, kindly  furnished  by  M.  S.  Reinach       .         .         -635 

190.  Gallic  sword  and  Scabbard,  found  at  Alesia ;   the  handle  has 

rusted  away.     Revue  archeologique,  vol.  10  (1864),  pi.  22  .     638 

191.  Roman  inkstand,  reed  pen,  and  book.     Ancient  wall  painting. 

Museo  Borbonico,vo\.  i,  pi.  12 639 


VOCABULARY    PAGE 


192.  Silver  coin  of  the  Allobroges.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  7,  no. 

2879 .         9 

193.  Gold  coin  of  the  Ambiani.     De  la  Tour,  ^//^j,  pi.  33,  no.  8380        9 

194.  Arvernian  gold  coin.     De  la  Tour,  ^//^j,  pi.  11,  no.  3614         .       13 

195.  Electrum  coin  of  the  Bituriges.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  13,  no. 

4072 16 

196.  Silver  coin  of  the  Boians,  struck  in  northern  Italy.      De   la 

Tour,  ^//^j,  pi.  51,  no.  9910 16 

197.  Bit)nze  coin  of  the  Carnutes.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  20,  no. 

6391 18 

198.  Fortuna,  marble  statue  in  Rome.     Photograph  ...       49 

199.  Silver  coin,  "Three  Gauls."     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  7,  no.  4798       50 

200.  Bust  of  Jupiter,  discovered  at  Pompeii.     A.  Mau  and  F.  W. 

Kelsey,  Pompeii :  Its  Life  and  Art,  2d  edit.,  fig.  22  .         .64 

201.  Bronze  coin  of  the  Lexovii.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  28,  no. 

7156 66 

202.  Ancient  transport.     Relief  at  Pompeii.     Photograph         .         .       74 

203.  Roman  document,  with   seals,  restored.     A.  Mau  and  F.  W. 

Kelsey,  Pompeii:  Its  Life  and  Art,  2d  edit.,  fig.  275  .       78 

204.  Gold  coin  of  the  Parisii.     De  la  Tour,  ^//«j,  pi.  31,  no.  7782    .       82 

205.  Silver  coin   of   the    Pictones.     De    la    Tour,    Atlas,    pi.    13, 

no.  4446 87 


674  List  of  Illustrations 

VOCABULARY   PACK 

206.  Gold  coin  of  the  Redones.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas^  pi-  22,  no.  6756      99 

207.  Silver  coin    of    the    Santones.     De   la    Tour,  Atlas,    pi.    13, 

no.  4520 103 

208.  Silver  coin    of   the    Segusiavi.      De    la   Tour,  Atlas,    pi.    7, 

no.  4622 105 

209.  View  in  the  Vale  of  Terape.     Photograph         .         .         .         -113 

210.  Gold  coin  of  the  Venelli.     De  la  Tour,  Atlas,  pi.  20,  no.  6927  .     120 

211.  Viromanduan    bronze    coin.       De    la    Tour,    Atlas,    pi.    34, 

no.  8577 123 


VOCABULARY 

In  the  preparation  of  this  Vocabulary  Meusel's  Lexicon  Caesarianum  has  been 
of  greatest  service;  Lodge's  Vocabulary  of  High  School  Latin  has  also  been 
helpful.  For  the  less  obvious  Latin  etymologies  Walde's  Lateinisches  Etymolo- 
gisches  Worterbuch  (second  edition)  has  generally  been  followed;  for  the  Eng- 
lish derivatives,  The  Century  Dictionary  and  The  New  English  Dictionary. 

For  the  Key  to  the  English  Pronunciation  of  Proper  Names,  and  in  other  mat- 
ters of  English  pronunciation,  the  Editor  was  indebted  to  Professor  George  Hempl. 

ABBREVIATIONS 
A  list  of  Abbreviations  is  given  on  the  following  page. 

ENGLISH    PRONUNCIATION   OF  PROPER  NAMES 

After  each  Proper  Name  in  the  Vocabulary  a  Key  to  the  English  Pronunciation 
is  given,  thus : 

Matrona,  -ae,  f.,  (Mat'ro-na) 

The  English  long  vowels  (so  called)  have  above  them  a  macron  or  some  mark 
indicative  of  quality;  the  short  stressed  vowels  have  no  mark  at  all;  the  obscure 
unstressed  vowels  have  a  dot  under  them,  thus : 

a  as  in  *  fa:te.'  e  as  in  *  hat<fd.'  *  9  as  in  *  demt?crat.'  ♦ 

a  "  «  'iaV  6  "  "  'h^r.'  u  "  "  'wse.' 

a  "  "  'idea.'*  I  "  "  *  p?ne.'  U  "  "   *  «p.' 

a  "  "  'arm.'  i  "  «  'p/n.'  u  "  "   'singular.'* 

a  '*   '«  'all.'  i  "  "  'unity.'*  u  "  "   'circws.'* 

e  "  "  *m^.'  6  "  "  *n<?.'  U"  "   'r«de.' 

e  "  "  «m^t.'  o  "  "  'not.'  U"  "  *f«ll.' 

The  chief  stress,  or  accent,  is  indicated  by  ',  the  secondary  by  ";  but  the  sec- 
ondary stress  is  not  marked  when  separated  from  another  stress  by  a  single  inter- 
vening unstressed  syllable,  for  in  that  case  one  naturally  puts  it  in  the  proper 
place. 

*  The  obscure  unstressed  vowels  are  in  effect  very  much  alike,  but  they  differ 
slightly  according  to  the  character  of  the  adjoining  consonants.  They  are  most  cor- 
rectly sounded  when  one  glides  over  them  rapidly  and  naturally. 

J 


ABBREVIATIONS 

References  to  the  Gallic  War  are  printed  thus:  i.  7  (Book  I,  chapter  7);  to 
the  Civil  War,  C.  i.  7. 

English  Derivatives  of  Latin  words  are  inserted  at  the  end  of  the  definitions, 
set  off  by  a  half-bracket,  thus :   [accuse. 

*  Implies  that  the  form  before  which  it  stands  is  hypothetical. 


abl. 

=  ablative. 

inl. 

=  infinitive. 

abs. 

=  absolute. 

intens. 

■=■  intensive. 

ace. 

=  accusative. 

inter. 

=  interrogative. 

adj. 

=  adjective. 

inter) . 

=r  interjection. 

adv. 

—  adverb^  adverbial. 

intr. 

—  intransitive. 

C. 

=  Bellum   Civile^ 

Caesar's 

irr. 

—  irregular. 

Civil  War. 

1..  11., 

—  line^  lines. 

causat. 

=  causative. 

lit. 

-  literally. 

chap. 

=  chapter. 

m. 

-    masculine. 

comp. 

=  comparative. 

n.,  neut. 

-  neuter. 

conj. 

=  conjunction. 

N. 

=  ^iote. 

dat. 

=  dative. 

nom. 

=  nominative. 

decl. 

=  declension. 

num. 

=  numeral. 

def. 

=  defective. 

ord. 

=  ordinal. 

dem. 

—  demonstrative. 

p.,  pp. 

-  p(tge,  pages. 

dep. 

=  deponent. 

part. 

=  participle. 

dim. 

—  diminutive. 

pass. 

=  passive. 

distrib. 

—  distributive. 

patr. 

=  patronymic. 

e.g. 

=  exempli    gratia 

=  for  ex- 

pers. 

—  person,  personal. 

ample. 

pf. 

=  perfect. 

etal. 

=  et  alibi  —  and  elsewhere. 

pi. 

=  plural. 

et  seq. 

=  et    sequentia  = 

and    what 

pos. 

=  positive. 

follows. 

pred. 

=  predicate. 

etc. 

=  et  cetera  =  and 

so  forth. 

prep. 

=  preposition. 

excl. 

=  exclamation. 

pres. 

=  present. 

f. 

=  feminine. 

pron. 

=  pronoun. 

freq. 

=  frequentative. 

reflex. 

—  reflexive. 

fut. 

■=■  future. 

rel. 

=  relative. 

gen. 

=  genitive. 

semi-dep.=  semi-deponent. 

i.e. 

=  id  est  =  that  is. 

sing. 

—  singtilar. 

imp. 

=  imperative. 

subj. 

=  subjunctive. 

impers. 

=  impersonal. 

sup. 

=  superlative. 

impf. 

=  imperfect. 

trans. 

—  translate,  or  translation. 

inch. 

=  inchoative. 

V. 

=  verb. 

indecl. 

=  indeclinable. 

voc. 

=  vocative. 

indef. 

=  indef  nite. 

I,  2,  3, 

4  with  verbs  =  1st,  2d,  3d,  or 

indie. 

—  indicative. 

4th  conjugation. 

VOCABULARY 


A.,  with  proper  names,  =  Aulus. 

a.  d.  =  ante  diem. 

a,  ab,  abs,  prep,  with  ^h\.,from,  azvay 

from,  out  of;  at,  on  ;  of  agency,  with 

the  passive  voice,  by,  on  the  part  of; 

of    time,   from,    since,    after.      ab 

utroque    latere,    on    both    sides. 

a  par  vis,  from  childhood  (vi.  21). 
abditus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  abdo], 

adj.,  concealed,  secluded,     vi.  34. 
abdo   -dere,    -didi,   -ditus,    [ab  + 

do],  3,  put  away,  re??iove;  conceal. 

se  abdere,  to  hide  one's  self 
abduco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 

[ab -f  duc5],    3,   withdraw;    lead 

away,  take  off  {i.  ii).     [abduct. 
abeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -iturus,  [ab  +  e6], 

vex.,  go  away,  depart,     vi.  43;   vii.  50. 
abesse,  see  absum. 
abicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [ab  + 

iaciS],  3,  throw  axvay,  throw  down; 

hurl  {y.  \%^.     [abject. 
abies,  -ietis,  i.,fir  tree,  spruce,    v.  12. 
abiungo,  -iungere,  -iunxi,  -iunctus, 

[ab  +  iung-o] ,  3,  unyoke  ;  separate, 

part  (vii.  56). 
abscido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus,  [abs 

+  caedo],  3,  cut  off  {\\\.  \At) -,  lop 

off,  cutaway  (Vii.  73). 
absens,  [part,  of  absum],  a^j.,  absent. 

se  absente,  in  his  absence,    [absent 
absimilis,   -e,   [ab  +  similis],  adj., 

unlike. 
absisto,     -sistere,     -stiti,     [ab  + 

sisto],  3,  7uithdraru,  go  away. 
abstineo,   -tinere,  -tinui,   -tentus, 

[abs  +  teneo],  2,  hold  back;    re- 


frain from  (i.  22) ;  spare,  give 
quarter  (vii.  47).     [abstain. 

abstraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractus, 
[abs  4-  traho],  3,  drag  away,  drag 
off,  take  away  by  force,     [abstract. 

absum,  -esse,  afui,  afuturus,  [ab 
+  sum],  irr.,  be  distant,  be  absent  or 
aivay  from  ;  be  wanting,  be  lacking. 
longe  abesse,  to  be  far  away.  a 
bello  abesse,  to  be  exempt  from 
military  service  (vi.  14).  t6t6 
bello  abessent,  they  took  no  part 
in  the  entire  war  (vii.  63). 

abundo,  -are,  -avi,  [ab  +  undo, 
from  unda,  wave\  i,  overflo^v ; 
abound  in;  be  well  provided  with 
(vii.  14,  64).     [abundant. 

abutor,  -uti,  -usus,  [ab  +  utor],  3, 
dep.,  use  up,  misuse ;  waste  (C.  III. 
90).     [abuse. 

ac,  see  atque. 

accedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessurus, 
[ad  4-  cedo],  3,  cometOy  draw  near, 
approach  ;  be  added,     [accede. 

accelero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  + 
celero,  from  celer],  i,  make  haste, 
hasten,     vii.  87.     [accelerate. 

acceptus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  accipio],  adj., 
acceptable,  welcome,  dear.     i.  3. 

accidd,  -cidere,  -cidi,  [ad  +  cado] , 
2,,  fall  {ill.  14,  25)  ;  happen,  occur, 
turn  out ;  befall,  fall  to  the  lot  of 
Impers.,  accidlt,  it  happens,  [ac- 
cident. 

accido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus,  [ad  + 
caedo],  3,  cut  into.     vi.  27. 

accipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 
[ad  +  capio],  3,  take  to  one's  self 


acclivis 


adaequO 


receive,  accept;  hear  of,  learn; 
incur  (vii.  17).     [accept. 

acclivis,  -e,  [ad,  cf.  clivus],  adj., 
sloping;     up-hill,  rising. 

acclivitts  -tatls,  [acclivis],  f.,  up- 
ward slope^  ascent,  ii.  18.  [accliv- 
ity. 

Acco,  -onis,  m.,  (ak'  6),  a  leader 
among  the  Senones.    vi.  4,  44;   vii.  i. 

accommodatus,  -a,  -um,  comp. 
-ior,  sup.  -issimus,  [part,  of  ac- 
commodS],  adj.,  suited,  adapted. 
III.  13.     [accommodate. 

accommodo,  -are.  -avi,  -atus,  [ad 
4-  commodo,  from  connnodus], 
I,  adjust,  put  on.     ii.  21. 

accurate,  comp.  -ius,  sup,  -issime, 
[accuratus],  adv.,  carefully. 
Comp.,  with  greater  pains  (vi.  22). 

accurro,  -currere,  -cucurri,  or 
-curri,  -cursum  est,  [ad  + 
curro],  3,  run  to  (iii.  5),  hasten  to 
(i.  22). 

accuBO,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  + 
causa],  I,  call  to  account^  find  fault 
with  ;  reproach,  accuse,      [accuse. 

Seer,  acris,  acre,  comp.  acrior,  sup. 
acerrimus,  adj.,  sharp  ;  of  fighting, 
fierce  (C.  III.  72).     [acrid. 

acerbS,  comp.  acerbius,  sup.  acer- 
bissime,  [acerbus],  adv.,  bitterly. 
si  acerbius  Inoplatn  ferrent,  if 
they  found  the  scarcity  too  severe 
(vii.  17). 

acerbitSs,  -tatls,  [acerbus],  f.,  bit- 
terness, sourness  ;  pi.,  sufferings  (vii. 
17).     [acerbity. 

acerbus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [ftcer],  adj.,  bitter ^  harsh. 

Scerrimg,  see  acriter. 

acervus,  -i,  m.,  heap,  pile.     ii.  32. 

Achillas,  -ae,  ['AxiXXds,  'AxiX- 
Xcvs],  m.,  Achillas  (a-kil'  as),  an 
official  under  the  young  King  Ptolemy 
of  Egypt  in  49  B.C.,  one  of  the  slay- 
ers of  Pompey.    C.  in.  104. 


aciSs,  -ei,  f.,  edge  ;  of  the  eye,  keen  look 
(i-39)  ■»  of  an  army,  line  of  battle, 
line,  army  in  battle  array,  battle. 

acquire,  -quirere,  -quisivi.  -quisi- 
tus,  [ad  +  quaerS],  3,^^/  in  addi- 
tion ;  gain  further  (vii.  59).  [ac- 
quire. 

acriter,  comp  acrlus,  sup.  S,cer- 
rime,  [acer],  2idw.,  sharply,  fiercely, 
with  vigor,  courageously.  cum 
acriter  reslsteretur,  when  a  vig- 
orous   resistance     was    offered     (\', 

30)- 

actuariuB,  -a,  -um.  [agro],  adj.,  easily 
driven,  swift.  navis  actuaria, 
swift  vessel,  driven  by  oars  as  well 
as  sails,     v.  i.     [actuary. 

actus,  see  ago. 

Aciitius,  -i,  m.,  Acutius  Rufus 
(a-ku'  sh(y)us  rO'  fus),  a  partizan  of 
Pompey.     C.  iii.  83. 

acutus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  acu6,  sharpen\ 
adj.,  sharpened,  sharp,     [acute. 

ad,  prep,  with  ace,  to,  toxvards,  up  to  ; 
of  place,  in  the  vicinity  of  at,  near  to, 
by,  in  the  presence  of,  among,  on  ;  of 
time,  till,  to,  up  to,  until ;  of  pur- 
pose, especially  with  the  gerundive 
constr.,  for,  in  order  to,  for  the 
purpose  of,  in ;  of  other  relations, 
with  regard  to,  according  to,  in  re- 
spect to,  in  consequence  of,  as  to, 
in;  with  words  of  number,  with 
adverbial  force,  about,  ad  hunc 
modum,  after  this  manner,  ad 
unum,  to  a  man.  ad  exercitum 
manere,  to  remain  with  the  army 
(v-  53)..  ad  virtiltem,  in  respect 
to  valor.     (C.  II.  6). 

adactus,  see  adig-o. 

adaequo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  4- 
aequo],  i,  make  equal  to,  bring  up 
to  a  level  with  (ill.  12);  be  equal  to^ 
keep  up  with  (i.  48),  keep  abreast  of 
(v.  8).     [adequate. 


adamo 


admitto 


adamo,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,     [ad  + 
amo],  I,  conceive  a  love  for,  covet^ 

i.  31- 
Adbucillus,  -i,  m.,  (acl-bu-sil'  us),  an 

AUobrogian,  father  of  Roucillus  and 

Egus.     C.  111.  59. 
addo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [ad  +  <io], 

3,    add,  join    to;    lay  on   (vii.    23). 

[add. 
adduco,   -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 

[ad  +  duco],  3,  lead  to,  bring,  bring 

up  to  a  place;    lead,  draw ;    induce, 

prevail  upon,      [adduce. 
ademptus,  see  adimo. 
adeo,  -ire,  -il,  -itum  est,  [ad  +  eo], 

irr.,  go  to,  cofjie  near,  draw  near,  ap- 
proach; reach,  visit. 
aded,    [ad  -\-  eo,   from   is],   adv.,   so 

far,  to  such  a  degree  ;  so,  so  much. 
adeptus,  see  adipiscor. 
adequito,  -are,  -avi,  [ad  -t-  equito, 

from  eques],  i,  ride  towards ;  ride 

up  to  (i.  46). 
adhaeresc5,     -haerescere,    -haesi, 

[ad  +  haeresco],  3,  stick,  adhere ; 

remain  clinging  (v.  48). 
adhibeo,  -hitaere,  -hibui,  -hibitus, 

[ad  +  habeo],     2,    hold    toward ; 

bring  forward,    bring   in,   call    in, 

summon,  admit ;  use,  employ. 
adhortor, -ari,  -atus,  [ad+  hortor], 

I,    dap.,    encourage,    rally,    exhort, 

rouse,  urge. 
adhuG,    [ad  +  hue],   adv.,    hitherto, 

until  now,  as  yet.     iii.  22. 
adiaceo,    -iacere,     -iacui,     [ad  + 

•iaceo],  2,  lie  near,  border  upon,  be 

adjacent,     vi.  '^t,.     [adjacent. 
Adiatunnus,    -i,    m.,     (a"  dj-a-tun' 

us),  a  leader  of  the  Sotiates.      iii. 

22. 
adicid,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [ad  + 

iacio],  3,  throw  to,  hurl ;  throw  up  ; 

join  to,  add. 
adigo,   -ig^ere.  -eg-i,   -actus,  [ad  + 

ago],    3,   drive   {to),  drive    in;    of 


missiles,  cast,  hurl  {to)  ;  of  piles, 
drive  ho??ie  (iv.  17);  of  a  tower, 
iuove  up  (v.  43) ;  of  an  oath,  bind 
(vii.  67,  C.  I.  76). 

adimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus, 
[ad  +  emo],  3,  take  away  (v.  6, 
C.  1.  7);   cutoff{y\\.  81). 

adipiscor,  -ipisci,  -eptus,  [ad  + 
apiscor,  reach'],  3,  dep.,  gain,  ob- 
tain, secure,     v.  39.      [adept. 

aditus,  -us,  [adeo],  m.,  approach, 
access ;  way  of  approach,  means  of 
access;    pi.   landing-places  (iv.    20). 

adiiidico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  + 
iudico],  I,  azuard  by  judicial  deci- 
sion, a^«^^.    VII.  37.     [adjudicate. 

adiungo,  -iungere,  -iunxi,  -iiinctus, 
[ad  +  iungo],  3,  join  to,  attach; 
add,  unite  with;  annex.      [adjunct. 

adiiitor,  -oris,  [adiuvo],  m.,  helper^ 
confederate  (v.  38)  ;  mediator  (v.  41). 

adiuvo,  -iuvare,  -iuvi,  adiutus, 
[ad  -|-  iuvo],  I,  help,  assist,  support ; 
render  assistance,  be  of  assistance, 
[adjuvant. 

Admagetobriga,  -ae,  f.,  (ad"  ma- 
je-tob'  ri-ga),  a  place  in  Gaul.     i.  31. 

administer,  -tri,  [ad  +  minister], 
m.,  assistant,  helper;  officiating  priest 
(VI.    16). 

administro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad 
+  ministro],  i,  render  assistance ; 
manage,  carry  on,  administer;  ar- 
range for,  get  ready ;  of  orders, 
execute,  carry  out.     [adnainister. 

admiror,  -ari,  -atus,  [ad  +  miror], 
I,  dep.,  wonder  at,  be  surprised  at ; 
admire,     [admire. 

admisceo,  -ere,  admiscui,  admix- 
tus,  [  a  +  misceo],  2,  mingle 
with,  mix  with.    Cm.  48.     [admix. 

admitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[ad  -f  mitto],  3,  let  go  ;  admit,  re- 
ceive ;  become  guilty  of,  commit; 
incur  (iv.  25,  C.  III.  64).  facinus 
admittere    to  commit  a  crime,  ad- 


admodum 


aequ5 


missis  equis,  with  their  horses  at 
top  speed,  lit.  let  go  (C.  II.  34). 
[admit. 

admodum,  [ad  +  ace.  of  modus], 
adv.,  lit.  up  to  the  measure;  quite, 
very;  with  numbers, /w/Zy,  at  least. 

admoneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  [ad  -f 
mone5],    2,    •warn,     [admonish. 

admonituB,  -as,  [admoneS],  m., 
suggestion,  advice.     C.  ill.  92. 

adno,  -nare,  [ad  +  no,  szvim'],  'i, 
swim  to.     C.  II.  44. 

adolesco,  -olescere,  -olevi,  -ultus, 
[ad  -[-  olesco,  grozu],  3,  grow  up, 
reach  maturity,   vi.  18.    [adolescent. 

adorior,  -oriri,  -ortus,  [ad  +  orior], 
4,  dep., /all  upon,  attack,  assail. 

adortuB,  pf.  part,  of  adorior,  having 
attacked,  attacking. 

adBum,  -esse,  affui,  [ad  -|-  sum], 
irr.,  be  at  hand,  be  present;  assist^ 
help  (vii.  62). 

adulgscSnB,  -entis,  [adolesco],  adj., 
young.  As  noun,  m.,  young  man, 
youth. 

adulescentia,  -ae,  [adulescens],  f., 
youth,  i.  20 ;  C.  ii.  38.  [adoles- 
cence. 

adulescentuluB,  -1,  [dim.  of  adules- 
cens], m.,  very  young  man,  strip- 
ling,    iii.  21. 

adventuB,  -as,  [advenlo],  m.,  com- 
ing, approach,  arrival,     [advent. 

adversariuB,  -a,  -um,  [adversor], 
adj.,  opposed.  As  noun,  adversa- 
rius,  -1,  m.,  opponent,  enemy,  [ad- 
versary. 

adversuB,  -a,  -um,  sup.  -Issimus, 
[part,  of  adverts],  adj.,  turned  to- 
wards, fronting,  in  front,  facing, 
opposite;  unfavorable^  adverse,  un- 
successful. adversS  flamine,  up 
the  stream  (vii.  60).  In  adversum 
Os,  full  in  the  face  (v.  35).  rSs 
adversae,  misfortune,  disasters  (vii. 
30).    [adverse. 


adversuB,  [adverts],  prep,  with  ace. 
only,  opposite  to ;  against  (iv.  14). 

adverts,  -tere,  -ti,  -sus,  [ad  -f- 
vert6  J,  3,  turn  to,  direct,  animum 
adverts,  notice,  observe,     [advert. 

advoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  -|- 
vocSj,  I,  call.     vii.  52.     [advDcate. 

advolo,  -are,  -avi,  [ad  -j-  volS,  fly'\, 
I,  fly  to  ;  hasten  to,  rush  upon. 

aediilcium,  i,  [aediflcS],  n.,  build- 
ing,    [edifice. 

aediiioo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [aedes, 
building,  -f  FAC,  in  faciS],  i,  build, 
construct. 

AeduuB,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Aeduan.  As 
noun,  Aeduus,  -i,  m.,  an  Aeduan  ; 
pi.,  Aeduans,  the  Aedui,  (ed'ii-i  or 
ej'  U-I),  a  Gallic  people,  between  the 
upper  waters  of  the  Sequana  {Seine) 
and  the  Liger  {Loire),  in  alliance 
with  the  Romans  before  Caesar's  ar- 
rival in  Gaul  and  prominent  through- 
out the  Gallic  War. 

aeger,  -g-ra,  -g-rum,  adj.,  sick.  As 
noun,  aegri,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  the  sick 
(v.  40,  C.  III.  75). 

aegerrlme,  see  aegre. 

aegre,  comp.  aegrrius,  sup.  aeger- 
rime,  [aeger],  adv.,  w;M  difficulty, 
scarcely,  hardly,  aegerrime,  toith 
the  greatest  difficulty  {}.  13). 

Aeg3rptUB,  -i,  [ArYUTTTos],  f.,  Egypt. 
C.  III.  104. 

AemiliUB,  -i,  m.,  Lucius  Aemilius 
(e-mil'  i-us),  a  decurion  in  charge  of 
a  squad  of  Gallic  cavalry,     i.  23. 

aequ&liter,  [aequalis,  equal"],  adv., 
evenly,  uniformly,     ii.  18. 

aequinoctium,  -i,  [aequus  +  nox], 
n.,  equinox,    iv.  36;  v.  23.    [equinox. 

aequitas,  -tatis,  [aequus],  f.,  even- 
ness ;  justness,  fairness.  animi 
aequitas,  contentment  (vi.  22). 
[equity. 

aequo,  -are,  -avi.  -atus.  [aequus], 
I,  equalize,  make  equal,     [equate. 


aequus 


agger 


aequus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  aequior,  sup. 
aequissimus,  adj.,  level,  even,  flat ; 
fair,  just,  equitable;  like,  equal; 
favorable,  advantageous.  aequo 
animo,  with  tranquil  mind,  without 
anxiety. 

aeraria,  -ae,  [aerarius,  of  copper^  f., 
copper  mine.     iii.  21. 

aerarium,  -i,  [aerarius,  of  copper^, 
n.,  the  public  treasury  in  Rome,  the 
treasury.     C.  I.  6. 

aeratus,  -a,  -um,  [aes,  through 
*aer6,  -are],  adj.,  sheathed  with 
copper  or  bronze.     C.  ii.  3. 

aes,  aeris,  n.,  copper ;  bronze,  an  alloy 
of  copper  and  tin;  money.  aes 
alienum,  (lit.,  another's  money), 
debt  (vi.  13). 

aestas,  -tatis,  f.,  warm  season,  sum- 
mer. 

aestimatio, -onis,  [aestimo],  f.,  val- 
tiation,  appraisement,     [estimation. 

aestimo,  -are,  -§,vi,  -atus,  [aes],  i, 
value,  appraise,  estimate;  regard, 
consider,     [estimate. 

aestivus,  -a,  -um,  [aestas],  adj.,  of 
summer. 

aestuarium,  -i,  [aestus],  n.,  place 
overflowed  at  high  tide,  {salt)  marsh. 
ii.  28;  iii.  9.     [estuary. 

aestus,  -us,  m.,  heat ;  tide. 

aetas,  -tatis,  f.,  age,  time  oflife;  old 
age.  aetate  confectus,  advanced 
in  years,  puerilis  aetas,  age  of 
childhood.  per  aetatem,  by  rea- 
son of  age. 

aetemus,  -a,  -um,  [for  *aeviter- 
nus,  from  aevum],  adj.,  everlast- 
ing, perpetual,     vii,  77.     [eternal. 

Aetolia,  -ae,  [A/rwX^a],  f.,  (e-to'li-a), 
a  province  of  Greece,  south  of 
Epirus.     C.  III.  61. 

affero,  -ferre,  attuli,  allatus,  [ad  -f 
fero],  irr.,  bring,  convey,  deliver; 
bring  forward,  allege ;  produce^ 
cause,  occasion,     [afferent. 


afficio,  -flcere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [ad  + 

facio],  3,  do  something  to,  treat,  use  ; 

visit   with,    afflict,    trouble,    weaken, 

impair ;    treat  with  kindness,  place 

under  obligation   (i.    35;    vii.   37); 

visit  with  punishment    (i.   27);  fill 

with  joy  (v.  48).     [affect. 
affigo,  -figrere,  -fixi,  -fixus,   [ad  + 

figo],  3,  fasten  to.     iii.  14.     [affix. 
affingo,  -flngere,  -finxi,  -fictus,  [ad 

+  flngo],  3,  fashion;   of  a  report, 

embellish  (vii.  i). 
affinitas,  -tatis,  [af finis,  from  ad  + 

finis],  f.,  relationship  by  marriage, 

kinship,  connection,     [affinity. 
afHrmatio,  -onis,   [affirmo],  f.,  as- 
surance,   vii.  30.     [affirmation. 
affixus,  see  affig-o. 
afflicto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,    [freq.   of 

affligo],  I,  shatter,  damage  (iv.  29); 

strand,  wreck  (iii.  12). 
affligo,  -flig-ere,  -flixi,  -flictus,  [ad 

4-  fligo,   strikel,  3,  dash   against; 

throtv  down,   knock   down ;    shatter^ 

damage,     [afflict. 
affore    (=  affuttirus  esse),    future 

infinitive  of  adsum. 
Afranius,    -i,    m.,   Lucius   Afranius, 

(a-fra'  ni-us),  a  lieutenant  of  Pompey 

defeated  by  Caesar  in  Spain  in  49  B.C. 
_  C.  III.  83,  88. 

Africa,  -ae,  f.,  (af'ri-ka),  the  Roman 
_  province  of  Africa.     C.  ii.  37. 
Africus,  -a,  -um,  [Africa],  adj.,  of 

Africa.      As   noun,  Africus,  -i,  m. 

(originally    sc.    ventus),    southwest 

wind{y.  8). 
gfuisse,  afuturus,  see  absum. 
Agedincum,  -i,  n.,  (aj-e-ding'  kum), 

chief  city  of  the  Senones,  now  Sens. 
ager,  agri,  m.,  land  under  cultivation, 

field,  territory,  domain ;    pi.  lands, 

territory,  country,  the  country. 
agger,  -geris,  [aggero,  ad  +  gero], 

m.,  that  which  is  brought  to  a  place, 

material  for  an  embankment,  filling 


aggredior 


aliquis 


of  earth  and  timber;  earth;  em- 
bankment, mound,  dike;  rampart. 
agrgrereiu  exstruere,  to  build  a 
rafnpart  (vii.  72).  multo  aggere, 
with  much  earth  (vii.  23). 

aggredior,  -g-redi,  -grressus,  [ad  + 
gradior,  walk,  go'],  3,  dep.,  ap- 
proach ;  go  against,  attack,  fall  upon. 
[aggressive. 

aggrego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  + 
grego,  from  grex,  flock],  \,  bring 
together,  join,  se  aggregare,  to 
place  one's  self  with  (iv.  26),  to 
join  one's  self  to  (vi.  12).  [aggre- 
gate. 

agito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
ag5],  I,  drive  onward,  impel ;  stir 
up,  discuss  (vii.  2).     [agKate. 

agmen,  -minis,  [ago],  n.,  army  on 
the  march,  marching  column  ;  line  of 
march,  agmen  claudere,  to  bring 
up  the  rear  (i.  25,  11.  19).  novis- 
simum  agmen,  the  rear,  primum 
agmen,  the  van.  in  agmine,  on 
the  fnarch  (iii.  24,  vii.  66). 

a£;n5BCO,  -ere,  agnSvi,  [ad  -f- 
gnosco],  3,  recognize.     C.  Ii.  6. 

ago,  agere,  egi,  actus,  3,  set  in  mo- 
tion, drive,  move  forward ;  direct, 
conduct,  guide;  incite,  urge;  press 
forward,  chase,  pursue  ;  drive  off  as 
plunder,  rob ;  do,  act,  transact,  per- 
form ;  manage,  carry  on,  accomplish ; 
treat,  discuss,  confer,  plead  with  ;  of 
time,  spend, pass,  live ;  of  court,  hold ; 
of  sheds  and  towers,  bring  up. 
gratias  agere,  to  thank,     [act. 

alacer,  -oris,  -ere,  comp.  alacrior, 
adj.,  lively  ;   eager,  in  high  spirits. 

alacrltSs,  -tatls,  [alacer],  f.,  liveli- 
ness;  enthusiasm,     [alacrity. 

ai&riuB,  -a,  -um,  [aia,  w;«^],adj.,  of 
the  wing.  As  noun,  aiarii,  -6rum, 
m.,  pi.,  auxiliary  troops  posted  on  the 
wings,  wing-men. 

Albici,  -Orum,  m.,  pi ,  (al'  bj-si),  a 


small  warlike  people  living  north  of 
Massilia.     C.  11.  6. 

albus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  white,  plum- 
bum album,  tin  (v.  12).     [album. 

aloes,  -is,  f.,  moose,  European  elk.  vi. 
27. 

Alesia, -ae,  f.,  (a-le'sh[y]a  or  a-le'zh 
[y]a),  chief  city  of  the  Mandubians, 
now  Alise-Sainte-Reine.     vii.  68-90. 

Alexandria,  -ae,  ['AXe^di/Speio],  f., 
(al-eg-zan'  dri-a),  capital  of  Egypt. 
C.  III.  103,  104. 

all-,  the  form  of  alius  in  composition. 

alias,  [alius],  adv.,  at  another  time. 
alias ,  .  .  alias,  at  one  time .  .  .at 
another,  sometimes  .  .  .  sometimes^ 
now  .  .  .  no7v.     [alias. 

aliSno,  -are,  -avi.  atus,  [alienus], 
I,  alienate,  estrange.  alienata 
mente,  deprived  of  reason  (vi.  41) 
[alienate. 

alienus,  -a,  -um,  [alius],  adj.,  belong- 
ing to  another,  another's ;  strange, 
foreign  ;  unsuitable,  unfavorable,  dis- 
advantageous. As  noun,  alienis- 
simi,  -orum,  sup.,  m.,  pi.,  entire 
strangers  (vi.  31).     [alien. 

alio,  [alius],  adv.,  to  another  place^ 
elsewhere,     vi.  22. 

aliquamdlu,  [aliqui,  dia],  adv., /^r 
some  time,  for  a  while. 

aliquando,  [ali-  +  quandS],  adv.,  at 
some  time  or  other,  sometime;  at 
length  (vii.  27,  77). 

aliquantuB,  -a,  -um,  [all-  -f-  quan- 
tus],  adj.,  some,  considerable. 
Neut.,  aliquantum,  as  noun,  a  Ut- 
ile, somewhat.  aliquantum  iti- 
neris,  some  distance  (v.  10). 

aliqui,  aliqua,  aliquod,  [ali-  -f  qui], 
indefinite  pronominal  9.^\,,  some,  any ^ 
some  other. 

aliquis  (rarely  aliqui),  aliqua.  ali- 
quid,  nom.  and  ace.  pi.,  n.,  aliqua, 
[ali-  -I-  quis],  indefinite  pron.,  some 
one,  any  one,  anybody  ;  pi.,  some,  any 


aliquot 


Ambiliati 


Neut.,  aliquid,  something,  somewhat, 
anything.  aliquid  calamitatis, 
some  disaster  (v.  29). 

aliquot  [ali-  +  quot],  num.  adj.,  in- 
decl.,  some^  several. 

aliter,  [alis,  alius],  adv.,  otherwise, 
differently.  aliter  ac,  otherwise 
than,  different  from  what. 

alius,  -a,  -ud,  dat.  alii,  adj.,  another, 
some  other,  other,  different,  else, 
alius  .  .  .  alius,  one  .  .  .  another, 
the  otte  .  .  .the  other  ;  pi.,  alii .  .  .  alii, 
some  .  .  .  other  ;  often  as  noun, 
alius,  another^  alii,  others,     longe 

.    alius  atque,  very  different  fr 0771. 

allatus,  see  affero. 

allicio,  -licere,  -lexi,  [ad  +  lacio 
entice^  3,  attract,  allure. 


Figure  192.  —  Coin  of  the  Allobroges. 


Silver.     Reverse,   horned  animal    gallop- 
ing ;  underneath,  a  wheel. 

Allobroges,  -um,  (ace.  Allobro- 
gas,  i.  14,  vii.  64),  m.,  pi.,  (a-lob' 
ro-jez),  a  Gallic  people  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  the  Province.  Ace. 
sing.,  Allobrogem,  an  Allobrogian 
(C.  III.  84).     Fig.  192. 

al6,  alere,  alui,  altus,  3,  nourish,  in- 
crease ;  maintain,  keep  ;  rear,  foster, 
raise. 

AJpSs,  -ium,  3,  f.,  pi.,  Alps,  general 
term  for  the  mountains  separating 
Cisalpine  Gaul  from  Transalpine 
Gaul  and  Germany. 

alter,  -era,  -erum,  gen.  alterius  or 
alterius,  adj.,  often  with  the  force 
of  a  noun,  one  of  two,  the  other,  an- 
other :     second.        alter  ,  .  .  alter, 


the     one  .  .  .  the     other,  alterl 

.  .  .  alteri,  the  one  division,  the  one 

party  .  .  .the  other,     [alter. 
alternus,  -a,  -um,   [alter],   adj.,   in 

turn,  alternate,    vii.  23.    [alternate. 
alteruter,    -tra,  -trum,    pronominal 

adj.,  either  of  tivo.     C.  ill.  90. 
altitude,   -inis,    [altus],    f.,  heighty 

depth ;  of  a  beam,  thickness  (iii.  13). 

[altitude. 
altus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issi- 

mus,  [part,  of  alo],  adj.,  high,  deep. 

As  noun,  altum,  -i,  n.,  the  deep,  the 

open  sea. 
aluta,  -ae ,  f.,  soft  leather,     iii.  1 3. 
am-,  see  ambi-. 
ambactus,  -i,  m.,  vassal,  dependant. 

vi.  15. 
Ambarri,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (am-bar'  ri), 

a  people  east  of  the  Arar  (Saone'), 

near  its  junction  with  the    Rhone. 

i.  II,  14. 
ambi-,  amb-,  am-,  an-,  prep,  found 

only   in    composition,    round  about, 

around. 
Ambiani,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (am-bi-a'nl), 

a  small   state  in  Belgic  Gaul.     Fig. 

193- 


Figure  193.  —  Coin  of  the  Ambiani. 

Gold.  Crude  imitation  of  a  Greek  coin 
with  a  head  of  Hercules  and  a  four-horse 
chariot.  Underneath  the  chariot,  imitation  of 
the  Greek  name,  "Of  Philip." 

Ambibarii, -orum,  m.,pl.  (am-bi-ba' 

ri-T),  a  small  state  on  the  northwest 

coast  of  Gaul.     vii.  75. 
Ambiliati,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (am"bi-li' 

a-ti),  a  small  state  in  Central  GauL 

iii.  9. 


Ambioriz 


10 


animadverto 


Ambiorix,  -igris,  m.,  (am-bl'o-riks),  a 
leader  of  the  Eburones,  who  de- 
stroyed the  Roman  force  under 
Sabinus  and  Cotta,  and  inspired  the 
attack  on  Cicero's  camp. 

Ambivareti,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (am-bi- 
var'  e-ti),  a  people  in  Central  Gaul, 
clients  of  the  Aeduans. 

Ambivariti,  -orum,  m.,  pi.  (am-bi- 
var'i-tl),  a  small  state  in  Belgic  Gaul. 
IV.  9. 

ambo,  -ae,  -6,  [cf.  ambi-],  adj.,  often 
used  as  noun,  both.     v.  44,  C.  Ii.  6. 

Amentia,  -ae,  [amens,  from  a  + 
mens],  f.,  madness,  folly. 

ammentum,  -i,  n.,  thong,  strap,  for 
hurling  a  dart.     v.  48. 

amicitia,  -ae,  [amicus],  f.,  friend- 
ship ;  of  a  state,  friendship,  alliance. 

amicus,  -a,  -umi,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimius,  [am6],  adj.,  friendly, 
faithful,  well-disposLd.     [amicable. 

amicus,  -I,  [amo],  m.,  friend,  ally. 

amitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus,  [a 
-f  mltto],  3,  send  away;  let  go,  Itt 
slip,  lose. 

amor,  -Sris,  [amo],  m.,  affection,  love. 

amplifico,  -are,  avi,  -atus,  [am- 
plus  4-  facio],  I,  make  large,  in- 
crease, extend,     [amplify. 

amplitudo,  -inis,  [amplus],  f., 
breadth,  size;  greatness,  dignity. 
[amplitude. 

ampliuB,  [comp.  of  ampl§,  from  am- 
plus], sup.  amplissime,  adv., 
more,  further. 

ampluB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor,  sup. 
-issimus,  adj.,  large  in  extent,  ^<?a/, 
extensive;  distinguished,  splendid, 
noble,  prominent.  As  noun,  am- 
plius,  comp.,  n.,  inore.  amplius 
obsidum,  more  hostages  (vi.  9). 
[ample. 

an,  inter,  conj.,  or,  or  rather,  or  in- 
deed, -ne  ...  an,  or  utrum  .  .  , 
an,  whether  .  .  ,  or. 


an-,  see  ambi-. 

Anartes,  -ium,  m.,  pi.,  (an-ar^  tez),  a 
tribe  on  the  Tibiscus  (  Theiss),  in 
Dacia  {Hungary). 

AncalitSs, -um,  m.,pl.,(an-cal'  i-tez), 
a  British  tribe,     v.  21. 

anceps,  -cipitis,  [an-  +  cap  in 
caput],  adj.,  two-headed,  twofold, 
double,  anceps  proelium,  battle 
on  two  fronts. 

ancora,  -ae,  [^S.'yKvpa],  {.,  anchor. 
in  ancoris,  at  anchor,     [anchor. 

AndecumboriuB,  -i,  m.,  (an"  d- 
com-b5'  ri-us),  a  leader  among  the 
Remi. 

AndSs,  -ium,  or  Andi,  -5rum,  m., 
pi.,  (an'  dez,  or  an'  di),  a  Gallic 
people  north  of  the  Liger  {Loire). 

ai^&ctus,  -us,  [an-,  cf.  frango], 
m.,  curve  in  a  path  or  road,  bend, 
turn.     vii.  46. 

angulus,  -i,  m.,  corner,  v.  13.  [an- 
gle. 

angustS,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime, 
[angrustus],  adv.,  closely,  in  close 
quarters  ;  scantily,  sparingly. 

anguBtiae,  -arum,  [angrustus],  f., 
pi.,  narrow  place,  narrow  part, 
defile,  narrowness ;  straits,  difficul- 
ties, perplexity  ;  scarcity. 

angUBtuB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [cf.  angS,  squeeze'],  adj., 
contracted,  narroru,  close.  Neut. 
as  noun,  angfustum,  -I,  crisis  (ii. 

25). 

anima,  -ae,  f.,  breath  ;  soul,  life  (vi. 
14).     [animate. 

animadversio,  -Snis,  [animad- 
verts], f.,  consideration;  punish- 
ment (C.  III.  60).     [animadversion. 

animadverto,  -tere,  -ti,  -sus,  [ani- 
mus +  adverts],  3,  turn  the  mind 
to,  attend  to  ;  notice,  observe,  perceive. 
in  eum  animadverts,  inflict  pun- 
ishment upon  him,  as  we  say  "  at- 
tend to  him."     I.  19.     [animadvert. 


animal 


11 


appeto 


animal,  -alls,  [anima],  n.,  living 
being,  animal,  vi.  17,  19.  [ani- 
mal. 

animus,  -i,  m.,  soul,  mind,  conscious- 
ness ;  disposition,  feelings  ;  courage, 
spirit,  temper,  resolution.  esse  in 
animo,  to  intend,     [animus 

annotinus,  -a,  -um,  [annus],  adj., 
of  the  year  before,  last  year's,     v.  8. 

annus,  -i,  m.,  year,     [annual. 

annuus,  -a,  -um,  [annus],  adj.,  of  a 
year,  yearly,  annual,  i.  16.  [an- 
nuity. 

<an8er,  -eris,  m.,  goose,     v.  12. 

ante,  adv.  and  prep.  : 

(i)  As  adv.,  in  front;  before, 
previotisly.  ante  quam,  before. 
paulo  ante,  a  little  while  before,  a 
short  time  previously,  panels  ante 
diebus,  a  fe^v  days  before. 

(2)  As  prep,  with  ace,  before^ 
in  front  of  in  advance  of. 

antea,  [ante  +  ea],  adv.,  previously, 
before,  formerly. 

antecedOj  -cedere,  -cessi,  [ante  + 
C§d6],  3,  go  in  advance,  outstrip ; 
anticipate  (C.  ill.  6)  ;  surpass,  excel. 
[antecedent. 

antecursor,  -5ris,  [antecurro],  m., 
lit.,  fore-runner ;  pi.,  advance 
guard,  vanguard  (v.  47). 

antefero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus,  [ante 
+  fero],  irr.,  carry  in  front ;  place 
before,  prefer  (v.  44) . 

antemna,  -ae,  f.,  sail-yard,  [anten- 
nae. 

antepono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi- 
tus,  [ante  -}-  pono] ,  3,  place  before  ; 
prefer,  value  above  (iv.  22). 

antesignanus,  -1,  [ante  sig-num], 
m,,  one  in  front  of  a  standard ;  pi., 
antesignS.ni,  -orum,  soldiers  before 
the  standards  (C.  ill.  84). 

anteverto,  -tere,  -ti,  [ante  + 
verto],  3,  place  before,  take  prece- 
dence. 


antiquitus  [antiquus],  adv.,  in  for- 
mer times,  long  ago,  anciently. 

antiquus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [ante],  adj.,  old,  former, 
old-time,  ancient,     [antique. 

Antistius,  -i,  m.,  Gaius  Antistius 
Reginus  (an-tis'  ti-us  re  ji'  nus),  a 
lieutenant  of  Caesar. 

Antdnius,  -i,  m.,  Marcus  Antonius, 
(mar'  kus  an-to'  ni-us),  Mark  An- 
tony (born  83,  died  30  B.C.),  a 
lieutenant  of  Caesar  in  Gaul  in  52 
and  51  B.C.,  and  afterwards  in  the 
Civil  War  ;  member  of  the  Second 
Triumvirate,  and  rival  of  Octavianus. 
vii.  81 ;   C.  III.  89. 

aperio,  -perire,  -perui,  -pert us,  4, 
open,  uncover,     vii.  22.     [aperient. 

aperte,  -ius,  -issime,  [apertus], 
adv.,  openly,  clearly.,  manifestly. 

apertus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -is- 
simus, [part,  of  aperio],  adj.,  <?/(?«, 
uncovered ;  exposed,  unprotected. 
loca  aperta,  open  country,  latus 
apertum,  open  flank,  exposed  flank. 

Apollo,  -inis,  m.,  (a-pol'  o),  a  divinity 
worshiped  by  the  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans, identified  by  Caesar  with  a 
Gallic  deity,     vi.  17. 

ApoUonia,  -ae,  ['AttoXXwj'/o],  f., 
(ap-o-lo'ni-a),  a  city  in  the  Roman 
province  of  Macedonia,  near  the 
Adriatic  Sea,  about  fifty  miles  south 
of  Dyrrachium.     C.  iii.  75. 

apparo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  + 
paro],  I,  prepare,  make  ready,  get 
ready,     [apparatus. 

appello,  -pellere,-puli,  -pulsus,  [ad 
+pello],  3,  drive  to,  bring  in;  of 
ships,  make  for .1  put  in,  land. 

appello,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  \,  address, 
accost,  call  to,  appeal  to;  call  by 
name,  name,     [appellate. 

appeto,  -petere,  -petivi,  or  -ii,  -pe- 
titus,  [ad  +  peto],  3,  strive  after ^ 
seek  ;  approach,  draw  near,   [appetite. 


Appius 


12 


Ariminum 


Appius,  -i,  m.,  (ap'  j-us),  ^  Roman 

first  name. 
applico,  -plicare,  -plicavi  or  -plicui, 

-plicatus,  [ad  +  plicOJ,  fold,  join. 

s§  applicare   ad,   to  lean   against 

(vi.  27).     [applicant. 
apporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ad  + 

ports],  I,  carry  to,  bring,     v.  I. 
approbo,    are,  -avi,    atus,  [ad  + 

probSj,  \,  approve,  favor,  [approve. 
appropinquo,  -are,  avi,   atum  est, 

[ad   +   propinquSj,    i,  approach, 

come  near,  draw  near. 
appulsuB,  see  appelld. 
Apr.,  --=  Aprilis.     i.  6. 
AprHis,  -e,  adj.,  of  April. 
aptus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor,  sup.  -issi- 

mus,    adj.,  fitted^   adapted,   suited ; 

suitable,  appropriate,  ready,     [apt. 
apud,  prep,  with  ace.  only,  at,  with, 

near,   close   to,   by;    among,   in  the 

presence  of 
aqua,  -ae,  f.,  water.      [aqueous. 
aquatio,  -6nis,  [aquor],  f.,  obtaining 

water,     iv.  11. 
aquila,  -ae,  f.,  eagle ;  as  an  eagle  of 

silver  or  gold  on  the  end  of  a  pole 

formed  the  chief  ensign  of  the  legion, 

eagle,  standard,      [aquiline. 
Aquileia,  -ae,  f.,  (ak-wj-le'  ya),  a  city 

at  the  head  of  the  Adriatic  Sea.   i.  10. 
aquilifer,  -eri,  [aquila  +  ferS],  m., 

bearer  of  the  eagle,  eagle-bearer. 
Aquitanla,  -ae,   f.,    (ak-wi-ta'nj-a), 

one  of  the   three  main  divisions  of 

Gaul. 
AquitSnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Aqui- 

tania.      As  noun,    Aquitanus,    -i, 

m.,  Aquitanian  (iv.  12);   pi.,  Aqui- 

tanians,     Aquitani,    (ak-wj-ta'  ni), 

inhabitants  of  Aquitania.     i.   i ;   iii. 

21. 

aquor,  .ftri,  -fttus,  [aqua],  i,  dep., 
obtain  rvater,  get  water.     C.  III.  97. 

Arar,  -aria,  ace.  -Im,  m.,  Arar  (a'  rar) 
River,  now  Sabne  (son).     It  rises  in 


the  Vosges  (vozh)  Mts.,  and  flows 
southward  into  the  Rhone. 

arbiter,  -tri,  m.,  witness;  referee^ 
commissioner  (v.  i).     [arbiter- 

arbitrium,  -i,  [arbiter],  n.,  decision, 
arbitrament ;  authority. 

arbitror,  -ari,  -atus,  [arbiter],  i, 
dep.,  think,  consider,  believe,  [arbi- 
trate. 

arbor,  -oris,  f.,  tree,     [arbor-vitae. 

arcessd,  -sere,  -sivi,  -situs,  3,  cause 
to  come,  fetch ;  send  for,  summon, 
call  in,  invite. 

&rdeo,  -ere,  arsi,  arsarus,  2,  be  on 
fire  ;  be  ablaze,  be  aroused;  be  eager, 
desire  ardently,     [ardent. 

Arduenna,  -ae,  f.,  (ar-du-en'  na),  the 
Ardennes,  a  forest -covered  range  of 
hills  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
France,  extending  also  into  Belgium. 

arduuB,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  steep,  high; 
hard,  difficult,     [arduous. 

Arecomici,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (ar-e- 
kom'  i-sT),  a  division  of  the  Volcae, 
in  the  Province. 

Areias,  -atis,  f.,  (ar'  e-las),  a  town  in 
Southern  Gaul,  on  the  Rhone,  north 
of  Massilia;   now  Aries.     C.  ii.  5. 

AremoricuB,  -a,  -um,  [Celtic, are  = 
ad,  -f  mori,  =  mare,  *  by  the  s  e  a'], 
adj.,  Aremorican,  name  applied  to  a 
group  of  small  states  along  the 
northwest  coast  of  Gaul  (Aremo- 
ricae  civitatSs) . 

argentum,  -i,  n.,  silver  (vi.  28);  sil- 
ver-ware (vii.  47  ;  C.  III.  96).  [ar- 
gent. 

argilla,  -ae,  f.,  clay.  v.  43.  [argilla- 
ceous. 

£riduB,  -a,  -um,  sup.  -isslmus,  [areO, 
be  dry],  adj.,  dry.  As  noun,  ari- 
dum,  -i,  n.,  dry  land,  shore,     [arid. 

ariSs,  -ietis,  m.,  ram  ;  battering-ram ; 
prop,  buttress  (iv.  17).     [Aries. 

Ariminum,  -I,  n.,  (a-rim'  i-num),  a 
town   in  Italy  on  the  Adriatic,  the 


Ariovistus 


13 


asper 


northernmost   city  in  Italy  proper; 

now  Rimini.     C.  I.  8. 
Ariovistus,  -i,  m.,  (a"  ri-o-vis'  tus), 

a  German  king,  defeated  by  Caesar, 

58  B.C. 
Aristius,  -i,  m.,  Marcus  ArisHus,  (a- 

ris'  ti-us),  a   military  tribune,      vii. 

42,  43- 

arma,    -orum,   n.,    pi.,    implements,'^ 

implements    of  war,   arms,   armor, 

weapons  ;  of  a  ship,  equipment,  tackle 

(iii.   14).     ad  arma  concurrere, 

•  to  rush  to  arms.     [arms. 

armamenta,  -5rum,  [arm5],  n.,  pi., 
implements ;  equipment ;  of  a  ship, 
riffling,     [armament. 

armatura,  -ae,  [armo],  f.,  armor, 
equipment,  levis  armaturae  pe- 
dites,  light  infantry.  levis  ar- 
maturae Numidae,  light-armed 
Numidians  (ii.  lo).      [armature. 

armatus,  -a,  -um,sup.  armatissimus, 
[part,  of  armo],  adj.,  armed,  in 
arms,  equipped.  As  noun,  armati, 
-orum,  vci.,'p\.,  armed  men,  warriors^ 
soldiers. 

armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [arma],  i, 
provide  with  weapons,  arm;  of  a 
ship,  equip,  fit  out.      [arm. 

Arpineius,  -i,  m.,  Gaius  Arpineius, 
(ar-pi-  ne'  yus),  a  Roman  knight, 
envoy  of  Caesar  to  Ambiorix.  v.  27, 
28. 

arripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus,  [ad 
-\-  rapio],  3,  lay  hold  of,  snatch. 
V.  33- 

arroganter,  comp.  -ius,  [arrogans], 
Z.6.V.,  presumptuously,  arrogantly. 

arrogantia,  -ae,  [arrog-ans],  f.,/r<?- 
sumption,  insolence,     [arrogance. 

ars,  artis,  f.,  skill ;  art,  science  (vi. 
17).     [art. 

arts,  comp.  artius,  sup.  artissime, 
[artus],  adv.,  closely,  tightly. 

articulus,  -i,  [dim.  of  artus,  joint], 
ra..,  joint,  knuckle,     vi.  27.     [article. 


artificium,  -i,  [artifex,  artist],  n.,an 
art,  trade;  skill;  craft,  cunning. 
[artifice. 

artus,  -a,  um,  comp.  -lor,  sup.  artis- 
simus,  adj.,  close ;  of  woods,  dense 
(vii.  18). 

Arvernus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the  Ar- 
verni,  Arvemian.  As  noun,  Ar- 
verni,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  Arvernians, 
the  Averni,  (ar  -ver'  nl),  a  powerful 
people  about  the  upper  part  of  the 
Elaver  {Allier) ;  their  chief  city, 
Gergovia,  was  unsuccessfully  be- 
sieged by  Caesar.     Fig.  194. 


Figure  194.  —  Arvernian  coin. 

Gold.  Obverse,  Apollo.  Reverse,  two- 
horse  chariot,  copied  from  a  coin  of  Philip, 
father  of  Alexander  the  Great ;  Greek  name, 
"Of  Philip,"  misspelled. 

arx,  arcis,  f.,  citadel,  stronghold. 

ascendo,  -scendere,  -scendi,  -scen- 
sus,  [ad  -f  scand5,  climb],  3,  as- 
cend, climb  up ;  mount,     [ascend. 

ascensus,  -as,  [ascend5],  m.,  as- 
cent, climbing;  approach. 

ascisoo,  asciscere,  ascivi,  ascitus, 
[ad  +  seises,  approve],  3,  ad- 
mit to  association  with  one's  self, 
accept. 

Asia,  -ae,  [*A<rfa],  f.,  the  Roman  prov- 
ince Asia,  (a'  sh[y]a,  or  a.'  zh[y]a), 
including  Phrygia,  Lydia,  Caria,  and 
Mysia  in  Asia  Minor.     C.  III.  53. 

aspectus,  -as,  [aspieiS,  look  at],  m., 
appearance,  sight,  look,     [aspect. 

asper,  -era,  -erum,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-rimus,  adj.,  rough,  uneven  ;  fierce^ 
violent  (v.  45). 


assiduus 


14 


auriga 


asBiduuB,  -a,  -um,  [ad  +  sed,  sid,  in 

seded,  sit^^dLd^.^continuous, constant, 

incessant,     [assiduous. 
aBsisto,  -ere,  astiti,    [ad  +  sistd], 

3,  stand  near,  stand  by  ;  appear  (vi. 

1 8).     [assist. 
assuefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -f actus, 

[assuetus  +  faciO],    3,   accustom, 

habituate^  fam iliarize,  tra in . 
asBuSBOO,  -suescere,  -suevi,  -sue- 

tus,   [ad  +  suesco,  become   accus- 
tomed^,   3,    become   accustomed   to. 

assuescere    ad    homines,  to  be- 
come domesticated  (vi.  28). 
at,  conj.,  but,  yet,  but  yet,  at  least. 
atque,  ac,  [ad  +  -que],  conj.  : 

(i)  Copulative,    and,    and    also, 

and  even,  and  in  particular. 

(2)  Comparative,    after  words   of 

likeness    or    unlikeness,     as,    than. 

idem  atque,  par  atque,  the  same 

as. 
Atreb^B,   -atis,  m.,  an  Atrebatian  ; 

pi.,  Atrebatians,  the  Atrebates,  (at-re- 

ba'  tez),  a  Belgic  people. 
AtriuB,  -i,  m.,  Quintus  Atrius  (a'tri- 

us),  an  officer  in  Caesar's  army.     v. 

9,  10. 
attenuo,    -Sre,  -ftvi,  -atus,   [ad  + 

tenu6  from  tenuis],  i,  make  thin; 

weaken,  reduce  in  strength   (C.   III. 

89).     [attenuate. 
attexo,  -ere,  -texui,  attextus,  [ad 

+  tex6],  3,  weave  to,  join  on.    v.  40. 
AttiSUiUB,  -a,  -um,  [Attius],  adj.,  of 

Attius,  referring  to  P.  Attius  Varus. 

C.  II.  34. 
attlngo,  -tingrere,  -tigri,  -tactus,  [ad 

-|- tangO],    3,    touch    upon,    touch; 

reach  ;  of  territorial  divisions,  border 

on,  extend  to,  adjoin. 
AttiuB,  -i,  m.,  P.  Attius  Varus  (at'  i-us 

va'  rus),  a  lieutenant  of  Pompey  in 

Africa.     C.  ii.  34. 
attribud,  -uere,  -ul,  -atus,  [ad  -f 

tribu6],  3,  assign,  allot,    [attribute. 


attuli,  see  afferS. 

Atuatuca,  -ae,  f.,  (at-u-at'  u-ka),  a 
stronghold  in  the  territory  of  the 
Eburones. 

Atuatuci,  -drum,  m.,  pi.,  (at-u-at' 
u-sT),  a  warlike  people  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Meuse,  descended  from 
the  Cimbrians  and  Teutons. 

auctor,  -Sris,  [augreO],  m.,  origina- 
tor, instigator;  adviser,  promoter, 
favorer,     [author. 

auctoritSB,  -tatis,  [auctor],  f.,  in- 
fluence, weight;  prestige,  authority^ 
power,     [authority. 

auctuB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  auctior, 
[augreS],  adj.,  increased ;  rich.  i.  43. 

aud^cia,  -ae,  [audax],  f.,  boldness, 
daring,  recklessness,     [audacity. 

audacter,  comp.  audacius,  sup.  au- 
dacissime,  [audax],  adv.,  boldly, 
courageously,  fearlessly. 

audeo,  aud§re,  ausus  sum,  2,  semi- 
dep.,  venture,  dare,  risk;  attempt. 

audio,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus,  4,  hear, 
listen  to;  hear  of.  Present  parti- 
ciple as  Adj.  in  dict5  audiSns 
esse,  to  be  obedient  to  the  word  of 
command,  to  obey,     [audience. 

audltio,  -6nis,  [audiO],  f.,  report, 
rumor,  hearsay,     [audition. 

auged,  augrSre,  auxi,  auctus,  2, 
semi-dep.,  increase,  enlarge,  aug- 
ment, add  to. 

AulercuB,  -I,  m.,  an  Aulercan  (vii. 
57);  pi.,  the  Aulerci  (4-ler'sT),  a 
people  of  Central  Gaul,  of  which 
Caesar  mentions  three  branches, 
BrannovicSs  (vii.  75),  C§nomani 
(vii-  75)>  and  EburovicSs  (iii.  17, 
vii.  75)- 

AuluB,  -I,  m.,  (&'  lus),  a  Roman  first 
name. 

aureus,  -a,  -um,  [aurum],  adj.,  of 
gold,  golden.     V.  12.     [oriole. 

auriga,  -ae,  [aurea,  bridle,  -f  agrO], 
m.,  charioteer,  driver,     iv.  ^^. 


auris 


15 


Belgae 


auris,  -is,  f.,  ear.     [aural 

AuninculeiuB,  -i,  m.,  Lucius  Au- 
runculeius  Cotta,  (d"  rung-ku-le'  yus 
kot'  a),  a  lieutenant  of  Caesar,  killed 
by  the  Eburones. 

Ausci,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (d'  si),  a  people 
in  the  eastern  part  of  Aquitania. 
iii.  27. 

ausuB,  see  audeo. 

aut,  conj.,  or.  aut .  .  .aut,  either 
.  .  .  or.  aut .  ,  .  aut .  .  .  aut, 

either  .  .  .or .  .  .or. 

^utem,  conj.,  but,  however,  on  the 
contrary  ;  and  now,  moreover. 

autumnus,  -i,  m.,  autumn,    [autumn. 

auxili^ris,  -e,  [auxilium],  adj.,  aux- 
iliary. As  noun,  auxiliares, 
-ium,  m.,  pi.,  auxiliary  troops, 
auxiliaries  (iii.  25).     [auxiliar. 

auxilior,  -ari,  -atus,  [auxilium],  i, 
dep.,  render  aid,  assist,  help. 

auxilium,  -i,  [cf.  augeS],  n.,  help, 
aid,  assistance ;  relief,  remedy,  re- 
source. PI.,  auxilia,  auxiliary 
troops,  auxiliaries,  allied  forces. 

Avaricensis,  -e,  adj.,  of  Avaricum, 
at  Avaricum.     Vii.  47. 

Avaricum,-!,  n.,  (a-var'i-kum),  larg- 
est and  most  strongly  fortified  city  of 
the  Bituriges,  now  Bourges;  besieged 
and  taken  by  Caesar,  the  inhabitants 
put  to  the  sword. 

avarltia,  -ae,  [avarus,  greedy^  (., 
greed,  covetous ness.     [avarice. 

§veho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectus, 
[a  +  veh6],  3,  carry  off,  carry 
away. 

aversus,-a,  -um,  sup.  aversissimus, 
[part  of  averto],  adj.,  turned  away  ; 
behind,  in  the  rear,     [averse. 

averts,  -tere,  -ti,  -sus,  [a  +  vertS], 
3,  turti  away,  turn  'aside,  avert; 
divert,  alienate,  estrange,     [avert. 

avis,  -is,  f.,  bird.     iv.  10.     [aviation. 

avus,  -i,  m.,  grandfather. 

Axona,  -ae,  f.,  ('aks'  o-na),  a  river  in 


the   southern   part  of  Belgic    Gaul, 
now  Aisne. 


Bacenis,  -is,  (sc.  silva),  f.,  (ba- 
se' nis),  a  forest  in  Germany,    vi.  10. 

Baculus,  -i,  m.,  Publius  Sextius  Ba- 
culus,  (bac'  Ci-lus),  one  of  the  bravest 
of  Caesar's  centurions.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  battle  with  the 
Nervians  (11.  25) ;  his  advice  saved 
the  day  when  Galba  was  attacked  in 
the  Alps  (ill.  5)  ;  and  his  heroic  re- 
sistance checked  a  surprise  attack  on 
Cicero's  camp  (vi.  38). 

Bagradas,  or  Bagrada,  -ae,  m., 
(bag'  ra-das),  an  important  river  of 
Roman  Africa,  now  Medjerda.  C. 
II.  38. 

Baleares,  -ium,  [=  ^aXiapeis,  sling- 
^rj],m.,  pi.,  (bal-e-a'rez),  natives  of 
the  Balearic  Islands,  off  the  east  coast 
of  Spain;   famous  as  slingers.     ii.  7. 

balteus,   -i,  m.,  belt,  sword-belt. 

Balventius,  -i,  m.,  Titus  Balventius, 
(bal-ven'  sh[y]-us),  a  brave  centu- 
rion.    V.  35. 

barbarus,  -a,  -um,  [  =  ^dp^apos^,  adj., 
foreign,  strange;  rude,  savage,  un- 
civilized. As  noun ,  barbari ,  -Orum , 
m.,  pi.,  strangers,  foreigners ;  na- 
tives, barbarians,     [barbarous. 

Basilus,  -i,  m.,  Lucius  Minucius  Bas- 
ilus,  (mi-nu'sh[y]us  bas'  i-lus),  an 
officer  of  Caesar,  afterwards  one  of 
the  conspirators  against  him  ;  mur- 
dered in  43  B.C.  on  account  of  cruelty 
to  his  slaves. 

Batavi,  -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  the  Batavians, 
Batavi,  ( ba-ta'  vl) ,  a  people  dwelling 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Rhine,  iv. 
10. 

Belgae,  -arum,  m.,  pi.,  the  Belgians, 
Belgae,  (bel'je),  inhabitants  of  one 
of  the  three  main  divisions  of  Gaul, 
divided  into  many  small  states. 


Belgium 


16 


Boii 


Belgium,  -i,  n.,  (bel'j[y]um),/'-4/f/a«</ 
of  the  Belgians,  Belgic  Gaul,  Bel- 
gium. V.  12,  25.  [Belgium. 
belllcoBUB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor,  sup. 
-issimus,  [bellicus],  adj.,  warlike, 
fond  of  war.  i.  10.  [bellicose. 
bellicus,  -a,  -um,  [bellum],  adj.,  of 
war,  martial,  military,     vi.  24. 

bello,  -are,  -ftvi,  -fttus,  [bellum],  i, 
wage  war,  carry  on  war,  fight. 

Bellovaci,  -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  (be-lov'- 
a-sl),  a  powerful  Belgic  people. 

bellum,  -i,  n.,  war,  warfare,  bellum 
gerere,  to  wage  war,  bellum  in- 
ferre,  to  make  war.  bellum  pa- 
rare,  to  prepare  for  war. 

bene,  comp.  melius,  sup.  optime, 
[bonus],  adv.,  well,  ably,  success- 
fully. 

beneficiSrlus,  -i,  [beneficiarius,  -a, 
-um,  from  beneflclum],  m.,  privi- 
leged soldier,  who,  by  order  of  the 
commander,  was  exempt  from  or- 
dinary tasks  and  detailed  for  special 
duties  (C.  III.  88).     [beneficiary. 

beneficium,  -i,  [bene  +  faciS],  n., 
kindness,  favor,  service,     [benefice. 

benevolentia,  -ae,  [benevolus],  f., 
goodwill, friendly  disposition,  kindly 
feeling,  friendship,     [benevolence. 

Bibracte,  -Is,  n.,  [bi-brak'  te],  capital 
of  the  Aeduans,  situated  on  a  moun- 
tain now  called  Mont  Beuvray 
(height,  2,690  ft.). 

Bibraz,  -actis,  f.,  (bl'braks),  a  town 
of  the  Remi,  north  of  the  Axona 
(Aisne).     ii.  6. 

Bibroci,  -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  (bib'  ro-sI),a 
people  in  the  southern  part  of  Britain. 
V.  21. 

biduum,  -i,  [bi-,  =  bis.  cf.  diSs],  n., 
space  of  two  days,  two  days. 

biennium,  -i,  [bi-,  =  bis,  cf.  annus], 
n.,  period  of  two  years,  two  year^ 
time.     i.  3.     [biennial. 

Bigerrlonfis,  -Onum,  m.,  pi.,  (bi"  jer- 


ri-6'nez],    a    people    in    Aquitania 

iii.  27. 
bini,  -ae,  -a,  [bis],  distributive  adj., 

two  by  two,  two  each,  by  twos,  tivo. 
bipedalis,  -e,  [bi-,  =  bis,  +  pedalis, 

from  pes],  adj.,  two  feet  in  width, 

length,  or  height ;   two  feet  thick  (iv. 

17). 
bipertito,  [bipartitus,  bi-,  =  bis,  -f- 

partitus],  adv.,    in  two   divisions. 

i.  25  ;   V.  32.     [cf.  bipertite. 
bis,  [for  duis,  cf.   duo],  num.  adv., 

twice. 
Bituriges,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (bit-u-ri' jcz), 

a  people  in  Central  Gaul  (Fig.  195). 


Figure  195.  —  A  coin  of  the 
Bituriges. 

Electrum,  gold  alloyed  with  silver. 
Obverse,  head  of  crude  but  bold  design. 
Reverse,  above  the  horse,  a  bird;  under- 
neath, a  three-leaf  ornament.    This  coin  may 
possibly  belong  to  the  Pictones. 

Boduogn^tus,  -i,  m.,  (bod"  u-og-na' 
tus),  a  leader  of  the  Nervians.     ii. 

Boii,  -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  Boians,Boii  (bo' 
i-i),  a  Celtic  people  once  widely  dif- 


Figure  196.  — Coin  of  the  Boians. 
Silver,  struck  in  Cisalpine  Caul. 
Obverse,  a  laurel  wreath  encircles  the  head 
Reverse,  the  horseman  wears  a  crown. 


bonitas 


17 


calamitas 


fused  over  Central  Europe  (Fig. 
196). 

bonitas,  -tatis,  [bonus] ,  f. ,  goodness, 
excellence;  of  land,  /erliliiy  (i.  28). 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  melior,  sup. 
optimus,  adj.,  good,  advantageous  ; 
pleasant,  well-disposed,  friendly.  As 
noun,  honMm,  x\.,  projit,  advantage  ; 
pi.,  bona,  -orum,  goods,  property, 
possessions,     [bonus ;   optimist. 

bos,  bovis,  gen.  pi.  bourn,  m.  and  f., 

•   ox,  bull,  cow.     [bovine. 

bracchium,  -i,  [=  jS/^ox^wv],  n.,  arm, 
forearm. 

Brannovices,  -um,  (bran-o-vi'  sez), 
m.,  pi.,  see  Aulerci. 

Bratuspantium,  -i,  n.,  (brat-us-pan' 
sh[y]um),  a  stronghold  of  the  Bello- 
vaci.     ii.  13. 

brevis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issimus, 
adj.,  short,  brief      [brief. 

brevitas,  -tatis,  [brevis],  f.,  short- 
ness (ii.  20);  smallness,  small  stature 
(ii.  30).     [brevity. 

breviter,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime, 
[brevis],  adv.,  briefly,  with  few 
ivords,  concisely,     vii.  54. 

Britanni,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  natives  of 
Britain,  Britons. 

Britannia,  -ae,  f.,  (bri-tan'  i-a),  Brit- 
ain. 

Britannicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Brit- 
ain, British,     v.  4. 

briima,  -ae,  [for  *brevuma,  sup. 
of  brevis,  sc.  dies],  f.,  winter  sol- 
stice, shortest  day  ;  winter  (v.  13). 

Brundisium,  -i,  \_^p€VT<i(nov'],  n., 
(brun-dizh'  i-um),  a  city  of  Italy  on 
the  Adriatic,  the  principal  port  of 
embarcation  for  Greece  ;  now  Brin- 
disi.     C.  III.  87. 

Brutus,  -i,  m.,  Decimus  Junius  Brutus 
Albinus,  {]nn'  yusbru'tus  al-bi'  nus), 
an  officer  of  Caesar,  both  in  the  Gallic 
and  in  the  Civil  War  ;  afterwards  a 
conspirator  against  him. 


bucinator,  -oris,  [\>xiiCixiB.,trumpet'\, 
m.,  trumpeter.     C.  11.  35. 


C,  in  expressions  of  number,  =  100. 

C,  see  Gaius. 

Caburus,  -i,  m ,  Gaius  Valerias 
Caburus,  (va-le'ri-us  ka-bu'rus),  a 
Gaul  who  received  the  Roman  citi- 
zenship. 

caciimen,  -inis,  n.,  end,  point  (vii. 
73) ;  peak,  summit,     [cacuminous. 

cadaver,  -eris,  [cf.  cado],  n.,  corpse, 
dead  body,     [cadaver. 

cado,  cadere,  cecidi,  casurus,  3, 
fall ;  be  slain,  die.     [chance. 

Cadurci,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (ka-der' 
sT),  a  people  in  Aquitania.  Sing. 
CadCtrcus,  -i,  m.,  a  cadurcan  (vii. 

5). 

caedes,  -is,  [caedo],  f.,  killing; 
slaughter,  murder,  massacre. 

caedo,  caedere,  cecidi,  caesus,  3, 
cut,  cut  down  ;  cut  to  pieces,  slay. 

caelestis,  -e,  [caelum],  adj.,  heav- 
enly. As  noun,  caelestes,  -ium, 
m.,  pi.,  the  gods  (vi.  17).      [celestial. 

caelum,  -i,  n.,  heaven,  the  heavens,  the 
sky.     C.  II.  5. 

caerimonia,  -ae,  f.,  religious  cere- 
mony, sacred  rite.  vii.  2.  [cere- 
mony. 

Caerosi,  -orum,  m.,  pi,  (se-r5's!), 
a  people  in  Belgic  Gaul.     ii.  4. 

caeruleus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  deep  blue, 
dark  blue.     v.  14.     [cerulean. 

Caesar,  -aris,  m. : 

(i)  Gaius  Julius  Caesar  {ga.'yus 
Jul'  yus  se'  zar). 

(2)  Lucius  Julius  Caesar,  consul 
in  64  B.C.,  a  distant  relative  of  the 
great  Caesar,  under  whom  he  served 
as  lieutenant,  in  52  B.C.     vii.  65. 

caespes,  -itis,  m.,  sod,  turf. 

calamitas,  -tatis,  f.,  loss,  damage; 
disaster,  defeat,     [calamity. 


Caleti 


18 


cams 


Caleti,  -5rum,  also  Caletes,  -um, 
m.,  pi.,  (kal'  e-ti,  kal'  c-tez),  a  peo- 
ple near  the  mouth  of  the  Sequana 
{Seine). 

calliduB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [calleo,  be  skillful^  adj., 
skillful ;  tactful,  crafty  (iii.  1 8). 

calo,  -onis,  m.,  soldier's  servant, 
camp  servant. 

campester,  -trls,  -tre,  [campus], 
adj.,  of  level  ground,  flat,  level. 

campus, -i,  m., //am.     [campus. 

CamulogenuB,  -i,  m.,  (kam-ii-loj'  e- 
nus),  an  Aulercan,  commander  of  the 
Parisii  against  Labienus. 

Caninius,  -i,  m.,  Gaius  Caninius  Reb- 
ilus,  (ka-nin'  i-us  reb'  j-lus),  a  lieu- 
tenant of  Caesar's  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  Gallic  War,  and  in  the  Civil 
War  ;  made  consul  by  Caesar  for  a 
few  hours  to  fill  a  vacancy  on  the  last 
day  of  December,  B.C.  45.  vii.  83, 
90  ;   C.  II.  34. 

cand,  canere,  cecini,  3,  sing ;  of  a 
musical  instrument,  sound,  play. 

Cantabri,  -Orum,  m.,  pi.,  Canta- 
brians,  Cantabri  (kan'  ta-brH,  a  war- 
like people  in  northern  Spain. 

Cantium,  -i,  n.,  Kent,  Cantium,  (kan- 
sh[y]  um),  a  district  in  the  southeast 
part  of  England. 

capilluB,  -i,  [cf.  caput],  m.,  hair  of 
the  head,  hair,     [capillary. 

capid,  capere,  cepi,  captus,  3,  take, 
get;  seize,  capture  ;  occupy,  take  pos- 
session of;  select,  win  over,  charm, 
captivate  ;  receive  ;  of  vessels,  reach, 
make;  deceive  (i.  40).  initium 
capere,  to  begin.  cSnsllium  ca- 
pere, to  form  a  plan,  dolorem 
capere,  to  be  grieved,     [capture. 

Capitolium,  -i,  n.,  the  Capitol,  the 
temple  of  Jupiter,  Juno,  and  Minerva 
on  the  Capitoline  hill  in  Rome ;  some- 
times referring  to  the  hill  as  a  whole, 
the  Capitoline  hill.    C.  1.6.    [Capitol. 


capra,  -ae,  [caper],  f.,  she-goat. 
captivuB,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  capid],  adj., 

taken  prisoner,  captured  (C  II.  5). 
As  noun,  captivus,  -i,  m.,  captive, 
prisoner  (vi.  43).     [captive. 

captUB,  -a,  -um,  see  capid. 

captuB,  -as,  [capio],  m.,  capacity; 
understanding,  notion  (iv.  3). 

Capua,  -ae,  f.,  (kap'  u-a),  a  city  in 
Italy,  in  Campania.     C.  ill.  71. 

caput,  -itis,  n.,  head;  by  metonymy, 
person,  man,  life,  safety  ;  of  a  river, 
mouth  (IV.  10).  capitis  poena, 
capital  punishment  (vii.  71).  duo 
milia  capitum,  two  thousand  souls. 
[capital. 

CarcaBO,  -onis,  f.,  (kar'  ka-so),  a 
town  in  southern  Gaul,  now  Car- 
cassonne (ill.  20). 

cared,  -ere,  -ui,  -iturus,  2,  be  with- 
out, lack,  want.     vi.  38  ;   vii.  17. 

carina,  -ae,  f.,  keel  of  a  ship. 

Carnutes,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (kar'  nu-  tez), 
a  people  in  Central  Gaul,  north  of 
the  Liger  {Loire)  ;  chief  city,  Cena- 
bum  (Fig.  197). 


Figure  197.  —  Coin  of  the  Carnutes. 

Bronze.  Obverse,  head  of  Hercules;  in- 
scription [a]cussros. 

Reverse,  boar. 

Copied  from  a  Roman  coin,  except  the 
name. 

caro,  carnis,  f.,  flesh,  meat,  [car- 
nage. 

carpd,  -ere, -si. -tus,  ^,  pluck ;  cen- 
sure, criticise  (iii.  17).     [carp. 

carruB,  -i,  m.,  cart,  wagon,     [car. 

cftruB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  ca- 
rissimus,  9^^).,  dear,  precious. 


Carvilius 


19 


Celtillus 


Carvilius,  -i,  m.,  (kar-vil'  i-us),  one 
of  four  British   rulers   in   Kent.     v. 

22. 

casa,  -ae,  f.,  hut,  cottage,  barrack. 

caseuB,  -i,  m.,  cheese,     vi.  22. 

CasBi,  -oruin,  m.,  pi.,  (leas'  i),  a  tribe 
in  Britain,     v.  21. 

Cassianus,  -a,  -um,  [Cassius],  adj., 
of  Cassius.     i.  13. 

cassis,  -idis,  f.,  helmet  of  metal. 

Cassius,  -i,  m.,  Lucius  Cassius  Lon- 
ginus,  (kash'  [y]us  lon-ji'  nus), 
praetor  in  B.C.;  when  consul,  107 
B.C.,  he  engaged  in  battle  with  the 
Tigurians  in  the  territory  of  the  AUob- 
roges,  and  was  defeated  and  slain. 
I.  7,  12. 

Cassivellaunus,  -i,  m.,  Cassivellau- 
nus  (kas"  i-ve-lS'  nus),  Caswalloti, 
leader  of  the  British  army  against 
Caesar  in  54  B.C. 

castellum, -i,  [dim.  of  castrum],n., 
redoubt,  fortress,  stronghold,    [castle. 

Casticus,  -1,  m.,  (kas'  tj-kus),  a 
prominent  Sequanian.     i.  3. 

castigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  reprove. 
C.  III.  60.     [castigate. 

castra,  -orum,  n.,  [pi.  of  castrum, 
fortress^  camp,  encampment ;  mili- 
tary service  (l.  39) ;  day's  march 
(vii.  36).  castra  movere,  to  break 
camp,  castra  ponere,  to  encamp, 
camp,     [-chaster  in  Ro-chester,  etc. 

cSlsus,  -us,  [cad.6],  m.,  fall;  chance, 
occurrence,  happening,  fortune ;  op- 
portunity, event;  accident,  mis- 
hap, evil  plight,  death,  casu,  by 
chance,     [case. 

Catamantaloedis,  -is,  m.,  (kat-a- 
man-ta-le'  djs),  a  leader  among  the 
Sequanians    before     Caesar's     time. 

I-  3- 

catSnae,  -arum,  f.,  pi.,  chains ;  fetters. 

Caturiges,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (kat-u-rl' 
jez),  a  Gallic  people  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  Province,     i.  10. 


Catuvolcus,  -1,  m.,  (kat-u-vol'  kus), 
a  ruler  of  the  Eburones;  despair- 
ing of  success  in  the  war  against 
Caesar,  he  took  poison,  v.  24,  26  ; 
vi.  31. 

causa,  -ae,  f . ,  cause,  ground,  reason  ; 
pretext,  excuse  ;  condition,  state,  case, 
suit,  causi,,  with  gen. ,  for  the  sake 
of,  on  account  of.      [cause. 

caute,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime,  [cau- 
tus,  from  caveo],  adv.,  cautiously ^ 

.    carefully,     v.  49. 

cautes,  -is,  f.  Jagged  rock,  cliff,     iii .  1 3. 

Cavarillus,  -i.  m.,  (kav-a-riV  us), 
an  Aeduan  of  high  rank.     vii.  67. 

Cavarinus,  -i,  m.,  (kav-a-rl'  nus),  a 
ruler  among  the  Senones.  v.  54; 
vi.  5. 

caveo,  cavere,  cavi,  cauturus,  2,  be 
on  one's  guard,  beware  of,  take  precau- 
tion ;  give  security,      [cautious. 

Cavillonum,  -i,  n.,  (kav-i-16'  num), 
an  Aeduan  city  on  the  Arar,  now 
Chdlon-sur-Saone.     Vii.  42,  90. 

Cebenna, -ae,  f.,  Cebenna  (se-ben'a), 
the  Cevennes,  a  mountain  range  in 
southern  Caul,  about  250  miles  long. 

cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessurus,  3,  go 
away,  depart,  withdrazv.,  retreat; 
yield,  give  up  to  ;  abandon,     [cede. 

celer,  -eris,  -ere,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
celerrimus,  adj.,  quick,  speedy. 

celeritas,  -tatis,  [celer J,  f.,  speed, 
quickness,  szviftness,  rapidity,  des- 
patch,    [celerity. 

celeriter,  comp.  celerius,  sup.  celer- 
rime,  [celer],  adv.,  quickly.,  speed- 
ily, at  once,  immediately. 

celo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  conceal,  hide, 
keep  secret,     ii.  32;    vii.  80. 

Celtae,  -arum,  m.,  pi.,  Celts,  Celtae 
(sel'te),  inhabitants  of  central  Gaul, 
divided  into  many  states. 

Celtillus,  -i,  m.,  (sel-til'  us),  an  Ar- 
vernian  ruler,  father  of  Vercingetorix. 
vii  4. 


Cenabenses 


20 


cingo 


Cenabensgs,  -ium,  [Cenabum],m., 
pi.,  the  inhabitants  of  Cenabum. 

CSnabum,  -i,  n.,  (sen'  a-bum),  chief 
city  of  the  Carnutes,  later  called 
Aurelianensis  Urbs,  whence  comes 
Orleans,  name  of  the  city  on  the  site 
of  Cenabum. 

CSnimagm,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (sen-j- 
mag'  ni),  a  British  people,     v.  2i. 

C§nomani,  -orum,  (se-nom'a-ni),  see 
Aulerci. 

censed,  -ere,  -ui,  -us,  2,  estimate; 
think,  hold,  judge ;  decree,  resolve 
upon,  determine  ;  vote  for,  favor, 

cSnauB,  -us,  [censeS],  m.,  count, 
enumeration,     i.  29.      [census. 

centum,  or  C,  indeclinable  num.  adj., 
hundred,     [cent,  in  per  cent. 

centurio,  -onis,  [centuria],m.,  cen- 
turion,    [centurion. 

cemo,  cernere,  crevi,  3,  separate; 
distinguish,  discern,  see,  perceive. 

certamen,  -inis,  [certS],  n.,  contest, 
rivalry  (v.  44) ;  struggle,  battle,  en- 
gagement (iii.  14). 

certs,  comp.  certius,  [certus],  adv., 
affirmative,  certainly,  surely  (vi.  31) ; 
restrictive,  at  least,  at  any  rate  (iv. 
25,  V.  29,  VII.  50). 

certus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issi- 
mus,  [part,  of  cernO],  adj.,  certain, 
fixed,  definite;  positive,  undoubted, 
trustworthy,  true,  certiorem  fa- 
cere,  to  inform,  certior  fieri,  to 
be  informed.  Neut.  as  noun,  certi 
quid  esset,  what  was  really  going 
on  (vii.  45) ;  pr6  certO,  as  a  cer- 
tainty, as  certain  (vii.  5).     [certain. 

cervuB,  -i,  m.,  stag  (vi.  26);  in  mili- 
tary language,  sta^s  horns,  a  device 
for  hindering  the  approach  of  an 
enemy  (vii.  72).     [cervine. 

cSterus,  -a, -um,  nom.  sing.  m.  not 
in  use,  adj.,  other,  the  other,  the  rest, 
remainder ;  pi.,  the  rest,  all  the 
others,  the  other.      As  noun,  cSterl, 


-orum,  m.,  pi.,  the  others,  all  the  rest, 
everyone  else;  cetera, -5rum,  n., 
pi.,  the  rest,  all  else,  everything  else. 

Ceutrones,-um,  m.,  pi.  (su'  tro-nez)  : 
(i)  A    Belgic   people,   subject   to 
the  Nervians.     v.  39. 

(2)  A  people  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  Province,     i.  10. 

chara,  -ae,  f.,  char  a,  a  plant  the  tuber- 
ous roots  of  which  were  used  by 
Caesar's  soldiers  for  food.    C.  ill.  48. 

Cherusci,  -Qrum,  m.,  pi.,  (ke-rus'i), 
a  German  people  north  of  the  Suebi. 
vi.  10. 

cibaria,  -6rum,  [cibarius,  from  ci- 
bus],  n.,  ^\.,  provisions,  rations. 

cibus,  -i,  vci.,food,  nourishment. 

Cicero,  -Onis,  m.,  Quintus  Tullius 
Cicero  (tul'  i-us  sis'  e-ro),  brother 
of  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  the  orator, 
born  about  102  B.C.  He  became  a 
lieutenant^  of  Caesar  in  Gaul  in  55, 
and  made  a  heroic  defence  of  his 
camp  in  54;  he  held  aloof  from 
Caesar  in  the  Civil  War,  but  was 
reconciled  with  him  in  47;  he  was 
put  to  death  by  order  of  the  trium- 
virs in  43  B.C. 

CiliciSnBis,  -e,  [Cilicia],  adj., 
Cilician,  of  Cilicia,  a  province  in  the 
southern  part  of  Asia  Minor. 

Cimberius,  -i,  m.,  (sjm-be'  ri-us),  a 
leader  of  the  Suebi.     i.  37. 

Cimbri,  -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  Cimbrians, 
Cimbri  (sim'  bri),  a  Germanic  people 
that  joined  with  the  Teutones  in  the 
invasion  of  Gaul. 

Cingetorix,  -igris,  m.,  (sjn-jet'  9- 
rjks) : 

(i)  Rival  of  Indutiomarus  for  the 
headship  of  the  Treverans,  and  loyal 
to  Caesar,     v.  3,  4,  56,  57  ;    vi.  8. 
(2)   A  British  ruler,     v.  22. 

cingo,  cing-ere.  cinxi,  cinctus,  3, 
surround,  encircle;  invest,  [cinc- 
ture. 


cippus 


21 


cito 


cippus,  -i,  m,,  stake^  post.     vii.  73. 

circinus,  -i,  [=  K/pKtws],  m.,  pair  of 
compasses,     i.  38. 

circiter,  [circus,  circle\  adv.  and 
prep. : 

(i)  As  adv.,  about,  not  far  from, 
near. 

(2)  As    prep.,    with     ace.    only, 
about  (i.  50). 

cireuitus,  -us,  [circumeo],  m.,  a 
going  around ;  detour,  circuit,  wind- 
ing path,  way  around,     [circuit. 

circum,  [ace.  of  circus,  circle'],  adv. 
and  prep. : 

(i)  As  adv.,  about,  around. 
(2)  As  prep,   with    ace,   around, 
about;  in  the  neighborhood  of,  near, 
near  by. 

circumcido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus, 
[circum  +  caedS],  3,  cut  around, 
cut.     v.  42. 

circumcisus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  cir- 
cumcido], adj.,  cut  off ;  steep,  pre- 
cipitous,    vii.  36. 

circumcludo,  -dere,  -si,  -sus,  [cir- 
cum +  claudo],  3,  encircle,    vi.  28. 

circumdo,  -dare,  -dedi,  -datus, 
[circum  4-  do,  place],  i,  place 
around,  encompass,  surround,  en- 
circle. 

circum duoo,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -duc- 
tus, [circum  +  duco],  3,  lead 
around;  trace  (i.  38).  [circumduct. 

circumeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  [circum 
+  eo],  '\rx.,go  around,  pass  around ; 
surround,  encircle;  go  about,  visit 
for  inspection  (v.  2). 

circumfundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fu- 
sus,  [circum  +  fundoj,  3,  pour 
around;  surround,  hem  in;  pass, 
often  used  reflexively,  spread  {them- 
selves) around,  crowd  around. 

circumicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus, 
[circum  +  iacio],  T^,'throw  around, 
place  around,     ii.  6. 

circummitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -mis- 


sus,   [circum  +  mitto],   3,  send 
around,     v.  51  ;    vii.  63, 

circummunio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [cir- 
cum 4-  munio] ,  4,  surround  with 
walls,  fortify  ;  hem  in  (ii.  30). 

circumplector,  -plecti,  3,  dep.,  em- 
brace, encompass,  surround,     vii.  83. 

circumsisto,  -sistere,  -steti  or 
-stiti,  [circum  +  sist5],  3,  stattd 
around,  surround,  take  a  position 
around. 

circumspicio,  -icere,  -exi,  -ectus, 
[circum  +  specie,  look],  3,  look 
about,  survey;  ponder,  consider; 
look  about  for,  look  over  (v.  31). 
[circumspect. 

circumvallo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cir- 
cum +  vallo],  I,  surround  with  a 
rampart,  blockade,  inves'. 

circumvehor,  -vehi,  -vectus,  [cir- 
cum 4-  veho],  3,  pass,  as  dep., 
ride  around  (vii.  45);    sail  around. 

circumvenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ven- 
tus,  [circum  +  venio],  4,  come 
around,  go  around ;  surround,  en- 
compass ;  ensnare,  overreach,  deceive. 
[circumvent. 

cis,  prep,  with  ace,  on  this  side  of. 

Cisalpinus,  -a,  -um,  [cis  +  Alpi- 
nus],  adj..  Cisalpine,  on  this  (the 
Italian)  side  of  the  Alps.  [Cis- 
alpine. 

Cisrhenanus,  -a,  -um,  [cis  +  Rhe 
nanus],  adj.,  on  this  side  (the  west 
side)  of  the  Rhine,     vi.  2. 

Cita,  (si'  ta),  see  Faflus. 

citatus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [cit5],  adj.,r«/eV.    iv.  10. 

citerior,  -us,  [citer,  from  cis],  comp. 
adj.,  on  this  side,  hither,  nearer. 

cito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of  cie6, 
set  in  motion],  I,  urge  on.  C.  III. 
96.     [cite. 

cito,  comp.  citius,  sup.  citissime, 
[citus],  adv.,  speedily,  citissime, 
with  the  utmost  rapidity  (iv.  33). 


citra 


22 


cogndscd 


citrS,  [citer,  from  cis],  prep,  with 
ace.  only,  on  this  side  of. 

citro,  [citer,  from  cis],  adv.,  hither. 
ultr6  citrSque,  to  and  fro,  back 
and  forth  (i.  42). 

Civis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  citizen,  fellow- 
citizen,     [civil. 

civitSls,  -tatis,  [civis],  f.,  body  of 
citizens,  state,  nation ;  citizenship 
(i.  47).     [city. 

clam,  [cf.  celo],  adv.,  secretly. 

clSlmito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
clamo],  I,  cry  out  loudly,  shout. 

clamor,  -oris,  [cf.  ciamo,  cry  out], 
m.,  outcry,  shout,  din.     [clamor. 

clandestinus,  -a,  -um,  [clam],  adj., 
secret,  hidden,  vii.  i,  64.  [clandes- 
tine. 

clar6,  [ciarus],  adv.,  loudly,  dis- 
tinctly.   C.  III.  94. 

ciarus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issi- 
mus,  adj.,  clear,  distinct;  of  the 
voice,  loud  (v.  30) ;  famous,    [clear. 

classicum,  -l,  [classicus,  -a,  -um, 
from  classis],  n.,  trumpet  signal. 
C.  III.  82. 

classis,  -is,  f.,  a  class  ;  a  fleet,    [class. 

Claudius,  -i,  m.,  Appius  Claudius 
Pulcher,  (kid'  di-us  pul'  ker),  brother 
of  Clodius  (see  below) ;  praetor  in 
57  B.C.,  and  consul  in  54.     v.  i. 

claudo,  claudere,  clausi,  clausus, 
3,  shut,  close,     [close. 

clavus, -1,  m.,  nail,  spike,     iii.  13. 

dementia,  -ae,  [clemens],  f.,  for- 
bearance, mercifulness,    [clemency. 

Cleopatra,  -ae,  f.,  (kle-o-pa' tra), 
sister  of  the  young  Egyptian  king, 
Ptolemy,  and  afterwards  queen  of 
Egypt.     C.  III.  103. 

cliSns, -entis,  m.,  retainer,  dependent, 
client,  adherent,     [client. 

clienteia,  -ae,  [cliens],  f.,  relation 
of  client  to  patron,  clientship,  vassal- 
age ;  Y)\'i  following  of  clients  (vii.  32), 
dependencies  (vi.  12),     [clientele. 


cllvus,  -i,  m.,  slope,     vii.  46. 
Clodius,  -i,  m.,  (klo'  di-us)  : 

(1)  I'ublius  Clodius  Pulcher,  the 
enemy  of  Cicero,  who  as  tribune  in 
58  B.C.  drove  the  orator  into  exile; 
he  was  killed  in  52  B.C.     vii.  i. 

(2)  Aulus  Clodius,  a  mutual 
friend  of  Caesar  and  of  Scipio.  C. 
III.  90. 

Cn.,  =  Gnaeus  (ne'  us),  a  Roman 
first  name. 

CO-,  see  com-. 

coacervo,  -are,  -avi,  atus,  [co-  4- 
acervo],  i,  heap  up,  pile  up.     ii.  27. 

coactus,  pf.  pass.  part,  of  cSgrC 

coactus,  -us,  [cog-o],  m.,  only  abl. 
sing,  in  use,  compulsion,     v.  27. 

coagmento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [coagr- 
mentum,  cf.  cogro],  i,  fasten  to- 
gether,    vii.  23.     [coagment. 

coarto,  are,  -avi,  -atus,  [co-  ■\- 
arto,  make  close],  1,  press  together, 
crowd  together,     vii.  70. 

CocosatSs,  -um,  m ,  pi.,  (kok-o-sa' 
tez),  a  people  in  Aquitania.     iii.  27. 

coSmo,  -emere,  -emi,  -emptus, 
[co-  +  em6],  3,  buy  up,  purchase. 

coed,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itum  est, 
[co-  +  e6],  irr.,  come  together y  join 
together,     vi.  22. 

coepi,  -isse,  coeptus,  def.,  (present 
supplied  by  incipiS),  have  begun, 
began. 

coSrced,  -ercere,  -ercui.  -ercitus, 
[co-4-arce6,  shut  up],  2,  confine; 
restrain, check  (i.  17;  v.  7).  [coerce. 

coglto,  -are,  avi,  -atus,  [co-+, 
agito],  I,  think  about,  think  ;  .in- 
tend, purpose,  plan,     [cogitate. 

cognatid,  -6nis,  [cogrnatus],  f., 
blood-relationship ;  blood-relations, 
kindred,     [cognation. 

cognosco,  -grnSscere,  -grnSvi,  co- 
grnitus,  [co-  + (8r)n6sc6],  3,  be- 
come acquainted  with,  learn,  learn 
of,  ascertain  ;  be  familiar  with,  know^ 


cogo 


23 


committ5 


recognize;   spy  out,   examine;    take 
cognizance  of.     [cognizance. 

cogo,  cogere,  coegri,  coactus, 
[cO'+ago],  3,  drive  together, 
bring  together,  collect,  gather,  assem- 
ble ;  compel,  force,  oblige,     [cogent. 

cohors,  -hortis,  f.,  cohort,  battalion, 
the  tenth  part  of  a  legion,     [cohort. 

cohortatio,  -onis,  [coliortor],  f., 
encouraging,  exhortation,     ii.  25. 

cohortor,  -ari,  -atus,  [co-  +  hor- 
tor],  I,  dep.,  encourage;  urge,  ex- 
hort; address  with  encouraging 
words,     [cohortative. 

coUabefio,  -fieri,  -f actus,  [com-  + 
labefio,  be  shaken  loose],  pass.,  be 
shattered.     C.  1 1.  6. 

coUatus,  see  confero. 

coUaudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com-  + 
laudo],  \, praise  zvarmly,  commend. 

coUigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com-  + 
ligo,  biiid'\,  I,  bind  together,  fasten 
together,      i.  25. 

collig6,-lig'ere,  -legi,-lectus,  [com- 
+  lego,  gather'],  3,  gather  together, 
collect,  assemble  ;  obtain, get.  se  col- 
ligere,  to  gather  themselves  together  ; 
to  form  in  battle  order  (iii.  19);  to 
recover  themselves,    rally,     [collect. 

collis,   -is,  m.,  hill,  height,  elevation. 

coUoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com-  + 
loco,  place],  I,  place,  set,  post,  sta- 
tion ;  set  in  order,  arrange ;  with  or 
without  nuptum,  give  in  marriage 
(i.  18).     [collocate. 

colloquium,  -i,  [colloquor],  n.,  con- 
ference, interview,     [colloquy. 

colloquor,  -loqui,  -locutus,  [com- 
-f  loquor ] ,  3,  dep.,  talk  with,  hold 
a  conference,  hold  a  parley. 

colo,  colore,  colui,  cultus,  3,  culti- 
vate, till  (iv.  i;  V.  12);  honor, 
Ivor  ship  (vi.  17). 

colonia,  -ae,  [colonus],  f.,  colony^ 
settlement,     vi.  24.     [colony. 

color,  -oris,  m.,  color,     [color. 


com-,  CO-,  prep.,  old  form  of  cum, 
with,  found  only  in  composition  ;  see 
cum. 

combiiro,  -tirere,  -ussi,  -ustus, 
[com--|-*buro,=ur6,  burn],  3, 
burn  up,  consume  by  fire.  i.  5. 
[combustion. 

comes,  -itis,  [co-  +  ©o],  m.  and  f., 
companion,  comrade,     [count  (title). 

comitatus,  -us,  [comes],  m.,  retinue, 
coi7ipany.     C.  III.  61,  96.     [county. 

comitia,  -orum,  [sing,  comitium, 
meeting-place  for  elections],  n.,  pi., 
elections  (vii.  67;   C.  in.  82). 

comitor,  -ari,  -atus,  [comes],  i, 
dep.,  accompany,  attend,     vi.  8. 

commeatus,  -us,  [commeo],  m., 
passing  to  and  fro,  trip,  voyage  (v. 
23);  siipplies,  provisions,  often  in- 
cluding grain,  frumentum. 

commemoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 
[com-  -|-  memoro],  i,  call  to  mind, 
recount,  relate,     [commemorate. 

commends, -are, -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
-f  mando],  i,  commit  to  one  for 
protection,  entrust ;  ask  favor  for, 
commend,     [commend. 

commentarius,  -i,  [commentor], 
m.,  note-book,  source-book,  [com- 
mentary. 

commeo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com-  -j- 
me6,^o],  \,go  to  and  fro,  visit,  re- 
sort to.     i.  I ;   vii.  36. 

commHito,  -onis,  [com-  -|-  milito, 
from  miles],  va..,  fellow-soldier,  com- 
rade. 

comminus,  [com-  -f  manus],  adv., 
hand  to  hand,  at  close  quarters. 

commissiira,  -ae,  [committo],  f., 
joint,  seam,  juncture,     vii.  72. 

committo,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[com-  +  mitto],  3,  join,  bring  to- 
gether, connect;  entrust,  commit; 
cause,  do,  perpetrate,  committere 
proelium,  to  join  battle,  begin  the 
engagement,     [commit. 


Commius 


24 


concedo 


Commius,  -I,  m,,  Comm,  Commius, 
(kom'  i-us),  an  Atrebatian,  loyal  and 
useful  to  Caesar  (especially  in  the 
British  campaigns)  till  the  uprising 
in  52,  when  he  became  a  commander 
in  the  Gallic  army  raised  for  the 
relief  of  Alesia. 

commode,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime, 
[commodus],  adv.,  conveniently ^ 
opportunely,  to  advantage;  readily, 
easily  ;  fitly,  suitably,  properly. 

commodus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
sup.  -issimus,  [com-  +  modus,  i.e. 
having  full  ?neasure'\,  adj.,  conven- 
ient, advantageous,  easy ;  good,  fa- 
vorable ;  suitable,  fit.  As  noun, 
commodum,  -i,  n.,  convenience, 
advantage,  profit,     [commodious. 

commonefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -f ac- 
tus, [commoneo  -I-  facio],  3,  re- 
mind; impress  upon  one  (i.  19). 

commoror,  -ari,  -atus,  [com-  -|- 
moror],  i,  dep.,  delay,  linger. 

commove5,  -movere,  -m5vi,  com- 
m5tus,  [com-  -I-  moveo],  2,  dis- 
turb, disquiet,  alarm ;  move,  stir. 
[commotion. 

communico,-are,  -Slvl,  -atus,  [com- 
munis], I,  share  together,  share  with, 
divide  with;  communicate,  impart; 
consultwith  (v.  36).   [communicate. 

commiinid,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus, 
[com-  +  munio],  4,  fortify  on  all 
sides,  strongly  fortify,  intrench. 

commiims,  -e,  [com-  +  munus], 
adj.,  common,  in  common,  general, 
public;  indiscriminate  (vi.  9). 
commtlni  cSncilio,  in  accordance 
with  the  general  plan,  by  common 
consent,  in  commtlni  concilio, 
at  a  general  council  (ii.  4;  vii.  15). 
[common. 

commutati5,  -Onis,  [commQtS],  f., 
complete  change,  alteration. 

commuto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
+  mutSj,  I,  change,  wholly  change, 


alter;  exchange  (vi.  22).  [com- 
mute. 

compare,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
-f  paroj,  I,  prepare,  make  ready, get 
together;  acquire,  secure;  amass, 
(I.  i8)._ 

compard,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
par,  like'],  i,  match,  compare. 
[compare. 

compello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsus, 
[com-  -f  pelloj,  3,  drive  together, 
collect;  drive,  force,     [compel. 

compendium,  -i,  [com-  +  pendS], 
n.,  profit, gain.     vii.  43.     [compend. 

comperio,  -perire,  -peri,  -pertus, 
[com-  -I-  PEK  in  experior],  4, 
ascertain,  learn,  discover,  find  out. 

complector,  -plecti,  -plexus,  [com- 
+  plectS,  braid~\,  3,  dep.,  embrace, 
(i.  20) ;  surround,  include,  encom- 
pass {vVx.  'j2,  'j^) .     [complex. 

compleo,  -plere,  -plevi,  -pletus, 
[com- 4- Ple6,///J,  2,  fill  up,  fill ; 
complete,  cover;  of  troops,  fully 
occupy,  fill  full,     [complete. 

complexuB,  see  complector. 

complures,  -a,  [com-  -f  piares, 
from  plds],  adj.,  pi.,  several,  a  num- 
ber of;  many.  As  noun,  com- 
pldres,  -ium,  m.,  pi.,  a  great  many, 
quite  a  number,  many. 

comports,  -are,  avi,  -atus,  [com- 
■\-  ports],  I,  bring  in,  carry,  con- 
vey, bring  over,     [comport. 

comprehends,  -hendere,  -hendl, 
-hensus,  [com-  -f  prehendSj,  3, 
grasp;  seize;  arrest,  capture;  of 
fire,  catch    (v.   43).     [comprehend. 

comprobS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
4-  probS],  I,  approve  fully,  justify. 

cSnatum,  -i,  [n.  of  cSnatus.  part,  of 
cSnor],  n.,  attempt,  undertaking. 

cSuStus,  -as,  [cSnor].  m.,  attempt. 

conatus,  pf.  part.  t)f  cSnor. 

concSdS.-cedere,  -cessi,-ce8stlrus, 
[com-  4-  cedS],  3,  withdraw,  de- 


concelebro 


25 


confinium 


part ;  give  up,  yields    cede  ;  submit; 

allow,     grant;     grant  permission, 

permit,     [concede. 
concelebro,      -are,     -avi,     -atus, 

[com-  4-  celebro],    i,   frequent; 

publish  abroad,  make  known.     C.  III. 

72. 
congessus,  -us,  [concedo],  ni.,  used 

only  in  abl.  sing.,  permission,  leave. 
concido,  -cidere,  -cidi,    [com-  + 

cado],  3,  fall  doivn,  fall ;  perish,  be 

slain. 
concido,     -cidere,     -cidi,     -ciaus, 

[com-  +  caedo],  3,  cut  up,  cut  off; 

cut  to  pieces,  kill,  slay,  destroy. 
concilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,   [conci- 
lium], I,  win  over,  reconcile ;  win, 

gain,  procure,     [conciliate. 
concilium,  -i,  n.,  meeting,  assembly. 

[council. 
concino,  -ere,  -ui,  [com-  +  can6], 

3,  sound  together.     C.  ill.  92. 
concito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com-  + 

cito],  I,  rouse,  stir  up. 
conclamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 

-\-  clamo,  shout~\,   i,  cry  aloud  to- 
gether, shout,  cry  out. 
conclusus,   -a,   -um,    [conclude], 

adj.,  confined,  shut  in.     ill.  9. 
Conconnetodumnus,  -i,    m.,   (kon- 

kon"  e  -to-dum'  nus),  a  chief  of  the 

Carnutes.     vii.  3. 
concrepo,  -are,  -ui,  -itus,  [com-  + 

crepo,  raitle'\,  i,  rattle,  clash,     vii. 

21. 
concurro,  -currere,  -cucurri  or 

-curri,     -cur sum     est,    [com-  + 

curro],    3,    rtm   together,    run   up, 

rush;   charge;  gather;    resort    (vi. 

13).     [concur. 
concurso,  -are,  [freq.  of  concurro], 

I,  rush  to  and  fro,  run  about. 
concursuB,    -us,     [concurro],    m., 

running  together ;    dashing  together, 

collision    (v.   10;    C.  11.  6);     onset, 

charge  {\\,^\   vii.  62).     [concourse. 


condemns,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
+  damno],  i,  condemn,  find  guilty 
{of),     vii.  19.     [condemn. 

condicio,  -onis,  [com-  +  Die,  de- 
clare'], f.,  condition,  situation,  state; 
terms,  stipulation,     [condition. 

condono,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
+  d5n6],  I,  give  up,  overlook, 
disregard,  pardon,  i.  20.  [con- 
done. 

Condrusi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.  (kon-dru' 
si),  a  Belgic  people  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Mosa  {Meuse). 

condiico,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
[com-  +  duco],  3,  bring  together, 
collect;  hire,     [conduce. 

confectus,  see  conflcio. 

confers,  -ferre,  -tuli,  collatus, 
[com-  -f  fero],  irr.,  bring  together, 
gather,  collect,  convey ;  compare  (i. 
31);  ascribe,  refer  (i.  40);  put  off, 
postpone  (i.  40).  se  conferre,  to 
betake  one^s  self,  turn,  proceed,  [con- 
fer. 

confertus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part  of  confercio],  adj., 
crowded  together,  close,  dense. 

confestim,  adv.,  immediately,  at  once, 
speedily. 

conficio,  -flcere,  -feci,  -fectus, 
[com-  +  facio],  3,  do  thoroughly, 
complete,  finish,  accomplish,  do; 
bring  to  an  end,  wear  out,  exhaust, 
enfeeble ;  of  troops,  bring  together, 
furnish  (ii.  4).     [confectionery. 

confido,  -fidere,  -fisus  sum,  [com- 
+  fido,  trust],  3,  semi-dep.,  trust 
finally,  rely  upon,  have  confidence 
in  ;   believe,  be  confident,      [confide. 

configo,  -figere,  -fixi,  -fixus,  [com- 
+  figo,  fasten],  3,  fasten  together, 
join.     iii.  13. 

confinis,  -e,  [com-  +  finis],  adj., 
bordering  on,  adjoining,     vi.  3. 

confinium,  -i.  [confinis],  n.,  boun- 
dary, frontier,    v.  24.     [confine. 


confid 


conscendo 


confid,  -fieri,  [com-  +  fioj,  irr., 
sometimes  used  instead  of  conflcior, 
pass,  of  c6nflci6,  be  accomplished,  be 
done.     vii.  58. 

confirmatio,  -Onis,  [cSnfirmo],  f., 
assurance,     iii.  18.     [confirmation. 

confirmatUB,  -a,  -um,  [confirms J, 
adj.,  comp.  confirmatior,  encour- 
aged, confident.     C.  ill.  84. 

confirmd,  -are,  -avi,  atus,  [com-, 
cf.  firm  us],  \,  strengthen,  confirm; 
arrange  for,  establish  ;  reassure,  en- 
courage ;  assert,  declare;  assure. 
[confirm. 

confisus,  -a,  -um,  see  confido. 

confiteor,  -flteri,  -fessus,  [com-  + 
fateor,  confess^  2,  dep.,  confess,  ac- 
kno7vledge.     v.  27.     [confess. 

confizus,  -a,  -um,  see  configro. 

conflagro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
+  flagrro,  blaze),  1,  be  in  fiames,  be 
on  fire.     v.  43.     [conflagration. 

conflicto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
confligo],  I,  dep.,  harass,  assail. 
V.  35.     [conflict. 

confligd,  -fligrere,  -flixi,  -flictus, 
[com-  -f-  flig5,  strike},  3,  dash  to- 
gether ;  contend,  fight. 

confluSns,  -entis,  [cQnfluo],  m., 
fioiving  together  of  two  streams,  con- 
fiuence.     iv.  15. 

confluo,  -fluere,  -fluxi,  [com-  + 
flu6],  3,  fioiv  together;  fiock  (vii. 
44).      [confluent. 

confugio,  -fugere,  -ftigri,  [com-  + 
fugio],  3,  fiee  for  refuge,     vi.  5. 

confmido,  -fundere,  -fQdi,  -fasus, 
[com- +  funds],  3,  pour  together; 
mass  together  (vii.  75).     [confound. 

congerd,  -grerere,  -gressi,  -grestus, 
[com-  +  grerS] ,  3,  bring  together, 
collect.     C.  II.  37. 

congredior,  -grredi,  -grressus, 
[com- -f-grradlor,  step'],  3,  dep., 
come  together,  meet,  unite  with  ;  Join 
battle,  engage,  contend. 


congresBUs,   -a,   -um,  see  congrre- 

dior. 
congreBBUB,  -us,  [congrredior],  m., 

fneeting;  encounter ,  engagement  (iii. 
13).     [congress. 

conicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [com- 
+  iacio],  3,  throw  together,  hurl, 
cast;  throw  up,  throw;  place,  put. 
in  fugram  conicere,  to  put  to  flight. 

coniectura,  -ae,  [conicio],  f.,  infer- 
ence,    [conjecture. 

coniunctim,  [coniungrS],  adv., 
jointly,  in  common. 

conitinotUB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part  of  coniungrS],  adj., 
connected;  closely  allied  (vii.  t,^). 
[conjunct. 

coniungd,  -iungrere,  -ianxi,  -ittnc- 
tus,  [com-  +  iungo],  3,  join  to- 
gether, unite,  join,     [conjoin. 

coniiinx,  coniugris,  [coniungro],  m. 
and  f.,  husband;  wife,  spouse  (vii. 
14).     [conjugal. 

coniuratio,  -onls,  [coniarS],  f., 
union  bound  by  oath,  league;  con- 
spiracy, plot. 

coniuro,  -are,  -avi,  atus,  [com-  4- 
-iuro],  I,  take  oath  together  (vii.  i)  ; 
form  a  league,  conspire,  plot,  [con- 
jure. 

Conor,  -ari,  -atus,  i,  dep.,  endeavor, 
attempt,  undertake,  try.     [conative. 

conquiesco,  -ere,  -quievi,  -qui§- 
turus,  [com-  +  quiescS,  rest],  3, 
take  complete  rest,  repose,     vii.  46. 

conquiro,  -quirere,  -quisivi,  -quisi- 
tus,  [com-  +  quaer6],  3,  seek  out, 
hunt  up;  bring  together,  collect. 

conquisitUB,  see  conquirS. 

consanguineuB,  -a,  -um.  [com-  + 
sangruineus,  from  sangruis],  adj., 
of  the  same  blood.  As  noun,  m.,  and 
f.,  relative,  kinsman;  pi.,  kinsfolk, 
blood-relations,     [consanguineous. 

conscendo,  -scendere,  -scendi, 
-scensus,  [com-  +  scand6,f/iw<^]» 


conscientia 


27 


consterno 


3,  mount,  ascend,  naves  conscen- 
dere,  to  embark. 

conscientia,  -ae,  [conscio],  f., 
knowledge  (v.  56);  with  animi, 
moral  sense^  conscience  (C.  ill.  60). 
[conscience. 

conscisco,  -sciscere,  -scivi,  -scitus, 
[com-  +  scisco,  approve'},  3,  decree., 
appoint;  injlict,  bring  upon,  sibi 
mortem  consciscere,  to  commit 
suicide  (i.  4  ;    iii.  22). 

conscius,  -a,  -um,  [com-,  of.  scio], 
adj.,  conscious,  aware  {of),  [con- 
scious. 

conscribo,  -scribere,  -scripsi, 
-scriptus,  [com-  +  scribo],  3, 
write  (v.  48);  enrol,  levy,  enlist. 
[conscript. 

conscriptus,  see  c5nscrib6. 

consecratus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  con- 
secro],  adj.,  holy,  sacred,  [conse- 
crate. 

consector,  -ari,  -atus,  [consequor] , 
I,  dep.,  follow  up,  pursue. 

consecutus,  see  consequor. 

consensio,  -onis,  [consentio],  f., 
common  feeling,  agreement.  vii. 
76. 

consensus,  -as,  [consentio],  m., 
common  feeling,  agreement.,  under- 
standing,    [consensus. 

consentio,  -sentire,  -sensi,  -sensus, 
[com-  -f-  sentio] ,  4 ;  agree  ;  plot  to- 
gether, conspire,      [consent. 

consequor,  -sequi,  -secutus,  [com- 
-h  sequor],  3,  dep.,  follow  after, 
folloiv  ;  pursue,  overtake  ;  obtain,  se- 
cure, gain,     [consequence. 

conservo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
-|- servo],  I,  save,  spare;  of  laws 
or  rights,  observe,  maintain,  [con- 
serve. 

considerate,  [consideratus,  from 
considers],  adv.,  circumspectly. 
Com  p.  consideratius,  with  unusual 
caution  (C.  ill.  82). 


Cdnsidius,  -i,  m.,  Publius  Considius, 
(kon-sid'  i-us),  an  officer  in  Caesar's 
army, 

consido,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessum, 
[com-  +  sido,  sit},  t,,  sit  down,  seat 
one^s  self;  halt,  encamp  ;  take  up  an 
abode,  establish  one's  self,  settle. 

consilium,  -i,  [of.  consul©],  n.,  con- 
sultation, deliberation,  counsel ;  gath- 
ering for  deliberation,  council;  ad- 
vice ;  decision,  plan,  design,  scheme  ; 
project,  proposal;  good j udgment, pru- 
dence, discretion,  consilium  inire 
or  habere,  to  form  a  plan,  [coun- 
sel. 

consimilis,  -e,  [com-  +  similis], 
adj.,  very  like,  quite  like. 

consisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  [com-  -f 
sisto,  set,  place},  3,  stand,  stop,  halt ; 
take  a  position,  be  posted,  make  a 
stand ;  stay,  remain  ;  sojourn,  settle  ; 
consist  {in),  depend  {on),  in  orbem 
consistere,  to  form  a  circle  (v.  33). 
[consist. 

consobrinus,  -i,  [com-,  of.  soror], 
m.,  cousin,    vii.  76.     [cousin. 

consoler,  -ari,  -atus,  [com-  +  sSlor, 
comfort},  I,  dep.,  comfort,  cheer,  en- 
courage,    [console. 

conspectus,  -us,  [conspicio],  m., 
sight,  vieiv,  presence,      [conspectus. 

conspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spec- 
tus,  [com-  -I-  specie,  look},  3,  ob- 
serve, behold,  see,  perceive, 

conspicor,  -ari,  -atus,  i,  dep.,  catch 
sight  of,  see,  observe. 

conspiro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
+  spiro,  breathe},  i,  agree;  com- 
bine, form  a  league,  conspire  (iii. 
10).     [conspire. 

c5nstanter,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime, 
[constans],adv.,  resolutely  {\\\.  25)  ; 
uniformly,  unanimously  (ii.  2). 

constantia,  -ae,  [constans],  i.,  firm- 
ness, resolution,     [constancy. 

consterno,     -are,    -avi,  -atus,     i, 


cOnsterno 


28 


contentus 


alarm,  terrify,     vii.  30.      [conster- 
nation. 

cdnsterno,  -sternere,  -stravi,  -stra- 
tus, [com-  +  sterno],  3,  stretu  over, 
cover  (iv.  17);  strew,  carpet  (C.  III. 
96). 

constipo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com- 
4-  stip6,  press\,  i,  crowd  together, 
crozvd  closely,     v.  43. 

constituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -stitu- 
tus,  [com-  +  8tatu5],  3,  station, 
place,  draw  up ;  bring  to  a  halt,  stop 
(vii.  47);  of  ships,  moor ;  appoint, 
establish;  resolve  upon,  determine, 
decide.,  fix,  settle,     [constitute. 

consto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -staturus, 
[com- -|- sto],  I,  stand  firm  ;  re- 
main the  same  (vii.  35)  ;  remain,  lie 
(vii.  21);  depend  on  (vii.  84);  cost 
(vii.  19);  be  made  tip  of  (C.  il.  36). 
cSnstat,  impers.,  it  is  certain,  well- 
known.,  evident,  it  is  clear. 

consuesco,  -suescere,  -suevi,  -sue- 
tus,  [com-  -f  suesco,  become  used"], 
3,  form  a  habit,  become  accustomed, 
be  accustomed,  be  wont. 

consugtudo,  -inis,  [c5nsu§sc5],  f., 
habit,  practice,  custom,  usage ;  mode 
of  life  (v.  14,  vi.  21);  practice  in 
speaking  a  language  (i.  47).  c6n- 
suetadS  victus,  standard  of  living 
(i.  31).     [custom. 

consuetus,  see  consuesco. 

consul,  -ulls,  m.,  consul,  one  of  the 
two  chief  magistrates  at  Rome,  chosen 
annually,     [consul. 

conauiaris,  -e,  [consul],  adj.,  consu- 
lar.    C.  I.  6.     [consular. 

consuiatUB,  -as,  [c5nsul],  m.,  con- 
sulship,    i.  35.     [consulate. 

consuls,  -sulere,  -sului,  -sultus,  3, 
consult,  deliberate,  take  counsel  of; 
with  dat.,  have  regard  for,  look  out 
for. 

consulto,  [c6nsul5],  adv.,  on  pur- 
pose, designedly,  purposely. 


consulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
consuls],  I,  deliberate,  take  counsel. 
V-  53;  vii.  77.     [consult. 

consultum,  -i,  [cSnsultus,  from 
consuls],  n.,  deliberation;  resolu- 
tion, decree,  decision. 

consumo,  -sttmere,  -stimpsi, 
-samptus,  [com-  +  siimS],  3,  use 
up,  devour,  eat  up;  waste,  exhaust, 
destroy;  of  time,  spend, pass,  [con- 
sume. 

cdnsumptus,  see  c5nsam6. 

consurgo,  -surgere,  -surrexi,  con- 
surrectum  est,  [com-  -f  surgS, 
rise^,  3,  rise  together,  arise,  stand  up. 

contabulo,  -are,  avi,  atus,  [com-, 
cf.  tabula,  board],  i,  construct  of 
boards;    build  up  in  stories,     vii.  22. 

contagio,  -5nis,  [cf.  contingrC],  f., 
contact,     vi.  13.     [contagion. 

contamino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [con- 
tamen,  =  contagiS],  i,  taint,  pol- 
lute,    vii.  43.     [contaminate. 

contego,  -tegere,  -texi,  -tectus, 
[com-  -f-  tegS],  3,  cover,  cover  up 
(vii.  85). 

contemno,  -temnere,  -tempsi, 
-temptus,  [com-  +  temnS,  </<?- 
spise],  I,  despise,  hold  in  contempt, 
[contemn. 

contemptio,  -Snis,  [cf.  contemnO], 
f.,  a  despising,  contempt,  scorn. 

contemptus,  -as,  [contemnO],  m., 
scorn,     [contempt. 

contends,  -tendere,  -tendl,  -ten- 
tus,  [com-  +  tends],  3,  put  forth 
effort,  strive  for,  make  effort,  strive  ; 
demand  (vii.  63,  C.  ill.  97);  hasten, 
make  haste,  push  forward;  struggle, 
contend,  vie ;  maintain,  insist,  pro- 
test  (vi.  37,  41,  43).     [contend. 

contentio,  -Snls,  [contends],  f., 
effort;  struggle,  fight,  contest;  dis- 
pute, controversy,     [contention. 

contentus,  -a.  -um,  [part,  of  con- 
tineSj,  adj ,  satisfied,    [content. 


contexo 


29 


converto 


contexo,  -texere,  -texui,  -textus, 
[cora-  +  texo,  weave'],  3,  weave  to- 
gether, weave  ;  bind  together,  join, 
construct,     [context. 

continens,  -entis,  [part,  of  con- 
tineo],  adj.,  adjoining ;  continuous, 
unbroken,  consecutive,  continenti 
impetu,  without  pausing  {y'n.  28). 
As  noun,  (originally  sc.  terra),  f., 
mainland,     [continent. 

continenter,  [continens] ,  adv.,  con- 
stantly, incessantly,  without  inter- 
ruption, contitiually. 

continentia,  -ae,  [continens],  f., 
self-restraint,    moderation,     vii,  52. 

contineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus, 
[com-  +  teneo],  2,  hold  together  ; 
hold ;  hold  back,  keep  in  hand;  keep, 
retaifi,  detain,  shut  in  ;  of  places  and 
regions,  hem  in,  bound,  border;  of 
spa.ce,  Jill  (i.  38);  of  a  rite,  pass., 
consist  of  (vii.  2).     [contain. 

conting5,  -tingere,  -tigi,  -tactus, 
[com-  +  tango],  3,  touch,  extend 
to,  border  on,  reach  ;  happen,  fall  to 
the  lot  of{\.  43).     [contact. 

continuatio, -onls,  [verb  continue], 
f.,  succession.  iii.  29.  [continua- 
tion. 

continue,  [continuus],  adv.,  forth- 
with, immediately,  at  once. 

continuus,  -a,  -um,  [com-,  of,  te- 
neo], adj.,  successive,  uninterrupted. 
[continuous. 

contid,  -onis,  [for  *coventi6, 
CO-,  cf.  venio],  f.,  assembly,  meeting 
(v.  52,  vii.  52) ;  address,  harangue. 
hac  hiabita  contione,  having  de- 
livered this  address  (vii.  53). 

contionor,  -ari,  -atus,  [contio],  i, 
dep.,  address  an  assembly,  make  an 
address.    C.  i.  7. 

contra,  [related  to  com-],  adv.  and 
prep.: 

(i)  As  adv.,   opposite,   in  opposi- 
iion,  on  the  other  side ;  on  the  other 


hand,  on  the  contrary  (v.  31). 
contra  atque,  otherwise  than,  con- 
trary to  what  (iv.  13). 

(2)  As  prep.,  with  ace.  only,  op- 
posite to,  facing,  over  against,  con- 
trary to;  against,  in  hostility  to,  to 
the  disadvantage  of,  in  spite  of;  in 
reply  to  (v.  29). 

contraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -trac- 
tus,  [com-  -\-  traho],  3,  bring  to- 
gether, collect;  draw  in,  contract,  i7iake 
smaller  (v,  49;   vii.  40).     [contract. 

contrarius,  -a, -um,  [contra],  adj., 
opposite,  contrary.  ex  contrario, 
on  the  contrary  (vii.  30).     [contrary. 

controversia,  -ae,  [contro versus], 
f.,  dispute,  debate,  controversy,  quar- 
rel, minuere  controversias,  to 
settle  the  questions  at  issue  (v.  26; 
vi.  23).     [controversy. 

contumelia,  -ae,  f.,  insult,  indignity  ; 
of  waves,  buffeting  (iii.  13).  [con- 
tumely. 

convalesce,  -valescere,  -valui, 
[com-  +  valesco,  inch,  from  va- 
leo],  3,  grow  strong,  get  well,  recover. 
vi.  36.     [convalesce. 

convallis,  -is,  [com-  +  vallis],  f., 
valley,  ravine,  defile. 

conveho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectus, 
[com-  +  veho],  3,  bring  together, 
collect,  store,    vii.  74. 

convenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventum 
est,  [com-  +  venio],  4,  come  to- 
gether, gather,  assevible,  meet,  come  in 
a  body;  cow^  to  an  assembly  (v.  56)  ; 
be  agreed  upon  (i.  36,  ii.  19);  im- 
pers.,  be  fitting  (vii.  85);  fall  in 
zvith.,  meet  (i.  27).     [convene. 

conventus,  -us,  [cf.  convenio],  m., 
assembly,  meeting;  court,    [convent. 

conversus,  see  converto. 

converto,  -vertere,  -verti,  -versus, 
[com-4-  verto],  3,  turn,  direct,  turn 
about,  zvheel  around;  change  (i.  41). 
conversa  signa  inferre,   to  face 


Convictolitavis 


30 


Crassus 


about  and  advance  (i.  25;  ii.  26). 
[convert. 

Convictolitavis,  -is,  ace.  -im,  (vii. 
55),  m.,  (Icon"  viU-to-li-ta' vjs),  an 
Aeduan  whose  claims  to  the  office  of 
Vergobret  were  sustained  by  Caesar. 

convictuB,  see  convincS. 

convinco,  -vincere,  -vici,  -victus, 
[com-  -f-  vinc6],  3,  prove  clearly, 
establish, prove  (i.  40).     [convict. 

convoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [com--f 
voc6],  I,  call  together,  summon,  as' 
semble.     [convoke. 

cobrior,  -oriri,  -ortus,  [co-  -f-  orior], 
4,  dep.,  arise ;  of  storm  and  wind, 
arise,  rise,  spring  up  ;  of  war,  break 
out  (iii.  7). 

coortus,  see  coorior. 

copia,  -ae,  [=  co-opia,  from  co--|- 
ops],  f.,  quantity,  abundance,  sup- 
ply, plenty.  PL,  c5piae,  -arum, 
means,  resources,  wealth ;  forces, 
troops. 

copioBUS,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor,  sup. 
-issimus,  [copia],  adj.,  well-sup- 
plied, ivealthy,  rich.    i.  23.    [copious. 

copula,  -ae,  [co-  +  ap  in  aptus], 
f.,  band;  pi.,  grappling-hooks  (iii. 
13).     [copula. 

cor,  cordis,  n.,  heart,  cordi  esse, 
to  be  dear  (vi.  19).     [cordial. 

coram,  [co-,  cf.  6s,  y^^r*?],  z.<\y.,  face 
to  face,  in  person.  cOram  per- 
spicit  (v.  11)  or  cernit  (vi.  8),  he 
sees  7vith  his  own  eyes.  As  prep., 
with  the  ablative,  in  the  presence  of. 

CorioBOlitSB,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (ko"  ri-o- 
sol'  i-tez),  a  people  along  the  north- 
western coast  of  Gaul. 

corlum,  -i,  n.,  hide.     vii.  22. 

CornSliuB,  -a,  -um,  Zid].,  of  Cornelius^ 
Cornelian,  castra  OornSlia,  Cor- 
nelian camp,  near  Utica  (C.  ii.  37). 

COrnii,  -Us,  n.,  horn  ;  of  a  deer,  ant- 
ler (vi.  26) ;    of  an  army,  wing. 

corona,  -ae,  [  =  icopc6K»7],  f.,  crown^ 


wreath  (ill.  16);  of  soldiers,  con- 
tinuous cordon,  cordon  (vii.  72). 
[crown. 

corpus,  -oris,  n.,  body,     [corporal. 

corripio,  -rtpere,  -ripui,  -reptiis, 
[com-  +  rapid],  3,  snatch  up; 
seize,  carry  away  (C.  III.  64). 

corrumpo,  -rumpere,  -nipl,  -rup- 
tus,  [com-  +  rumpS,  break\  3, 
spoil,  destroy,    vii.  55,  64.     [corrupt. 

cortex,  corticis,  m.  and  f.,  bark  of  a 
tree.     ii.  33,  C.  iii.  49. 

Corus,  -i,  m.,  northwest  wind.     v.  7. 

coss.,  =  consulibus,  from  c5nsul. 

cotidianus,  -a,  -um,  [cotidie],  adj., 
daily  ;  ordinary,  usual. 

cotidiS,  [quot  +  dies],  adv.,  daily^ 
every  day. 

Cotta,  -ae,  m. : 

(i)  L.  Aurunculeius  Cotta,  see 
Aurunculeius. 

(2)  L.  Aurelius  Cotta  (i-re' Ij-us 
kot'  a),  consul  in  65  B.C.     C.  i.  6. 

Cotuatus,  -i,  m.,  (kot-u-a' tus),  a 
leader  of  the  Carnutes.     vii.  3. 

CotUB,  -i,  m.,  (ko'tus),  an  Aeduan, 
rival  of  Convictolitavis  for  the  office 
of  Vergobret.     vii.  32,  33,  39,  67. 

crassitiido,  -inis,  [crassus,  thick'\^ 
{.,  thickness,     iii.  13  ;  vii.  73. 

Crassus,  -i,  m.,  (kras'  us)  : 

(i)  Marcus  Licinius  Crassus, 
member  of  the  triumvirate  with  Cae- 
sar and  Pompey,  consul  in  55  B.C.; 
perished  in  the  disastrous  Parthian 
expedition,  53  B.C.     i.  21;   iv.  i. 

(2)  Publius  Licinius  Crassus, 
younger  son  of  the  triumvir,  lieuten- 
ant of  Caesar  in  Gaul,  B.C.  58-56; 
returning  to  Rome  in  55,  he  followed 
his  father  to  the  East  and  fell  in  the 
same  battle,  53  B.C.  i.  52;  ii.  34; 
iii.  7,  8,  9,  II,  20-27. 

(3)  Marcus  Licinius  Crassus^ 
elder  son  of  the  triumvir,  quaestor 
in  Caesar's  army  after  his   brother 


Crastinus 


31 


cura 


Publius  left  Gaul.  v.  24,  46,  47; 
vi.  6. 

Crastinus,  -i,  [eras],  m.,  (kras'  ti- 
nus),  a  brave  soldier  in  Caesar's 
army.     C.  ill.  91,  99. 

crates,  -is,  f.,  wicker-work,  wattle; 
hurdle,  fascine,     [crate,  grate. 

creber,  -bra,  -brum,  comp.  crebrior, 
sup.  creberrimus,  adj.,  thick,  nu- 
merous, frequent,  a  great  many. 

crebro,  comp.  crebrius,  sup.  cre- 
berrime,  [creber],  adv.,/;r^«^«//y, 
in  quick  succession,     vii.  41. 

credo,  credere,  credidi,  creditus, 
3,  trust,  believe,  think,  suppose;  in- 
trust, consign  (vi.  31).  [creed, 
credit. 

cremo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  burn; 
burn  to  death  (i.  4.)      [cremate. 

creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  create, 
make;  choose,  elect,  appoint,    [create. 

cresco,  crescere,  crevi,  cretus,  3, 
inch.,  grow;  become  great,  become 
powerful  (i.  20);  of  a  river,  become 
swollen  (vii.  55).      [crescent. 

Cretes,  -um,  accusative  Gretas, 
[Kp'^res],  m.,  pi.,  Cretans,  inhabit- 
ants of  Crete. 

Critognatus,  -i,  m.,  (krit-og-na'  tus), 
a  prominent  Arvernian.     vii.  77,  78. 

cruciatus, -us,  [crucio,  torture\v\., 
torture,  cruelty,  torment,  suffering. 

cnidelitas,  -tatis,  [crudelis],  f., 
cruelty,  barbarity,      [cruelty. 

criideliter,  comp.  crudelius,  sup. 
crudelissime,  [crudelis],  adv., 
cruelly,  with  cruelty,     i.  31;   vii.  38. 

crus,  cruris,  n.,  leg.     vi.  27. 

cubile,  -is,  [cf.  cubo,  lie  down'],  n., 
bed,  resting-place,     vi.  27. 

culmen,  -inis,  n.,  height,  summit,  top. 
iii.  2.     [culminate. 

culpa,  -ae,  f.,  blame,  fault,  error,  iv. 
27;  V.  52.     [culpable. 

culttira,  -ae,  [cf.  colo],  f.,  tilling, 
cultivation,     [culture. 


cultus,  -us,  [colo],  m.,  cultivation, 
care;  mode  of  life,  civilization. 
[cult. 

cum,  prep,  with  ablative  only,  with, 
along  with,  together  with. 

In  composition  the  earlier  form 
com-  is  used,  which  remains  un- 
changed before  b,  p,  m,  but  is 
changed  to  col-  or  con-  before  1,  cor- 
or  con-  before  r,  con-  before  other 
consonants,  and  co-  before  vowels 
and  h;  implies  doing  anything  in 
concert  tvith  others,  or  thoroughly 
and  completely. 

cum,  conj.,  temporal,  ^vhen,  zvhile,  as 
often  as,  as;  causal,  since;  adver- 
sative, although,  cum  .  .  .  tum, 
both  .  .  .  and,  not  only  .  .  .  but  also. 
cum  primum,  as  soon  as. 

cunctatio,  -onis,  [cunctor],  f.,  de- 
lay, hesitation,     iii.  18,  24. 

cunctor,  -ari,  -atus,  i,  dep.,  delay, 
hesitate,     iii.  23;   iv.  25. 

cunctus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  all  together, 
all.  As  noun,  cuncti,  -orum,  m., 
pi.,  all  in  a  body  (vii.  ii). 

cuneatim,  [cuneatus,  cuneus], 
adv.,  in  the  form  of  a  wedge ;  in 
wedge-shaped  masses  (vii.  28). 

cuneus,  -i,  m.,  wedge;  of  troops, 
wedge-shaped  mass  (vi.  40). 

cuniculus,  -i,  m.,  rabbit ;  in  military 
\a.ngn3ige, underground  passage,  mine. 
iii.  21;   vii.  22,  24. 

cupide,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime, 
[cupidus],  adv.,  eagerly,  ardently. 

cupiditas,  -tatis,  [cupidus],  f.,  ar- 
dent desire,  eagerness,     [cupidity. 

cupidus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [cf.  cupio],  z.^].,  desirous, 
eager  for,  fond  of. 

cupio,  cupere,  cupivi,  cupitus,  3, 
desire  ;  ivish  well  to  (i.  18). 

cur,  adv.,  why?  ivherefore ? 

cura,  -ae,  f.,  care,  attention,  anxiety^ 
trouble,     [cure  (noun). 


Curio 


32 


decurio 


Curio,  -5ni8,  m.,  Gains  Scribonius 
Curio,  (scrj-bo'  ni-us  ku'  ri-6),  a 
lieutenant  of  Caesar's  army.  C.  ii.  3, 
34  et  seq. 

euro,  -are,  -ftvi,  -atus,  [cQra],  i, 
take  care,  provide  for,  superintend, 
arrange.  nSves  aediflcandas 
curare,  to  have  ships  built  (v.  i). 
[cure  (verb). 

currus,  -as,  [cf.  currO],  m.,  chariot. 

curaus,  -Us,  [cf.  currQJ,  m.,  j'un- 
ning ;  speed ;  course,      [course. 

custodia,  -ae,  [ciistSs],  f,,  a  watch- 
ing;  guard,  7vatch ;  pi.,  watch  sta- 
tions (C.  II.  5).     [custody. 

custddio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [castSs], 
4,  guard,  keep,     vi.  4. 

custos,  -todis,  m.  and  f.,  guard, 
keeper,  watch. 


D.,  with  proper  names,  =  Decimus. 

D  =  quingenti,  500. 

d.,  see  a.  d. 

Daci,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  the  Dacians, 
Daci  (da'  si),  a  people  living  north  of 
the  lower  course  of  the  Danube 
River,  in  the  countries  now  called 
Hungary  and  Rumania,     vi.  25. 

Damasippus,  -i,  see  Licinius. 

damno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [dam- 
num], I,  condemn,  sentence.  capi- 
tis damnare,  to  condemn  to  death 
(C.  III.  83).  Part,  as  noun,  dam- 
nati,  -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  those  con- 
demned, criminals  (v.  55). 

damnum,  -i,  n.,  loss.     vi.  44. 

Danuvius,  -i,  m.,  the  Danube,     vi.  25. 

d§,  prep,  with  abl.,  denoting  separa- 
tion, from,  doiun  from,  aivay  from  ; 
out  of,  of ;  from  among;  on  account  of, 
for,  through,  by ;  concerning,  about, 
in  respect  to ;  after,  during,  in  the 
course  of,  in. 

d^beo,  debere,  debul,  debitus,  [de 
-i-  habeoj,  2,  07ve ;  pass.,  be  due; 


followed  by  infin.,  ought,  must^ 
should,     [debit. 

dScSdo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessHrus, 
[de  +  cgdoj,  3,  go  away,  retire, 
withdraw  ;  avoid,  shun  ;  die  {vi.  19). 

decem,  or  x,  indeclinable  num.,  ten. 

deceptus,  see  decipiS. 

decerno,  -cernere,  -crevi,  -crStus, 
[de  +  cerno],  t,,  pass  judgment,  de- 
cide ;  resolve  upon,  resolve,  determine; 
assign  by  vote  (C.  i.  6). 

dgcerto,  -are,  -avi,  atus,  [dS  + 
certo,  contend\  \,  fight  to  a  finish, 
fight  a  decisive  battle. 

dScesBUS,  -as,  [decedo],  m.,  depart' 
tire,  luithdrawal.     [decease. 

Decetia,  -ae,  f.,  (de-se'sh[y]a),  a 
town  of  the  Aeduans,  on  the  Liger 
{Loire),     vii.  t,^. 

decido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  [de  +  cadO], 
3,  fall  down,  fall  off.     [deciduous. 

decimus,  -a,  -um,  or  x,  [decem], 
num.  alj.,  tenth,     [decimal. 

Decimus,  -i,  m.,  (des'  j-mus),  a  Roman 
first  name. 

decipid,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 
[de  +  capiS],  3,  catch;  deceive  (i. 
14).     [deceive. 

dSclaro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [dS  + 
ciarS,  from  ciarusj,  i,  make  clear, 
announce,     i.  50.      [declare. 

dSclivis,  -e,  [de  +  clivus],  adj.,  slop- 
ing, descending.  As  noun,  d6cllvla, 
n.,  pi.,  slopes,  declivities  (vii.  88). 

dSclivitas,  -tatis,  [dSclivis],  f.,  de- 
scent,    [declivity. 

d6cr6tum,  -i,  [decernO],  n.,  decree, 
decision,     [decree. 

decumSnus,  -a,  -um,  [decimus], 
adj.,  of  a  tenth  part,  decuman. 
decumana  porta,  rear  gate  of  the 
Roman  camp,  opposite  the  porta 
praetSria. 

decurio,  -Snis,  [decuria],  m.,  decu^ 
rion,  a  cavalry  officer  in  charge  of  a 
decuria,  consisting  of  10  horsemen. 


decurro 


33 


delectus 


decurro,  -currere,  -cucurri  ur 
-currir  -cursurus,  [de  -f-  curroj, 
3,  run  do7un,  rush  down,  hasten. 

dedecus,  -oris,  [de  +  decus,  honor  ', 
n  ,  disgrace,  dishonor,     iv.  25. 

dediticius,  -i,  [deditus,  from 
dedo],  adj.,  that  has  surrendered, 
subject.  As  noun,  dediticii,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  prisoners  of  war,  captives. 

deditio,  -onis,  [dedo J,  f.,  surren- 
der, accipere  or  recipere  in 
deditionem,  to  receive  by  capit^da- 
tion.  in  deditionem  venire,  to 
surrender  (vi.  3,  9). 

deditus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  dedo], 
adj.,  devoted  (vi.  16). 

dedo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [de  -|- 
do],  3,  give  up,  surrender ;  devote 
(iii.  22). 

deduGO,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
[de  -j-  duco],  3,  lead  down;  lead 
away,  lead  off,  withdraw ;  lead,  in- 
duce;  conduct,  bring;  of  ships,  ^r«w 
down,  launch  (v.  2,  23)  ;  bring 
home  as  a  bride,  marry  (v.  14). 
[deduce. 

defatigatio,  -onis,  [defatigo],  f., 
weariness,  exhaustion,     iii.  19. 

defatigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  + 
fatigo,  7e^<?«rj/],  i,  tire  out,  exhaust. 

defectio,  -onis,  [deflcio],  f.,  a  fail- 
ing;  desertion,  revolt,     [defection. 

defendo,  -fendere,  -fendi,  -fensus, 
3,  ward  off,  repel;  defend,  guard, 
protect,     [defend. 

defensio,  -onis,  [defendo],  f.,  de- 
fence,    ii.  7;   vii.  23. 

defSnsor,  -oris,  [defendo],  m.,  de- 
fender, protector  ;  of  piles  protecting 
z.\yc\dig<t,  guards  (iv.  17). 

defensuB,  see  defendo. 

deferd,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus,  [de  + 
fero],  irr.,  bring  doivn ;  carry 
away,  bear  away  ;  bring  (to),  carry 
(to);  refer  (to),  confer  upon,  lay 
before  ;  report,  announce,     [defer. 


defessus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  defetis- 
cor],  adj.,  worn  out,  exhausted. 
As  noun,  defessus,  -i,  m,,  one  ex- 
hausted (iii.  4),  pi.,  the  exhausted 
(vii.  25,  41,  C.  III.  94). 

defetiscor,  -i,  defessus,  [de  +  fatis- 
cor],  3,  dep.,  become  exhausted  (vii. 
88). 

deficio,  -flcere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [de 
+  facio],  T^,  fail,  be  lacking;  fall 
away,  revolt,  rebel.  deficere 
animo,  to  lose  heart  (vii.  30). 
[deficit. 

defigo,  -figere,  -fixi,  fixus,  [de  + 
figo,  fasten^  3,  viake  fast,  fix,  fas- 
ten ;  stick  fast  (y.  44). 

deflnio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [de  + 
fini6],4,  set  bounds  to;  define,  fix, 
set  (vii.  2>Ti);  apportion  (C.  ill.  2>2). 
[define. 

defore,  see  desum. 

deformis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  [de  + 
forma],  adj.,  ill-shaped  (iv.  2); 
unsightly  (vii.  23).     [deform. 

defugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  [de  + 
fugio],  ■^,  flee  from,  shun,  avoid. 

deicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [de  + 
iacio],  3,  throio  down,  cast  down, 
throw ;  dislodge,  drive  from,  rout ; 
of  a  ship,  pass.,  be  carried  (iv.  28) ; 
of  lots,  cast  (C.  III.  6)  ;  kill,  destroy  ; 
disappoint,     [dejection. 

delectus,  see  deicio. 

delectus,  -us,  [deicio],  m.,  descent, 
slope,  declivity,     ii.  8,  22,  29. 

deinceps,  [dein,  =  deinde,  +  cap 
in  capio],  adv.,  one  after  the  other,  in 
sttccession,  in  turn;  without  inter- 
ruption (ill.  29). 

deinde,  [de  +  indej,  adv.,  thereafter, 
afterwards,  then,  next. 

delatus,  see  defero. 

delecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
delicio],  i,  please;  in  pass.,  have 
pleasure  in  (\w    2).     [delectation. 

delectus,  see  deligo. 


deleo 


34 


deprecator 


dSleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus,  2,  destroy ^ 
annihilate;  of  disgrace,  wipe  out 
(ii.  27).     [delete. 

dglibero,  -are,  -avi,  -fttus,  [dS,  cf. 
libra,  balance"],  i,  deliberate, ponder. 
Impersonal,  deliberatur,  the  ques- 
tion is  discussed  (vii.  15).  [delib- 
erate. 

delibro,  -are,  ,  -atus,   [de  + 

liber,  bark'],    i,  strip  off  the  bark, 
peel.     vii.  73, 

dglictum,  -i,  [d§linqu6,  do  wrong], 
n.,  offence,  crime,     vii.  4.      [delict. 

deligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  + 
ligrS,  bind],  I,  bind  fast,  make  fast, 
tie,  fasten. 

dSligo,  -lig-ere,  -legi,  -lectus,  [de 
4-  leg-o],  3   choose,  select,  pick  out. 

dSlitesco,  -litescere,  -litui,  [de  + 
latesco,  from  lateS],  3,  conceal 
one's  self.     iv.  32. 

dementia,  -ae,  [demons],  f.,  jnad- 
ness,  folly,     iv.  13.      [dementia. 

demessus,  see  demeto. 

dSmeto,  -metere,  -messui,  -mes- 
sus,  [de  +  meto],  3,  reap.     iv.  32. 

demigrd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  + 
migro,  depart],  i,  ?nove from,with- 
drazv ;  depart,  migrate. 

dSminuo,  -mlnuere,  -minui,  -minii- 
tus,  [de  +  minuS],  3,  lessen,  make 
smaller  ;  impair,     [diminish. 

demissus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor  [part, 
of  demittoj,  adj.,  loiu.     vii.  72. 

d§mlttd,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[de  +  mitts],  3,  se?id  down,  let 
down  ;  of  the  head,  bow  (i.  32). 
demissae,  letting  themselves  down 
(vii.  47).  se  demittere,  to  go 
down,  come  down,  descend  (v.  32; 
vi.  40;  vii.  28).  se  anim5  de- 
mittere, to  be  discouraged  (vii.  29). 
[demit. 

dSmo,  d§mere,  d3mpsl,  d§mptus, 
[de  -I-  emS],  3,  take  down.     v.  48. 

demonatrd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [d§  + 


monstrS,  show],  \,  point  out,  state ^ 

mention  ;  show,  explain,      [demon- 
strate. 
dSmoror,  -ari,  -atus,  [de  +  moror], 

I,  dep.,  delay,  retard,  hinder. 
dgmptus,  see  dem6. 
demum,  adv.,  at  length,  finally . 
denego,   -are,  -avi,    atus,   [de    + 

Vi&^o],\,  refuse,  deny.    i.  42.    [deny. 
deni,  -ae,  -a,    [decem],  distributive 

num.  adj.,  ten  each,  ten  apiece. 
denique,  adv.,  at  last,  finally ;    in  a 

word,  in  short ;  at  any  rate  (ii.  33). 
dSnsuB,    -a,    -um,  comp.   -ior,   sup. 

-issimus,  adj.,  thick,  closely  packed, 

dense,  crowded,      [dense. 
dgnuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  + 

nuntio],    i,    announce,    declare; 

threaten    (i.    36);    order    (vi.    lo); 

admonish  (C.  III.  86).     [denounce. 
dSpelld,    -pellere,    -puli,    -pulsus, 

[de  -j-  pello],  3,  drive  away,   dis- 
lodge ;  of  disease,  ward  off  (vi.  17). 
dSperdo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [dS  -f- 

perdo,  destroy],  3,  lose. 
depered,   -ire,  -ii,   -ittirus,    [de  + 

pereo],  irr.,  be  destroyed  (\.  23);   be 

lost, perish  (vii.  31,  C.  III.  87). 
dSpono,  -pSnere,  -posul,  -positus, 

[de  +  pon6],  3,  lay  aside,  lay  down, 

place;    gir'e    up,    resign    (vii.    33). 

[deposit. 
dSpopulor,  ari,  atus,  [d§  +  popu- 

lor],    I,   dej).,   lay  waste,  plunder; 

part,      depopuiatus,     pass.,      laid 

waste,    devastated   (i.    11 ;     vii.    77). 

[depopulate. 
dSporto,  -are,  -ftvi,  -atus,   [dS  -f 

portSj,  I,  repnove,    iii.  12.    [deport. 
dSpoBcd,  -poscere.  -poposci,  [de  + 

poscSj,  3,  demand,  earnestly  desire, 
dSposituB,  sci.'  dep5n5. 
dgpravo,  -are,  avi.  atus.  [d§,  pra- 

vus],  I,  distort,  corrupt,     [deprave. 
dSprecator, -5ris,  [dSprecor],  m., 

intercessor,    mediator,     [deprecator. 


deprecor 


35 


destituo 


deprecor, -ari,  -atus,  [de  +  precor, 

pray'],  I,  dep.,  pray  to  be  delivered 
from,  beg  to  escape  ;  ask  for  quarter, 
beg  for  mercy  (iv.  7,  vi.  4).  [dep- 
recate. 

deprehendo,  -hendere,  -hendi, 
-hensus,  [de  +  prehendo],  3, 
catch,  seize  ;  surprise. 

deprehensus,  see  deprehendo. 

deprimo,  -primere,  -pressi,  -pres- 
sus,  [de  +  premo],  Z^ press  down; 
sink  (C.  II.  6,  7,  43).     [depress. 

depugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  + 
pugno],  \,  fight  decisively,  fight  it 
out  (vii.  28). 

depulsus,  see  depello. 

derecte,  comp.  -ius,  [derectus], 
adv.,  directly,  straight  up  and  down 
(iv.  17). 

derectus,  -a,  -una,  [part,  of  derigo], 
adj.,  laid  straight,  straight;  straight 
up  and  down,  perpendicular .   [direct. 

derigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectus,  [de 
+  regoj,  3,  lay  straight ;  of  a  line 
of  battle,  draw  up,  form  (vi,  8). 
[dress. 

derive,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  + 
rivus,  brook],  i,  dratu  off,  turn  aside. 
vii.     [derive. 

derogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  + 
rogo],  I,  withdraw,  vi.  23.  [dero- 
gate. 

descendo,  -scendere,  -scendi,  de- 
scensum  est,  [de  +  scando, 
clirnb],  3,  come  down,  descend ;  with 
ad  and  the  ace,  resort  to,  stoop  to. 
[descend. 

desec5,  -care,  -cui,  -ctus,  [de  + 
seco],  I,  cut  off.     vii.  4. 

desero,  -serere, -serui, -sertus,  [de 
-f-  sero,  join],  3,  leave,  abandon, 
desert,     [desert. 

desertor,  -oris,  [desero],  m.,  de- 
serter, runaway,     vi.  23. 

desertus,  see  desero. 

desertus,    -x,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 


-issimus,  [part,  of  desero),  adj., 
deserted^  solitary,     v.  53. 

deaidero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  7vish 
for,  want,  long  for,  miss  ;  lack,  lose  ; 
pass,  often,  especially  of  soldiers,  be 
missing,  be  lost,     [desideratum. 

desidia,  -ae,  [deses,  idle,  cf.  de- 
sideo],  f.,  indolence,  idleness,    vi.  23. 

designo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  -^ 
sigjxo,  mark],  i,  point  out;  indicate, 
evidence  (C.  ill.  96);  designate  (1. 
18).     [designate. 

desilio,  -silire,  -silui,  -sultus,  [de  + 
salio,  leap],  4,  leap  down,  jump 
down  ;  from  horses,  dismount. 

desisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  -stiturus, 
[de  4-  sisto],  3,  leave  off,  cease ; 
desist  from,  stop,  give  up.  desis- 
tere  sententia,  to  give  up  the  notion 
(vi.  4).     [desist. 

despectus,  see  despicio. 

despectus,  -us,  [despicio],  m.,  a 
looking  down  from  an  elevation, 
view. 

desperatio,  -5nis,  [desperS],  f., 
despair,  hopelessness,     [desperation. 

desperatus,  -a,  -una,  comp.  -ior, 
sup.  -issinaus,  [part,  of  despero], 
adj.,  without  hope,  beyond  hope,  des- 
perate,    vii.  3.     [desperate. 

despero,  are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  + 
spero],  I,  give  up  hope  of,  despair 
of  have  no  hope  of     [despair. 

despicio,  -spicere ,  -spexi,  -spectus, 
[de  +  specie,  look],  3,  look  down 
upon  ;  despise.^  disdain,      [despise. 

despolio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  -f- 
spolio],  I,  despoil,  rob.  ii.  31. 
[despoil. 

destino,  -are,  -avi,  atus,  i,  make 
fast,  bind,  stay.  operi  destinati, 
detailed  for  the  work  (vii.  72). 
[destine. 

dSstituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -stitu- 
tus,  [de  +  statuo],  t^,  desert,  aban- 
don, leave,     i.  16.     [destitute. 


destrictus 


86 


diduc5 


dSstrictuB,  see  destringS. 
dgstringo,      -stringrere,      -strinxi, 

-strictus,    [<ie   +    stringrO,  pluck 

off\  3»  unsheathe,  draw.     i.  25;   vii. 

12. 
dSsum,  deesse,  dSfui,  [d5  +  sum], 

irr.,  be  wanting,  fail,  he  lacking. 
dSsuper,  [de  +  super],  adv.,  from 

above,     i.  52. 
detendo,   -ere, ,  detensus,   [de 

+  tends],   T^,  relax;  of  tents,  strike 

_(C.  III.  85). 
deterior,  -us,   comp.,   sup.  deterri- 

mus,  [de],  adj.,  worse,  poorer ;  of 

less  value  (i,  36).      [deteriorate. 
deterred,  -terrere,  -terrui,  -terri- 

tus,  [de  +  terreo],  2,  frighten  off, 

prevent,  deter ;  repress  (v.  7).      de- 

terrere  ne,  qu6  minus,  or  quin, 

to  prevent  from,     [deter. 
dgtestor,  -ari,  -atus,  [de  +  tester], 

I,  dep.,  curse,  execrate,      [detest. 
detineo,  -tinere, -tinui,  -tentus,  [de 

+  teneo],    2,    hold  back.      iii.    12. 

[detain. 
detr§ctuB,  see  d§trah5. 
detraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  tractus, 

[de  4-  traho],  3,  draw  off,  take  off ; 

take  away,  remove,      [detract. 
dStrecto,  -are,  -avi,    atus,  [de   + 

tracts],  I,  avoid,     vii.  14. 
detriment OBUS,    -a,    -um,     [detri- 

mentum],      adj.,      hurtful,     detri- 
mental,     vii.  T,T^. 

dStrimentum,  -i,  [de,  cf.  terO,  wear 
away'],  n.,  loss,  damage,  injury; 
loss  in  war,  repulse,  reverse^  defeat. 
quid  dStrimenti,  any  harm  (C. 
I.  7).     [detriment. 

deturbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [dS  + 
turbS,  disturb'],  i,  force  back  in  dis- 
order, dislodge,     v.  43;   vii.  86. 

deuro,  -arere,  -ussi,  -astus,  [dS  + 
Q.r6],  3,  burn  up.     vii.  25. 

deuB,  -I,  m.,  god.     [deity. 

dSveho,  -vehere,   -vexi,    -vectus, 


[dS  +  vehS],  3,  carry  away^ 
remove,  convey. 

dSvenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventarus, 
[de  4-  veniS],  4,  come,     ii,  21. 

dSvexuB,  -a,  -um,  [devehO],  adj., 
sloping.  As  noun,  devexa,  n.,  pi., 
sloping  places,  slopes  (vii.  88). 

dSvinco,  -vincere,  -vici,  -victus, 
[de  +  vincQ],  3,  conquer  completely, 
subdue,     vii.  34,  C.  ill.  87. 

devoco,  are,  -avi,  -atus,  [de  + 
voc5],  I,  call  a7aay.  in  dubium 
devocare,  to  risk,  endanger  (vi.  7). 

devotuB,  [part,  of  devoveS],  adj., 
bound  by  a  vow.  As  noun,  devSti, 
-orum,  m.,  pi.,  faithful  followers 
Jiii.  22). 

devoveo,  -vovere,  -v6vi,  -vStus, 
[de  4-  vove5],  2,  vow,  devote  (iii. 
22) ;  offer  to  the  gods,  consecrate 
(vi.  17).     [devote. 

dexter,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  right. 
[dexterous. 

dextra,  -ae,  [dexter,  sc.  manus], 
f.,  right  hand.     i.  20. 

DiablintgB,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (dl-a- 
blin'tez),  a  small  people  in  north- 
western Gaul,  probably  a  division  of 
the  Aulerci.     iii.  9. 

dicid,  -onis,  pi.  and  nom.  sing,  not 
in  use,  f.,  sxvay,  sovereignty,  author- 
ity, lordship,     i.  31,  33;   ii.  34. 

dico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  dedicate; 
devote,  offer  (vi.  12,  13). 

died,  dicere,  dixi,  dictus,  3,  say, 
converse,  speak  ;  mention,  tell,  utter  ; 
appoint;  of  a  case, //?«<//  of  a  day, 
set. 

dictio,  -Snis,  [dicS],  f.,  speaking; 
pleading  (i.  4).     [diction. 

dictum,  -i,  [dicO],  n.,  saying,  word: 
command,  order.  dictS  audiSns, 
audientSs,  obedient  to  {his)  order. 
[dictum. 

dldilco,  -dacere,  -daxi,  -ductus, 
[dis-  +  dtlcO],  3,  lead  in  different 


dies 


3T 


discedo 


directions  (vi.  34);  divide,  separate 
(ill.  23);   distribute,     [diduce. 

digs,  diei,  m.  and  f.,  day;  time  (i. 
7).  in  dies,  day  by  day,  every 
day.     diem  dicere,  to  set  a  day. 

differo,  differre,  distuli,  dilatus, 
[dis-  +  feroj,  irr.,  spread,  scatter 
(V.  43) ;  put  off,  delay  (vii.  1 1,  C.  III. 
85);   differ,  be  different,      [differ. 

difficilis,  -e,  comp.  difflcilior,  sup. 
difflcillimus,  [dis-  +  facilis],  adj., 
difficult,  hard,     [difficile. 

difficultas,  -tatis,  [difficilis],  f.,  dif- 
ficulty,  trouble,      [difficulty. 

difficulter,  comp,  difflcilius,  sup. 
difflcilime,  [difficilis],  adv.,  with 
difficulty  ;  comp.,  with  too  great  diffi- 
culty (vii.  58). 

diffido,  -fidere,  -fisus  sum,  [dis-  + 
fido],  3,  semi-dep.,  distrust,  lose  con- 
fidence in,  despair  of.      [diffident. 

diffiBUS,  -a,  -um,  part,  of  diffidS. 

diffluo,  -ere,  diffluxi,  [dis-  +  fluo], 
Z,flow  in  different  directions,  divide. 
IV.  10.     [diffluent. 

diffundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fusus, 
[dis-  +  fundo],  3,  pour  forth; 
spread  out,  extend  (vi.  26).  [diffuse. 

digitus,  -i,  m.,  finger ;  as  a  measure, 
finger's  breadth  (vii.  73),  the  i6th 
part  of  a  Roman  foot,  .728  of  an 
inch.  digitus  poUex,  thumb  as  a 
measure  (iii.  13).     [digit. 

dignitas,  -tatis,  [dignus],  f.,  worth, 
merit;  self-respect  (vi.  8);  great- 
ness, rank,  reputation,      [dignity. 

dignus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  adj.,  worthy,  worth,  de- 
serving,    vii.  25. 

diiudico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [dis-  + 
iudico],  I,  decide,  v.  44.  [dijudi- 
cate. 

dilSctus,  see  diligo. 

dilectuB,  -as,  [diligS],  m.,  levy, 
draft,  enlistment. 

diligenter,  comp.  diligentius,   sup. 


diligentissime,  [dilig-ens],  adv., 
carefully,  punctually,  zuith  painstak- 
ing. 

diligentia,  -ae,  [dilig-ens],  f.,  care, 
painstaking,  activity,     [diligence. 

diligd,  -ligere,  -lexi,  -lectus,  [dis- 
+  leg5,  choosel,  3,  love,  prize,  vi. 
19. 

dimensus,  see  dimetior. 

dimetior,  -metiri,  -mensus  [dis-  + 
metier],  4,  dep.,  passive  in  Caesar, 
measure,  measure  off  (iv.  17);  of 
work,  lay  out  (ii.  19).     [dimension. 

dimicatid,  -onis,  [dimic5],  f.,  com- 
bat, engagement,  encounter,     vii.  86. 

dimico, -are,  -avi,  -atum  est,  [dis-  -}- 
mic5],  I,  fight,  cotitend,  struggle. 

dimidius,  -a, -um,  [dis-  +  medius], 
adj.,  half  (y\.  31).  As  noun,  dimi- 
dium,  -i,  n.,  half. 

dimitto,  -mitt ere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[dis- +  mitto],  3,  send  in  different 
directions,  send  about ;  dismiss,  send 
off ;  let  go,  let  slip,  lose ;  abandon, 
leave;  give  up  (vii.  17);  disband 
(11.  14).     [dismiss. 

dirimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus,  [dis- 
+  emo,  take''^,  3,  take  apart ;  break 
off,  put  an  end  to  (i.  46). 

diripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus,  [dis- 
+  rapid,  seize~\,  3,  tear  asunder ; 
ravage,  plunder,  pillage. 

dis-  (di-),  inseparable  prep.,  used  only 
as  a  prefix  with  other  words,  adding 
the  force  of  apart,  asunder,  in  dif- 
ferent directions,  utterly,  entirely; 
not,  un-. 

In  Composition  dis-  becomes  dif- 
before  f,  dir-  before  vowels,  di- 
before  d,  g,  1,  m,  n,  r,   and  v. 

Dis,  Ditis,  m.,  with  pater,  Dis  pater 
(dis  pa'  ter),  Father  Dis,  god  of  the 
Underworld,     vi.  18. 

discedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessurus, 
pf.  pass,  impers.,  discessum  est, 
[dis-  +  cedo],  3,  go  apart,  disperse, 


disceptator 


38 


diutinus 


scatter  ;  depart,  withdra7v,  leave ,  go 
aivay,  go  off.  ab  armis  discedere, 
to  lay  down  one's  arms. 

disceptator,  -Sris,  [discepto,  de- 
cide'],  m.,  arbitrator,  umpire,  Judge. 
vii.  37. 

discerno,  -cernere,  -crevi,  -cretus, 
[dis-  +  cern5],  3,  distinguish  be- 
tween, know  apart,  keep  separate 
(vii.  75).     [discern. 

discessus,  -as,  [discedS],  m.,  de- 
parture, going  aivay. 

disciplina,  -ae,  [discipulus],  f.,  in- 
struction, training  ;  system,  [disci- 
pline. 

discludo,  -cludere,  -cltisi,  -ciasus, 
[dis-  +  claud5] ,  3,  keep  apart,  hold 
apart  (iv.  17);    separate  (vii.  8). 

disco,  discere,  didici,  3,  learn. 

discrimen,  -inis,  [cf.  discerns],  n., 
interval ;  crisis,  peril  (vi.  38). 

discutio,  -cutere,  -cussi,  -cussus, 
[dis-+  quatiS,  shake'],  3,  shatter ; 
remove,  clear  away  (vii.  8).  [dis- 
puss. 

disicid,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [dis- 
+  iaci5],  3,  drive  asunder  ;  disperse, 
scatter.^  rout  (i.  25;  iii.  20). 

disiectus,  see  disiciS. 

disp^r,  -paris,  [dis-  +  p§.r],  adj.,  un- 
equal., unlike,     v.  16  ;  vii.  39. 

disparo,  -are,  -ftvi,  -fttus,  [dis-  + 
par5],  I,  divide,  separate.  [dis- 
parate. 

dispergo,  -spergere,  -spersi,  -sper- 
sus,  [dis-  +  spargrS,  scatter],  3, 
scatter,  scatter  about,  disperse,  [dis- 
perse. 

dispersus,  see  dispergrS. 

dispone,  -p6nere,  -posui,  -positus, 
[dis-  +  pon6] ,  3,  set  in  various 
places,  distribute;  station,  post. 
[dispose. 

disputSltid,  -Onis,  [dispute],  f.,  dis- 
cussion, debate,  dispute,  [disputa- 
tion. 


disputo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [dis-  -f 
putoj,  I,  treat,  investigate,  discuss. 
vi.  14.     [dispute. 

di3sensi6,  -onis,  [dissentiS],  {.,  dis- 
agreement, dissension,     [dissension. 

dissentid,  -sentire,  -sensi,  -sensus, 
[dis-  +  sentiS],  4,  differ  in  opinion, 
disagree,     v.  29;  vii.  29.     [dissent. 

dissero,  -serere,  [dis-  +  ser6,  so7v\, 
3,  plant  here  and  there,  place  at  inter- 
vals,    vii.  73. 

dissimulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [di8--f 
simulS],  I,  make  unlike ;  conceal, 
keep  secret  (iv.  6).     [dissimulate. 

dissipo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  scatter, 
disperse,     [dissipate. 

dissuadeo,  -suadere,  -suasi,  -sua- 
surus,  [dis-  +  suadeo],  2,  advise 
against,  object,  oppose,  vii.  15.  [dis- 
suade. 

distendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -tentus, 
[dis-  +  tendo],  3,  stretch  out.  C.  iii. 
92.     [distend. 

distineo,  -tinere,  -tinul,  -tentus, 
[dis-H- teneo],  2,  keep  apart,  hold 
apart,  separate;  hinder,  delay  (vii. 

37). 

disto,  -are,  [dis-  +  st5],  i,  stand 
apart,  be  separated,  be  distant,  dis- 
tantes  inter  se  binos  pedes,  tivo 
feet  apart  (vii.  23).     [distant. 

distrahd,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractus, 
[dis- -f  trahS,  ^/rrt-Ty],  3,  wrench 
asunder  (vii.  23);  draw  apart  (C. 
III.  92).     [distract. 

distribuo,  -tribuere,  -tribui,  -triba- 
tus,  [dis-  +  trlbu61,  3,  distribute, 
divide,  assign,  apportion,  [distribute. 

ditissimus,  sec  dives. 

diu,  comp  diCltius,  sup.  diatissimS, 
adv.,  long,  for  a  long  time,  quam 
did,  as  long  as  (i.  17). 

diurnus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  diSs],  adj.,  of 
the  day,  by  day.      [diurnal. 

diutinus,  -a.  -um,  [dia],  adj.,  long- 
continued,  lasting.     V.  52. 


diutissime 


39 


dubius 


diutissime,  see  ditl. 

diutius,  see  diu. 

diuturnitas,  -tatis,  [diuturnus],  f., 
long  continuance^  length  {of  timely 
long  duration,     i.  40;   iii.  4. 

diuturnus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor,  [diu], 
adj.,  long,  prolonged,     i.  14. 

diversus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  diverto], 
adj.,  opposite;  separate,  apart;  dif- 
ferent; remote  (vi.   25).      [diverse. 

diverto,  -ere,  -ti,  -sus,  [dis-  + 
verto],  3,  separate,   ii.  24.    [divert. 

dives,  -itis,  comp.  ditior,  sup.  ditis- 
simus,  adj.,  rich,  zvealthy.     i.  2. 

Diviciacus,  -i,  m.,  (div"  i-shi-a'  kus)  : 

(i)  An  Aeduan  of  influence,  loyal 

to  Caesar,  who    at    his   intercession 

pardoned  Dumnorix  (i.  18-20),  and 

the  Bellovaci  (ii.  14,  15). 

(2)  A  ruler  of  the  Suessiones.   ii.  4. 

Divico,  -5nis,  m.,  (div'  i-ko),  leader 
of  the  Helvetians  in  their  war  with 
Cassius,  107  B.C.,  and  head  of  an 
embassy  to  Caesar,  58  B.C.     i.  13, 14. 

divido,  -videre,  -visi,  -visus,  3,  sep- 
arate, divide,     [divide. 

divinus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [divus],  adj.,  divine, 
sacred,     [divine. 

divisus,  see  divido. 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  irr.,  give,  give 
«A  i^'^^  OTJer,  grant ;  offer,  furnish, 
allow,  in  'fug-am  dare,  to  put  to 
flight,  operam  dare,  to  take  pains 
(v.  7).     [date. 

doceo,  docere,  docui,  doctus,  2, 
teach ;  inform ;  point  out,  state ; 
show  (vi.  i).     [doctor. 

documentum,  -!,  [doceo],  n.,  proof 
luarning.     vii.  4.     [document. 

doled,  dolere,  dolui,  doliturus,  2, 
suffer  ;  be  grieved,  be  annoyed. 

dolor,  -oris,  [doleo],  m.,  pain,  suf- 
fering;  grief,  distress,     [dolors. 

dolus,  -i,  m.,  cunning,  fraudy  deceit 
(i.  13;  iv.  13).     [dole. 


domesticus,  -a,  -um,  [domus],  adj., 
home,  native,  internal ;  their  own 
(ii.  10);  of  their  own  household 
(C.  111.60).  domesticum  bellum, 
civil  tvar  (v.  9).     [domestic. 

domicilium,  -i,  [domus],  n.,  dwell- 
ing, abode,  habitation,     [domicile. 

dominor,  -ari,  -atus,  [dominus],  i, 
dep.,  be  master,  have  dominion,  ii. 
31.     [dominate. 

dominus,  -i,  [domo,  subdue^,  m., 
master,  lord.     vi.  13.     [dominie. 

Domitius,  -i,  m.,  (do-mish'  [y]us)  : 
(i)  Lucius  Domitius  Ahenobarbus, 
consul  with  Appius  Claudius  Pulcher, 
54   B.C.    (v.    i),  in  the  Civil  War  a 
general  on  the  side  of  Pompey. 

(2)  Gnaeus  Domitius,  a  cavalry 
officer  in  Curio's  army  in  Africa. 
C.  II.  42. 

(3)  Gnaeus  Domitius  CalvinuSy 
a  general  in  Caesar's  army.  C.  ill. 
89. 

domus,  -Us,  f.,  house,  home.     [dome. 

Donnotaunis,  -i,  m.,  Gaius  Valerius 
Donnotaurus  (don-9-t^'  rus),  a  leader 
among  the  Helvii.     vii.  65. 

dono,  -are, -avi,  -atus,  [donum],  i, 
give,  grant,  confer,  i.  47;  vii.  1 1. 
[donate. 

donum,  -i,  [d6],  rv.,  gift,  present. 

dorsum,  -i,  n.,  back ;  of  a  mountain, 
long  summit.^  like  the  back  of  an 
animal  (vii.  44).     [dorsal. 

dos,  dStis,  [cf.  d5],  f.,  dowry,  mar- 
riage portion,    vi,  19.    [dot  (dowry). 

Druides,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  Druids. 

Dubis,  -is,  m.,  (du'bis),  a  river  in 
Gaul,  tributary  of  the  Arar  {Saone)  ; 
now  the  Doubs.     i.  38. 

dubitatio,  -5nis,  [dubit5],  f.,  doubty 
hesitation,     [dubitation. 

dubito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [dubius], 
I,  be  uncertain,  doubt ;  hesitate,  delay. 

dubius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  doubtful,  uncer- 
tain,    [dubious. 


ducenti 


40 


ediicO 


ducenti,  -ae,  -a,  or  CC,  [duo  +  cen- 
tum], adj.,  hvo  hundred. 

duco,  dacere,  duxi,  ductus,  3,  lead, 
guide,  conduct,  bring,  take;  of  a 
trench,  make  ;  protract;  prolong,  put 
off;  think,  consider,  reckon.  in 
matrimSnium  dticere,  to  marry 
(i-  9,  53)-     [ductile. 

ductus,  -as,  [dacoj,  m., generalship, 
command,     vii.  62,  C.  I.  7.      [duct. 

dum,  conj.,  while  ;  until. 

Dumnons,  -igis,  m.,  (dum'  no-riks), 
an  Aeduan,  brother  of  Diviciacus, 
and  son-in-law  of  Orgetorix;  a  bitter 
enemy  of  Caesar,  and  leader  of  an 
Aeduan  anti-Roman  party;  slain  by 
Caesar's  orders  while  trying  to  es- 
cape from  him,  54  B.C.     (Fig.  42.) 

dumtazat,  [dum  + taxatj,  adv., 
merely,  only.     C  ii.  41. 

duo,  -ae,  -o,  or  II,  adj.,  tjoo.     [duet. 

duodecim,  or  XII,  [duo  +  decern], 
indecl.  num.  adjective,  twelve,  [duo- 
decimal. 

duodecimus,  -a,  -um,  [duodecim], 
num.  adj.,  twelfth. 

duodenl,  -ae,  -a,  gen.  pi.  duodenum 
(vii.  36),  [duodecim],  distributive 
num.  adj.,  twelve  at  a  time,  by 
twelves. 

duodeseptuaginta,  or  LXVIII,  [duo 
-f  de  +  septuaginta],  indeclin- 
able num.  adj.,  sixty-eight,     i.  29. 

duodgtriginta,  or  XXVIII,  [duo  +  de 
+  triginta],  indeclinable  num.  adj., 
twenty-eight,     v.  2. 

duodgviginti,  -ae,  -a,  or  XVIII,  [duo 
+  de-HvigintiJ,  num.  adj.,  eighteen. 

duplex,  -icis,  [duo,  cf.  plic6,  fold\ 
adj.,  twofold,  double,     [duplex. 

duplico,  -are,  -Bvi,  atus,  [duplex], 
I,  make  double,  double,     [duplicate. 

dGritia,  -ae,  [darus],  f.,  hardness; 
severe  mode  of  life  (vi.  21 ).    [duress. 

dtlrd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ddrus],  i, 
harden,  make  hardy,     vi.  28. 


Durocortorum, -i,  n.,  (du-ro-cor' to- 
rum),  capital  of  the  Remi,  now 
A'eims.     vi.  44. 

durus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issi- 
mus,  a.d].,  hard,  severe,  difficult;  of 
a  season,  inclement  (vii.  8). 

Durus,  -1,  m.,  Quintus  Laberius  Du- 
rus, (la-be'  ri-us  du'  rus),  a  military 
tribune,     v.  15. 

duz,  duels,  [dacO,  lead"],  m.,  leader, 
guide  ;  general,  commander,     [duke. 

Dyrrachinus,  -a,  -um,  [Dyrra- 
chium],  adj.,  at  Dyrrachium,  of 
Dyrrachium.     C.  ill.  84,  87,  89. 

Dyrrachiima,  -i,  [Ayppixto"]*  n., 
(dir-ra'  ki-um),  a  city  on  the  east 
coast  of  the  Adriatic,  formerly  called 
Epidamnus  ;  now  Durazzo,  in  Alba- 
nia.    C.  III.  53. 


§,  see  ex. 

e5,  [properly  abl.  of  is,  so.  parte], 
adv.,  there,  on  that  side.     v.  51. 

Ebur6nes,-um,m.,pl.,  (eb-u-ro'  nez), 
a  Belgic  people  north  of  the  Treve- 
rans.  In  54  B.C.  they  destroyed 
a  detachment  of  Caesar's  army 
under  Sabinus  and  Cotta,  and  were 
afterwards  almost  exterminated  by 
him. 

EburovicSs,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (eb^'u-rp- 
vT'  sez),  a  division  of  the  Aulercl. 

Sdisco,  -discere,  -didici,  [ex  -f- 
disco],  3,  learn  by  heart,     vi.  14. 

Sdltus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  [part,  of 
ed6],  adj.,  elevated;  rising  (ll.  S). 

6d6,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [ex  +  dO], 
Z,  put  forth  ;  inflict  (i.  31).     [edit. 

fidoceo,  -doc6re,  -docui,  -doct\i8, 
[ex  -f-  doceO],  2,  teach  carefully^ 
instruct,  inform,  tell. 

6dflc6,-dQcere,-dQxI, -ductus,  [ex 
-f  dac6],  3,  lead  out,  lead  forth  ;  of 
a  sword,  draw  (v.  44).     [educe. 


effemino 


41 


eminus 


effemino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  + 
femina],  i,  make  zvomanish,  weaken, 
enervate,     i.  i ;   iv.  2.     [effeminate. 

effercio,  -ire,  effertus,  [ex+farcio, 
stuff  \  \,fill  in.     vii.  23. 

effero,  -ferre,  extuli,  elatus,  [ex  + 
fero],  irr.,  bring  out,  carry  forth, 
carry  away  (i.  5;  v.  45);  spread 
abroad,  publish  (i.  46;  vi.  14;  vii. 
I,  2);  lift  up,  pull  up;  extol  (C.  III. 
87);   elate  (v.  47,  vii.47).    [elate. 

officio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [ex4- 
facio],  3,  make  out,  bring  about; 
accomplish,  effect,  produce;  make^ 
render ;    build.^  construct,     [effect. 

effodid,  -fodere,  -fodi,  -fossus,  [ex 
+  fodio],  3,  dig  out;  of  the  eyes., 
gouge  out  (vii.  4). 

effossus,  see  effodio. 

effugio, -f  ugere, -fagri,  [ex+fugioj, 

3,  escape. 

effundo,  -fundere,  -fadi,  -fusus, 
[ex  -f  fundo],  3,  pour  out.  sS 
effundere,  of  a  crowd,  pour  out, 
rush  forth  (C.  ii.  7)  ;  of  cavalry,  dash 
forth  (v.  19).     [effusive. 

egens,  egentia,  comp.  egentior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  egeo],  adj., 
needy.  As  noun,  egentes,  -ium, 
m.,  pi.,  the  needy,  destitute  men  (vii. 

4,  C.  III.  59). 

egeo,  egere,  egui,  2,  lack,  be  in 
want  {of),     vi.  11. 

egeatas,  -tatis,  [egens],  f.,  priva- 
tion, destitution,  want.     vi.  24, 

ego,  mei,  personal  pron.,  //  pi.  nos, 
nostrum,  we.     [egotism. 

egomet,  pi.  nosmet  [ego  -{-  -met, 
enclitic  suffix  =  '  self '],  personal  pro- 
noun, I  ittyself  ourselves,     vii.  38. 

ggredior,  -gredi,  -gressus,  [ex  + 
gradior,  step^  3,  dep.,  go  out,  go 
forth,  come  forth,  leave  ;  from  a  ship, 
land,  disembark. 

egregie,  [egregius],  adv.,  remark- 
ably well,  admirably,  splendidly. 


egregius,  -a,  -um,  [ex  -\-  grex,  herd, 
crowd~\,  adj.,  eminent,  marked,  dis- 
tinguished, excellent,      [egregious. 

egressus,  see  egredior. 

egressus,  -us,  [egredior],  m.,  de- 
parture;  disembarking,  landing  (v. 
8) .     [egress. 

Egus,  -i,  m.,  (e'  gus),  an  AUobrogian, 
son  of  Roucillus.     C.  iii.  59. 

eicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [ex  + 
iacio],  3,  throzv  out,  cast  out,  thrust 
out,  expel;  cast  up  (v.  10).  se 
eicere,  to  rush,  sally  forth,      [eject. 

eius  modi,  see  modus. 

elabor,-labi,  -lapsus,  [ex  +  labor], 
3,  dep.,  slip  azvay ;  escape  (v.  37). 
[elapse. 

elatus,  see  effero. 

Elaver,  Elaveris,  n.,  (el'a-ver),  a 
tributary  of  the  Liger  {Loire),  into 
which  it  flows  from  the  south  after  a 
course  of  about  200  miles;  now 
Allier. 

electus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  eligo],  adj., 
chosen,  picked.  ii.  4,  C.  III.  91. 
[elect. 

elephantuB,  -i,  [A^0as],  m.,  ele- 
phant,   vi.  28.     [elephant. 

Eleuteti,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (e-lu'  te-tl), 
a  people  of  Central  Gaul.     vii.  75. 

elicio,  -licere,  -licui,  [ex  +  Iacio, 
entice'],  3,  entice  forth,  lure  forth  ; 
bring  out,  draw  out.     [elicit. 

eloquor,  -i,  elocutus,  [ex-f-lo- 
quor],  3,  dep.,  speak  out,  utter,  de- 
clare.    C.  II.  34.     [eloquent. 

Elusates,  -ium,  m.,  pi.,  (el-u-sa'  tez), 
a  people  in  Central  Aquitania.  iii.  27. 

emigro,  -are,  -avi,  [ex-fmigro,  de- 
part], I,  go  forth  to  remain,  move, 
emigrate,     i,  31.      [emigrate. 

emineo,  -minere,  -minui,  2,  project, 
stand  out.     vii.  72,  73.      [eminent. 

eminus  [ex  +  manus,  hand],  adv., 
at  a  distance,  from  afar.     vii.  24. 


emissus 


42 


essedarius 


Smissus,  see  emitto. 

6mitt6,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[ex-Hmitto],  3,  send  out ;  hurl, 
cast,  shoot,  discharge  (ii.  23);  throw 
away,  let  go  (i.  25).      [emit. 

emd,  emere,  emi,  emptus,  3,  buy, 
purchase,     i.  16;   ii.  ^t,. 

Sntscor,  -nasci,  -natus,  [ex  +  nas- 
cor],  3,  dep.,  grow  out;  of 
branches,  shoot  out  (ii.  17). 

enim  [nam],  conj.,  postpositive,  for, 
for  in  fact,  neque  enim,  and 
{with  good  reason)  for  .  .  .  not,  for 
in  fact  .  .  .  not. 

Snitor,  -i,  enisus,  [ex  +  nitor],  3, 
dep,,  7nake  effort  (C.  ii.  6);  force 
one's  way  out  (C.  ii.  34). 

enuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
nuntiS],  i,  report,  reveal,  disclose: 
[enounce. 

eo,  abl.  of  is  {44). 

eo,  [cf.  is],  adv.,  thither,  to  that  place, 
there. 

eo,  ire,  ii,  itarus,  itum  est,  irr.,  go, 
pass,  march,  advance. 

eodem  [idem],  adv.,  to  the  same 
place ;  to  the  same  thing  (i.  14),  to 
the  same  end  (iv.  ii). 

ephippiSltus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  riding 
with  saddle-cloths,     iv.  2. 

ephippium,  -i,  \^i(l>Linriov,  from  iiri  -f 
I'ttttos],  n.,  saddle-cloth.     IV.  2. 

Epirus,  -i,  ["HTreipos],  f.,  (e-pl'  rus), 
a  province  in  the  northern  part  of 
Greece,  east  of  the  Adriatic.  C.  111. 
47,61. 

epistula,  -ae,  [^ttio-toXiJ],  f.,  letter., 
despatch,     v.  48.     [epistle. 

EporSdoriz,  igis,  m.,  (ep-o-red'  o- 
riks)  : 

(i)  A  leader  of  the  Aeduans,  cap- 
tured by  Caesar,     vii.  67. 

(2)  A  young  Aeduan  of  rank,  for 
a  time  friendly  to  Caesar,  after- 
wards one  of  the  commanders  of  the 
Gallic  army  raised  for  the  relief  of 


Alesia.  vii.  38,  39,  40,  54,  55,  63, 
64,  76. 

epulae,  -arum,  f.,  y>^.,  feast,     vi.  28. 

eques,  -itis,  [equus],  m.,  horseman, 
cavalryman,  trooper ;  as  a  member 
of  a  social  order,  knight. 

equester,  -tris,  -tre,  [eques],  adj., 
of  cavalry,  cavalry-,     [equestrian. 

equitatuB,  -us,  [equito,  ride'],  m., 
cavalry ;  knighthood,  collectively 
knights  (i.  31). 

equus,  -i,  m.,  horse,     [equine. 

Eratosthenes,  -is,  ['Eparoo-^^j'ijj], 
m.,  (er-a-tos'  the-nez),  a  Greek,  born 
at  Cyrene,  in  Africa,  B.C.  276;  died 
about  B.C.  196;  librarian  of  the  great 
library  at  Alexandria  in  Egypt,  and 
famous  as  a  geographer,  mathemati- 
cian, historian,  and  grammarian,  vi. 
24. 

erectus,  -a,  -um,  com  p.  -ior,  [part, 
of  erig-S],  adj.,  high,  elevated,  iii. 
13.     [erect  (adj.). 

ereptUB,  see  eripiS. 

ergS,  prep,  with  ace,  towards.  v. 
54- 

ergo,  adv.,  therefore,  then.,    vii.  77. 

Srigo,  -rigrere,  -rexi,  -rectus,  [ex  -f- 
regro],  3,  raise  to  a  standing  position, 
(vi.  27);   erect,     [erect  (verb). 

eripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus,  [ex 
+  rapid,  seize],  3,  take  away,  snatch 
arvay ;  rescue,  save  (i.  53).  sS 
eripere,  to  rescue  one?s  self,  make 
one's  escape. 

erro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  \,  wander ;  be 
mistaken.,  delude  one's  self.     [err. 

error,  -6ris,  [errS],  m.,  wandering ; 
mistake  (C.  ill.  73).     [error. 

erumpo,  -rumpere,  -rttpi,  -ruptus. 
[ex  -|-  rump6, /';-£-</-(•],  3,  burst  forth, 
sally  forth,     iii.  5.     [erupt. 

§rupti5,  -6ni8,  [erumpO],  f.,  a  burst- 
ing forth  ;  sally,  sortie,     [eruption. 

easedarius,  -i.  [essedum],  \x\.,fightef 
from  a  chariot,  chariot-fighter. 


essedum 


43 


excludo 


essedum,  -i,  n.,  two-wheeled  war- 
chariot,     iv.  32,  2>l;   V.  9,  16,  17. 

Esuvii,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (e-su'vi-I),  a 
people  in  northwestern  Gaul. 

et,  conj.,  and.  et  .  .  .  et,  both  .  .  . 
and. 

et'"*!!!  [et  +  iam],  conj.,  also;  even. 
non  solum  . .  .  sed  etiam,  not  only 
.  .  .  but  also. 

etsi  [et  +  si],  conj.,  althojigh,  though, 
even  if. 

evado,  -vadere,  -vasi,  -vasurus, 
[ex  +  vado],  3,  escape,  iii.  19. 
[evade. 

evello,  -vellere,  -velli,  -vulsus,  [ex 
+  vello,   pluck'],    3,  pull  out.       i. 

25- 

evenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -venttirus, 
[ex  +  venio],  4,  turn  out,  happen, 
iv.  25. 

eventus,  -as,  [cf.  evenio],  m.,  out- 
come, result;  chance,  fortmie  (vi. 
42);  fate,  accident  (iv.  31).    [event. 

evocatus,  -i,  [part,  of  evoco],  m., 
veteran  volunteer,  a  soldier  serving 
voluntarily  after  the  completion  of 
his  time  of  service,     vii.  65. 

evoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  -f 
VOCo],  I,  call  out,  call  forth,  call, 
summon;  invite  (^v.  ^S).     [evoke. 

gvolo,  -are,  -avi,  [ex  +  volo,  fly], 
\,  fly  forth,  rush  out,  dash  out. 

ex,  often  before  consonants  e,  prep, 
with  abl.,  from,  out  of,  dotvn  from  ; 
since,  after  ;  of;  by  reason  of,  by,  be- 
cause of,  in  consequence  of;  accord- 
ing to,  with,  in,  on.  ex  una  parte, 
on  one  side. 

In  composition  ex  becomes  ef  be- 
fore f ,  e  before  b,  d,  g,  1  consonant, 
1,  m,  n,  and  v. 

exactus,  see  exig-o. 

exagito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  -f 
agfito,  freq.  of  agro],  i,  disturb, 
harass,     ii.  29;  iv.  I. 

ezamino,    -are,   -S-vi,   -atus,    [ex- 


amen,  tongue  of  a  balance],  \,xveigh, 

V.  12.     [examine. 
exanimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [exani- 

mus],  I,  deprive  of  life,  kill ;  pass., 

be  out  of  breath,  weakened,  exhausted 

(11.  23,  III.  19;   C.  III.  92). 
exardesco,  -ardescere,  -arsi,  -arsa- 

rus,  [ex  +  ardescoj,  3,  take  fire ; 

be  incensed  (v.  4). 
exaudio,  -dire,  -divi,  -ditus,  [ex  + 

audio],    4,    hear    distinctly,     hear 

plainly. 
excedo, -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessurus, 

[ex  +  cedo],  3,^^  out,  leave,  with- 

draw,  depart,     [exceed. 
excellens,   -entis,   comp.  -ior,   sup. 

-issimus,   [excello],  adj.,  surpass- 
ing., excellent.    C.  HI.  99.    [excellent. 
excello,  -cellere,  participial  adj.  ex- 

celsus,  3,  be  eminent,  surpass,     vi. 

13.     [excel. 
excelsus,   -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 

-issimus,   [part,  of  excello],  adj., 

high  (vi.  26).     [excelsior. 
excepts,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,   [freq.  of 

excipio],  I,  catch  up  with  the  hands, 

take  hold  of  (\\\.  47). 
exceptus,  see  excipio. 
excido,  -cidere,-cidi,-cisus,  [ex  -f 

caedo],  3,  cut  out ;  cut  down  (vii. 

50).     [excise. 
excipio,   -cipere,    -cepi,    -ceptus, 

[ex  +  capio],  3,  take  out ;  take  up 

(vii.  3) ;   take  in  (vii.  28) ;    cut  off., 

catch  (vi.  28,  35  ;   vii.  20);   receive., 

withstand  {{.  52,  iii.  5,  iv.  17,  C.  ill. 

92);   cope  with,  encounter  (iii.    13); 

take    the   place  of,    relieve,    succeed., 

follow  (v.    16;   vii.  51,  88,  C.  ii,  7, 

III.  87).     [except. 
excito,  -are,  -avi, -atus,  [ex-f-  cit6, 

move].,  I.,  erect,  raise  rapidly  (iii.  14; 

V.  40) ;     stir    up,    rouse.,    spur    on; 

kindle  (vii.  24).     [excite. 
excludo,  -cludere,  -clusi,  -clusus, 

[ex  +  claudo],   3,   shut  out,    shut 


excogito 


44 


expello 


off^  cut  off ;  hinder,  prevent,  [ex- 
clude. 

ezcdgitd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  + 
cOg-itSj,  I,  think  out,  think  of.  v. 
31.     [excogitate. 

ezcrucio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  + 
crucio,  from  crux,  cross\  i,  tor- 
ment.^ torture,     [excruciate. 

escubitor,  -oris,  [excubo],  m., 
soldier  in  bivouac;  watchman.,  sen- 
tinel,    vii.  69. 

e^cubo,  -cubare,  -cubui,  [ex  4- 
cub6,  lie  down^,  i,  lie  out  of  doors, 
bivouac  ;  keep  watch,  keep  guard. 

exculco,  -are,  [ex  +  calco,  from 
calx,  /^f^/J,  I,  tread  down,  pack 
down  by  stamping,     vii.  73. 

excursio,  -onis,  [ex,  cf.  currS],  f., 
a  running  out ;  sally,  sortie  (ii.  30). 
[excursion. 

excursus,  -us,  [excurro],  m.,  a  run- 
ning forth ;  onset,  attack  (C.  III. 
92).     [excursus. 

excusatio,  -onis,  [excttso],  f.,  ex- 
cuse, apology,  defence,     vi.  4. 

excuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex,  cf. 
causa],  I,  excuse.,  f?iake  excuse  for. 
iv.  22.     [excuse. 

ezemplum,  -i,  [cf.  eximo],  n.,  ex- 
ample, precedent ;  as  an  example  to 
warn  others,  kind  of  punishment  (i. 
31).     [example. 

exed,  -ire,  -ii,  -Itum  est,  [ex  +  eo], 
xxt..,  go  forth,  go  out ;  withdraw,  leave. 

exerceo,  -ercere,  -ercui,  -ercitus, 
[ex  +  arceoj,  2,  exercise.,  practice  ; 
train,  discipline,     [exercise. 

exercit&tio,  -6nis,  [exercito,  freq. 
of  exerce5],  f.,  practice,  exercise, 
training. 

exercitatuB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [exercitS,  freq.  of  ex- 
erceS],  adj.,  practiced,  experienced, 
trained. 

exercituB,  -as,  [exerceS],  m.,army.^ 
as  a  trained  and  disciplined  body. 


exhaurid,  -haurire,  -hausi,  -haus- 
tus,  [ex  +  hauriS,  draw  up'],  4, 
take  out.     V.  42.      [exhaust. 

exigo,  -igere,  -egi,  actus,  [ex  + 
agro],  3,  drive  out ;  of  time,  spend, 
complete,  end  (iii.  28;  vi.  i);  of 
money,  demand.,  require  (C.  I.  6). 
[exact. 

exigue  [exiguus],  adv.,  barely, 
hardly,     vii.  71. 

exiguitas,  -atis,  [exigruiis],  f.,  small- 
ness  (iv.  30);  scantness  (iv.  l); 
S7nall  number,  fewness  (iii.  23); 
shortness  (ii.  21,  33). 

exiguus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  -issimus, 
[exig-o],  adj.,  small,  scanty,  little. 

eximius,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  eximSj,  adj., 
distinguished,  excellent,     ii.  8. 

exiBtimatio,  -onis,  [existimO],  f., 
opinion,  jtidgment  (i.  20;  v.  44); 
good  name.,  reputation  (C.  I.  7). 

existimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  + 
aestimo,  compute].,  i,  reckon;  think, 
consider,  juiige,  suppose,  believe. 

exitus,  -us,  [exeo],  m.,  a  going  out., 
egress  (vii.  44);  passage  (vii.  28); 
conclusion,  end ;  issue,  event,  out- 
come,     [exit. 

expedid,  -pedire,  -pedivi,  -peditus, 
[ex,  cf.  pes],  4,  disengage,  set 
free ;  get  ready,  make  ready,  [ex- 
pedite. 

expeditio,  -5nis,  [expediS],  f.,  rapid 
march,     v.  lo.     [expedition. 

expeditus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part  of  expediS],  adj., 
with  light  equipment,  unencumbered, 
light-armed  ;  convenient,  easy,  legri- 
6nes  expeditae,  legions  in  light 
marching  order,  without  baggage. 
As  noun,  expeditus,  -i,  m.,  soldier 
with  light  equipment,  light-armed 
soldier. 

expello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsus, 
[ex  4-  pellO],  3,  drive  otit,  drivt 
away,  remove,     [expel. 


experior 


45 


extimescS 


experior,  -periri,  -partus,  4,  dep., 

put  to  the  test,  try.      [expert. 
ezpid,  -are,  -avi,  -at us,   [ex  +  pio, 

appease\  I,  atone  for,  make  amends 

for.     V.  52.     [expiate. 
expleo,  -plere,  -plevi,  -pletus,  [ex 

+  pleo,///],  2,  ///  up,  fill  flit  I;  fill 

out,  complete. 
explico,  -are,  -avi  and  -ui,  explici- 

tus,    explicaturus,    [ex  +  plico, 

fold~\,  I,  unfold;  of  troops,  with  se, 

deploy  (C.  ill.  93).     [explicate. 
explorator,  -oris,    [explore],    ra., 

scout,  patrol. 
exploratus,  -a,  -um,  com  p.  -ior,  sup. 

-issimus,  [part,  of  exploroj,  adj., 

established,      certain,     set /ltd,     sure. 

Neut,  as  noun  in  pro  explorato,  lit. 

for  a  certainty,  as  certain  (vi.  5). 
exploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  search 

out,    investigate,    explore;    spy    out, 

reconnoitre ;    gain,    secure.       [ex- 
plore. 
expono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus, 

[ex+pono],   3,  set  out,  put  out; 

place  in  full  view,  array  (iv.  23); 

from  ships,  set  on  shore,   land;    set 

forth,  state,  explain,     [expose. 
exports,   -are,   -avi,   -atus,    [ex-f 

portoj,    I,    carry   away.       iv.    18. 

[export. 
exposed,  -poscere,  -poposci,  [ex  + 

posco],  3,  earnestly  request,  clamor 

for.     vii.  19;   C.  III.  90. 
exprimo,  -primere,  -pressi,  -pres- 

sus,   [ex  +  premo],  3,  press  out; 

force   out    (i.    32) ;     raise,   increase 

(vii.  22).     [express. 
ezpugnatio,  -onls,   [expugno],  f., 

storming,  assault,     vi.  41. 
expugno,   -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  + 

pugno],    I,  take   by  stortn,  take  by 

assault,  capture. 
expulsus,  see  expello. 
exquiro,  -quirere,  -quisivi,  -quisi- 

tus,    [ex  -f  quaero],   3,   seek   out, 


search  out  (i.  41);  ask  for,  inquire 
into  (iii.  3).     [exquisite. 

exquisitus,  see  exquiro. 

exsequor,  -sequi,  -secutus,  [ex  -f 
sequor],  3,  d^^p..,  follow  up  ;  main- 
tain, enforce  (i.  4).     [execute. 

exsero,  -serere,  -serui,  -sertus,  [ex 
+  sero],  3,  thrust  out;  thrust  out 
from  one's  garments,  bare  (vii.  50). 

exsertus,  see  exsero. 

exsisto, -sistere,  -stiti,  [ex+sistoj, 
3,  appear  ;  spring  up,  arise,  ensue  ; 
of  a  horn,  project  (vi.  26).      [exist. 

exspecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  + 
specto],  I,  look  out  for,  xvait  for, 
await ;  look  to  see,  expect,     [expect. 

exspolio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ex  -|- 
spolloj,  I,  deprive,  rob.     vii.  77. 

exstinguo,  -stinguere,  -stinxi, 
-stinctus,  [ex  -f  stinguo],  3, 
quench  completely,  v.  29.  [extin- 
guish. 

exsto,  -stare,  [ex  +  st5],  i,  stand 
out,  project,     v.  18.      [extant. 

exstruo,  -struere,  -struxi,  -strac- 
tus,  [ex  + struo, /?7^],  3, /z7<?  up, 
heap  up  ;  rear,  build,  construct.,  make 
(vii.  72). 

exsul,  -ulis,  m.  and  f.,  outlaw,  exile. 

exter  or  exterus,  -a,  -um,  comp. 
exterior,  sup.  extremus,  [ex], 
adj.,  outward,  outer.  Sup.  extre- 
mus, last,  extreme,  at  the  end.  As 
noun,  extremi,  -orum,  m.,  pi,,  the 
rear  (v.  10);  neut.  sing,  in  ad  ex- 
tremum,  at  the  end,  finally  (iv.  4). 
[extreme. 

extemus,  -a,  -um,  [exter],  adj.,<?«/- 
ward ;  foreign  (C.  II.  5).    [external. 

exterreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  [ex-fter- 
reo,  scare^  2,  greatly  frighten,  ter- 
rify. 

extimesco,  -timescere,  -timui,  [ex 
+  timesc6,  fear']^  '^1  f^^^  ^^(c^tfyi 
dread,     iii.  13.  ^ 


extorqueo 


46 


familiaris 


extorqueo,  -torquere,  -torsi,  -tor- 
tus, [ex  +torque6,  twist'],  2^  force 
from  ;  wrest  from  (vii.  54).     [extort. 

extra  [exter],  prep,  with  ace,  out- 
side of  beyond)  tvithout.      [extra. 

extraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractus, 
[ex  4-  trah5,  draw],  3,  draw  out ; 
draw  out  to  no  purpose,  waste  (v. 
22).     [extract. 

extrudo,  -trudere,  -trusi,  -trusus, 
[ex  4-  trudo],  j,  thrust  out ;  shut 
out  {\\\.  12) .     [extrude. 

exuo,  -uere,  -ui,  -utus,  3,  strip,  strip 
off,  despoil^  deprive. 

exuro,  -urere,  -ussi,  -astus,  [ex  + 
uro,  burti],  3,  burn  up.    i.  5. 

P. 

faber,  fabri,  m.,  skilled  workman., 
mechanic,  artisan,     v.  ii.     [fabric. 

FabiuB,  -i,  m.,  (fa'  bi-us) : 

(i)  Quintus  Fabius  A/aximus 
(mak'  si-mus),  called  Allobrogicus 
(al-o-broj'  i-kus),  in  honor  of  his  vic- 
tory over  the  AUobroges,  Arver- 
nians,  and  Ruteni  in  the  year  of  his 
consulship,  B.C.  121.     i.  45. 

(2)  Gaius  Fabius.,  a  lieutenant  of 
Caesar  in  the  Gallic  War,  and  in  the 
first  year  of  the  Civil  War. 

(3)  Lucius  Fabius.,  a  centurion, 
killed  at  Gergovia.     vii.  47,  50. 

(4)  Fabius,  the  Paelignian,  a  sol- 
dier in  Curio's  army.     C.  ii.  35. 

facile,  comp.  facilius,  sup.  facillime, 
[facilis],  adv.,  easily,  readily. 

facilis,  -e,  comp.  facilior,  sup.  faclUi- 
mus,  [cf.  facio],  adj.,  easy.,  not  diffi- 
cult, not  hard,     [facile. 

facinus,  -oris,  [faciSj,  n.,  action; 
wicked  action,  misdeed,  crime. 

facio,  facere,  fSci,  factus,  3,  do, 
make;  act,  perform,  accomplish, 
form  ;  bring  about,  cause  ;  furnish, 
give.  For  pass.,  fi6,  fieri,  factus 
sum,  see  fiO.    certidrem  facere, 


to  inform,  imperata  facere,  to 
obey  commands.  iter  facere,  to 
march.  vim  facere,  to  use  vio- 
lence (i.  8,  v.  7).     [factor. 

f actio,  -6nis,  [facio J,  {..,  party,  polit- 
ical party  ;  league,     [faction. 

factu,  pass,  supine  of  faciS. 

factum,  -i,  [facio],  n.,  deed,  action, 
achievement,     [fact. 

facultas,  -atis,  [facilis],  f.,  ability, 
capability;  opportunity,  chance; 
abundance ;  supply  (ill.  9).  PI., 
resources,  wealth,     [faculty. 

fagus,  -i,  f.,  beech-tree.    v.  12. 

fallo,  fallere,  fefelli,  falsus,  3,  de- 
ceive, cheat ;  disappoint. 

falsus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  fall6],  adj., 
false,  ungrounded,     [false. 

falx,  falcis,  f.,  sickle ;  sickle-shaped 
hook. 

fSma,  -ae,  [cf.  fari,  to  speak],  {.,  re- 
port, rumor,  common  talk;  reputa- 
tion, fame  (vii.  77).      [fame. 

fames,  -is,  f.,  hunger.,  starvation. 
[famine. 

familia,  -ae,  [famulus,  servant\  {., 
body  of  slaves  in  one  household, 
household;  family  (vii.  33)  ;  includ- 
ing the  whole  body  of  serfs  and  re- 
tainers under  the  authority  of  a 
nobleman,  retinue  (i.  4).  pater 
familiae,  head  of  a  family.,  house- 
holder (vi.  19);  patres  familiae, 
heads  of  families  (C.  ii.  44).  matres 
familiae,  matrons  (i.  50;  vii.  26, 
47,  48).  antiquissima  familia,  of 
a  very  old  family  (vii.  32).  am- 
plissima  familia,  of  a  very  distin- 
guished family  {\\\.  37).     [family. 

familiSlris,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issi- 
mus,  [familia],  adj.,  belonging  to  a 
family.,  private.  r§s  familiaris, 
private  property.,  estate.,  private  for- 
tune (i.  18;  vii.  14,  64).  As  noun, 
familiaris,  -is,  m.,  intimate  friend^t 
companion,     [familiar. 


familiaritas 


47 


fiducia 


familiaritas,  -atis,  [familiaris],  f., 
intimacy^  close  friendship,  [famili- 
arity. 

fanum,  -i,  n,,  shrine.    C.  i.  6.     [fane. 

fas,  only  nom.  and  ace.  sing,  in  use, 
[cf.  fari,  to  speak\  indecl.,  n.,  right 
according  to  the  laws  of  God  and 
nature,  fas  est,  it  is  right^  alloiv- 
able^  lawful ;  of  an  event,  it  is  pre- 
destined (i.  50). 

fascis,  -is,  m.,  bundle  of  reeds  or 
twigs;  especially  pi.,  fasces,  -ium, 
the  fasces.^  a  bundle  of  rods  with  an 
axe,  carried  before  the  highest  mag- 
istrates as  an  emblem  of  authority 
(C.  III.  71). 

fastlgSte  [fastig-atus],  z.Av. ^sloping; 
slanting  (iv.  17). 

fastigatuB,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  fastigium], 
adj.,  sloping.,  sloping  down.     ii.  8. 

fastigium,  -i,  n.,  of  a  roof,  top  ;  of  a 
\i\\\  summit., peak  (vii.  69);  sloping 
side.,  slope.,  descent.,  declivity. 

fatigo,  -are,  -SLvi,  -atus,  i,  weary. 
C.  III.  95.     [fatigue. 

fatum,  -i,  [cf.  fari,  to  speak"].,  n..,fate., 
destiny,     i.  39.      [fate. 

Faustus,  -i,  see  Sulla. 

faved,  favere,  favi,  fautiirus,  2,  be 
favorable.,  be  inclined  toxvard^  favor., 
countenance,     [favor. 

fax,  facis,  f.,  torch.,  firebrand,  vii. 
24. 

felicitas,  -atis,  [felix,  happy],  f., 
good  fortune  (i.  40,  C.  III.  73);  suc- 
cess (vi.  43).     [felicity. 

feliciter,  comp.  felicius,  sup.  felicis- 
sime,  [felix],  adv.,  with  good  for- 
tune^ luckily.,  happily  {\\ .  25;  C.  i.  7). 

femina,  -ae,  i.^  woman  ;  female,  vi. 
21,  26.     [feminine. 

femur,  -oris  and  -inis,  n.,  thigh,  v. 
35;  vii.  73.     [femoral. 

fera,  -ae,  [ferus,  wild].,  i..,  wild  beast, 
wild  animal,     vi.  25,  28. 

feraz,   -acis,   comp.    feracior,    sup. 


feracissimus,  [fero],  adj.,  fertile., 
productive,     ii.  4.     [feracious. 

fere,  adv.,  almost.^  nearly  ;  with  words 
denoting  time,  about;  for  the  most 
part.,  as  a  rule,  usually,  generally. 

fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  irr.,  bear., 
carry.,  bring ;  endure.,  support.,  suf- 
fer., hold  out  against;  bear  away  ; 
obtain,  receive;  assert,  report^  say 
(vi,  17).     sig-na  Iqvtq,  to  advance. 

ferramentum,  -i,  [ferrum],  n.,  iron 
tool.     V.  42. 

f  err  aria,  -ae,  [ferrum],  f.,  iron  mine. 
vii.  22. 

ferreuB,  -a,  -um,  [ferrum],  adj.,  of 
iron,  iron,  ferreae  mantis,  grap- 
pling-hooks  (C.  II.  6).     [ferreous. 

ferrum,  -i,  n.,  iron  (v.  12);  figura- 
tively, the  iron,  with  a  barbed  point, 
at  the  end  of  a  pike  (i.  25),  smord 

(v.  30)- 

fertilis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issimus, 
[fero],  adj.,  fertile.,  fruitful,  pro- 
ductive,    vi.  24;   vii.  13.     [fertile. 

fertilitas,  -atis,  {ievt\\is].,L.,  produc- 
tiveness,    ii.  4.     [fertility. 

ferus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wild ;  rude,  sav- 
age, fierce,     [fierce. 

fervefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -f actus, 
[ferveo  +  facio],  3,  7nake  hot,  heat, 
heat  red-hot.     v.  43;   vii.  22. 

ferveo,  -ere,  2,  be  boiling  hot,  be  heated, 
gloiv.  Present  Participle  as  Adj., 
fervens,  -tis,  red-hot  (v.  43). 
[fervent. 

fibula,  -ae,  [cf.  figo,  fasten].,  f., 
clasp  ;  brace.,  bolt  (iv.  17). 

fidelis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issimus, 
[fld.es],  adj.,  faithful,  trustworthy 
(vii.  76);   true,  loyal  (iv.  21). 

fides,  -ei,  f.,  good  faith,  fidelity,  loy- 
alty;  pledge  of  good  faith,  promise  ; 
confidence,  trust;  protection,  alli- 
ance,    [faith. 

fiducia,  -ae,  [fidus],  f.,  reliance,  con- 
fidence, assurance,      [fiduciary. 


figura 


48 


fortuna 


figura,  -ae,  [cf.  flngrQ],  f-,  form^ 
shape,     [figure. 

filia,  -ae,  f.,  daughter. 

fniuB,  -i,  ni.,  son.     [filial. 

lingd,  flng-ere,  finxi,  fictus,  Ziform.^ 
shape;  conceive^  imagine^  think  of 
(vi.  37);  invent^  devise  (iv.  5);  of 
the  features,  ch^ange.,  control  (i.  39). 
[feign. 

finio,  finire,  finivi,  finitus,  [finis], 
4,  bound.,  define  (iv.  16);  measure^ 
limit  (vi*.  18,  25).     [finite. 

finis,  -is,  m.,  limit^  border^  boundary^ 
end.  PI.,  borders.,  hence  territory., 
country.,  land,     [finis. 

flnitimus,  -a,  -una,  [finis],  adj.,  bor- 
dering on.,  neighboring.^  adjoining. 
As  noun,  finitimi,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 
neighbors.,  neighboring  peoples. 

fio,  fieri,  factus,  irr.,  used  as  pass,  of 
faciS,  be  made.,  be  done ;  be  per- 
formed^  (ll.  5);  become.,  take  place., 
happen;  come  about.,  come  to  pass. 
certlor  fieri,  to  be  informed. 

firmiter,  [firmus],  adv.,  steadily., 
firmly,     iv.  26. 

firmitudo,  -inis,  [firmus],  f.,5/r<f«^//^, 
solidity;    rigidity,     iii.    13;   iv.    17. 

firmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [firmus],  i, 
make  firm.,  strengthen.,  fortify,    vi.  29. 

firmus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issi- 
mus,  adj.,  strong.,  firm  ;  steadfast., 
powerful,     [firm. 

fistuca,  -ae,  f.,  rammer.,  pile-driver. 
iv.  17. 

FlaccuB,  -I,  (flak  us),  see  Valerius 
(2)   and  (7). 

fiSigito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  ask  ear- 
nestly., ifnportune.,  demand,     i.  16. 

flamma,  -ae,  f.,  blazing  fire.,  fiame., 
fire.     V.  43;   vi.  16.      [flame. 

flee  to,  flectere.fiexi,  fiexus,  3,  bend., 
turn.,  curve,     iv.  33;   vi.  25.     [flex. 

Flegin&B,  -atis,  m..  Gains  Fleginas 
(fle-ji'nas),  a  Roman  knight  killed  in 
action  near  Dyrrachium.     C.  iii.  71. 


fleo,  flere,  flevi,  fletus,  2,  weep.,  shed 
tears.,  cry. 

flStuB,  -as.  [fleoj?  "1-1  weeping. 

flo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  blow.     v.  7. 

florens,  -entis,  comp.  -entior,  sup, 
-entissimus,  [floreo,  bloom'},  adj., 
flourishing.,  prosperous  (1.  30,  iv.  3)  ; 
influential  (vii.  32). 

flos,  fioris,  m.,  flower,  vii.  73. 
[flower. 

fluctus,  -us,  [cf.  flu6],  m.,  wave. 

flumen,  -inis,  [cf.  fi\xo],xi..,  flowing 
water,  current ;  stream.,  river .  ad- 
verso  flumine,  up  the  stream. 

fluo,  fiuere,  fiaxi,  sup.  flaxum,  3, 
flojv.     [flux. 

fodio,  fodere,  fodi,  fossus,  3,  dig., 
dig  out.     vii.  73. 

foeduB,  foederis,  n.,  treaty.,  compact., 
league,     vi.  2. 

foramen,  -inis,  [foro,  bore^.,  n.,  hole. 
C.  III.  53. 

fore  =  f utiirum  esse ;  see  sum. 

forem  =  essem;   see  sum. 

foris,  [foris,  door^.,  adv.,  out  of  doors  ; 
outside  of  a  city.,  without  (vii.  76). 

forma,  -ae,  f.,  shape.,  form.    [form. 

fors,  fortis,  [cf.  fero],  f.,  chance.,  luck., 
accident,     ii.  2i;    vii,  87. 

fortasse,  [forte],  didv..,  perhaps.,  pos- 
sibly.    C.  III.  60. 

forte  [abl.  of  fors],  adv.,  by  chance, 
by  accident ;  perchance,  perhaps. 

fortis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issimus, 
2id].,  strong ;  brave,  courageous,  [fort. 

fortiter,  comp.  fortius,  sup.  fortis- 
simo, [fortis],  adv.,  bravely,  boldly, 
courageously. 

fortitudo,  -inis,  [fortis],  f.,  courage, 
bravery,     i.  2.      [fortitude. 

fortuito,  [abl.  of  fortuitus,  from 
forte],  adv.,  by  chance,     [fortuitous. 

fortuna,  -ae,  [fors],  f.,  luck,  lot.  fate, 
cha  nee,  fortune  ;  good  fortune ;  the  god- 
dess Fortune  (Fig.  198);  V\.,  fortunes 
(III.  12;   V.  3;   VI.  7;   VII.  77);  pOS' 


fortunatus 


49 


frumentarius 


sessions^  property  (i.  ii;   v.  43;  vi. 
35;  vii.  8).     [fortune. 


Figure   198.  —  The  Goddess  Fortune 
as  conceived  by  the  Romans. 

Marble  Statue,  in  Rome.  The  goddess 
wears  a  broad  diadem.  Her  left  hand  holds 
a  cornucopia,  filled  with  good  things  for  those 
whom  she  favors.  Her  right  hand  grasps  a 
steering  paddle,  with  which,  noiselessly  but 
remorselessly,  she  guides  the  affairs  of  man- 
kind ;  the  steering-paddle  rests  upon  a  globe 
symbolizing  the  world. 

Some  such  picture  as  this  presented  itself 
to  Caesar's  mind  when  he  vividly  personified 
fortuna,  which  in  certain  passages  of  his  text 
(as  V.  44)  is  sometimes  written  with  a  capital 
letter.  But  his  vision  was  too  broad  and  his 
mind  too  philosophical  to  believe  in  Fortuna 
as  those  did  who  worshipped  at  her  shrine. 

fortunatus,  -a,  -una,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  fortune,  from 
fortuna],  adj.,  prosperous,  fortu- 
nate,    vi.  35.     [fortunate. 

forum,  -i,  n.,  market-place,  vii.  28. 
[forum. 


fossa,  -ae,  [cf.  fodi5],  f.,  trench,  in- 
trenchment.     [fosse. 

fovea,  -ae,  i.,  pit,  pitfall,    vi.  28. 

frango,  frangere,  fregi,  fractus,  3, 
break  ;  dash  to  pieces,  wreck  (iv.  29) ; 
crush,  dishearten  (i.  31).     [fracture. 

frater,  -tris,  m.,  brother;  pi.  as  a 
name  of  honor  applied  to  allies, 
brethren  (i.  33,  44;   ii-  3)- 

fraternus,  -a,  -um,  [frater],  adj.,  of 
a  brother,  brotherly,     [fraternal. 

frauds,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [fraus],  i, 
cheat ;  embezzle  (C.  ill.  59,  60). 

fraus,  fraudis,  f.,  deception,  imposi- 
tion,    vii.  40.     [fraud. 

fremitus,  -us,  [cf.  fremS,  roar'],  m., 
uproar,  noise,  din. 

frequens,  -entis,  comp.  frequentior, 
sup.  -issimus,  adj.,  in  large  num- 
bers, crowded,     [frequent. 

fretum,  -i,  n.,  strait,  f return  Sici- 
liae,  Sicilian  strait,  strait  of  Mes- 
sina (C.  II.  3). 

fretus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  relying  on,  de- 
pending on  ;  followed  by  abl. 

frigidus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [frigeo,  be  cold],  adj., 
cold.     iv.  I.     [frigid. 

frigus,  frigoris,  n.,  cold,  cold  weather. 
PL,  cold  seasons,  cold  climate. 

frons,  frontis,  f.,  forehead;  front. 
a  media  fronte,  in  the  middle  of 
the  forehead  {\i.  2b').      [front. 

fructuosus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  -issimus, 
[fructus],  adj.,  fruitful,  fertile. 
i.  30. 

fructus,  -as,  vci.^  fruit, product ;  profit, 
interest,  income  (vi.  19)  ;  advantage, 
gain,  rezvard  {\\\.  27,  86).     [fruit. 

fruges,  -um,  f.,  pi.,  produce,  crops, 
fruits,    i.  28.     [frugal. 

frumentarius,  -a,  -um,  [frumen- 
tum],  adj.,  relating  to  grain  or  sup- 
plies of  grain ;  productive  of  graiR  (i. 
10).  res  framentaria,  supply  of 
grain,  supplies. 


frumentatio 


50 


Gallia 


frumentatio,  -pnis,  [framentor),  f., 
obtaining  of  graitiy  expedition  in 
quest  of  grain. 

frumentor,  -ari,  -atus,  [framen- 
tum] ,  I ,  dep .,  get  grain,  forage. 

frumentum,  -i,  n.,  grain;  pi.  often 
crops  of  grain,  grain-crops. 

fnior,  frui,  fractus,  3,  dep.,  enjoy  ; 
followed  by  abl.    iii.  22. 

frustr^,  adv.,  in  vain,  without  effect ; 
for  nothing,  without  reason,  [frus- 
trate. 

Fufius,  -i,  m.,  Gaius  Fufius  Cita  (fil' 
fi-us  sT'  ta),  a  Roman  knight,    vii.  3. 

fuga,  -ae,  {.,  flight,  in  fugam  dare, 
to  put  to  flight,  rout. 

fugio,  fugrere,  fugri,  Z^flee,  run  away, 
make  off;  avoid,  shun  (vii.  30) ; 
escape  (vii.  38). 

fugitivuB,  -a,  -um,  [fugio],  adj., 
fleeing,  runaway.  As  noun,  fugi- 
^  tivus,  -i,  m.,  runaway  slave  (i.  23). 
[fugitive. 

fugo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [fuga],  i, 
put  to  flight,  rout.     vii.  68. 

fumo,  -are,  [fumus],  i,  smoke,  vii. 
24.     [fume. 

fumus,  -i,  m.,  smoke,    ii.  7;  v.  48. 

funda,  -ae,  f.,  sling. 

fundi  tor,  -6ris,  [funda],  m.,  slinger. 

fundo,  fundere,  fadi,  fusus,  3,  pour 
(vii.  24);  scatter,  rout  (iii.  6). 
[foundry. 

funebris,  -e  [funus] ,  adj.,  funeral. 
As  noun,  fanebria.  -ium,  neuter  plu- 
ral,/««^;'rt/ rZ/d-j  (vi.  19). 

fungor,  fungi,  fanctus,  3,  dep.,  dis- 
charge, perform,    vii.  25.    [function. 

funis,  -is,  m.,  rope;  rope  cable  (ill. 
13,  IV.  29,  V.  10);  halyards  (ill.  14). 

funus, -eris,  n..^  funeral,  vi.  19.  [fu- 
neral. 

furor,  -6ris,  [furO.  rage\  m.,  rage,, 
madness.,  fury,     [furor . 

furtum,  -i.  [far,  ////>/],  n.,  theft. 

fdsilis,  -e,  [cf.  fundOj,  adj.,  molten; 


of    clay,  kneaded,    molded.      v.   43. 
[fusile. 
futurus,  -a,  -um,  see  sum. 


Gabali,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (gab'a-Ii),  a 
people  in  Southern  Gaul,  subject  to 
the  Arvernians.     vii.  7,  64,  75. 

Gabinius,  -i,  m.,  Aulus  Gabinius  (ga- 
bin'  j-us),  consul  with  Lucius  Cal- 
purnius  Piso,  58  B.C.  i.  6;  C.  in, 
103. 

gaesum,  -i,  n.,  heavy  javelin  used  by 
the  Gauls,     iii.  4. 

Gaius,  -i,  abbreviation  C,  m.,  Gaius 
(ga'  yus),  sometimes  in  English  writ- 
ten Caius.,  a  Roman  first  name. 

Galba,  -ae,  m.,  (gal'ba)  : 

(i)  Servius  Sulpicius  Galba,,  a 
lieutenant  of  Caesar  in  the  earlier 
part  of  the  Gallic  War,  Praetor  at 
Rome  in  54  B.C.;  afterwards  named 
among  the  conspirators  who  took 
Caesar's  life.     iii.  1-6. 

(2)  Galba.,  a  ruler  of  the  Sues- 
siones.     ii.  4,  13. 

galea,  -ae,  f.,  helmet,    ii.  21. 


Figure  199.  —  Coin  struck  at  Lug- 
dunum,  now  Lyons. 

Silver,  issued  by  order  of  Galba.  latter 
half  of  first  century  a. d.  Inscription,  TRES 
GALLIA[e],  'Three  Gauls.'  The  identifica- 
tion of  the  heads  is  uncertain  ;  an  eaf  of  wheat 
projects  in  front  of  each. 

Gallia,  -ae.  [Oallus],  f.,  Gallia 
(^gal'  i-a),  Gaul,  used  of  Transal- 
pine Gaul,  and  of  the  middle  one  of 
its  three  parts,  Celtic  Gaul  (i.  i); 


Gallicus 


51 


Gracchi 


also  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  and  of  the 
Province  ;  once  in  the  plural,  Gal- 
liae,  as  referring  to  the  several  di- 
visions (IV.  20),  After  Caesar's 
conquest  the  plural  was  used  of  three 
provinces  in  Transalpine  Gaul  (Fig. 
199).     [Gaul. 

Gallicus,  -a,  -um,  [Gallus],  adj.,  of 
Gaul^  Gallic. 

gallina,  -ae,  [gallus,  cock\  f.,  hen. 

G-allus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Gallic.  As 
noun,  m.,  a  Gaul;  pi.,  Galli, 
-drum,  Celts.,  Galli  (gal' T),  used  by 
Caesar  as  referring  to  the  inhabitants 
of  Gallia  Celtica^  the  middle  of  the 
three  main  divisions  of  Gaul. 

Gallus,  -i,  m.,  see  Trebius. 

Garumna,  -ae,  f.,  (ga-rum'na),  the 
great  river  of  southvi^estern  France, 
which  rises  in  the  Pyrenees  Moun- 
tains and  flows  in  a  northwesterly 
direction  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  after 
a  course  of  about  350  miles;  now 
Garonne,     i.  I. 

Garumni, -orum,  m.,pl.,(ga-rum'nl), 
a  people  in  Aquitania,  probably  near 
the  sources  of  the  Garonne,     iii.  27. 

Gates,  -ium,  m.,  pi.,  (ga'  tez),  a  peo- 
ple in  Aquitania.     iii.  27. 

gaudeo,  gaudere,  gavisus  sum,  2, 
semi-dep.,  rejoice,  be  glad.     iv.  13. 

gavisus,  see  gaudeo. 

Geidumni,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (je- 
dum'  nl),  a  people  of  Belgic  Gaul, 
clients  of  the  Nervians.     v.  39. 

Genava,  -ae,  f.,  (jen'  a-va),  a  city  of 
the  Allobroges,  on  the  lacus  Leman- 
nus;   now  Geneva,     i.  7. 

gener,  generi,  m.,  son-in-law.   v.  56. 

generatim  [genus],  adv.,  by  kind; 
by  peoples^  by  tribes^  nation  by  na- 
tion (i.  51;   vii.  19). 

gens,  gentis,  f.,  clan.,  family  (vi.  22) ; 
nation^  people,     [gentile. 

genus,  generis,  n.,  birth.,  descent., 
family;    race   (iv.  3;  vii.   22,  42); 


kind.,  species;  class.,  rank;  method.^ 
nature,     [genus. 

Gergovia,  -ae,  f.,  (jer-go'  vi-a),  chief 
city  of  the  Arvernians,  situated  on  a 
narrow  plateau  (elevation,  2,440  ft.) 
about  six  miles  south  of  Clermont- 
Ferrand. 

Germania,  -ae,  [Germanus],  f., 
Germany.     [Germany. 

Germanicus,  -a,  -um,  [German!], 
adj.,  German. 

Germanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  or  from 
Germany,  German.  As  noun,  Ger- 
man!, -orum,  m.,  pi.,  Germans, 
the  Germans.     [German. 

gero,  gerere,  gessi,  gestus,  3,  bear, 
carry;  manage,  transact,  do,  carry 
on  ;  carry  out,  perform,  accomplish  ; 
of  anofifice,y?///  <AviZX,'wage.  rem 
gestam  perscribit,  he  %vrote  a  full 
account  of  what  had  been  done  (v. 
47).     [jest. 

gestus,  see  gero. 

gladius,  -i,  m.,  sword,      [gladiolus. 

glans,  glandis,  f.,  acorn;  slingshot, 
bullet  hurled  by  a  sling  (v.  43;  vii. 
81).     [gland. 

gleba,  -ae,  f.,  lump  of  earth,  clod; 
lump,  mass  (vii,  25).     [glebe. 

gloria,  -ae,  i.,fafne,  renown,      [glory. 

glorior,  -ari,  -atus,  [gloria],  i,  dep., 
boast,  brag  (i.  14). 

Gnaeus,  -i,  abbreviation  On.,  m., 
(ne'  us),  a  Roman  first  name. 

Gobannitio,  -onis,  m.,  (gob-a-nish' 
[y]6),  an  uncle  of  Vercingetorix, 
hostile  to  him.     vii.  4. 

Gorgobina,  -ae,  f.,  (gor-gob'  j-nni), 
a  city  in  the  country  of  the  Aeduans, 
inhabited  by  Boians  (vii.  9). 

Gracchi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  the  Grac- 
chi, (grak'  I),  Tiberius  and  Gaius 
Sempronius  Gracchus,  leaders  in  re- 
forms which  led  to  violence;  Tibe- 
rius Gracchus  was  killed  in  133  B.C., 
Gaius  in  121  B.C.     C.  i.  7. 


Graecus 


52 


Hercynius 


Graecus,  -a,  -um,  [rpat/c6s],  adj., 
Greek,  Grecian.  As  noun,  Grae- 
cus   -i,  m.,  a  Greek  (vi.  24). 

Graioceli,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (gra-yo'- 
se-ll),  a  Gallic  people  in  the  Alps, 
i.  10. 

grandis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issimus, 
z.(X).,  large,  great,     [grand. 

Granius, -i,  m.,  Aulus  Granius,  (gra'- 
nj-us),  a  Roman  knight  killed  in 
action  near  Dyrrachium.      C.  ill.  71. 

gratia,  -ae,  [gratus],  i.,  favor, grati- 
tude ;  esteem,  regard;  recompense, 
requital  (i.  35,  v.  27);  popularity  ; 
influence  (i.  9,  18,  20,  43,  etc.).  PI., 
erratiae,  -arum,  thanks,  gratias 
agrere,  to  thank,  gratia,  for  the 
sake  of  {y'n.  ^^) .     [grace. 

gratulatid,  -onis,  [gratulor],  f.,  re- 
joicing, congratulation.  [gratula- 
tion. 

grStulor,  -ari,  -at us,  [gratus],  i, 
dep.,  offer  congratulations,  congratu- 
late,    i.  30.     [gratulate. 

gratus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  adj.,  acceptable,  pleasing 
(vi.  16).  Neut.  as  noun,  gratum, 
-i,  a  kindness,  a  favor  (i.  44). 
[grateful. 

gravis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issimus, 
adj.,  heavy  (iv.  24);  heavily  lad^n 
(v.  8) ;  severe,  hard,  serious,  trouble- 
some ;  of  age,  advanced  (iii.  16). 
[grave  (adjective). 

gravit^B,  -atis,  [gravis],  f.,  weight 
(v.  16);  importance  (\\.  ■},).  [grav- 
ity. 

graviter,  comp.  gravius,  sup.  gra- 
vissime,  [gravis],  adv.,  heavily 
(iii.  14);  severely,  xvarmly,  bitterly ; 
seriously,  with  great  displeasure. 
graviter  ferre,  to  be  annoyed,  be 
disturbed. 

gravo,  -are,  -avi,  atus,  [gravis],  i, 
weigh  doivn.  Pass,  as  dep.,  hesi- 
tate, be  unwilling  (i.  35). 


Grudii,  -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  (gru'dj-i),  a 
Belgic  people  near  the  Nervians.    v, 

39- 

gubernStor,  oris.  [gubemS,  steer\ 
m.,  helmsman,  pilot,     [governor. 

gusto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [gustus, 
tasting']^  I,  taste.,  taste  of  [gusta- 
tory. 


habed,  habere,  habui,  habitus,  2, 

have^  hold,  possess.,  keep;  regard^ 
think.,  consider;  account.,  repute^ 
reckon;  of  a  count,  make  (l,  29). 
Srationem  habere,  to  make  a 
speech.,  deliver  an  address,     [habit. 

haesito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
haereo],  i,  slick  fast.,  retnain  fixed. 
vii.  19.     [hesitate. 

hamus,  -1,  m.,  hook;  barbed  hook  (vii. 
73^.     [hamate. 

harpago,  -6nis,  [=  dpird7T7],  m., 
grappling-iron.,  grappling-hook.,  a 
pole  with  an  iron  hook  at  the  end. 
vii.  81. 

Harudes,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (ha-ru'  dez), 
a  German  tribe  between  the  Danube 
and  the  upper  part  of  the  Rhine. 

baud,  adv.,  not  at  all.,  not.     v.  54. 

hedera,  -ae,  f.,  ivy.     C.  iii.  96. 

Helveticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Helvetian. 
Helveticum  proelium,  the  battle 
with  the  Helvetians  (vii.  9). 

Helvetius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the  Helve- 
tians., Helvetian,  civitas  Helve- 
tia, the  State  of  the  Helvetians.^ 
Helvetian  State.,  divided  into  four 
cantons,  the  names  of  two  of  which, 
pagus  Tigurinus.  pagus  Verbi- 
genus,  are  known  (i.  12).  As 
noun,  Helvetii,  -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  the 
Helvetians.,  Helvetii  (hel-ve'sh[y]I). 

Helvii,  -5rum,  m.,  pi.,  (hel'vi-I),a 
(iallic  people  in  the  Province. 

Hercynius,  -a.  -um.  adj.,  Hercynian. 
Silva  Hercynia  [in  Greek  'A/)ic«;wo 


hereditas 


53 


humilitas 


6p'r],  *EpKiJvioL  dpvfiol^,  a  forest  in 
southern  Germany  and  Austria,  which 
followed  the  course  of  the  Danube 
from  its  source  eastward  beyond  mod- 
ern Vienna  to  the  Carpathian  Moun- 
tains,    [hercynite. 

hereditas,  -atis,  [heres,  Aeir^,  f., 
inheritance,     vi.  13.     [heredity. 

Hibernia,  -ae,  f.,  Hibernia  (hi-ber'- 
ni-a),  Ireland,    v.  13.     [Hibernian. 

hibemus,  -a,  -um,  [hiems],  adj., 
of  winter.  As  noun,  hiberna, 
-orum  (sc.  castra),  n.,  pi.,  winter- 
quarters,    [hibernal. 

hic,  haec,  hoc,  gen.  huius,  dem. 
pron.,  this^  the  folloiving^  he^  she^  it. 

hie,  [pron.  hic],  adv.,  here.,  at  this 
place  ;  of  time,  at  this  point. 

hiemo, -are,  -avi,  -atiirus,  [hiems], 
I  ^  pass  the  winter,,  winter. 

hiems,  hiemis,  f.,  winter;  wintry 
storm,,  stormy  weather  (iv.  36). 

Lino  [hic],  adv.,  hence,,  from  this 
place,,  from  this  point. 

Hirrus,  -i,  m.,  see  Lucilius. 

Hispania,  -ae,  f.,  Spain.  PI.,  His- 
paniae,  -arum,  Spanish  provinces,^ 
referring  to  the  division  into  the  two 
parts,  Hispania  citerior,  Hither 
Spain^Siud  ulterior.  Further  Spain 
(C.  III.  73).     [Spain. 

Hisp3.nus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Spanish,  v. 
26.     [spaniel,  i.e.  'Spanish  dog.' 

homo,  hominis,  m.  and  f.,  human 
being,,  man. 

honestus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [honos],  adj.,  honorable^ 
noble;  of  good  family,  (vii.  3;  C. 
II. '5).  loco  natus  honesto,  of  ex- 
cellent family  (v.  45,  C.  iii.  61). 
[honest. 

honorificus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  hono- 
rificentior,  sup.  -centissimus,  [ho- 
nos, cf.  facio],  adj.,  conferring 
honor ,,complijnentary.  i.  43.  [hon- 
orific. 


honos,  or  honor,  -oris,  m.,  honor,,  «. 
teem,,  respect,,  dignity ;  public  office^ 
office,,  post,     [honor. 

hora,  -ae,  [=  ibpa],  f.,  hour,,  a  twelfth 
part  of  the  day,  from  sunrise  to  sun- 
set, the  Roman  hours  varying  in 
length  with  the  season  of  the  year. 

hordeum,  -i,  n.,  barley.     C.  iii.  47. 

horreo,  horrere,  horrui,  2,  tremble 
at,,  shudder  at,,  dread,     i.  32. 

horri bills,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  [horreo], 
adj.,  dread-inspiring,     [horrible. 

horridus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  [hor- 
reo], adj.,  wild^  frightful  (v.  14). 
[horrid. 

hortatus,  -us,  [hortor],  m.,  encour- 
agement, urging.     C.  III.  86. 

hortor,  -ari,  -at us,  l,  dep.,  urge,,  en- 
courage ;  exhort,,  incite,,  press. 

hospes,  hospitis,  m.,  host;  guest  (vi. 
23);  friend  bound  by  hospitality, 
guest-friend  (i.  53,  v.  6).      [host. 

hospitium,  -i,  [hospes],  n.,  relation 
of  guest  and  host,,  tie  of  hospitality ,^ 
hospitality,     [hospice. 

hostis,  -is,  m.,  public  enemy,,  foe ;  in 
this  book  both  the  sing,  and  the  pi., 
hostes,  -ium,  in  most  cases  =  the 
enemy.  Cf.  inimicus.   [host  (army). 

hue,  [hic],  adv.,  hither,,  here,,  to  this 
place. 

huius  modi,  see  modus. 

humanitas,  -atis,  [humanus],  f., 
humanity;  refinement,,  culture  (i.  i. 
47).     [humanity. 

humanus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [hom5],  adj.,  of  man,, 
human  (C.  I.  6)  ;  refined^  civilized 
(iv.  3;  V.  14).     [human. 

humilis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  humil- 
limus,  [humus, ^ro««fl^],  adj.,  low; 
shallow  (v.  i);  mean,,  humble,,  in- 
significant,, weak,     [humble. 

humilitas,  -atis.  [humilis],  f.,  low- 
ness  (v.  I ) ;  humble  position,,  insig- 
nificance (v.  27).     [humility. 


iaceO 


54 


immineO 


I. 

laced,  iac§re,  iacui,  iacitarus,  2, 

/?>,  lie  prostrate  ;  lie  dead  (vii.  25). 

Pres.  part,  as  noun,  iacentes,  -iuzn, 

m.,  pi.,  the  fallen  (ii.  27). 
iacio,  iacere,  ieci,  lactus,  3,  thrmv^ 

cast,  hurl ;  throw  up^  construct   (ii. 

12) ;    of  an  anchor,  drop  (iv.  28). 
iacto,   -are,   -avi,  -atus,    [freq.    of 

iacio],    I,    throw^    cast    (vii.    47); 

throw  about^  jerk  back  and  forth  (i. 

25);  discuss^  agitate  {\.  18);  boast  of 

vaunt  (C.  III.  83). 
iactura,  -ae,  [iaciS],  f.,  a  throwing; 

loss^  sacrifice^  cost. 
lactus,  see  iaci5. 
laculum,  -i,  [cf.  iacio],  n.,  javelin. 

V.  43.  45- 

lam,  adv.,  already^  now ;  at  once^  im- 
mediately (vi.  35,  vii.  38);  at  length 
(i.  42);  actually  (iii.  17);  in  fact., 
indeed  (iii.  9). 

Ibl  or  ibi,  adv.,  in  that  place.,  there. 

IccluB,  -i,  m.,  (ik'sh[y]us),  a  leader  , 
of  the  Remi. 

Ictus,  -us,  [ic6,  strike\  m.,  blow., 
stroke,     i.  25;   vii.  25. 

id.,  abbreviation  for  Idus. 

Idclrcd,  [id  -fabl.  of  circus],  adv., 
on  that  account.^  therefore,     v.  3. 

idem,  eadem,  idem,  eiusdem,  dem. 
pron.,  the  same,     [identity. 

identldem,  [idem  et  idem],  adv., 
repeatedly,  again  and  again,     ii.  19. 

Iddneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  suitable^  con- 

_  venient^fit,  capable. 

Idus,  -uum,  f.,  pi.,  abbreviation  Id., 
the  Ides,  the  fifteenth  day  of  March, 
May,  July,  and  October;  the  thir- 
teenth day  of  other  months,     i.  7. 

Ignis,  -is,  m.,fire.  PI.,  igrnSs, /r<?- 
signals,  watch-fires  (ii.  33).   [igneous. 

IgnoblUs,  -e,  [in-  +  (8r)n5bili8], 
adj.,  unknown;  obscure  (v.  28). 
[ignoble. 


ignomlnla,  -ae,  [in-  -\-  (gr)nCmenj, 
f.,  disgrace,  dishonor,      [ignominy. 

Ignord,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cf.  ig- 
nosco],  1,  be  ignorant  of,  not  to 
know,  be  unaware;  overlook  (i.  27). 
non  igrnorans,  being  not  unfamiliar 
with  (vi.  42),  not  unaware  (vii.  ^^). 
[ignore. 

Ignosco,  -gnoscere,  -gnSvi,  -gnS- 
tus,  [in-  +  (g)n6sc6,  know'\.,  3, 
pardon,  overlook  ;  forgive,  excuse. 

Ignotus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [in-  +  (g)n6tu8],  adj., 
unknown;  unfamiliar  (iv.  24). 

lU&tus,  see  infero. 

llle,  ilia,  illud,  illius,  dem.  pron., 
used  with  or  vt^ithout  a  noun,  that ; 
he,  she,  it. 

lllic  [loc.  of  illej  adv.,  there,  in  that 
place,  in  that  region.  i.  18;  vii. 
20. 

llllgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in  +  ligrS, 
bind].,  I,  tie  on;  bind  (iv.  17); 
fasten  (v.  45). 

1116  [ille],  adv.,  thither,  to  that  place  ; 
to  that  end  (iv.  Ii). 

lUustris,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issi- 
mus, [in,  cf.  lux],  2id].,  prominent, 
distinguished ;  remarkable,  note- 
worthy (vii.  3).     [illustrious. 

niyricum,  -i,  n.,  (i-lir'  i-kum),  a  re- 
gion along  the  east  coast  of  the 
Adriatic  Sea,  now  Istria  and  Dal- 
matia.     ii.  35;   iii.  7;  v.  i. 

ImbecllUtas,  -atis,  [imbScillus, 
iveak^  f.,  weakness,     [imbecility. 

Imber,  imbris,  m.,  rain,  rainstorm. 
mag-nus  imber,  a  violent  rain- 
storm (vii.  27). 

Imitor,  -ari,  -atus,  i,  dep.,  copy,  imi- 
tate,    vi.  40;    vii.  22.     [imitate. 

immanls,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issi- 
mus, 2iiX].,huge,  enormous,  immense. 

Immineo,  -minSre,  [in  -f  mine5, 
overhang\  2,  overhang;  be  near  at 
hand,  threaten  (vi.  38).     [imminent. 


immitto 


55 


implorO 


immitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[in  +  mitto],  3,  send  into ;  send 
against  (vii.  40) ;  of  pikes,  hurl, 
cast  against  (v.  44,  vi.  8,  C.  in.  92); 
of  timbers,  let  dozvn  into  (iv.  17), 
let  in  between  (iv.  17). 

immolo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in,  cf. 
mola,  meal^,  i,  lit,  sprinkle  meal 
on  a  victim  for  sacrifice;  sacrifice, 
offer  up  (vi.  16,  17).     [immolate. 

immortalis,  -e,  [in-  +  mortalis,  from 
mors],  adj.,  immortal,     [immortal. 

immunis,  -e,  [in-  +  munus],  adj., 
free  from  taxes,     vii.  76.     [im.mune. 

immiinitas,  -atis,  [immunis],  f., 
freedom  from  public  burdens,  ex- 
emption (vi.  14).     [immunity. 

imparatus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  -issimus, 
[in-  +  paratus],  adj.,  not  ready, 
unprepared,     vi.  30. 

impedimentmn,  -i,  [impedio],  n., 
hindrance,  interference  (i.  25;  ii. 
25).  PI.  impedimenta,  -orum, 
heavy  baggage,  baggage;  pack-ani- 
mals (vii.  45).      [impediment. 

impedio,  -pedire,  -pedivi,  -peditus, 
[in,  cf.  pes],  4,  hinder,  obstruct,  in- 
terfere with ;  prevent,  disorder ;  of 
the  mind,  occupy,  engage  (v.  7) ;  make 
unpassable  (vii.  57).     [impede. 

impedituB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  impedio],  adj., 
encumbered  with  baggage,  hindered, 
hampered,  obstructed,  embarrassed ; 
difficult,  hard  (ii.  28,  iii.  9);  of 
places,  hard,  inaccessible. 

impello,  -pellere,  -pull,  -pulsus,  [in 
-|-pell6),  3,  strike  against;  urge, 
urge  on,  drive  on,  impel,     [impel. 

impendeo,  -pendere,  [in  +  pende5, 
hang'\,  2,  hang  over,  overhang,  i.  6; 
iii.  2.     [impend. 

impensuB,  -a.  -um,  comp.  -ior,  [part, 
of  impend©,  expend^,  adj.,  ample, 
great ;  of  price,  dear,  high  (iv.  2). 

imper&tor,  -oris,  [impero],  m.,  com- 


mander-in-chief, commander,  gen- 
eral.      [emperor. 

imperatdrius,  -a,  -um,  [impera- 
tor],  adj.,  of  a  commander ,  general' s. 
C.  III.  96. 

imperatum,  -i,  [impero],  n.,  com- 
mand,  order,  ad  imperatum,  in 
accordance  with  his  command  (vi.  2). 

imperitus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [in- +  peritus] ,  adj.,  in- 
experienced, unskilled,  unacquaitited 
with. 

imperium,  -I,  [cf.  imperd],  n.,  com- 
mand, order ;  control,  government, 
dominion;  military  authority. 
nova  imperia,  a  revolution  (ii.  i ). 
[empire. 

impero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  com- 
mand, order  ;  exercise  authority  over, 
rule  (i.  31,  36);  requisition,  order 
to  furnish,  levy.,  draft,  demand.  After 
impero,  ut  is  ordinarily  to  be  trans- 
lated by  to,  and  ne  by  not  to,  with 
the  infin.     [Imperative. 

impetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in-f 
patro,  execute^,  i,  obtain  by  request, 
procure,  get;  accomplish,  bring  to 
pass;  gain  one's  request.  re  im- 
petrata,^  the  request  having  been 
granted,  after  the  request  had  been 
granted. 

impetus,  -us,  [in,  cf.  peto],  m.,  at- 
tack, assault,  charge;  raid  (l.  44); 
fury,  impetuosity,  force,     [impetus. 

impius,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  pius],  adj., 
wicked,  impious.  As  noun,  impii, 
-orum,  m.,  -^X.,  the  wicked  {y\.  13). 
[impious. 

implied,  -are,  -avi  or  -ui,  -atus  or 
-itus,  [in  +  plic6,  fold],  i,  infold; 
interweave  (vii.  73).     [implicate. 

imploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in  + 
ploro,  cry  out].,  1,  beseech,  implore 
(i.  51);  invoke,  appeal  to  (v.  7,  C. 
III.  82).  auxilium  implorare,  to 
solicit  aid  {\.  31,  32).     [implore. 


Impono 


56 


incipio 


impono,  -pSnere,  -posui,  -positus, 
[in  +  p6n6],  3,  put  on,  place  on, 
put ;  impose  {upon)  ;  levy  upon 
(i.  44);  of  horses,  mount  (i.  42). 
[impose. 

imports,  are,  -avi,  atus,  [in  + 
portoj,  I,  bruig  in,  import,  i.  i; 
iv.  2;  V.  12.     [import. 

improbus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [in-  +  probus,  good\ 
adj.,  bad,  shameless,     i.  17. 

improvisd  [improvisus],  adv.,  un- 
expectedly, suddenly,     i.  i,?. 

improvisus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  [in- 
-f  part,  of  provided],  adj.,  unfore- 
seen, unexpected.  Neut.  as  noun 
in  de  improviso,  unexpectedly,  sud- 
denly. 

imprudens,  -entis,  [contr.  from  im- 
providens,  in-  +  part,  of  provi- 
de©], adj.,  unazuares,  off  one'' s  guard. 
iii.  29;   V.  15.     [irnprudent. 

imprudentia,  -ae,  [imprudens],  f., 
lack  of  foresight,  indiscretion,  igno- 
rance,    [imprudence. 

impubSs,  -eris,  [in-  +  ptibes],  adj , 
under  age ;  unmarried  (vi.  21). 

impugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in  + 
pugrno],  1,  attack,  make  an  attack 
on  (i.  44)  ;  fight  (iii.  26).      [impugn. 

impulsus,  -as,  [impellS],  m.,  push; 
instigation  (v.  23).     [impulse. 

impulsus,  see  impellS. 

impune  [impiinis,  from  in-  +  poe- 
na], adv.,  withoiU  punishment,  with 
impunity,     i.  14. 

impunitts,  -atis,  [impiinis,  fromln- 
+  poena],  f.,  exemption  from  pun- 
ishment, impunity,   i.  14.  [impunity. 

imus,  see  inferus. 

in,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl. : 

(i)  With  the  ace.:  into,  to,  up 
to,  towards,  against;  until,  till; 
for,  with  a  view  to  ;  in,  respecting, 
concerning,  according  to;  after, 
over. 


(2)  With  the  abl. :  in,  within,  on, 
upon,  among,  over  ;  in  the  course  of, 
within,  during,  while;  involved  in, 
in  case  of,  in  relation  to,  respecting. 

In  composition  in  retains  its 
form  before  the  vowels  and  most  of 
the  consonants;  is  often  changed  to 
il-  before  1,  ir-  before  r;  usually 
becomes  im-  before  m,  b,  p. 

in-,  inseparable  prefix,  =  un-,  not,  as 
in  incertus,  uncertain. 

inanis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issimus, 
adj.,  empty  (v.  23);  vain,  useless 
(vii.  19).     [inane. 

incautS,  comp.  incautius,  [incau- 
tus],  adv.,  carelessly,     vii.  27. 

incautus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  [In-  4- 
cautus,  cf.  caveo],  adj.,  off  one's 
guard,    vi.  30.     [incautious. 

incedd,  -cedere,  -cessi,  [in+c§d6, 
go\  3,  go  forzvard,  move  {forward) ; 
come  upon,  enter  (C.  ill.  74). 

incendium,  -i,  [cf.  incendS],  n., 
fire,  conflagration,     [incendiary. 

incendo,  -cendere,  -cendi,  -c@nsu8, 
[in,  cf.  canded,  shine'],  3,  set  on  fire, 
burn;  rouse,  excite  (vii.  4).  [in- 
cense. 

incensus,  see  incendS. 

inceptus,  see  incipiS. 

incertus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [in-  +  certus],  adj.,  un- 
certain, doubtful;  undecided  (vii. 
62);  indefinite  {y\\.\t)\  of  reports, 
unreliable,  unauthenticated  (iv.  5); 
of  a  military  formation,  in  disorder 
(IV.  32). 

incido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  [in  +  cad5], 
3,  with  in  and  the  tilcc.,  fall  in  with, 
come  upon,  fall  in  the  way  of  {\.  53; 
vi.  30);  occur,  happen  (vii.  3);  of 
war,  break  out  (ii.  14,  vi.  15).  [in- 
cident. 

incido,  -cidere.  -cidi,  -cisus,  [In  + 
caedS],  i,  cut  into.    ii.  17.    [Incise. 

iucipio,  -cipere,  -cSpi,  -ceptus,  [in 


incisus 


57 


indulgentia 


+  capio],  3,  begin,  commence,  un- 
dertake,    [incipient. 

incisus,  see  incido, 

incitatio,  -onis,  [incito],  f.,  a  rous- 
ing, spurring  on.     C.  III.  92. 

incito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in  +  cito, 
move  rapidly\  I,  urge,  urge  on, 
hurry ;  of  vessels,  drive  forward 
with  oars,  drive  (iii.  14 ;  iv.  25 ; 
vii.  60  ;  C.  II.  6) ;  of  horses,  urge 
on,  spur ;  of  water,  with  se,  rush 
against  (iv.  17),  run  in  (iii.  12); 
of  men,  rouse,  stir  up,  excite ;  spur 
on  (iii.  10) ;  exasperate  (vii.  28) . 
[incite. 

incognitus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  part,  of 
cognosco],  adj.,  unknown,  not 
knozvn.     iv.  20,  29.     [incognito. 

incolo,  -colere,  -colui,  [in  +  colo], 
3,  intrans.,  live,  dwell;  trans.,  in- 
habit, dzuell  in.,  live  in. 

incolumis,  -e,  adj.,  safe,  unharmed, 
uninjured,  unhurt. 

incommode,  comp.-ius,  sup.  -issime, 
[incommodus] ,  adv.,  inconven- 
iently; unfortunately  (v.  33). 

incommodum,  -i,  [incommodus], 
n.,  inconvenience,  disadvantage; 
misfortune,  disaster,  injury,  de- 
feat, quid  incommodi,  any  harm 
(vi.     13),    what    disadvantage    (vii. 

45)- 
incrSdibilis,  -e,  [in-  +  credibilis], 

adj.,  beyond  belief,  extraordinary, 
incredible,     [incredible. 

increpito,  -are,  [freq.  of  increp5, 
chide\  I,  reproach,  rebuke  {n.  15); 
taunt  (ii.  30). 

incumbo,  -ere,  incubui,  incubitus, 
[in  +  cumb5  for  cubo,  lie],  3, 
press  upon ;  devote  one's  self  to  (vii. 
76).     [incumbent. 

incursio,  -onis,  [incurrS],  f.,  inva- 
sion, raid,  inroad,     [incursion. 

incursus,  -us,  [incurro],  m.,  onrush 
(ii.  20);  assault,  attack  (vii.  36). 


incuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in  4 
causa],  I,  find  fault  with,  accuse  ; 
chide,  rebuke  (i.  40;   ii.  15). 

inde,  adv.,  of  place,  from  that  place, 
thence  ;  of  time,  after  that,  then  (vii. 
48). 

indicium,  -i,  [cf.  indico,  reveal'].^  n., 
information,  disclosure. 

indico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictus,  [in  + 
dico],  3,  proclaim,  declare;  of  a 
council,  call.,  appoint,     [indict. 

indictus,  see  indico. 

indictus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  -f-  dictus], 
adj.,  unsaid;  of  a  case,  untried 
(VII.  38). 

indigeo,  -ere,  indigrui,  [indu,  for  in, 
+  egeo],  2,  be  in  want  of,  lack. 
C.  II.  35.     [indigent. 

indigne,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  indignis- 
sime,  [indignus],adv.,  unworthily, 
shamefully,     vii.  38. 

indignitas,  -atis,  [indignus],  f., 
shamefulness  (vii.  56) ;  indignity, 
ill-treatment  (ii.  14).     [indignity. 

indignor,  -ari,  -atus,  [indignus],  i, 
dep.,  consider  unworthy;  be  indig- 
nant (vii.  19).     [indignant. 

indiguus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [in-  +  dignus],  adj.,  un- 
tvorthy.     v.  35;    vii.  17. 

indiligens,  -entis,  comp.  -ior,  [in-  + 
diligens],  adj.,  negligent,  remiss. 
vii.  71. 

indiligenter,  comp.  -ius,  [indili- 
gens], adv.,   negligently,   carelessly. 

ii-  Z3- 

indHigentia,  -ae,  [indiligens],  f., 
negligence,  carelessness,     vii.  17. 

inddcd,  -dacere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
[in  +  daco],  3,  lead  in;  lead  on, 
induce,  influence  (i.  2,  27) ;  cover 
(ii.  33).     [induce. 

inductus,  see  indaco. 

indulgentia,  -ae,  [indulgens],  f., 
favor,  kindness,  vii.  63.  [indul- 
gence. 


indulged 


58 


influo 


indulged,  -dulgere,  -dulsi,  2,  be  kina 
io^  favor,     [indulge. 

indud,  -duere,  -dui,  -dutus,  3,  put 
on  (ii.  21);  with  se,  pierce,  stab 
themselves  (vii.  73,  82). 

industria,  -ae,  [industrius],  f ,  ac- 
tivity, energy.  C.  li.  4,  ill.  73.  [in- 
dustry. 

industriS  [industrius],  adv.,  ac- 
tively,^ energetically,     vii.  60,  C.  iii. 

95- 

indutiae,  -arum,  f.,  pi.,  truce,  armis- 
tice,    iv.  12,  13. 

Indutiom^ruB,  -i,  m.,  (in-du"  sh(y)o- 
ma'  rus),  a  Treveran,  rival  of  Cin- 
getorix  and  hostile  to  Caesar. 

ineo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  [in  +  eo],  irr., 
enter,  enter  upon,  begin;  of  favor, 
win  (vi.  43) ;  of  a  plan,  form  ;  of 
an  account  or  enumeration,  cast  up, 
make. 

inermis,  -e,  and  (i.  40)  inermus,  -a, 
-um,  [in-  +  arma],  adj.,  unarmed, 
without  arms. 

iners,  -ertis,  comp.  inertior,  sup.  in- 
ertissimus,  [in-  +  ars],  adj.,  indo- 
le 7tt ;  unmanly  (iv.  2).      [inert. 

ini^mia,  -ae,  [infamis,  from  in-  -}- 
fama],  f.,  disgrace.^  dishonor,  [in- 
famy. 

InfSUiB,  -antis,  comp.  infantior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [in-  +  part,  of  for,  speak\., 
adj.,  without  speech.  As  noun,  m. 
and  f.,  (lit.  one  not  speaking').,  child., 
infant  (vii.  28,  47).      [infant. 

Inf actus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  f actus], 
^.d].,  not  done.,  unaccomplished.  in- 
fects, r§,  without  accomplishing  his 
{their)  purpose  (vi.  12,  vii.  17,  82). 

infero,  -ferre,  intuli,  iliatus,  [in  + 
ter6'],  irr.,  bring  in.,  import  (ii.  15); 
thro7v  upon  (vii.  22),  throio  into  (vi. 
19) ;  of  injuries,  inflict ;  of  hope 
and  fear,  inspire.,  infuse ;  of  an  ex- 
cuse, offer.,  allege  (i.  39) ;  of  wounds, 
make.,  give.       bellum  inferre,  to 


make  war.  sigrna  inferre,  to  ad- 
vance, in  equum  inferre,  to  put 
on  a  horse  (vi.  30).      [infer. 

inferus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  inferior,  sup. 
inflmus  or  imus,  adj.,  below^  under- 
neath ;  comp.,  lower.,  inferior  ;  sup., 
lowest.,  at  the  bottom.       sub  inflmQ 

*  colle,  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  (vii.  49}. 
Neut.  as  noun,  eXtvcAva.^,  from  the 
foot  (vii.  19),  at  the  bottom  (vii.  73); 
ad  inflmum,  toward  the  bottom 
(vii.  73);  ab  imo,  from  the  bottom 
(iii.  19),  at  the  lower  end  (iv.  17). 
[inferior. 

mfestus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  adj.,  hostile,  threatening. 

inficio,  -flcere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [in  + 
facio],  3,  stain,     v.  14.     [infect. 

infidelis,  -e,  sup.  -issimus,  [in-  4- 
fldelis],  adj.,  unfaithful,  untrust- 
worthy,    vii.  59.     [infidel. 

infigo,  -fig-ere,  -fixi,  -fixus,  [in  + 
figo],  3,  fasten  in.  vii.  73.  [in- 
fix. 

iniimuB,  see  inferus. 

infinituB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  [in-  -f- 
finitus,  from  finio],  adj.,  unlim- 
ited., boundless ;  vast.,  immense;  num- 
berless (v.  12).     [infinite. 

infirmitas,  -atis,  [infirmus],  {., weak- 
ness., feebleness  (vii.  26);  fickleness 
(iv.  5.  13).     [infirmity. 

infirmuB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [in-  -\-  firmus],  adj.,  not 
strong.,  weak;  depressed.,  timid  (iii. 
24) ;  comp.,  less  strong  (iv.  3) .  [in- 
firm. 

inflate,  comp.  Infl&tius,  [infl&tus], 
adv.,  boastfully.     C.  ii.  39. 

Inflects,  -flectere,  -flexi,  -flexus, 
[in  +  fleets],  3,  bend.  i.  25;  ii. 
17.     [inflect. 

InflezuB,  see  inflects. 

Influo,  -fluere.  -flttxi.  [in  -f  fluO],  3? 
^ow  into.,  flow  ;  drain  into  (vii.  57). 
[influx. 


infodio 


59 


insecutus 


infodio,  -fodere,  -fodi,  -fossus,  [in 
+  fodio],  3,  bury.     vii.  73. 

infra,  [for  infera,  sc.  parte],  adv. 
and  prep.  : 

(i)  As  adv.,  below,     iv.  36;   vii. 
61. 

(2)  As    prep.,    with   ace,   below. 
vi.  28,  35. 

infringo,  -fringere,  -fregi,  -fractus, 
[in  +  frangoj,  3,  break  off;  break^ 
lessen  (C.  ill.  92).     [infraction. 

ingens,  -entis,  comp.  ing-entior,  adj., 
large.,  vast.,  great ;  of  size  of  body, 
huge  (I.  39). 

ingratuB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor,  sup. 
-issimus,  [in-  +  gratus],  adj.,  un- 
acceptable., unwelcome,     [ingrate. 

ingredior,  -gredi,  -g-ressus,  [in  + 
gradior,  step\  3,  dep.,  advance; 
enter.,  go  into  (ii.  4;  v.  9) .     [ingress. 

inicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [in  + 
iacio],  3,  throw  in;  lay  on  (iv.  17)  ; 
place  on.,  put  on  (vii.  58);  inspire., 
infuse  (i.  46);  of  fear,  strike  into 
(iv.  19;  vii.  55).     [inject. 

iniectus,  see  inicio. 

inimioitia,  -ae,  [inimicus],  f.,  en- 
mity,    vi.  12. 

inimicuB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [in-  -f  amicus],  adj.,  un- 
friendly.^ hostile.  As  noun,  ini- 
micus,  -1.  m.,  enemy,  personal  en- 
emy, as  distinguished  from  hostis, 
a  public  enemy  ;  adversary,  [inimi- 
cal. 

iniquitas,  -atis,  [iniquus],  f.,  un- 
evenness  ;  unfairness,  unreasonable- 
ness;  disadvantage.  iniquitas 
loci,  unfavorableness  of  {the)  posi- 
tion, disadvantageous  position,  [in- 
iquity. 

iniquus,  -a.  -um,  comp.  -ior.  sup. 
-Issimus,  [in-  +  aequusl,  adj.,  un- 
even, sloping;  unfavorable,  disad- 
vantageous; unfair,  unjust  (i. 
44)- 


initium,  -i,  [cf.  ineo],  n.,  beginning, 
commencement ;  pi.,  elements,  first 
principles  (vi.  17).     [initial. 

initurus,  see  ineo. 

inltus,  -a,  -um,  see  ineo. 

iniungo,  -iungere,  -iunxi,  -iunctus, 
[in  4-  iung5],  3,  fasten  upon,  im- 
pose,    vii.  77.     [enjoin. 

iniuria,  -ae,  [iniurius,  in-  -|-  ius], 
f.,  wrong,  outrage,  injustice,  injury. 
[injury. 

iniuBsus,  -us,  [in-  +  iussus],  m., 
only  abl.  in  use,  without  command, 
without  orders,     i.  19;   v.  28. 

innascor,  -nasci,  -natus,  [in  +  nas- 
cor],  3,  dep.,  be  born  in,  be  latent 
in  (vii.  42,  Cm.  92);  spring  up  in^ 
arise  in  (i.  41).     [innate. 

innatuB,  -a,  -um,  see  innascor. 

innitor,  -niti,  -nixus  or  -nisus,  [in  -F 
nitor],  3,  dep.,  support  one's  self 
with,  lean  upon.     ii.  27. 

innixuB,  see  innitor. 

innocens,  -entis,  comp.  innocen- 
tior,  sup.  -issimus,  [in-  -f  nocens, 
from  noceo],  adj.,  blameless,  inno- 
cent. As  noun,  innocentes,  -ium, 
m.,  pi.,  the  innocent  (vi.  9),  innocent 
men  (vi.  16).     [innocent. 

innocentia,  -ae,  [innocens],  f., 
blamelessness,  integrity,  i.  40.  [in- 
nocence. 

inopia,  -ae,  [inops,  needy'^.,  f.,  -want, 
lack,  need,  shortage,  scarcity. 

inopinauB,  -antis,  [in-  +  opinans, 
from  opinor],  adj.,  not  expecting, 
unawares,  off  one^s  guard. 

inquam,  inquis,  inquit,  present  in- 
dicative, def.,  say,  says. 

insciens,  -entis,  [in-  +  sciens,  from 
scio],  adj.,  not  knowing,  unaware. 

inacientia,  -ae,  [insciens],  f.,  igno- 
rance, lack  of  knotvledge. 

insciuB,  -a,  -um,  [in-,  cf.  scio],  adj., 
not  knozuing,  unazuare,  ignorant. 

insecutus,  see  Insequor. 


insequor 


60 


integer 


insequor,  -sequi,  -secatus,  [in  + 
sequor],  3,  de-p.^  follow  up,  pursue, 
follo7v  in  pursuit. 

insero,  -serere,  -serui,  -sertus,  [in 
+  seroj,  i,fasten  in.  iii.  14.  [in- 
sert. 

insidiae,  -arum,  [cf.  insidedj,  f., 
pi.,  ambush,  ambuscade ;  artifice, 
device,  trap,  pitfall.  per  insidias, 
by  stratagem  (i.  42;  iv.  13).  [in- 
sidious. 

insidior,  -arl,  -atus,  [Insidiae],  i, 
dep.,  lurk  in  ambush,  lie  in  ivatt. 

insigne,  -is,  [insignia J,  n.,  sign, 
mark,  signal ;  decoration,     [ensign. 

insignia,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  [in  +  sig- 
num],  adj.,  noteworihy.     i.  12. 

insilio,  -silire,  -silui,  [in  +  salio, 
leap'].!  4>  ^^^P  upon.     i.  52. 

insimulo,  -are,  -S-vi,  -atus,  [in  -f 
simulo],  I,  charge  with,  accuse  of; 
witli  gen.     vii.  20,  38. 

insinuo,  -g,re.  -avi,  -atus,  [in  + 
sinu6,  curve],  i.^  push  in;  with  se, 
f/iake  one's  way  (iv.  33).  [insinu- 
ate. 

Insists,  -sistere,  -stiti,  [in  +  sisto], 
3,  stand,  stand  upon,  keep  one's  foot- 
ing;  press  on;  follow,  pursue  (iii. 
14).  tStug  insistit  in,  he  devotes 
himself  zvholly  to  (vi.  5).     [insist. 

insolSns,  -entis,  [in-,  soleo],  adj., 
unusual,  insolens  belli,  unaccus- 
tomed to  7var  (C.  II.  36).  [inso- 
lent. 

Insolenter  [in8ol§ns],  adv.,  arro- 
'gantly,  haughtily,     i.  14. 

insolitus,  -a,  -um.  [in-  +  solitus], 
adj.,  unaccustomed.     C.  iii.  85. 

inspects,  -are,  only  pres.  part,  in 
use,  [freq.  of  inspiciS],  i,  look  at, 
look.  inspectantibus     nSbis, 

under  our  own  eyes  (vii.  25).  [in- 
soect. 

Instabilis,  -e,  [in-  +  stabilis,  from 
St6],  adj.,  unsteady,     iv.  23. 


instSns,    -antis,   comp.   instantior, 

[part,  of  instSJ,  adj.,  impending, 
pressing,     vi.  4.     [instant. 

iustar,  n.,  indecl.,  likeness ;  followed 
by  gen.,  like  (li.  17). 

instigS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  urge  on, 
incite,     v.  56.     [instigate. 

instituS,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -stittt- 
tus,  [in  -f  status],  3,  of  troops, 
draw  up,  arrange;  devise,  build, 
construct;  make  ;  make  ready,  fur- 
nish ;  obtain  {u\.  <f)  ;  establish,  insti- 
tute (vi.  16);  undertake,  commence, 
begin ;  resolve  upon,  determine ; 
train,  teach,     [institute  (verb). 

institiitum,  -i,  [instituoj,  n.,  plan, 
practice  (i.  50:  vii.  24);  custom, 
usage  (iv.  20;  vi.  18);  institution 
(i.  i);  arrangement,  disposition 
(C.  HI.  84).     [institute  (noun). 

institutus,  see  instituS. 

insto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -statarus,  [in  -}- 
stSj,  I,  be  near  at  hand,  approach; 
press  on,  press  forward. 

instriimentum,  -i,  [instruS],  n., 
tool;  singular  with  collective  force, 
stock,  outfit,  militare  instramen- 
tuna,  stock  of  weapons  (vi.  30). 
[instrunnent. 

instruS,  -struere,  -struxi,  -strtlc- 
tus,  [in  +  struS,  build],  3,  build, 
construct;  of  troops,  draiv  up,  form  ; 
fit  out,  equip,  supply  (v.  5;  vii.  59; 
C.  III.  61).     [instruct. 

insugfactus,  -a,  -um,  [insuSscS  -|- 
faciS],  adj.,  accustomed,  trained, 
iv.  24. 

insuetus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  Insufis- 
c6l,  adj.,  unaccustomed. 

insula,  -ae,  f.,  island,     [insular. 

insuper  [in  +  super],  adv.,  above, 
on  top.     iv.  17;   vii.  23. 

integer,  -g-ra.  -grrum,  comp.  Inte- 
grrior.  sup.  integrerrimus,  [in-  -f 
TA(;  in  tangrS],  adj.,  untouched, 
whole,    unhurt,    undamaged ;  fresh^ 


intego 


61 


interrumpS 


vigorous.  re  Integra,  at  the  out- 
set (vii.  30).  As  noun,  integri, 
-orum,  m.,  \>\.,  fresh  troops,  [integer. 

intego,  -tegrere,  -texi,  -tectus,  [in 
+  tego],  3,  cover,  cover  over. 

intellegd,  -legere,  -lexi,  -lectus, 
[inter  +  lego],  3,  understand,  see 
clearly,  realize,     [intelligent. 

intentus,  -a,  -una,  comp.  -lor,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  intendoj,  adj., 
attentive,  eager,  intent,     [intent. 

inter,  prep,  with  ace,  between,  among ; 
of  time,  during,  for  (i.  36).  in- 
ter se,  with  each  other,  among  them- 
selves, with  one  another. 

intercede,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessu- 
rus,  [inter  +  ced5],  3,  go  between, 
be  placed  between  (ii.  17);  lie  be- 
tween (i.  39;  V.  52;  vii.  26,  46,  47)  ; 
of  time,  intervene,  pass  (i.  7;  v.  53) ; 
take  place,  occur  (v.  1 1 ).    [intercede. 

intercessid,  -onis,  [intercedo],  f., 
interposition.!  protest.  C.  1.  7.  [in- 
tercession. 

intercipid,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 
[inter  +  capio],  3,  cut  off,  inter- 
cept,    [intercept. 

intercludo,  -clu^Mve,  -ciasi,  -clu- 
sus,  [inter  4-  ciaado],  3,  shut  off, 
cutoff;  block  up,b  -^tkade,  hinder. 

inter dico,  -dicere,  dixi,  -dictus, 
[inter  H-  dico],  3,  forbid,  prohibit, 
exclude,  interdict;  followed  by  a 
prohibition,  enjoin  (v.  58;  vii.  40). 
[interdict. 

interdiu,  [inter,  cf.  dies],  adv.,  in 
the  daytifue,  by  day. 

interdum,  [inter  +  dum],  adv.,  for 
a  time,  for  a  season  (i.  14) ;  some- 
times (i.  39). 

interea,  [inter  +  ea],  adv.,  in  the 
mean  time,  meanwhile. 

intereo,  -ire,  -ii,  -iturus,  [inter  + 
eo],  j^,  perish,  be  destroyed,  die. 

interficio,  -flcere,  -feci,  -fectus, [in- 
ter +  facio],  3,  slay.1  kill. 


intericio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [in- 
ter +  iacio],  3,  throw  between.^ 
place  between.,  put  between;  pass, 
part.,  interiectus,  lying  between.^ 
intervening,     [interject. 

interiectus,  see  intericio. 

interim,  [inter  +  -im],  adv.,  in  the 
meafi  time,  meanwhile. 

interior,-ius,  gen.  -oris,  sup.  intimus, 
[inter],  adj.  in  comp.  degree,  inner, 
interior.  As  noun,  interiores, 
-una,  m.,  pi.,  those  living  in  the  in- 
terior (v.  14),  those  within  the  city 
(vii.  82,  86).     [interior, 

interitus,  -us,  [intereo],  m.,  destruc- 
tion., death,     v.  47. 

intermi  tt  6 ,  -naitter  e ,  -naisi ,  -missus , 
[inter  +  naitto],  3,  leave  an  inter- 
val^ leave  vacant;  leave  off.,  leave; 
stop,  break.,  cease.,  discontinue;  inter- 
rupt., suspend ;  pass,,  of  fire,  abate 
(v,  43),  of  wind,/?i7  (v.  8).  [inter- 
mittent. 

internecio,  onis,  [cf.  interneco,  de- 
stroy\  f.,  slaughter  (l.  13);  utter 
destruction  (ii.  28).     [internecine. 

interpello,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  inter- 
rupt ;  disturb,  hinder  (i.  44),  [in- 
terpellate. 

interpono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -posi- 
tus,  [inter  +  pono],  3,  place  be- 
tzveen.,  put  between^  interpose ;  put 
forzvard  (i.  42) ;  present.,  manifest 
(iv,  32) ;  of  time,  suffer  to  elapse. 
fidem  interponere,  to  pledge  one's 
honor  (v.  6,  36).      [interpose. 

interpres,  -pretis,  m.,  interpreter., 
i.  19;  V.  36.     [interpreter. 

interpreter,  -ari,  -atus, [interpres], 
I,  dep.,  explain.,  expound,  vi.  13. 
[interpret. 

interrogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [inter 
+  rogo],  I,  ask.,  question,  vii.  20. 
[interrogate. 

interrumpo,  -rumpere.  -rupi,  -rup- 
tus,    [inter  +  rumpo] ,    3,    break 


interscindo 


62 


invitus 


down^  destroy,  vii.  19,  34.  [inter- 
rupt. 

interscindo,  -scindere,  -soldi,  -scis- 
sus,  [inter  +  scindS],  3,  cut  down 
(ii.  9);   cut  through  (vii.  24). 

intersum,  -esse,  -fui,  irr.,  be  between^ 
lie  between  ;  be  present  at.,  take  part 
in.  Impers.,  interest,  it  concerns., 
is  important,  magrni  interest,  it 
is  of  great  importance  (v.  4,  vi.  i). 
neque  interest,  and  it  makes  no 
difference  (vii.  14).     [interest. 

intervallum,  -i,  [inter  +  vallum], 
n.,  room  between  two  palisades,  in- 
terval., space.,  distance,     [interval. 

interveni6,-venire,  -veni,  -ventum 
est,  [inter  +  venio],  4,  arrive  (vi. 
37)  >  appear^  present  one's  self  (vii. 
20).     [intervene. 

interventus,  -us,  [intervenio],  m., 
intervention,     iii.  15. 

intexo,  -texere,  -texui,  -textus,  [in 
+  texo,  weave\  3,  weave  in.,  inter- 
weave,    ii.  33. 

intoleranter,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime, 
[intolerans],  adv.,  unendurably ; 
violently  (vii.  51). 

intra,  [for  intera,  sc.  parte],  prep, 
with  ace,  inside  of  within. 

intritus,  [in-  +  part,  of  ter6,  rub\ 
adj.,  unworn  ;  unwearied.,  fresh  (iii. 
26). 

Intro,  adv.,  within.,  inside. 

Intro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [in  +  ♦trS, 
cf,  trans],  i,  enter.,  go  in.     [enter. 

introduce, -ducere,  -dQxi,  -ductus, 
[intro  -{-  dac6],  3,  lead  into^  bring 
into,     [introduce. 

introeo,  ire,  -ivi,  [intrS  +  eo],  irr., 
go  in;  come  in,  enter  (v.  43). 

introituB,  -us,  [introe5],  m.,  an 
entering;  entrance  {w.  g).      [introit. 

intromisauB,  see  intrSmitto. 

intr5mitto,  -mittere,  -misi.  -mis- 
sus, [intrS  f  mitts],  3,  send  into, 
send  in  ;  let  in  ;  bring  in  (v.  58). 


introrsuB,  [intrS  +  versus],  adv., 
within,  inside. 

intronimpo,  -rumpere,  -rupi,  -rup- 
tus,  [intrO  +  rump6,  break],  3, 
burst  into;  break  in  (v.  51). 

intueor,  -tueri,  -tuitus,  [in  +  tu- 
eor],  2,  dep.,  look  upon.  i.  32. 
[intuition. 

intuleram,  see  inferS. 

intuli,  see  infero. 

intuB,  adv.,  loithin,  on  the  inside. 

inuBitatUB,  -a.  -um,  comp.  -lor,  [in- 
-f  part,  of  usitor,  freq.  of  Q.tor], 
adj.,  unfamiliar,  unwonted,  unprece- 
dented. 

InutiliB,  -e,  comp.  -lor,  [in-  +  atilis], 
adj.,  useless,  unserviceable^  of  no  use  ; 
disadvantageous  (vii.  27).      [inutile. 

invenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventus,  [in 
+  veniS],  4,  come  upon,  find,  dis- 
cover; find  out,  learn  (ii.  16).  [in- 
vent. 

inventor,  -oris,  [inveniS],  m.,  origi- 
nator, inventor,     vi.  17.      [inventor. 

inveter^BCO,  -ere,  inveteravi,  [in 
-f  veterasco,  from  vetus],  Ztgrow 
old ;  become  established,  become  fixed 
(v.  41);  establish  one's  self  {W.  i). 
[cf.  inveterate. 

invictuB,  -a,  -um,  [in-  -f-  part,  of 
vinco],  adj.,  unconquerable,  invinci- 
ble,    i.  36. 

invided,  -videre,  -vidi,  -visus,  [in 
-|-  videS],  2,  look  askance  at ;  envy 

(ii-  30- 
invidia,    -ae,    [Invidus],    f.,    envy^ 

jealousy,     [envy. 
inviol&tuB,  -a,  -um,  [in-  -f  part,  of 

v\o\o],^i\).,  inviolable,     iii.  9.     [in- 
violate. 
inviBitatus,  -a.  -um,  [in-  -f  visita- 

tus],  adj.,  unseen.     C.  II.  4. 
invito,   -&re,  -ftvi,  -fttus,   i,  invite, 

request  (i.  ^^l   iv.  6)  ;   entice,  attract 

(v.  51 ;   vi.  35).     [invite. 
invitus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  -issimus,  adj., 


ipse 


63 


Iflra 


unwilling,  reluctant.  se  invito 
(i.  8;  IV.  i6),  eo  invito  (i.  14), 
against  his  ivill. 

ipse,  -a,  -una,  gen.  ipsiu8,  dem.  pron., 
self;  himself,  herself  itself,  them- 
selves;  he,  they  (emphatic);  very. 
hoc  ipso  tempore,  y«J'/  at  this  mo- 
ment (vi.  37). 

iracundia,  -ae,  [iracundus],  f., 
anger,  passion,     vi.  5;   vii.  42. 

iracundus,  -a,-um,  comp.  -ior,  [ira], 
adj.,  passionate,  quick-tempered,  i. 
31.     [iracund. 

irrideo,  -ridere,  -risi,  -risus,  [in  + 
rideo,  laugk^,  2,  laugh  at,  make  fun 
of,  ridicule,     ii.  30. 

irridicule,  [in-  +  ridicule],  adv., 
without  wit.     i.  42. 

irrumpo,  -rumpere,  -rapi,  -ruptus, 
[in  +  rumpo,  break^,  3,  break  into, 
burst  into,  rush  in. 

irniptio,  -onis,  [irrumpo],  f.,  raid 
(vii.  7);  attack  (vii.  70).  [irrup- 
tion. 

Ib,  ea,  id,  gen.  eius,  dem.  pron.,  he, 
she,  it ;  that,  this,  the,  the  one  ;  before 
ut,  is  =  talis,  such;  after  et,  and 
that  too  ;  after  neque,  and  that  not 
(iii.  2)  ;  with  comparatives,  abl.  eo  = 
the,  all  the,  as  eo  magis,  all  the  more. 

iste,  -a,  -ud,  gen.  istius,  dem.  pron., 
that,  that  of  yours,     vii.  77. 

ita,  [cf.  is],  adv.,  in  this  way,  so,  thus  ; 
in  the  following  manner,  in  such  a 
way,  accordingly.  non  ita,  not  so 
very,  not  very  (iv.  37;   v.  47). 

Italia,  -ae,  f.,  Italy.     [Italy. 

itaque,  =  et  ita,  and  so  (i.  52). 

itaque,  [ita  +  -que],  adv.,  and  thus, 
accordingly,  therefore,  consequently. 

item,  adv.,  also,  further ;  just  so,  in 
like  manner,     [item. 

iter,  itineris,  [cf.  eo,  ire],  n.,  jour- 
ney, line  of  march,  march ;  road, 
route.  magnum    iter,    forced 

jnarch,  from  20  to  25  miles  a  day. 


ex  itinere,  directly  after  marching, 
from  the  line  of  march  ;  used  of  a 
force  which  turns  from  marching  at 
once,  without  encamping,  to  attack 
an  enemy  in  the  field  (i.  25 ) ,  to  storm 
a  town  (ii.  6,  12;  iii.  21),  or  to  re- 
treat (ii.  29).     [itinerary. 

iterum,  adv.,  again,  a  second  time. 

Itius,  -i,  m.,  portus  Itius  (ish'  [y]us), 
harbor  from  which  Caesar  sailed  to 
Britain,  probably  Boulogne. 

itunis,  see  eo. 

iuba,  -ae,  f.,  mane.     i.  48. 

luba,  -ae,  m.,  Juba  (ju'  ba),  a  king  of 
Numidia,  who  joined  the  side  of 
Pompey  in  the  Civil  War. 

iubeo,  iubere,  iussi,  iussus,  2,  order, 
give  orders,  bid,  command,    [jussive. 

indicium,  -i,  [iudex,7«^^],  n.,  legal 
judgment,  decision,  decree ;  place  of 
judgment,  trial  (i.  4) ;  opinion,  judg- 
ment,    [judicial. 

iudico,  -are,  -avi,  -p,tus,  [iudex], 
I,  judge,  decide;  think,  be  of  the 
opinion;  pronounce,  declare  (v.  56). 
[judge  (verb). 

iugum,  -i,  [lUG,  cf.  iungo],  n.,  yoke 
(i.  7,  12;  iv.  33)  ;  of  hills  and  moun- 
tains, ridge,  summit,  height. 

iumentum,  -i,  [for  *iugumentum, 
root  lUG  in  iungo],  n.,  yoke-animal, 
beast  of  burden,  draught-animal^ 
used  of  horses,  mules,  and  asses. 

iunctiira,  -ae,  [iungo],  {.,  juncture, 
joint,     iv.  17.     [juncture. 

iunctus,  see  iungo. 

iungo,  -ere,  iunxi,  iunctus,  3,  join 
together,  join,  connect,  unite,     [join. 

iiinior,  see  iuvenis. 

lunius,  -i,  m.,  Quintus  Junius  (jun'- 
yus),  a  Roman  of  Spanish  birth  in 
Caesar's  army.     v.  27,  28. 

luppiter,  lovis,  m.,  Jupiter  (jii'pi- 
ter).     vi.    17.     Fig.    200.      [jovial. 

lura,  -ae,  m.,  Jura  (ju'  ra),  a  range 
of   mountains    extending    from    the 


iurS 


64 


Labienus 


Rhine  to  the  Rhone  (about  170 
miles),  and  forming  the  boundary 
between  the  Helvetians  and  the 
Sequanians.     i.  2,  6,  8. 


Figure  200.  —  Bust  of  Jupiter,  discovered  at  Pompeii- 

Of  marble.  "  The  god  is  following  with  closest  attention  the 
course  of  events  in  some  far  distant  place,  affairs  that  in  the 
next  moment  nnay  require  his  intervention ;  excitement  and 
expectancy  are  seen  in  the  raised  upper  lip.  The  ideal  of  this 
sculptor  was  the  wise  and  powerful  king,  whose  watchful  and 
all-protective  eye  sees  to  the  furthest  limits  of  his  kingdom  " 


ids  reddere,  to  render  justice  (vi. 
13).  iiis  dicere,  to  adm inister  jus- 
tice (vi.  23).  iara  in  hOs,  rights 
over  these  (vi.  13). 

ius  iurandum,  laris  iQ- 
randi,  [ius  -f  gerun- 
dive uf  iuro],  n.,  oath. 

iussus,  -Qs,  [iubeo], 
m.,  used  only  in  abl. 
sing.,  order ^  bidding, 
command,     vii.  3. 

iustitia,  -ae,  [lastus], 
f.,  justice,  fair-deal- 
ing,    [justice. 

iuBtuB,  -a,  -um,  comp. 
-ior,  sup.  -issimus, 
[ius],  adj.,y«j/,  right- 
ful, fair  ;  proper,  suit- 
aide,  due.     [just. 

iuvenls,  -e,  comp.  ia- 
nior,  adj.,  r^«"^.  As 
noun,  itiniores,  -um, 
m.,  pi.,  younger  men, 
of  military  age,  under 
forty-six  years  (vii.  l). 
[junior. 

iuventus,  -tltis,  [iu- 
venis] ,  f.,  youth  ; 
young  men. 

iuvo,  -are,  ittvi,  iQtus, 
I,  help,  aid,  assist. 

iuxta,  adv.,  near  by, 
near,     [jostle. 


iuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus.  [itls],  i,  take 
an  oath,  S7vear.     [jury. 

Ills,  itlris,  n.,  right,  justice,  authority. 
iare  belli,  by  the  laivs  of^var  (i.  44; 
vii.  41).  in  8u6  iQre,  in  the  exer- 
cise of  his  own   rights  (l.   36,  44). 


Kal.  =  Kalendae. 

Kalendae.  -arum,  f.. 
pi..  Calends,  the  first 
day  of  the  month. 
[Calendar. 


L.,  with  proper  names  =  Ltlcius. 
LaberiuB,  -I.  m.,  see  Dttrus. 
Labi§nuB,  -I,  m.,  Titus  labienus  (la- 
bj-e'  nus)v,  the   most    prominent   of 


labor 


65 


lav6 


Caesar's  lieutenants  in  the  Gallic 
War;  in  the  Civil  War  he  went 
over  to  the  side  of  Pompey,  but 
displayed  small  abilities  as  a  com- 
mander, and  fell  at  the  battle  of 
Munda,  45  B.C. 

labor,  labi,  lapsus,  3,  dep.,  slip  ;  go 
astray  (v.  3);  fail,  be  deceived,  be 
disappo inted  (v.  55).      [lapse. 

labor,  -oris,  m.,  toil,  work,  exertion, 
labor  ;  endurance  (iv.  2).      [labor. 

laboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [labor],  i, 
make  effort,  labor,  strive  (i.  31 ;  vii. 
31);  be  hard  pressed,  be  in  distress, 
be  in  danger,      [labor  (verb). 

labrum,  -i,  [i.ab,  cf.  lambo,  lick^, 
n.,  lip  (v.  14);  edge  (vii.  72);  rim, 
brim  (vi.  28). 

lac,  lactis,  n.,  milk,     [lacteal. 

lacesso,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus,  [obsolete 
laci5,  entice\  3,  arouse,  provoke; 
harass,  assail,  attack. 

lacrima,  -ae,  f.,  tear,     [lachrymal. 

lacrimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [lac- 
rima], I,  shed  tears,  weep.     vii.  38. 

lacus,  -us,  m.,  lake.     [lake. 

laedo,  laedere,  laesi,  laesus,  3,  in- 
jure ;  break,  violate  (vi.  9). 

laetitia,  -ae,  [laetus],  f.,  rejoicitig, 
Joy,  delight,     v.  48,  52;   vii.  79. 

laetuB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  2^^]..  joyful,  glad,     iii.*  1 8. 

languide,  comp.  lang-uidius,  [lan- 
guidus],  adv.,  feebly,  lazily,    vii.  27. 

languidus,  -a,  um,  comp.  -ior,  [cf. 
languor],  adj.,  weak,  faint,  ex- 
hausted,    iii.  5.     [languid. 

languor,  -oris,  [langueS,  be  faint\ 
va..,  faintness ;  exhaustion,  weariness 
(v.  31).     [languor. 

lapis,  -idis,  m.,  stone,     [lapidary. 

lapsus,  see  labor. 

laqueuB,  -i,  m.,  noose,     vii.  22, 

largior,  largiri,  largitus,  [largus, 
abundant\  ^,  A^"^.,  give  freely,  sup- 
ply, bestow  (vi.  24);    bribe  (i.  18). 


largiter,  [largus,  abundant\  adv., 
abundantly,  much. 

largitio,  -onis,  [larg-ior],  f.,  lavish 
giving,  bribery,     i.  9.      [largition. 

Larisa,  -ae,  [Adpio-o-a],  f.  (la-ris'  a), 
a  city  in  Thessaly,  now  Larissa.  C. 
III.  96,  97,  98. 

lassitudo,  -inis,  [lassus,  weak^  f., 
faintness,  weariness,      [lassitude. 

late,  comp.  latius,  sup.  latissime, 
[latus],  adv.,  tvidely,  broadly,  ex- 
tensively, quam  latissime,  as  far 
as  possible. 

latebra,  -ae,  [cf.  lateo],  f.,  hiding- 
place,     vi.  43.     [latebricole. 

lateo,  latere,  latui,  2,  lie  hid  (ii. 
19);   beunttoticed  {m.  i^^.     [latent. 

latissime,  sea  late. 

latitude,  -inis,  [latus],  f.,  width, 
breadth,  extent,     [latitude. 

latius,  see  late. 

Latobrigi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (lat-o- 
bri' jT),  a  people  near  the  Helvetians. 

latro,  -onis,  n\.,  freebooter,  robber. 

latrocinium,  -i,  [latrocinor,  plun- 
der^, n.,  freebooting,  brigandage,  rob- 
bery,    vi.  16,  23,  35. 

laturus,  see  fero. 

latus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issi- 
mus, adj.,  broad,  wide  ;  of  territory, 
extensive  (ii.  4;   vi.  22). 

latus,  -eris,  n.,  side;  of  an  army, 
flank.  latus  apertum,  exposed 
flank.  ab  latere,  on  the  flank. 
[lateral. 

laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [laus],  i, 
praise,  commend,  compliment,  [laud 
(verb). 

laurea,  -ae,  [laurus,  laurel\  f., 
laurel  tree;  laurel  (C.  ill.  71). 
[laureate. 

laus,  laudis,  f.,  praise,  glory,  com- 
mendation, distinction,     [laud. 

lavo,  -are,  li-vi,  lautus  and  lotus, 
I,  wash;  pass,  lavari,  used  reflex- 
ively,  bathe  (iv.  i).     [lave. 


laxO 


66 


liberaiitas 


laxo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  make  wide, 
spread  out,  extend,     [laxative. 

legatio,  -onls,  [leg6,  despatch'],  f., 
envoyship,  mission  (i.  3);  referring 
to  persons  (=  legrati),  deputation, 
embassy,  envoys,     [legation. 

ISgatUB,  -1,  [lego,  despatch],  m.,  en- 
voy ;  of  the  army,  lieutenant,  lieu- 
tenant-general,    [legate. 

legio,  -onis,  [cf.  lego,  collect],  f., 
legion,     [legion. 

legidnariuB,  -a,  -um,  [leg-io],  adj., 
of  a  legion,  legionary,     [legionary. 

lego,  -ere,  legi,  lectus,  3,  bring  to- 
gether ;  single  out,  select  (C.  in.  59); 
read,     [legible. 

legumen,  -Inis,  [lego,  gather],  n., 
pulse.     C.  III.  47.     [legume. 

LemannuB,  -i,  m.,  with  lacus,  Lake 
Geneva. 

LemovicSB,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (lem-o- 
vl'sez),  a  Gallic  people  west  of  the 
Arvernians. 

ISnis,  -e,  comp.  -lor,  sup.  -issimus, 
adj.,  smooth,  gentle,     [lenient. 

ISnitas,  -atis,  [lenis],  f.,  smoothness 
(i.  12);  gentleness  (C.  ill.  98). 
[lenity. 

leniter,  comp.  lenius,  sup.  -issime, 
[lenis],  adv.,  mildly,  gently,  slightly. 

lentg,  [lentus],  adv.,  comp.  lentius, 
slowly.     C.  II.  40. 

LentuluB,  -i,  m.,  (len'  chulus)  : 

(i)  Lucim  Lentulus,  coii%\x\  in  49 
B.C.,  a  partisan  of  Pompey,  who  was 
with  him  at  the  time  of  the  battle  of 
Pharsalus  (C.  in.  96). 
(2)  See  Splnther. 

ISnunculuB,  -i,  m.,  boat,  skiff.     C.  11. 

43- 

Lepontii,  -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  (le-pon'- 
sh[y]T),  a  people  in  the  Alps. 

Leptitani,  -5rum,  [Leptis],  m., 
pi.,  (lep-tj-ta'  nl),  the  inhabitants 
of  Leptis  Minor,  a  city  on  the  coast 
of  Africa  southeast  of  Thapsus. 


lepuB,  -oris,  m.,  hare.     v.  12. 

Leuci,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (lu'  si),  a  Gal- 
lic state  south  of  the  Mediomatrici. 
i.  40. 

Lev5ci, -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  (le-va'sl),  a 
Belgic  people,  dependents  of  the 
Nervians.     v.  39. 

leviB,  -e,  comp.  -lor,  sup.  -isBimxis, 
adj.,  light,  slight ;  of  a  report,  base- 
less, unfounded  (vii.  42);  of  an  en- 
gagement, unimportant  {\\\.  36,53). 
Comp.,  more  capricious  (v.  28);  less 
serious  (vii.  4). 

levitaB,  -atis,  [levis],  f.,  lightness 
(y-  34);  fickleness,  instability  (ii.  i; 
vii.  43).     [levity. 

leviter,  [levis],  adv.,  comp.  levius, 
sup.  levissime,  lightly.     C.  iii.  92. 

levo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [levis],  i, 
lighten;  relieve,  free  from  (v.  27). 

lex,  legis,  {..,  law,  enactment,     [legal. 

Lezovii,  orum,  m.,  pi.,  (leks-6'  vi-i), 
a  Gallic  state  on  the  coast  west  of 
the  Sequana  (Seine).     Fig.  201. 


Figure  201.  —  Coin  of  the  Lexovii. 

Bronze.  Obverse,  portrait ;  inscription, 
CISIAMBOS,  probably  the  name  of  the  man 
whose  portrait  appears. 

Reverse,  eagle;  Inscription,  PUBLICOS 
Cl Misses  LIXOVIO. 

libenter,  comp.  libentius,  sup.  liben- 
tissime,  [libens,  glad],  adv.,  jvill- 
ingly,  gladly,  cheerfully. 

liber,  -era,  -erum,  comp.  -lor,  sup. 
liberrlmus ,  ad j . ,  free,  independent  ; 
u  n  impeded,  tin  restricted.     [  liberal . 

liber aiitas,  -atis,  [liberaiis],  f.,  gen- 
erosity (i.  18) ;  generous  help  (l.  43). 
[liberality. 


liberaliter 


67 


longinquus 


liberaliter,  comp.  liberalius,  sup. 
-issime,  [liberalis],  adv.,  gra- 
ciously^ courteously,  kindly. 

libere,  comp.  -ius,  [liber],  adv., 
freely,  without  hindrance  (vii,  49); 
boldly  (v.  19);   openly  (i.  18;  vii.  i). 

liberi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  children. 

libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [liber],  i, 
set  free,  free  ;  release,  relieve,  [lib- 
erate. 

Ifbertas,  -atis,  [liber],  f.,  freedom, 
liberty,  independence,     [liberty. 

Lib5,  -onis,  m.,  Lucius  Scribonius 
Libo  (skri-bo'  ni-us  li'  bo),  a  partisan 
of  Pompey  in  the  Civil  War.  C.  iii. 
90. 

librTlis,  -e,  [libra,  pound'\,  adj., 
weighing  a  pound,     vii.  81. 

licentia,  -ae,  [licens,  licet],  f.,  law- 
lessness; presumption  (vii.  52). 
[license. 

liceor,  liceri,  licitus,  2,  dep.,  bid, 
make  a  bid,  at  an  auction,     i.  18. 

licet,  licere,  licuit  and  licitum  est, 
2,  impers.,  it  is  allowed,  lawful, per- 
mitted, licet  mihi,  /  am  allowed^ 
I  may.  petere  ut  liceat,  to  ask 
permission,     [licit. 

Licinius,  -i,  m.,  Licinius  (iT-sin'  i-us), 
a  Roman  name : 

( 1 )  Licinius  Crassus,  see  Crassus. 

(2)  Licinius  Damasippus  (dam- 
a-sip'  us),  a  Roman  senator  on  the 
side  of  Pompey  in  the  Civil  War. 
C.  II.  44 

lictor,  -oris,  m.,  lictor,  an  attendant 
upon  a  Roman  magistrate.      C.  i.  6. 

Liger,  -eris,  m.,  (11' jer),  L.oire,  which 
rises  in  the  Cevennes  ( Cebenna) 
mountains,  flows  northwest,  receives 
as  a  tributary  the  Allier  {Elaver), 
flows  west,  and  empties  into  the 
Atlantic,  after  a  course  of  more  than 
500  miles,      iii.  9;   vii,  5,  1 1,  55,  59, 

lignatio,  -6nis,  [lignor,  from  ligf- 
nwca],  C^  getting  wood.    v.  39. 


lignator,  -oris,  [lignor,  from  ligr- 
num],  m.,  wood-cutter.  PI.,  men 
sent  to  get  wood,  wood  foragers  (v.  26). 

inium,  -i,  n.,  lily.     vii.  73.     [lily. 

linea,  -ae,  [lineus,  from  linum],  f, 
line.     vii.  23.     [line. 

Lingones,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (ling'  go- 
nez),  a  Gallic  people  west  of  the  Se- 
quanians. 

lingua,  -ae,  f.,  tongue;  language  (i.  i, 
47).     [language. 

lingula,  -ae,  [dim.  of  lingua],  f., 
tongue  of  land.     iii.  12. 

linter,  -tris,  f.,  boat,  skiff. 

linum,  -i,  Ti.,flax.    iii.  13. 

lis,  litis,  f.,  strife ;  lawsuit ;  damages, 
adjudged  by  legal  process  (v.  i). 

Liscua,  -1,  m.,  (lis'  kus),  chief  magis- 
trate (vergobret)  of  the  Aeduans  in 
58  B.C. 

Litaviccus,  -i,  m.,  (Ut-a-vik'  us),  a 
prominent  Aeduan. 

littera,  -ae,  f.,  letter,  character,  of  the 
alphabet.  PL  litterae,  -arum, 
writing  (vi.  14);  letter,  despatch. 
litterae  publicae,  public  records 
(v.  47).     [letter. 

litUB,  -oris,  n.,  shore  of  the  sea,  strand, 
beach,     [littoral. 

locuples,  -etis,  [locus,  cf.  plenus], 
z.^).,  wealthy,  opulent.     C.  ill.  59. 

locus,  -i,  m.,  pi.  loca,  -orum,  n., 
place,  ground;  position,  situation; 
room  ;  social  position,  rank,  stand- 
ing;  opportunity ;  pi.  loca  often 
region,  country,     [local. 

locutus,  see  loquor, 

longe,  comp.  longius,  sup.  longis- 
sime,  [longrus],  adv.,  at  a  distance, 
far,  by  far.  Comp.,  of  space, 
further;  of  time,  further,  longer. 
quam  longissime,  as  far  as  possible, 

longinquus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
[longus],  z.^].,  far  removed,  remote, 
distant;  long- continued,  prolonged, 
lasting,     [longinquity. 


longitudO 


68 


maleficium 


longitudo, -inis,  [longrus],  f.,  length. 

[longitude. 

longuriuB,  -i,  [longus],  m.,  long  pole. 

longus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  adj.,  longy  extended,  dis- 
tant; used  of  either  space  or  time. 
nSLvis  longa,  battleship,  galley. 

loquor,  loqui,  loctitus,  3,  dep.,  speak, 
say.     [loquacious. 

lorica,  -ae,  [cf.  lorum,  leather  strap'], 
{.,  cuirass  of  leather;  breastwork 
(v.  40;  vii.  72,  86).     [loricate. 

Lucanius,  -1,  m.,  Quintus  I.ucanius 
(lu-ka'  ni-us),    a    brave    centurion. 

V.  35. 
Lucilius,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman  name.     Lu- 

cilius  Hirrus    (lu-sil' i-us   hir' us), 

a  leader  on  the  side  of  Pompey  in 

the  Civil  War.     C.  in.  82. 
Lucius,  -i,  m.,  (lu'  sh[y]us),  a  Roman 

first  name;   abbreviation,  Ij. 
Lucterius,  -i,    m.,    (luk-te' ri-us),   a 

Cadurcan,  a  helper  of  Vercingetorix 

in  the  great  uprising  of  52  B.C. 
luctus,  -lis,  [lag-eS],  m.,  mournings 

lamentation.     C.  11.  7. 
Lugotorix,  -igria,  m.,  (lu-got'  o-riks), 

a  British  chief,     v.  22. 
luna,  -ae,  f.,  moon,     [lunar. 
Luna,   -ae,    f.,    moon   as    a    divinity, 

moon-goddess,     vi.  21. 
Lutecia,   -ae,    f.,    (lu-te' sh[y]a),    a 

city  of  the  Parisii  on  an  island  in  the 

Seine,  Paris,     vi.  3;   vii.  57,  58. 
Iflx,  lacls,  f.,  light,  daylight,      prima 

IQce,  at  daybreak. 
Idzuria,  -ae,  [laxus,  excess],  f.,  high 

livings  luxury,    ii.  15.     [luxury. 


M. 


M.,  with  proper  names  =  Mftrcus. 
M  as  a  designation  of  number  =  looo. 
maceria,  -ae,  [cf.  macerS,  soften],  f., 

originally  wall  of  soft  clay  ;  wall  of 

loose  stone  (vii.  69,  70.) 


machinSltio,  -Snis,  [machinor,  con- 
trive], f.,  mechanical  appliance, 
machine,     [machination. 

maestus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  -issimus,  [cf. 
maereS,  he  sad],  adj.,  sad,  dejected. 

magis,  sup.  maxime,  [cf.  magrnus], 
adv.  in  comp.  degree,  more,  rather. 
eo  magis,  all  the  more.  Sup.  ma- 
xime, very  greatly,  exceedingly, 
chiefly,  especially,  quam  maxime, 
as  much  as  possible. 

magister,  -tri,  m.,  master  of  a  ship. 
captain  (C.  ill.  43).     [master. 

magiatratus,  -us,  [magister],  m., 
magistracy,  civil  office  ;  one  holding  a 
magistracy,  magistrate,  [magistrate. 

magnificuB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  magnifl- 
centior,  sup.  -issimus,  [magnus, 
cf.  faciS],  adj.,  splendid,  magnifi- 
cent,    vi.  19.     [magnificent. 

magnitudo,  -inis,  [magnus],  f., 
greatness,  extent ;  size,  bulk  ;  of  winds 
and  waves,  violence,      [magnitude. 

magnopere,  [for  magnS  opere,  abl. 
of  magnum  -f  opus],  adv.,  very 
much,  greatly,  specially,  deeply  ;  ear- 
nestly, urgently. 

magnus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  znaior,  sup. 
maximus,  adj.,  great,  large,  power- 
ful;  of  wind,  violent;  of  voices, 
loud  (iv.  25).  Sup.,  greatest,  very 
great,  largest,  very  large.  As  noun, 
maiores,  -um.  m.,  \\.,  forefathers^ 
ancestors,  maiores  natil,  lit.  those 
older  by  birth,  the  old  men,  elders 
(ii.  13,28;  iv.  13).     [maximum. 

maiestSs,  -atis,  [maior],  f.,  great- 
ness, dignity,     vii.  17.     [majesty. 

maiorgs,  -um,  see  magnus. 

malacia,  -ae,  {^^a.\a.Kia.],  {.,  calm,  dead 
calm.     iii.  15. 

male,  comp.  peius,  sup.  pesslmS, 
[malus,  bad],  adv.,  badly ^  iily  un- 
successfully. 

maleficium,  -I.  [maleflcus],  n.,  mis- 
chief wrong  doing.^  outrage,  harm. 


maid 


69 


materior 


maid,  maUe,  malui,  [magris  + 
volo],  \rx.,  prefer,  choose  rather, had 
rather. 

malus,  -i,  m.,  upright  pole,  upright  ; 
of  a  ship,  mast.     iii.  14;   vii.  22. 

mandatum,  -i,  [part,  of  mando],  n., 
commission,  order;  comitiand ;  in- 
junction, instruction,     [mandate. 

mando,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [tnanus  + 
do],  I,  commit,  entrust,  commission  ; 
order,  direct,     [mandatory. 

Mandubii,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  Mandu- 
Hans,  Mandubii  (man-du' bi-i),  a 
Gallic  people  north  of  the  Aeduans; 
chief  city  Alesia,  now  Alise-Ste- 
Reine. 

Mandubracius,  -i,  m.,  (man-du-bra'- 
sh[y]us),  a  British  chieftain,  loyal  to 
Caesar,     v.  20,  22. 

mane,  adv.,  in  the  morning. 

maned,  manere,  mansi,  mansurus, 
2,  stay,  remain;  continue,    [manse. 

manipularis,  -e,  [manipulus] ,  adj., 
of  a  maniple.  As  noun,  manipu- 
laris, -is,  m.,  soldier  of  a  maniple, 
fellow-manipular.     vii.  47,  50. 

manipulus,  -i,  [manus  +  ^le  in 
pleo,  the  first  standard  of  a  maniple 
being  a  handful  of  hay  raised  on  a 
pole],  m.,  company  of  soldiers,  man- 
iple, one-third  of  a  cohort,    [maniple. 

ManliuB,  -i,  m.,  Lucius  Manlius 
(man'li-us),  a  proconsul  in  Gaul, 
iii.  20. 

mansuefaciOj-facere,  -feci,  -factus, 
pass,  mansuefio,  -fieri,  [mansu- 
etus,  tame,  +  facio],  3,  7tiake 
tame,  tame.     vi.  28. 

mansuStildo,  -inis,  [mansuetus, 
tame'],  {.,  gentleness,  compassion. 

manus,  -us,  f.,  hand ;  of  troops,  band, 
force,     [manicure. 

Marcelllnus,  -i,  m.,  P.  Cornelius 
Lentulus  Marcellinus  (len'  chu-lus 
mar-se-li'  nus),  a  quaestor  in  Caesar's 
army  in  the  Civil  War.     C.  iii.  64. 


Marcellus,  -i,  m.,  Gaius  Claudius 
Marcellus  (kla'  dj-us  mar-sel'  us), 
one  of  the  consuls  in  49  B.C.    C.  i.  6. 

Marcius,  -i,  m.,  Marcius  Rufus 
(mar'sj-us  ru'fus),  a  quaestor  in 
Curio's  army  (C.  11.  43). 

Marcomani,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (mar- 
kom'a-ni),  a  Germanic  people. 

Marcus,  -i,  m.,  (mar'  kus),  a  Roman 
first  name,  our  Mark. 

mare,  -is,  n.,  the  sea.     [marine. 

marltimus,  -a,  -um,  [mare],  adj., 
of  the  sea,  by  the  sea,  near  the  sea ; 
maritime,  sea-.  maritimae  res, 
naval  operations  (iv.  23).  [mari- 
time. 

Marius,  -i,  m.,  Gaius  Marius  (ma'- 
ri-us),  a  great  Roman  general;  born 
157  B.C.,  near  Arpinum,  died  86  B.C.; 
famous  for  his  victories  over  Jugur- 
tha,  and  the  Cimbrians  and  Teutons; 
seven  times  consul,  remaining  to  the 
end  the  bitter  foe  of  the  aristocratic 
party,     i.  40. 

Marriicini,  -5rum,  m.,  pi.,  (mar- 
u-sl'  nl),  a  people  of  Central  Italy, 
on  the  Adriatic  coast.     C.  Ii.  34. 

Mars,  Martis,  m.,  Mars  (marz),  god 
of  war   (vi.    17).     [March. 

mas,  maris,  vs\.,male.  vi.  26.    [male. 

Massilia,  -ae,  [Macro-aX/a],  f.,  (ma- 
sil'i-a),  a  city  in  southern  Gaul, 
founded  by  Greeks  from  Phocaea; 
now  Marseilles.     C.  ii.  3,  7. 

Massilienses,  -ium,  [Massilia],  m., 
pi.,  inhabitants  of  Massilia,  Massil- 
ians. 

matara,  -ae,  i.,  javelin,  spear,     i.  26. 

mater,  -tris,  f.,  mother.  matres 
familiae,  matrons,     [maternal. 

materia,  -ae,  and  inS.teries,  ace.  (vii. 
24)  materiem,  [mater],  f.,  mate- 
rial, stuff;  timber,  wood ;  woodzuork 
(vii.  23).     [material. 

materior,  -ari,  [materia],  i,  dep., 
procure  timber,  get  wood.     vii.  73. 


Matisco 


70 


Mercurius 


Matisco,  -5ni8,  f.,  (ma-tis'ko),  an 
Aeduan  city  on  the  Arar  {Sadne), 
now  Afdfon.     vii.  90. 

matrimonium,  -i,  [mater],  n.,  mar- 
riage,    [matrimony. 

Matrona,  -ae,  f.,  Matrona  (mat'ro- 
na),  Marne,  a  tributary  of  the  Se- 
quana  {Seine),  into  which  it  flows 
four  miles  above  Paris,  after  a  course 
of  more  than  two  hundred  miles,   i.  i. 

maturg,  conip.  maturius,  sup.  ma- 
turrime,  [maturus],  adv.,  early. 
quam  maturrime,  as  early  as  pos- 
sible (i.  33). 

maturesco,  [maturus], -ere,  matu- 
rui,  3,  become  ripe,  ripen,     vi.  29. 

maturo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [mata- 
rus],  I,  make  haste,  hasten,  [matu- 
rate. 

mSturrimS,  see  matare. 

maturus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
maturrimus,  adj.,  ripe ;  early  (iv. 
20).     [mature. 

Mauritania,  -ae,  (md-re-ta'  ni-a),  a 
country  of  northern  Africa  reaching 
from  Numidia  west  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.     C.  i.  6. 

mazimg,  [maximus],  see  magris. 

mazimus,  see  magnus. 

Maximus,  see  Fabius  (i). 

medeor,  -eri,  2,  dep.,  neal ;  remedy, 
provide  for  .{y.  24).     [medicine. 

mediocris,  -ere,  [medius],  adj., com- 
mon, ordinary ;  of  distance,  moder^ 
ate,  short,     [mediocre. 

mediocriter,  comp.  mediocrius 
[mediocris],  adv.,  moderately,  in  a 
slight  degree. 

Mediomatrici,  -5rum,  m.,  pi.,  (me"- 
dj-o-mat'  rj-si),  a  Gallic  people  near 
the  Rhine. 

mediterraneuB,  -a,  -um,  [medius 
-f  terra],  adj.,  inland.  v.  12. 
[Mediterranean. 

medius,  -a.  -um,  adj.,  middle,  in  the 
midst,  mid-,     media  noz,  midnight. 


de  media  nocte,  just  after  mid- 
night,     [medium. 

Meldl,  -arum,  m.,  pi.,  (mel'dl),  a 
Gallic  people  on  the  Matrona 
(A/arne) ,  e2LSt  of  the  Parisii.     v,  5. 

melior,  adj.,  see  bonus. 

melius,  adv.,  see  bene, 

membrum,  -i,  n.,  limb,     [member. 

memini,  -isse,  def.,  remember,  bear 
in  mind.     iii.  6;   vii.  37. 

memor,  -oris,  adj.,  mindful,  remem- 
bering.    C.  11.  6. 

memoria,  -ae,  [memor],  f.,  memory, 
recollection,  remembrance.  memo- 
ria tenere,  to  recollect,  memoria 
proditum,  reported,  handed  down, 
by  tradition  (v.  12).     [memory. 

Menapii,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (me-na'- 
pi-I),  a  people  in  the  northeast  part 
of  Belgic  Gaul. 

mendacium, -1,  [mendax,ya/ji'],n., 
lie,  falsehood,     [mendacious. 

mSns,  mentis,  f.,  mind ;  temper  (iii. 
19);  attitude  of  m  in  d,  feeling  ( i .  41; 
vii.  64).  et  mente  et  anim5, 
heart  and  soul  {\'\.  s^).      [mental. 

mensis,  -is,  m.,  month. 

mensura,  -ae,  [metier],  f.,  measur- 
ing (vi.  25);  measure.  ex  CMlua 
mensura,  water-clock  (v.  13). 
[measure. 

mentis,  -Snis,  [men  in  memini],  f., 
mention,     vi.  38.     [mention. 

mercator,  -6ris,  [mercor,  irade\ 
m.,  trader,  merchant. 

mercatdra,  -ae,  [mercor,  trade'],  f., 
traffic,  trade  ;  pi.,  commercial  trans- 
actions (vi.  17). 

mercSs,  -edis,  t,  pay,  hire.     \.  31. 

Mercurius,  -i,  [cf.  merx,  merchan- 
dise'], m.,  Mercury,  messenger  of 
the  gods,  patron  of  traders  and 
thieves,  promoter  of  eloquence,  and 
conductor  of  souls  to  the  lower 
world;  also,  patron  divinity  of  ath- 
letes and  athletics,     vi.  17. 


mereo 


71 


moderor 


mereo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  and  mereor, 
-eri,  -itus,  2,  dep.,  deserve,  merit; 
serve  (vii.  17).     [merit. 

meridianus,  -a,  -um,  [meridies], 
adj.,  of  mid- day .  meridiano  fere 
tempore,  about  noon  (v.  8).  [me- 
ridian. 

meridies,  -ei,  [medl-die,  loc.J,  m., 
mid-day ;  south  (v.  13). 

meritum,  -i,  [part,  of  mereo],  n., 
desert,  merit,  service,     [merit. 

meritus,  see  mereor. 

Messala,  -ae,  m.,  Marcus  Valerius 
Alessala  (va-le'  ri-us  me-sa'  la),  con- 
sul, 61  B.C.     i.  2,  35. 

Messana,  -ae,  [Meo-o-i^cTj],  f.,  (me- 
sa' na),  a  city  of  northeastern  Sicily, 
now  Messina.     C.  li.  3. 

-met,  enclitic,  self;  see  eg5. 

metior,  metiri,  mensus,  4,  dep., 
measure,  measure  out,  distribute. 

MetiuB,  -i,  m.,  Marcus  Melius  (me'- 
sh[y]us),  an  envoy  of  Caesar  to 
Ariovistus. 

Metlosedum,  -i,  n.,  (met-lo-se'dum), 
a  town  of  the  Senones,  on  an  island 
in  the  Sequana  (^Seine)^  28  miles 
above  Paris;  later  called  Melodunum, 
now  Melun. 

meto,  metere,  messui,  messus,  3, 
reap.    iv.  32. 

metus,  --Qs,  m.^fear,  apprehension. 

meuB,  -a,  -um,  [me],  adj.,  my,  mine. 

mUes,  -itis,  m.,  soldier,  foot  soldier. 

milit^riB,  -e,  [miles],  adj.,  of  a  sol- 
dier, military.  res  militaris,  art 
of  7var.     [military. 

militia,  -ae,  [miles],  f.,  military  ser- 
vice,   vi.  14,  18;   vii.  14.     [militia. 

mille  or  M,  indecl.  adj.,  a  thousand. 
As  noun,  milia,  -um,  n.,  pi.,  thou- 
sand, thousands,     [mile. 

Minerva,  -ae,  f.,  (mi-ner'  va),  god- 
dess of  wisdom  and  the  arts;  identi- 
fied with  a  Gallic  divinity  (vi.  17). 

minime,  see  parum. 


minimus,  -a,  -um,  see  parvus. 

minor,  -us,  see  parvus. 

Minucius,  see  Basilus. 

minuo,  -uere,  -ui,  -utus,  3,  lessen, 
diminish,  reduce;  of  the  tide,  ebb 
(iii.  12);  of  controversies,  settle,  put 
an  end  to  {\.  26;  vi.  23).     [minute. 

minus,  see  parum. 

miror,  -ari,  -atus,  [mirus],  i,  dep., 
tvonder,  wonder  at.     i.  32;   v.  54. 

mirus,  -a,  -um,  [miror],  adj.,  won- 
derful, remarkable,  marvellous. 

miser,  -era,  -erum,  comp.  -lor,  sup. 
miserrimus,  adj.,  wretched,  unfor- 
tunate, pitiable;  poor  (vi.  35).  As 
noun,  miseri,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  the 
wretched  (ii.  28).     [miser. 

misericordia,  -ae,  [misericors],  f., 
pity,  compassion,  mercy. 

miseror,  -ari,  -atus,  [miser],  i,dep., 
lament,  deplore.     \.  39;   vii.  I. 

missus,  -us,  [mitto],  m.,  used  only 
in  abl.  sing.,  a  sending,  despatching. 
missu  Caesaris,  being  sent  by 
Caesar  (v.  27;   vi.  7). 

missus,  -a  -um,  see  mitto. 

mitissime,  [mitis,  mild'],  adv.,  sup., 
very  gently,  very  kindly.  quam 
mitissime  potest,  in  as  kind  a 
manner  asJ>ossible  (vii.  43). 

mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missus,  3, 
send,  despatch;  release,  let  go;  of 
weapons,  throw,  hurl,  shoot,  [mis- 
sile. 

mobilis,  -e,  comp. -ior,  sup.  -issimus, 
[cf.  moved],  2i^].,  fickle,  changeable. 
iv.  5.     [mobile. 

mdbilitas,  -tatis, [mobilis],  f.,  quick- 
ness of  movefnent,  speed  (iv.  33,  C. 
II.  6) ;  instability,  changeableness 
(ii.  i).     [mobility. 

mdbiliter,  [mobilis],  adv.,  easily 
(iii.  10). 

moderor,  -ari,  -atus,  [modus],  i, 
dep.,  keep  under  control  (iv.  'i'h)\ 
manage, control {wn.  75).   [moderate. 


modestia 


72 


multitudO 


modestia,  -ae,  [modestus],  f.,  self- 
control ;  subordination  (vii.  52). 
[modesty. 

modo,  [modus],  adv.,  only^  merely ^ 
even  ;  of  time,  lately,  just  now  (vi. 
39,  43).  non  modo  .  .  .  sed 
etlam,  not  only  .  .  .  but  also. 

modus,  -i,  m.,  measure,  amount  (vi. 
22);  plan  (v.  i);  manner,  fashion, 
style,  ad  hunc  modum,  after  this 
manner,  in  this  ivay.  eius  modi, 
of  such  a  character,  of  that  kind. 
quem  ad  modumi,  in  what  way, 
how  ;  in  whatever  way,  just  as  (i.  36). 
miod5,  abL,  with  a  dependent  geni- 
tive, after  the  manner  of,  as  (iv.  17, 
27).  ntillo  mods,  by  no  means 
(vi.  12).  omnibus  modis,  by  all 
means,  in  every  way  (vii.  14). 
[mode. 

moenia,  -ium,  n.,  pi.,  walls  oi  a  city, 
fortifications  as  a  whole. 

moles,  -is,  f.,  mass,  massive  structure  ; 
dam,  dike  (iii.  12).      [mole. 

moleste,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime, 
[molestus,  troublesome^,  2idv.,with 
annoyance. 

molimentum,  -i,  [cf.  mQlior,  from 
mSles],  n.,  great  effort,     i.  34. 

molitus,  see  mold. 

moUio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [mollis],  4, 
soften;  make  easy  (vii.  46). 

mollis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issimus, 
adj.,  pliant,  gentle ;  smooth  (v.  9); 
weak,  yielding  (iii.  19);    effeminate. 

mollitia,  -ae  (vii.  77),  and  (vii.  20) 
moUities,  -§i,  [mollis],  f.,  weak- 
ness, irresolution. 

molo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  ■^,  grind. 

mdmentum,  -i,  [for  *movimen- 
tum,  cf.  moveO],  n.,  movement; 
thrust,  forward  movement  (C.  ii.  6); 
influence  (vii.  85);  importance, 
account  (vii.  39).      [moment. 

Mona,  -ae,  f.,  (mo'  na),  the  Isle  of 
Man,  in  the  Irish  Sea.     v.  13. 


moneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  2,  advise^ 
warn,  remind,  admonish. 

mons,  montis,  m.,  mountain,  moun- 
tain-range, elevation,  height,  sum- 
mus  mons,  top  of  the  height  (i.  22). 
radices  montis,  foot  of  the  moun- 
tain or  height  (i.  38;  vii.  36). 
[mount. 

mora,  -ae,  f.,  delay. 

mioratus,  -a,  -iim,  see  moror. 

morbus,  -i,  [cf.  morior,  mors],  m., 
disease,  sickness,  vi,  16,  17.  [mor- 
bid. 

Morini,  -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  (mor'  j-nl),  a 
Belgic  people,  on  the  seacoast  op- 
posite Kent. 

morior,  mori,  mortuus,  3,  dep.,a'z>. 
i.  4;   vi.  13.      [mortuary. 

Moritasgus,  -i,  m.,  (mor-j-tas'  gus), 
a  chief  of  the  Senones.     v.  54. 

moror,  -ari,  -fttus,  [mora],  i,  dep., 
delay,  wait,  stay;  hinder,  delay, 
check,  impede,     [moratorium. 

mors,  mortis,  f.,  death,     [mortal. 

mortuus,  -a,  -um,  see  morior. 

mos,  moris,  m.,  usage,  custom,  way, 
wont,  practice.  PI.,  customs,  man- 
ners,    [moral. 

Mosa,  -ae,  f.,  Mosa  (mo'  sa),  Metise, 
or  Maas,  which  rises  in  the  western 
spurs  of  the  Vosges,  pursues  a  north- 
erly course  till  joined  by  the  Waal, 
then  flows  westward  into  the  North 
Sea. 

motuB,  -as,  [move6],m.,  movement, 
motion;  disturbance,  revolt,  upris- 
ing. 

moved,  movSre,  mOvI.  mOtus,  2, 
move,  set  in  motion,  remove  ;  of  feel- 
ings, disturb;  stir,  touch  (vii.  76). 
castra  movere,  to  break  camp. 
[move. 

mulier,  -eris,  f.,  7voman. 

miilid,  -6nis.  [maius],  m.,  muleteer, 
mule-driver,     vii.  45. 

multitudo,  -Inis,  [multus],  (.,  great 


multo 


73 


Narbo 


number,  host,  large  body;  crowd. 
[multitude. 

multo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [multa,  a 
fine~\,  1,  punish  ;  deprive  of,  by  way 
of  punishment  (vii.  54,  C.  ill.  83). 
[mulct. 

multo,  multum,  comp.  plus,  sup. 
plurimum,  [multus],  adv.,  much, 
by  far,  greatly.  multum  posse 
or  valere,  to  have  great  power,  in- 
fluence. 

multum,  adv.,  see  mult5. 

multus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  comp.  plus, 
sup.  plurimus,  much;  pi.,  many. 
As  noun,  m.,  pi.,  multi,  -orum, 
many  (people) ;  plures,  -ium,  more, 
quite  a  number,  several ;  neut.,  sing., 
multum,  i7iuch  ;  plus,  more  ;  plu- 
rimum, very  much:  neut.,  pi., 
multa,  many  things,  many  consider- 
ations,    [plural. 

mulus,  -i,  m.,  mule.     vii.  45.     [mule. 

Munatius,  see  Plancus. 

mundus,  -i,  m.,  world,  universe. 
vi.  14.     [mundane. 

municipium.-i,  [municeps],  n.,/r^<f 
town,  municipality,     [municipal. 

munimentum,  -i,  [munio],  n.,  forti- 
fication, defence,  barrier,  ii.  17. 
[muniment. 

munio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [moenia],  4, 
fortify  ;  protect,  make  secure.  mu- 
nire  iter,  to  construct  a  road  (vii. 
58). 

munitid,  -5nis,  [munio],  f.,  a  forti- 
fying, building  of  fortifications; 
works  of  fortification,  fortification, 
intrenchment,  defences,  munition! 
castrorum,  for  the  fortifying  of  the 
camp  (v.  9).     [munition. 

munitus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup., 
-issimus,  [part,  of  munio],  adj., 
fortified,  protected,  secure.  muni- 
tissima  castra,  a  camp  very 
strongly  fortified  {v.  57). 

miiiiua,  -eris,  n.,  duty,  service,  func- 


tion; present,  gift  (i.  43).  mQnua 
militiae,  military  service  (vi.  18). 

muralis,  -e,  [murus],  adj.,  of  a  wall, 
wall-.  maralis  falx,  wall-hook 
(iii.  14).  murale  pilum,  wall- 
pike  (v.  40;   vii.  82).     [mural. 

murus,  -i,  m.,  wall;  rampart,  line  of 
works  (i.  8).     [mure,  immure. 

musculus,  -i,  [dimin.  of  mus],  m., 
little  tnouse ;  in  military  language, 
long  shed,  mousie.    vii.  84.    [muscle. 

mutilus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  maimed, 
broken. 

mutuor,  -ari,  -atus,  [mutuus],  i, 
dep.,  obtain  a  loan  of,  borrow.  C. 
III.  60. 


naotus,  -a,  -um,  see  nanciscor. 

nam,  conj.,  introducing  an  explanation 
or   reason,  for. 

-nam;  enclitic,  possible;  see  quis- 
nam. 

Nammeius,  -i,  m.,  (na-me'yus),  a 
Helvetian  sent  as  envoy  to  Caesar. 
1.7. 

Namnetes,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (nam'  ne- 
tez),  a  Gallic  state  north  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Liger  {Loire) ;  the 
name  survives  in  Nantes,     iii.  9. 

namque  [nam  -f  -que],  conj.,  for 
indeed,  for  truly,  and  {with  good  rea- 
son) for. 

nanciscor,  -cisci,  naotus,  andnanc- 
tus,  3,  dep.,  come  upon,  find,  obtain; 
get,  secure,  get  hold  of. 

Nantuates,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (nan-tu-a'- 
tez),  a  Gallic  people  southeast  of 
Lake  Geneva. 

Narbo,  -onis,  m.,  (nar'bo),  capital 
of  the  Province,  which  was  later 
named  from  it,  Gallia  Narbonensis ; 
originally  a  city  of  the  Volcae  Are- 
comici,  but  made  a  Roman  colony 
in  1 18  B.C. ;  now  Narbonne.  iii.  20; 
vii.  7. 


nascor 


74 


necessarius 


iSscor,  nasci,  natus,  3,  dep.,  be 
born,  produced ;  is  found  iy.  12); 
rise  (ii.  18);  arise  (vi.  22;  vii.  43). 
[nascent. 

NasidianuB,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Nasid- 
ius.     C.  II.  7. 

Nasidius,  -i,  m.,  Lucius  Nasiditts 
(na-sid'  i-us),  a  naval  commander  on 
the  side  of  Pompey  in  the  Civil  War. 
C.  II.  3,  4. 

Nasua,  -ae,  m.,  (nash'  u-a),  a  chief- 
tain of  the  Suebi.     i.  37. 

ntttlis,  -e,  [natus],  adj.,  of  birth. 
dies  natalis,  birth-day  (vi.  18). 
[natal. 

nttio,  -onis,  [nascor],  f.,^?>/'/5/  peo- 
ple, tribe,     [nation. 

n^tivuB,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  natus],  adj., 
natural,  native,    vi.  10.     [native. 

naturaiiter,  [naturalis],  adv.,  by 
nature,  naturally.     C.  ill.  92. 

natura,  -ae,  [natus,  from  nascor], 
f.,  nature,  character ;  natural  fea- 
tures, situation  ;  ttature  of  things, 
Nature.  nS.turS.  et  opere,  natu- 
rally and  artificially.  v.  9,  21. 
[nature. 

nStus,  -us,  [cf.  nascor],  m.,  used  only 
in  abl.  sing.,  birth,  maiores  natu, 
see  maernus. 

nauta,  -ae,  [for  *  n  a  v i  t  a  from  nSvis], 
m.,  sailor,  seaman,     iii.  9;   v.  10. 

nauticus,  -a,  -una,  [=  murtxAs],  adj., 
naval,  nautical,     [nautical. 

n&vUis,  -e,  [navis],  adj.,  naval. 
As  noun,  navaiia,  -ium,  n.,  pi., 
shipyards.    C.  II.  3.     [naval. 

n&vicula,  -ae,  [dim.  of  nftvis],  f., 
boat,  skiff  (i.    53);    small  ship  (C. 

".  3). 

nSlvig&tid,  -6nis,  [navigrS],  f.,  navi- 
gation, sailing;  voyage,  [naviga- 
tion. 

nSvigium,  -i,  [navigrO],  n.,  vessel, 
boat.     See  specuiat5riu8. 

nlvigo,  are,  -avi,  -atus,  [navis,  cf. 


agro],  I,  sail,  go  by  water,  [navi- 
gate. 
navia,  -is,  f.,  ship,  vessel;  for  river 
navigation,  barge.  navis  longra, 
battleship,  galley,  navis  oneraria, 
a  transport  (Fig.  202).     [nave. 


Figure  202. — Ancient  transport. 

The  transport  is  just  entering  the  harbor, 
gliding  into  still  water.  The  helmsman  sits 
at  the  stern,  and  one  of  the  two  steering- 
paddles  is  plainly  seen  ;  the  sailors  are  furl- 
ing the  large  sail.  From  a  relief  on  a  tomb 
at  Pompeii,  symbolizing  entrance  into  a  haven 
of  rest,  after  the  stormy  voyage  of  life. 

navo,  -are, -avi,  atus,  [(g)navus, 
busy'],  I,  do  with  zeal. 

nS,  adv.,  not.  ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not 
.  .   .  even. 

n6,  conj.,  that  .  .  .  not,  lest,  not  to, 
after  words  of  fearing,  that;  after 
words  of  beseeching,  ordering,  com- 
manding, not  to.  ne  quis,  that  no 
one.  ne  qua  spes  .  .  .  that  no  hope. 
deterrere  ne  .  .  .  to  frighten  from. 

-ne,  enclitic  interrog.  particle,  whether. 
-ne  .  .  .  an,  or  -ne  .  .  .  -ne  (vii. 
14),  whether  .   .   .  or. 

nee,  conj.,  see  neque. 

necesaarid,  [necessarius],  adv.,  of 
necessity,  unai-oidably. 

neceaaariua,  -a,  -um,  [necesse], 
di^).,  needful,  necessary:  urgent,  press- 
ing. As  noun,  necessarius.  -I.  m., 
relative,  kinsman  (i.  il,  C.  ill.  82). 
[necessary. 


necesse 


75 


nitor 


necesse,  indecl.  adj.,  necessary,  un- 
avoidable, inevitable. 

necessitas,  -tatis,  [necesse],  f.,  ne- 
cessity, need,  tirgency.     [necessity. 

necessitudd,  -inis,  [necesse],  f., 
close  relationship,  friendship,      i.  43. 

necne,  [nee  +  -ne],  conj ,  or  not. 
utrum  . ,  .  necne,  whether  or  not  (i. 
50). 

neco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  \,  put  to  death., 
kill,  destroy,     [noyade. 

necubi,  [ne  +  *  c  ubi  for  ubi],  conj., 
that  nowhere,  lest,  anywhere,    vii.  35. 

nefarius,  -a,  -um,  [nefas],  adj.,  exe- 
crable, atrocious,     [nefarious. 

nefas  [ne,  =  ne,  +  fas],  n.,  indecl., 
a  crime  against  divine  law,  impious 
deed.  nefas  est,  it  is  wrong,  it  is 
not  permitted  (vii.  40). 

neglego,  -legere,  -lexi,  -lectus,[nec 
+  lego],  3,  disregard,  leave  out  of 
consideration,  be  indifferent  to  ;  neg- 
lect (iii.  27;  iv.  38  ;  overlook,  leave 
unnoticed  (i.  35,  36;  iii.  10).  [neg- 
lect. 

nego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  deny,  say 
not,  say  no,  often  =  dicit  non;  re- 
fuse (v.  6,  27).     [negative. 

negotiator,  -oris,  [negotior],  m., 
wholesale  dealer,  7vholesaler.  C.  III. 
103.     [negotiator. 

negotior,  -ari,  -atus,  [negotium], 
I,  dep.,  transact  business.  nego- 
tlandi  causa,  in  order  to  carry  on 
^«j'/«^i'.y(vii.  3, 42,  55).      [negotiate. 

negotium,  -i,  [neg-,  =  ne,  +  otium], 
n.,  business,  enterprise,  task;  effort, 
trouble,  difficulty,  nihil  negotii,  7to 
trouble,  (v.  38). 

Nemetes,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (nam'  e-tez), 
a  Germanic  people,  settled  west  of 
the  Rhine. 

nemo,  dat.  nemini,  [ne  +  *  h  e  m  6  = 
homo],  m.,  no  one,  nobody. 

nequaquam  [ne  +  quaquam,  any- 
where\  adv.,  not  at  all,  by  no  means. 


neque  or  nee   [ne,  =  ne,  +  -que], 

adv.,  nor,  and .  .  .  not.  neque  .  .  . 
neque  or  nee,  neither  .  .  .  nor. 

ne  .  .  .  quidem,  see  ne. 

nequiquam  [ne  +  quiquam],  adv., 
in  vain,  to  no  purpose,     ii.  27. 

Nervicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the  Ner- 
vians.  Nervicum  proelium,  bat- 
tle with  the  Nervians  (iii.  5). 

Nervius,  -i,  m.,  a  Nervian  (v.  45). 
PI.,  Nervii,  -orum,  the  Nervians, 
Nervii  (ner'  vi-I),  a  warlike  people 
of  Belgic  Gaul. 

nervus,  -i,  m.,  sineiv,  muscle  (vi.  21); 
T^\.,  power,  force  (i.  20).      [nerve. 

neu,  see  neve. 

neuter,  -tra,  -trum,  gen.  neutrius, 
[ne  +  uter],  pron.  adj.,  neither. 
As  noun,  neutri,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 
neither  side  (vii.  63),  neither  force 
(ii.  9).       [neuter. 

neve  or  neu,  [ne  +  -ve,  or\  conj., 
or  not.,  and  not,  and  that  not,  nor. 
neu  .  .  .  -que,  and  not  .  .  .  but 
(ii.  21).  neu  .  .  .  et,  and  not 
.  .  .  but  (v.  34). 

nex,  necis,  f.,  death  by  violence. 

nihil  [ne,  =  ne,  +  hilum,  trifle'\,  n., 
indecl.,  nothing ;  as  adverbial  ace, 
=  emphatic  non,  not  at  all.  [ni- 
hilism. 

nihilo  setius,  see  setius. 

nihilum,  -i,  [ne,  =  ne,  +  hilum],  n., 
nothing.  nihilo,  abl.  of  degree  of 
difference,  lit.  by  nothing;  nihilo 
minus,  none  the  less. 

nimius,  -a,  -um,  [nimis],  adj.,  exces- 
sive, too  great,     vii.  29,  C.  III.  96. 

nisi  [ne,  =  ne,  +  si],  conj.,  if  not, 
unless,  except. 

Nitiobroges,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (nish-i- 
ob'  ro-jez),  a  people  in  Northern 
Aquitania. 

nitor,  niti,  nixus  and  nisus,  3,  dep., 
strive,  endeavor;  rely  upon,  depend 
on  (i.  13). 


nix 


76 


novus 


nix,  nivis,  f.,  snow.     vii.  8,  55. 

nobilis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -Issimus, 
[cf.  nSsco],  adj.,  noted ^  renowned 
(vii.  77);  of  high  rank,  noble  (i.  2, 
18;  V.  22;  vii.  67).  As  noun,  n6- 
bil§8,  -ium,  m.,  pi.,  nobles,  men  of 
ranh(i.44;  vi.  13);  nobilissimua, 
-i,  m.,  man  of  highest  rank  ;  pi.,  men 
of  highest  rank  (i.  7,  31).     [noble. 

nobilitSs,  -tatis,  [nobilis],  f.,  no- 
bility, rank  (ii.  6);  collective  (for 
nSbiles),  nobility,  nobles,  men  of 
rank,     [nobility. 

nocSns,  -entis,  comp.  nocentior, 
sup.  -issimus,  [part,  of  noceo], 
adj.,  guilty.  As  noun,  nocentes, 
-um,  m.,  pi.,  the  guilty  (vi.  9). 

noceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -iturus,  2,  hurt,  do 
harm,  injure. 

noctu,  [cf.  nox],  adv.,  by  night,  at 
night,  in  the  night. 

nocturnuB,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  nox],  adj., 
by  night,  of  night.  nocturnus 
labor,  the  toil  of  the  night  (vii.  83). 
noctumum  tempus,  night-time 
(v.  11,40).     [nocturnal. 

nodua,  -i,  m.,  knot;  node,  on  the 
joint  of  an  animal  (vi.  27).     [node. 

nolo,  nolle,  nSlui,  [ne  +  vol6],  irr., 
be  unwilling,  not  wish,  not  want. 
n61i,  n51ite,  with  infin.,  do  not. 

nomen,  -inis,  n.,  name,  appellation, 
title  ;  reputation,  renown ;  account. 
su6  nomine,  on  his  o^vn  account 
(i.  18),  on  their  own  account  (vii. 
75).     [noun. 

nominSltim  [nominS],  adv.,  by  name. 

nomino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [nSmen], 
I,  name,  call  by  a  name  (vii.  73); 
mention  (ii.  18).     [nominate. 

n5n,  adv.,  not,  no.  n6n  nihil,  to 
some  extent,  somewhat  ( iii.  17).  nOn 
nflllus,  some,  several.  nOn  num- 
quam,  sometimes. 

nonagintft,  or  zc,  indeclinable  num. 
adj.,  ninety. 


nondum  [n5n  +  dum],  adv.,  not  yet. 

non  nihil,  see  n6n 

non  nuUus,  -a,  -um,  see  n6n. 

non  numquam,  see  n6n. 

nonuB,  -a,  -um,  [novem],  numeral 
ord.  adj.,  ninth,     [noon. 

Ndreia,  -ae,  f.,  (no-re' ya),  chief  city 
of  the  Norici  (nor'  i-sT),  now  Neu- 
mark/,     i.  5. 

NoricuB,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the  Norici, 
A^orican  (i.  5).  As  noun,  N6rica, 
-ae,  f.,  Norican  woman  (i.  53). 

noB,  see  egfo. 

nosco,  noscere,  novi,  nStus,  3,  ob- 
tain a  knowledge  of,  learn  ;  in  tenses 
from  the  pf.  stem,  know,  be  familiar 
with,  be  acquainted  with. 

nosmet,  see  egromet. 

noBter,  -tra,  -trum,  [nSs],  pron.  adj., 
our,  our  own.  As  noun,  nostri, 
-orum,  m.,  pi.,  our  men,  our  side. 
[nostrum. 

notitia,  -ae,  [nStus],  f.,  knowledge, 
acquaintance,     [notice. 

noto,  -are,  -avi, -atus,  [nota,  mark'l, 
I,  brand  (C.  III.  74);  reprimand, 
check  (C.  I.  7).     [note. 

notuB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issi- 
mus, [part,  of  n6sc6],  adj.,  known, 
well-known,  familiar. 

novem,  or  viiii,  indeclinable  num. 
adj.,  nine. 

Noviodunum,  -i,  [Celtic  word,  = 
'  Newtown  '],  n.,  (no"  vi-o-du'  num), 
name  of  three  towns  : 

(i)  Of  the  Aeduans,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Liger  {Loire) ;  now 
Nevers.     vii.  55. 

(2)  Of  the  Bituriges,  south  of 
Cenabum.     vii.  12,  14. 

(3)  Of  the  Suessiones,  on  the 
Axona  {Aisne).     ii.  12. 

novltaB,  -tatis,  [novus],  f.,  novelty, 

ne^oness,  strangeness. 
novuB,    -a,    -um,    adj.,    new,   fresh, 

strange.      Sup.  novissimus,  last,  at 


noz 


77 


obitus 


the  rear.  As  noun,  novissimi, 
-orum,  m.,  pi.,  those  at  the  rear,  the 
rear.  novissimum  agmen,  rear 
of  the  line  of  march,  the  rear. 
[novice. 

noz,  noctis,  f.,  night,  multa  nocte, 
late  at  night,  when  the  night  was  far 
spent,     [nocti-  in  noctivagant,  etc. 

nozia,  -ae,  [noxius,  -a,  -um,  hurt- 
ful\  f.,  h7irt,  offence,  crime  (vi.  i6). 

aubo,  nubere,  nupsi,  supine  nup- 
tum,  3,  veil  one's  self  for  marriage, 
marry,  wed.     i.  i8,     [nuptial. 

nudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nudus],  i, 
strip,  make  bare;  clear  (il.  6); 
expose,  leave  unprotected. 

nudus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  naked,  bare; 
unprotected  {\.  2^).     [nude. 

nuUus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  nuUius,  dat. 
ntilli,  [ne,  =  ne,  +  uUus],  adj., 
none,  no.  As  noun,  especially  in 
the  dat.,  m.,  no  one. 

num,  interrogative  particle,  expecting 
the  answer  No. 

numen,  -inis,  [cf.  nuo,  nod'\,  n., 
divine  will ;  divine  majesty  (vi.  i6). 

numero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [nume- 
rus],  I,  count,  reckon.  C.  ill.  53. 
[numerate. 

numerus,  -i,  m.,  number,  amount; 
estimation,  account  (vi.  13).  ob- 
sidum  numero,  as  hostages  (v.  27). 
[number. 

Numidae,  -arum,  [j/o/ids,  wanderer., 
pi.  w^idSes],  m.,  pi.,  Numidians,  a 
people  in  Northern  Africa,  in  the 
country  now  called  Algeria,  famous 
as  archers,  and  employed  by  Caesar 
as  light-armed  troops  (ii.  7,  10,  24). 
Numidians  under  Juba  destroyed  the 
army  of  Curio  in  49  B.C.  (C.  ii.  39, 
41). 

nununuB,  -i,  m.,  piece  of  money,  money, 
coin.     V.  12.     . 

numquam  [ne,  =  ne,  +  umquam], 
adv.,  never,  not  at  any  time. 


nunc,  adv.,  no7v,  at  present. 
nuncup6,-are,-avi,  -atus,  [n5men, 

cf.    capio],    I,    name  publicly ;    of 

vows,  offer  publicly  (C.  I.  6). 
nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [nuntius], 

I,  annotmce,  report ;  give  orders  (iv. 

11).     Impers.  nuntiatur,   word  is 

brought,  it  is  reported. 
nuntius,  -i,   m.,    messenger,  agent  (i. 

44) ;    message,  tidings,      [nuncio. 
nuper,  sup.  nuperrime,  adv.,  lately^ 

recently. 
nutus,   -us,     [nu6,    nod\    m.,    nod, 

nodding  (v.  43);   bidding,  command 

(i.  31;   iv.  23). 

O. 

ob,  prep,  with  ace,  on  account  of,  for. 
ob  eam  causam,  for  that  reason. 
ob  eam  rem,  on  that  account,  there- 
fore, quam  ob  rem,  wherefore 
(l.  34);  for  %vhat  reason  (i.  50). 

obaeratus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor,  [ob, 
cf.  aes],  adj.,  in  debt.  As  noun, 
obaeratus,  i,  m.,  debtor,  serf{\.  4). 

obduco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
[ob  +  duco],  3,  lead  forward ;  of 
a  trench,  prolong,  extend  (ii.  8) . 

obeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  [ob  +  eo],  irr., 
go  to  meet;  attend  to.  omnia  per 
se  obire,  to  see  to  everything  in  per- 
son (v.  T,i). 

obicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [ob+ 
iacio],  3,  throw  before;  place  in 
front,  place  ;  put  in  the  way,  expose  ; 
of  taunts,  cast  up  at,  twit  of  (C.  HI. 
96);  of  difBculties, /^-^^.fw/ (vii.  59). 
[object. 

obieotatio,  -5nis,  [obiectS],  f.,  re- 
proach.    C.  III.  60. 

obiecto,  -are,  -§.vi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
obicio],  I,  accuse  of;  twit  of  (C.  ill. 
48). 

obiectuB,  -a,  -um,  see  obicio. 

obitus,  -0.8,  [cf.  obe5],  m.,  destruc- 
tion,    ii.  29.     [obituary. 


oblatus 


78 


obstinate 


obiatUB,  see  offero. 

oblique,  [obliquusj,  adv.,  obliquely, 

7vitk  a  slant,     iv.  17. 
obliquuB,    -a,   -um,    adj.,    slanting, 

crossivise.     vii.  73.     [oblique. 
obllviscor,  -livisci,  -litus,  3,  dep., 

forget,     [oblivion. 


obses,  -idis,  [cf.  obeideSJ,  m.  and 

f.,  hostage. 
obsessio,    onis,    [cf.    obsided],   f., 

siege    (vii.    36);    blockade    (vi.   36). 

[obsession. 
obsesBUB,  see  obsided. 
obsideo, -sidere.  -sedi,  -sessus,  [ob 


Figure  203.  —  A  Roman  document,  tied  and  sealed. 

The  writing  is  on  the  two  inside  faces  of  the  two  tablets,  which  were  securely  tied  together. 
The  seals  of  the  8  witnesses  were  stann.ped  in  wax  over  the  ends  of  the  cord,  a  groove  of 
suitable  width  being  cut  in  the  wood  of  the  tablets  for  the  purpose. 

The  names  of  those  who  stamped  their  seals  were  written  with  ink  on  the  wood  at  the 
right,  in  the  genitive  case.  The  number  of  witnesses  was  often  7  (cf.  p.  467).  sometimes  8. 
as  here,  sometimes  9  or  more. 

The  illustration  is  from  a  charred  tablet  found  at  Pompsii,  restored  ;  it  was  sealed  about 
100  years  after  Caesar's  death. 

The  names  of  the  first  three  and  last  three  witnesses  are:  L.  LAELIUS  FUSCUS,  SEXTUS 
NONIUS  SCAMANDER,  P.  AEFULANUS  CRYSAN1>US  ;  L.  MELISSAEUS  COERASUS,  L.  COR- 
NELIUS DEXTER,  and  L.  NAEVOLEIUS  NYMPHUS.    The  fourth  and  fiUh  names  are  uncertain. 

obBecro,  -are,  -avi,  atus,  [ob  + 
sacro,  from  sacer],  i,  beseech  in 
the  name  of  that  which  is  sacred. 


implore,  beg.     [obsecrate. 
obBcquentia,  -ae,  [obsequSns],  f., 

compliance^  complaisance,     vii.  29. 
obBcrvo,  -are,  -ftvi,  -atus,   [ob  + 

servo],  I,  watch,  observe  (vii.  16); 

keep  track  of  {y'\.  18);  heed,  comply 

with  (i.  45;  v.  35).     [observe. 


-f- sede6],   2,  besiege,   blockade;    of 

roads,  seize  upon,  block  (iii.  23,  24; 

V.  40).     [obsess. 
obsidio,  onis,  [cf.  obsideS],  f.,  siege, 

blockade;  oppression  (iv.  19). 
obsigno,    are,  -avi,    -atus,   [ob  + 

signo],  I,  seal  up,  seal  {Y'\g.  203). 
obsisto.      -sistere.    -stiti,      [ob  + 

sistoj,  3,  withstand,     vii.  29. 
obstinate  [obstinatus,  part,  of  ob- 


obstrictus 


79 


octo 


stinS,  persist],  adv.,  firmly,  stead- 
fastly, persistently,     v.  6. 

obstrictus,  -a,  -um,  see  obstringo. 

obstringo,  -stringere,  -strinxi, 
-strictus,  [ob  +  strings,  tie],  3, 
bind,  place  under  obligation,     i.   9, 

31- 

obstruo,  -struere,  -strfexi,  -strac- 
tus,  [ob  +  struo,///^],  3,  block  up, 
stop  up.  V.  50,  51;  vii.  41.  [ob- 
struct. 

obtempero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ob  + 
temper©],  i,  submit  to,  obey. 

obtenturus,  fut.  act.  partof  obtineo. 

obtestor,  -ari,  -atus,  [ob  +  testor], 

1,  dep.,  call  as  witness,  appeal  to ; 
implore,  adjure. 

obtineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus, 
[ob  +  teneoj,  2,  hold  fast,  main- 
tain, keep,  retain,  hold  (i.  3);  get 
possession  of,  obtain  (i.  18;  vi.  12); 
possess,  occupy,  inhabit  {\.  i).  [ob- 
tain. 

obtrectatio,  -5nis,  [obtrect5],  f., 
disparagement.    C.  I.  7. 

obvenio, -venire,  -veni,  -venturus, 
[ob  4-  venio],  4,  fall  in  with,  en- 
counter (ii.  23);  fall  to  the  lot  of, 
fall  to  {yn.  28,  81,  C.  I.  6). 

obviam,  [ob  +  ace.  of  via],  adv.,  in 
the  zvay,  against,  obviam  Caesar! 
proflciscitur,  goes  to  meet  Caesar 
(vii.  12). 

occSsio,  -6nis,  [cf.  occido],  f.,  op- 
portunity, favorable  moment;  sur- 
prise (vii.  45).     [occasion. 

occasus,  -us,  [cf.  occido],  m.., going 
down,  setting,  solis  occasus,  stm- 
set,  the  west  (i.  I ;   iv.  28). 

occidens,  -entis,  [part,  of  occido], 
adj.,  of  the  sun,  j<?///w^.  occidens 
sol,  the  ivest  (v.  13).     [Occident. 

occido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  [ob  +  cado], 

2,  fall  (vi.  37). 

occido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  cisus,  [ob  + 
caedo],  3,  kill,  slay. 


occisus,  -a,  -um,  see  occido. 

occultatio,  onis,  [occulto],  f.,  con' 
cealment.     vi.  21. 

occulte,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime, 
[occultus],  adv.,  secretly,  in  secret. 

occulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
occulo,  cover],  i,  hide,  conceal; 
keep  secret. 

occultus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  occulo,  cover], 
adj.,  hidden,  secret,  concealed.  As 
noun,  ex  occulto,  from  ambush,  in 
ambush  (vi.  34);  se  in  occultum 
abdere,  to  go  into  hiding  (vii.  30); 
in  occulto,  in  hidijtg,  in  conceal- 
ment (ii.  18;  vi.  35;  vii.  27,  35),  in 
a  secret  place  (i.  31,  32).      [occult. 

occupatio,  -onis,  [occupo],  f.,  em- 
ployment, engagement,    [occupation. 

occupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ob,  cf. 
capio],  1,  seize  upon,  seize,  take  pos- 
session of;  fill,  occupy  (ii.  8) ;  of  the 
attention,  engage,  occupy.  occu- 
patus,  -a,  -um,  as  adj.,  engaged ; 
busied  (\\.  19).     [occupy. 

occurro,  -currere,  -curri,  rarely  -cu- 
curri,  -cursurus,  [ob  +  curro], 
3,  run  to  meet,  come  to  meet,  meet ; 
meet  with,  fall  in  7uith,  encounter ; 
match,  offset  (vii.  22);  come  into 
fnind,  occur  (vii.  85).     [occur. 

Oceanus,  ^5^  [^QKeavbs],  m..  Ocean, 
considered  by  Caesar  as  one  body 
of  water,  including  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  the  English  Channel,  and 
the  North  Sea;   the  sea.     [ocean. 

Ocelum,  -1,  n.,  (6s'  e-lum),  a  town  of 
the  Graioceli  in  the  Alps,  west  of 
modern  Turin,     i.  10. 

octavus,  -a,  -um,  [octo],  numeral 
ord.  adj.,  eighth,     [octave. 

octingenti,  -ae,  -a,  or  DCCC,  [octo 
+  centum],  num.  adj.,  eight  hun- 
dred. 

octo,  or  VIII,  indeclinable  num.  adj., 
eight.     [October. 


octodecim 


80 


oppositus 


octodecim,  or  XViii,  [octS  +  de- 
cern J,  indeclinable  num.  adj., 
eighteen. 

OctoduruB,  -i,  m.,  (ok-to-du'  rus), 
chief  town  of  the  Veragri,  in  the 
Rhone  valley  southeast  of  Geneva, 
iii.  I. 

octogSni,  -ae,  -a,  or  LXXX,  [oct6], 
distrib.  num.  adj.,  eighty  in  each 
case. 

OCtoginta,  or  LXXX,  [oct5],  inde- 
clinable num.  adj.,  eighty. 

octoni,  -ae,  -a,  [oct6],  distrib.  num. 
adj.,  eight  each,  eight  at  a  time. 

OCiilus,  -i,  m.,  eye.     [oculist. 

6di,  Sdisse,  osurus,  def.,  hate. 

odium,  -i,  [odi],  n.,  hatred,     [odium. 

offendo,  -fendere,  -fendi,  -fensus, 
3,  hit  against ;  hurt,  wound  (i.  19). 
Impersonal,  offendi  posset,  injury 
could  be  inflicted,  a  disaster  might 
occur  (vi.  36);  esset  offensum, 
a  reverse  had  been  experienced  (C. 
III.  72).     [offend. 

offSnsid,  -6nis,  [offendS],  f.,  hurt- 
ing, wounding ;  reverse. 

offero,  -ferre,  obtuli,  obiatus,  [ob 
4- ferO],  irr.,  bring  before;  offer, 
present;  put  in  one's  way,  afford. 
S§  offerre,  to  offer  one^s  self  (vii. 
89),  expose  one's  self  (vii.  77),  rush 
against  (iv.  12).     [offer. 

officimn,  -i,  [for  *opificiuni,  ops 
4-  FAC  in  faci5],  n.,  service,  duty ; 
allegiance;  sense  of  duty  (i.  40). 
[office. 

OUovico,  -Onis,  m.,  (o-lov'  j-ko),  a 
king  of  the  Nitiobroges.     vii.  31. 

omitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[ob  +  mittS],  3,  lay  aside,  throw 
away  {y\\,  88);  neglect,  disregard  {\\. 
17).  omnibus  omissis  r€bus, 
laying  aside  everything  else  (vii.  34) . 
[omit. 

omnind,  [omnis],  adv.,  altogether; 
after  negatives,  at  all ;  with  numer- 


als, in  all,  altogether,  only.  nihil 
omninS,  nothing  at  all. 

omnis,  -e,  adj.,  every,  all ;  as  a  whole. 
As  noun,  pi.,  omnes,  -ium,  m.,  all 
men,  all;  omnia,  -ium,  n.,  all 
things,  everything,     [omnibus. 

onerarius,  -a,  -um,  [onus],  adj.,  of 
burden;  see  navis.     [onerary. 

onero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [onus],  i, 
load.     V.  I.     [onerate. 

onus,  -eris,  n.,  load,  burden,  weight ; 
cargo  (v.  i).     [onus. 

opera,  -ae,  [opus],  f.,  effort,  work, 
pains  ;  service,  aid,  assistance,  dare 
operam,  to  take  pains,     [opera. 

opinio,  -onis,  [opinor,  think\  {., 
idea,  notion  ;  good  opinion,  reputa- 
tion;  expectation.  opiniS  tinaS- 
ris,  impression  of  fear.  iGstitiae 
opinio,  reputation  for  fair  dealing 
(vi.  24).     [opinion. 

oportet,  oportere,  oportuit,  2,  im- 
pers.,  //  is  necessary,  it  is  needful ;  it 
behooves;  ought;  is  proper  (vii.  33). 

oppidanus,  -a,  -um,  [oppidum], 
adj.,  of  the  toivn.  As  noun,  oppi- 
dan!, -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  toivnspeople, 
inhabitants  of  the  town. 

oppidum,  -i,  n.,  fortified  town,  city; 
fortified  enclosure,  stronghold  (v.  21). 

oppleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus,  [ob  + 
pleo],  2,  fill  completely.     C.  ill.  73. 

oppono,  -pone re,  -posui,  -positus, 
[ob  +  p6n6],  3,  place  over  against, 
set  against,  oppose,      [oppose. 

opportune,  sup.  -issime,  [opporttt- 
nus],  adv.,  conveniently,  seasonably ^ 
opportunely. 

opportunitSs,  -atis,  [opportanus], 
f.,  fitness,  favorableness,  seasonable- 
ness;  favorable  situation,  advan- 
tage,    [opportunity. 

opportdnuB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
sup.  -issimus.  adj.,  ft,  suitable,  fa- 
vorable., advantageous,     [opportune. 

oppoBituB,   -a,   -um,   [part,  of  op- 


opprimo 


81 


ostento 


p5n6],  adj.,  placed  opposite ;  lying 

in  the  zvay  (vii.  56).     [opposite. 
opprimo,  -primere,  -pressi,  -pres- 

sus,  [ob  +  premo],  3,  weigh  down; 

overzvhelm,  crush  ;  take  by  surprise^ 

surprise^  fall  upon,     [oppress. 
oppugnatio,  -onis,   [oppugnS],   f., 

storming  of  a  city  or  camp,  assault, 

attack,  besieging. 
oppugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [ob  + 

pugno],   I,  attack,   assault ;    storm, 

besiege  ;  take  by  storming. 
ops,  opis,  nom.  and  dat.  sing,  not  in 

use,    f.,   help,  power,   might.         PI., 

opes,  -um,  help  (vi.  21);   resources, 

means,  wealth ;    influence ;    strength 

(vii.  76).     [opulent. 
optatus,   -a,  -um,   comp.   -ior,  sup. 

-issimus,  [part,  of  opt5],  adj.,  de- 
sired;  welcofue  (vi.  42). 
optime,  see  bene, 
optimus,  see  bonus. 
opus,  n.,  used  only  in  nom.  and  ace, 

necessity,  need.        opus  est,  there  is 

need,  it  is  necessary. 
opus,  operis,    n.,  zvork.  labor ;   that 

produced  by  labor,  structure,  ivorks  ; 

line   of  xvorks,    fortification.         Cf. 

quantus.     [opus. 
6ra,  -ae,  f.,  coast,  shore.        ora  mari- 

tima,  sea-coast  (iv.  20);    place  put 

for  people,  inhabitants  of  the  coast, 

people  along  the  sea  (iii.  8,  16). 
oratio,  -5nis,  [oro],  f.,  speech,  words, 

remarks,  plea,     [oration. 
orator,    -oris,    [6r6],    m.,    speaker; 

envoy  (iv.  27).     [orator. 
orbis,  -is,  m.,   circle.        in   orbem 

cSnsistere,  to  form  a  circle  (v.  33). 

orbis  terrarum,  the  world  (vii.  29). 

[orb. 
Orcynia,   -ae,   f.,    (or-sin' j-a) ,  vi^ith 

silva,  the  Her cynian  forest,     vi.  24. 
5rdo,    -inis,    m.,  row,  series;    layer 

(vii.     23);     rank,    order;     century 

(half  a   maniple),  company  (i.  40, 


V.  35) ;  officer  commanding  a  cen- 
tury, centurion,     [order. 

Orgetorix,  -igis,  m.,  (or-jet'  o-riks), 
a  Helvetian  nobleman  vfYio  formed  a 
plot  to  seize  the  supreme  power. 

Oricum, -i,  \^QpLKbv'],n.,  (or'i-cum), 
a  seaport  on  the  east  coast  of  the 
Adriatic,  now  Palaeocastro,  on  the 
bay  of  Valona.     C.  ill.  90. 

oriens,  -entis,  [part,  of  orior],  adj., 
rising.  oriens  sol,  rising  sun  ; 
the  east  (\.  1;  v.  13;  vii.  69).    [orient. 

orior,  oriri,  ortus,  4,  dep.,  rise,  arise  ; 
begin,  spring  from  ;  start  from  (i. 
39).  oriente  s51e,  at  sunrise 
(vii.  3).  orta  lace,  at  daybreak 
(v.  8). 

ornamentum,  -i,  [orno],  n.,  decora- 
tion; distinction,  honor  (i.  44;  vii. 
15).     [ornament. 

omatus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  5rn6],  adj., 
equipped,     [ornate. 

6m6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  furnish, 
equip  ;  provide  (vii.  33). 

oro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [6s,  mouth'],  i, 
plead,  beg,  entreat,     [orate. 

ortus,  -us,  [orior],  m.,  rising.  or- 
tus solis,  sunrise  (vii.  41). 

ortus,  see  orior. 

OS,  oris,  n.,  mouth ;  face  (v.  35;  vi. 
39;  C.  III.  99).     [oral. 

Osismi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (o-sis'  mi),  ai 
small  state  in  the  northwest  corner 
of  Gaul. 

ostendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -tentus, 
[obs,  for  ob,  +  tendo],  3,  show,  dis- 
play ;  point  out,  set  forth,  declare. 

ostentatio,  onis,  [ostent5],  f.,  dis- 
play, show;  ostentation  (vii.  53). 
ostentationis  causa,  in  order  to 
attract  attention  (vii.  45).  [osten- 
tation. 

ostento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
ostendo],  i,  display,  show;  with 
se,  show  off  (vii.  19). 


otium 


82 


parO 


otium,  -i,  n.,  rest,  quiet,  peace. 
ovum,  -i,  n,,  egg.     iv.  lo.     [oval. 


P.  with  proper  names  =  Pablius. 
pSbuiatio,   onis,  [pabulorj,  i.,  for- 
aging, getting  fodder .     [pabulation. 
pabulator,     oris,    [pabulor],    m,, 

forager,     v.  17. 
pabulor,  -ari,  -at us,  [pabulum],  i, 

d e p . ,  y<? rage,  obtai n  fodder . 
pabulum,     -i,     n.,     fodder,    forage. 

[pabulum. 
pacatuB,  -a,  -um,   comp.  -ior,  sup. 

-issimus,    [part,    of    paco],   adj., 

peaceful,  quiet,     [pacate. 
paco,  -are,  -avi,   -atus,    [pax],   i, 

pacify,  tranquillize,     [pacable. 
pactum,  -i,   [paciscor],   n.,    agiee- 

ment;      manner ^     way     (vii.     ^'^. 

[pact. 
Padus,  -i,  m.,  (pa'  dus),  Po^  the  great 

river  of  Northern  Italy,     v.  24, 
Paelignus,  -a,  -um,   Paelignian,   of 

the  Paeligni  (pe-lig'  nl),  a  people  of 

Central  Italy,  whose  chief  city  was 

Corfinium.     C.  ii.  35. 
Paemani,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (pe-ma'  nl), 

a  people  in  Belgic  Gaul.     II.  4. 
paene,  adv.,  almost,  nearly. 
paenitet,   -ere,   -uit,    2,  impers.,   it 

makes  sorry,  it  causes  regret,    [peni- 
'    tent. 
pftgus,  -i,  m.,  district,  canton,  gener 

ally    referring    to    the     inhabitants 

rather  than   to  the  country ;    clan, 

[pagan. 
palam,  adv.,  openly,  publicly. 
palma,   -ae,  f.,  palm   of  the   hand; 

hand  (vi.  26,  C.  HI.  98).     [palm. 
paludatUB,  -a,  -um,  7vearing  a  gen- 
eral's cloak  (palQdamentum);  as 

we  say,  in  uniform.     C.  i.  6. 
palfLs,  -fldis,  f.,  marsh,  swamp,  bog. 
paluster,  -tris,  -tre,  [paias],  adj., 

marshy,  swampy  (vii.  20). 


p£indo,  pandere,  pandi,  passus,  3, 

spread  out;    of   hair,    dishevel    (vii. 

48) .      passis  manibus,  with  hands 

outstretched. 
pSnis,  -is,  m.,  bread ;   pi.,  loaves   of 

bread  (C.  III.  48).     [pantry. 
par,  paris,  adj.,  like,  similar ^  same ; 

equal  ;      corresponding     (viL     74). 

par  atque,  same  as.     [par. 
paratus,  -a,  -um,  comp.   -ior,   sup. 

-issimus,     [part,    of   paro],    adj., 

ready,  prepared  ;  provided. 
parce,  comp.  -ius,    [parous],  adv., 

sparingly,     vii.  71. 
pared,  parcere,  peperci  and  parsi, 

parsurus,  3,  use  sparingly  (vii.  71); 

with  dat.,  spare,  give  quarter  to. 
pargns,  -entis,   [pariS],  m.  and  f., 

parent,     [parent. 
parents,  -are,  -atus,   [parens],    i, 

offer  a  sacrifice  in  honor  of  deceased 

parefits  or  relatives;   take  vengeance 

for    the   death    of   any   one,  avenge 

(vii.  17)- 
pared,  parere,  parui,  2,  obey ;  sub- 
mit to,  be  subject  to. 
parid,  parere,  peperi,   partus,    3, 

bring  forth  ;  obtain,  get,  acquire. 
Parisii, -6rum,  m.,pl.,  (pa-rish'[y]T), 

a   Gallic    people    on    the    Sequana 

{Seine) ;  the  name  survives  in  Paris. 


Figure  204.  -  A  coin  of  the  Parisii. 

Gold.  Obverse,  head  with  decorative 
treatment  of  the  hair. 

Reverse,  chariot  desigfn  conventionalized, 
the  outline  of  the  horse  alone  being  distinctive. 

paro,  -are,  -avi,  atus,  i,  prepare^ 
make  ready,  make  ready  for  ;  obtain, 
secure,     [pare. 


pars 


83 


paululum 


pars,  partis,  f.,  part,  portion,  share, 
nituiber ;  region,  district,  division; 
side,  direction  ;  party,  faction  (vi. 
II,  1.  15).  pars  maior,  the  ma- 
jority, una  ex  parte,  on  one 
side,  in  omnes  partes,  in  every 
direction,     [part. 

Parthi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  the  Parthians, 
a  Scythian  people  in  the  region  of 
the  Caspian  Sea.     C.  iii.  82. 

particeps,  -cipis,  [pars,  cf.  capi5], 
adj.,  sharing  in.  C.  ill.  60.  [par- 
ticiple. 

partim,  [ace.  of  pars],  adv.,  partly y 
in  part. 

parti  or,  partirl,  partitus,  [pars],  4, 
dep.,  divide,  divide  up,  share.  Part, 
partitus  in  a  passive  sense,  divided, 
shared,     [partite. 

partus,  see  pario. 

parum,  comp.  minus,  sup.  minime, 
adv.,  too  little,  not  enough.  Comp., 
less.  Sup.,  least,  very  little  ;  not  at 
all,  by  no  means,     [minus. 

parvulus,  -a,  -um,  [dim.  of  parvus], 
adj.,  very  small ;  very  young  ;  slight, 
trijling. 

parvus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  minor,  sup. 
minimus,  adj.,  small,  trijling,  in- 
significant. Comp.,  smaller,  less. 
As  noun,  minus,  n.,  less;  mini- 
mum, n.,  the  least,     [minimum. 

passim,  [passus,  from  pando],  adv., 
in  all  directions  (jv.  14);  here  and 
there  (C.  II.  38). 

passus,  -as,  m.,  step,  pace ;  as  a  meas- 
ure of  length,  pace  (reckoned  as  a 
double  step,  from  the  place  where 
either  foot  is  raised  to  the  place 
where  the  same  foot  rests  on  ground 
again),  =  5  Roman  feet,  or  4  feet, 
10^  inches  by  English  measurement. 
mille  passus.  mile ;  pi.,  milia 
passuum,  miles,     [pace. 

passus,  see  pando. 

passus,  see  patior. 


patefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factua, 
pass.,  patefio,  -fieri,  -factus,  [pa- 
teo  +  facio],  3,  lay  open,  open. 

patens,  -entis,  comp.  patentior, 
[part,  of  pate6j,adj.,  open,   [patent. 

pated,  patere,  patui,  2,  be  open,  lie 
open,  stand  open  ;  extend. 

pater,  -tris,  m.,  father.  PL,  patres, 
-w.m.,  fathers,  forefathers,    [paternal. 

patiens, -entis,  [patior],  adj.,  comp. 
patientior,  sup.  patientissimus, 
long-suffering,  patient.  C.  iii.  96. 
[patient. 

patienter,  comp.  patientius,  [pati- 
ens], 2id\., patiently,     vii.  77. 

patientia,  -ae,  [patiens],  f.,  endur- 
ance (vi.  24);  forbearance  (vi.  36). 
[patience. 

patior,  pati,  passus,  3,  dep.,  suffer, 
bear,  endure  ;  permit,  allow,  [pas- 
sive. 

patrius,  -a,  -um,  [pater],  adj.,  of  a 
father ;  ancestral,  of  {their)  fore- 
fathers (ii.  15). 

patronus,  -i,  [pater],  m.,  protector, 
patron,     vii.  40.     [patron. 

patria,  -ae,  [patrius,  sc.  terra'],  f., 
native  land,  fatherland  {Q.  ii.  7). 

patruus,  -1,  [pater],  m.,  father'' s 
brother,  uncle  on  the  father's  side. 

paucitas,  -atis,  [paucus],  i.,  fewness, 
small  number,     [paucity. 

paucus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  adj.,  little;  p\.,few.  As 
noun,  pauci,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  few, 
only  a  few ;  n.,  pi.,  pauca,  -orum, 
a  few  zoords\i.  44). 

paulatim,  [paulum],  adv.,  little  by 
little,  by  degrees  ;  gradually  ;  one  by 
one  (iv.  30). 

paulisper,  [paulum,  per],  adv., 
for  a  short  time,  a  little  while. 

paulo,  [abl.  of  paulus],  adv.,  by  a 
little,  Just  a  little. 

paululum  [paulus],  adv.,  a  very 
little,  only  a  little,     ii.  8. 


paulum 


84 


perendinus 


paulum,  [neut.  ace.  of  paulus],  adv., 
a  little,  somewhat. 

pax,  pacis,  i.,  peace,     [peace. 

peccd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  do  wrong. 

pectus,  -oris,  n.,  breast,     [pectoral. 

pecunia,  -ae,  [cf.  pecus,  cattle'],  f., 
property ;  money.  PI.,  pecuniae, 
contributions  of  money  (C.  i.  6). 

pecuni&rius,  -a,  -um,  [pecunia], 
adj.,  of  money,  pecuniary,  [pecuni- 
ary. 

pecus,  -oris,  n.,  cattle,  general  term 
for  domestic  animals;  flesh  of  cattle, 
meat  (iv.  i). 

ped^is,  -e,  [pes],  adj.,  measuring  a 
foot,  a  foot  thick,     iii.  13.     [pedal. 

pedes,  -itis,  [pes],  m.,  foot-soldier. 
PL,  pedites,  -um,  infantry. 

pedester,  -tris,  -tre,  [pes],  adj.,  on 
foot.  pedestres  copiae,  infan- 
try,    [pedestrian. 

pedit&tus,  -us,  [pedes],  m.,  in- 
fantry. 

Pedius,  -1,  m.,  Quintus  Pedius  (pe'- 
di-us),  nephew  of  Julius  Caesar, 
under  whom  he  served  as  lieutenant 
in  the  Gallic  and  Civil  Wars.  He 
was  consul  in  43  B.C.     ii.  2,  1 1. 

peior,  see  malus. 

pellis,  -is,  f.,  skin,  hide,     [pelisse. 

pello,  pellere,  pepuli,  pulsus,  3, 
drive  out,  drive  off ;  rout,  defeat. 

PSlusium,  -!,  [ITr/XoiJcrioj'],  n.,  (pe-lu'- 
shj-um),  a  city  and  fortress  in  Egypt, 
at  the  easternmost  mouth  of  the  Nile. 
C.  III.  103. 

pendo,  pendere,  pependi,  pSnsus, 
3,  weigh  out ;  pay.     [pendent. 

penes,  prep,  with  ace,  in  the  power 
of,  in  the  possession  of. 

penitus,  adv.,//r  7f^;V/4/w.     vi.  10. 

per,  prep,  with  ace,  through  ;  across, 
along,  over,  among;  dtiring,  in  the 
course  of;  by,  by  the  hands  of,  by 
means  of,  under  pretence  of;  by  rea- 
son of.     In  oaths,  in  the  name  of,  by. 


per  agrrds,  over  the  country  (vi.  31 ; 

vii.  3). 

In  composition,  per  adds  the 

force    of    through,   thoroughly,    very 

much,  very. 
perago,  -agrere.  -egri,  -actus,    [per 

+  a-ff^].  3>  finish,  complete^  bring  to 

an  end. 
perangustus,  -a,  -um,   [per  +  an- 

grustus],  adj.,    very    narrow,     vii. 

percello,  -ere,  perculi,  perculsua, 

1  3,  beat  down  ;  cast  down,  demoralize 
(C.  III.  47). 

perceptus,  see  percipio. 

percipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[per  +  capio],  3,  get,  secure,  gain  ; 
hear  (v.  i);  learn  (vi.  8).  [per- 
ceive. 

percontatio,  -onis,  [percenter,  in- 
quire], {.,  questioning,  inquiry. 

percurro,  -currere,  -cucurri  or 
-curri,  -cursurus,  [per  +  curr6], 
3,  run  through;  run  along  (iv.  t^"^. 

percussus,  see  percutio. 

percutio,  -cutere,  -cussi,  -cussus, 
[per  +  quatiS,  shake],  3,  thrust 
through.     V.  44.     [percuss. 

perdisco,  -discere,  -didici,  [per  + 
disc5],  3,  learn  thoroughly,  learn  by 
heart,     vi.  14. 

perditus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  perdS,  ruin], 
adj.,  abandoned,  desperate  (iii.  17). 
As  noun,  perdlti,  -6rum,  m.,  pi., 
desperate  men,  the  desperate  (vii.  4). 

perduco,  -dacere,  -dttxi.  -ductus, 
[per  4-  dac5],  3»  ^"^^  through, 
bring,  conduct,  convey;  bring  over, 
win  over  (vi.  12);  draw  out,  prolong 
(v.  31,  C.  III.  95);  extend,  construct, 
make. 

perendinuB,  -a,  -um,  [perendifi,  day 
after  to-morro7v],  adj.,  after  to-mor- 
row. perendinO  di§,  day  after 
to-morrow  (v.  30). 


pereO 


85 


perpetior 


pereo,  -ire,  -li,  -iturus,  [per  +  eo], 
irr.,  perish^  be  lost,     [perish. 

perequito,  -are,  -avi,  [per  + 
equito,  ride\  i,  ride  through  (vii. 
66);   ride  about  {\\ .  ■^T,) . 

pereziguus,  -a,  -um,  [per  +  exi- 
g-uus],  adj.,  very  small. 

perfacills,  -e,  [per  +  facilis],  adj., 
very  easy. 

perfectuB,  see  perflcio. 

perfero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus,  [per  + 
fero],  irr.,  lit.  carry  through  ;  carry, 
convey,  bring,  report ;  endure,  suffer  ; 
bear^  submit  to. 

perfici6,-flcere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [per 
+  faci5],  1,  finish,  complete;  per- 
form, accomplish,  carry  out;  cause, 
effect;  bring  about,  arrange,  [per- 
fect. 

perfidia,  -ae,  [perfldus],  f.,  faith- 
lessness, bad  faith,  treachery,  [per- 
fidy. 

perf lingo,  -frlngere,  -fregi,  -frac- 
tus,  [per  +  frangS],  3,  break 
through. 

perfuga,  -ae,  [perfugio],  m.,  de- 
serter. 

perfugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  [per  +  fu- 
grio],  i,fiee  for  refuge,  fiee. 

perfugium,  -i,  [cf.  perfugio],  n., 
place  of  refuge,  refuge,     iv.  38. 

pergo,  pergere,  perrexi,  perrec- 
tus,  [per  +  regQ],  3,  proceed,  ad- 
vance. 

periclitor,  -ari,  -atus,  [periculum], 
I,  dep.,  try,  prove,  make  trial  of, 
test;  be  in  danger,  incur  danger 
(vi.  34;   vii.  56). 

periculosus,  -a,  -una,  comp.  -ior, 
sup.  -issimus,  [periculum],  adj., 
full  of  danger,  dangerous,  i.  'i)'h^ 
vii.  8.     [perilous. 

periculum,  -i,  n.,  trial,  test  (i.  40); 
attempt  (iv.  2i);  risk,  datiger,  haz- 
ard,    [peril. 

peritus,  -a,  -um,   comp.   -ior,  sup. 


-issimus,  adj.,  skilled, practised ;  fa- 
miliar with. 

perlatus,  see  perfero. 

perlectus,  see  perlego. 

perlego,  -legere,  -legi,  -lectus, 
[per  4-  lego],  3,  read  through,  pe- 
ruse.    V.  48.     [perlection. 

perluo,  -luere,  -lui,  -lutus,  [per  + 
luo,  'wash\  3,  wash.  Pass,  used 
reflexively,  bathe  (vi.  21). 

permagnus,  -a,  -um,  [per  +  mag- 
nus],  adj.,  very  large,  very  great. 

permaneo,  -manere,  -mansi,  man- 
surus,  [per  +  maneo],  2,  continue, 
stay,  remain,     [permanent. 

permisceo,  -miscere,  -miscui,  -mix- 
tus,  [per  +  misceo,  mix\,  2,  mix, 
mingle,     vii.  62. 

permitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[per  -|-  mitto],  2,,  give  over,  entrust, 
commit ;  grant,  alloiv.     [permit. 

permixtus,  see  permisceo. 

permotus,  see  permoveo. 

permoveo,  -movere,  -movi,  -mo- 
tus,  [per  +  moveo],  2,  deeply  move, 
disturb,  alarm;  arouse,  stir ;  influ- 
ence, indtice. 

permulceo,  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  [per  + 
mulceo,  soothe^  2,  calm,  soothe. 
iv.  6. 

permulsus,  see  permulceo. 

pernicies,  -ei,  [per,  cf.  nex],  f.,  ruin, 
destruction,     i.  20,  36. 

perniciosus,  -a,  -um,  [pernicies], 
adj.,  ruinous,     C.  i.  7.     [pernicious. 

pernlcitas,  -tatis,  [pernix,  nimble'], 
{.,  quickness  of  movement,  nimbleness. 
C.  III.  84. 

perpauci,  -ae, -a,  [per  +  paucus], 
adj.,  very  few.  As  noun,  perpauci. 
-orum,  m.,  pi.,  a  very  few. 

perpendiculum,  -i,  [cf.  perpendo], 
n.,  plumb-line,     [perpendicular. 

perpetior,  -peti,  -pessus,  [per  -}- 
patior],  3,  dep.,  bear  patiently,  en- 
dure,   vii.  10  J  C-  ni.  47. 


perpetuo 


phalanx 


perpetuo  [perpetuus],  adv.,  contin- 
ually, constantly  (vii.  41);  always, 
forever  (i.  31). 

perpetuus,  -a,  -una,  [per,  cf.  pet6J, 
adj.,  continuous,  unbroken,  unceas- 
ing, entire,  perpetual.  As  noun,  in 
perpetuum,  for  ever,  ever  after. 
[perpetual. 

perquiro,  -quirere,  -quisivi,  -quisi- 
tus,  [per  +  quaero],  3,  make  care- 
ful inquiry  about,  inquire  about. 
vi.  9. 

perrumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupi,  -rup- 
tus,  [per  +  rump6,  brealc],  3, 
break  through,  burst  through,  force  a 
passage. 

perruptus,  see  perrumpo. 

per8crrb6,-scribere,-scrip8i,-scrip- 
tus,  [per  +  scribo],  3,  write  fully, 
report  in  writing. 

peraequor,  -sequi,  -secutu8,[per  + 
sequor],  3,  dc^.,  follow  up,  pursue ; 
assail,  attack  (i.  13;  v.  l);  avenge 
(vii.  38).     [persecute. 

persevere,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [perse- 
verus,  very  strict^,  i ,  continue  stea.d- 
fastly,  persist.       [persevere. 

persolvd,  -solvere,  -solvi,  -solutus, 
[per  +  solvo],  3,  pay  in  full,  pay. 

perspectus,  see  perspiciS. 

perspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spec- 
tus,  [per  +  specie,  look^  3,  see, 
look;  inspect,  survey ;  perceive,  ob- 
serve, ascertain,      [perspective. 

persto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -stattlru8,[per 
-f  sto],  I,  stand  firmly,  persist. 

persuaded,  -suadere,  -suasi,  -sua- 
sum  est,  [per  +  suadeS,  per- 
suade'\,  2,  convince,  persuade,  prevail 
upon,  induce,  mihi  persuadetur, 
/  am  convinced,     [persuade. 

perterreo,  -terrere,  -terrui,  -terri- 
tua,  [per  4-  terreS],  2,  greatly 
alarm,  frighten,  terrify,  dismay. 
Part.,  perterritus,  -a,  -una,  often 
panic-stricken. 


pertinacia,  -ae,  [pertinax,  per  -f 
tenax,  I  rum  teneoj,  i.,  obstinacy, 
stubbornness,     [pertinacity. 

pertineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  [per  + 
teneoj,  2,  reach  out,  extend ;  per- 
tain to,  concern,  belong  to.     [pertain. 

perturbatio,  -onis,  [perturbo],  f., 
disturbance,  confusion,  [perturba- 
tion. 

perturbo,  -are.  -avi,  atus,  [per  + 
turbo,  disturb^,  1,  disturb  greatly, 
disorder,  confuse,      [perturb. 

pervagor,  ari,  atus,  [per  +  va- 
gror],  I,  dep.,  roam  about. 

perveho,  -ere,  pervexi,  [per  + 
veho],  3,  carry  through  ;  pass,  with 
middle  sense,  sail  along  (C.  II.  3). 

pervenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventuna 
est,  [per  +  veniS],  4,  come  (to), 
arrive  (at),  reach  ;  of  an  inheritance, 
fall  to  (vi.  19). 

pes,  pedis,  m.,  foot ;  as  a  measure  of 
length,  =  .9708  of  the  English  foot, 
or  296  millimetres.  pedem  re- 
ferre,  to  retreat,     [pedestrian. 

pestilentia,  -ae,  [pestilens],  f., 
plague,  pestilence.  C.  III.  87.  [pes- 
tilence. 

petitus,  see  peto. 

peto,  petere,  petivi  and  petii,  peti- 
tus, 3,  make  for,  try  to  reach,  seek  ; 
get,  secure;  beg,  ask,  request.  pe- 
tere ut  liceat,  to  ask  permission. 

Petrocorii,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (pet-ro- 
ko'ri-I),  a  Gallic  people  north  of 
the  Garumna  (^Garonne)  river,     vii. 

75- 

Petronius,  -i,  m.,  Marcus  Petronius 
(pe-tro'  nj-us),  a  centurion  of  the 
eighth  legion  (vii.  50). 

Petrosidius,  -i,  m.,  Lucius  Petrosi- 
dius  (pet-ro-sid'  i-us),  a  brave  stand- 
ard-hearer,    v.  37. 

phalanx,  -angris,  Greek  ace.  sing.,  (i. 
52)  phalangra,  [0ciXa7f],  f.,  com- 
pact host,  mass,  phalanx,     [phalanx. 


Philippus 


87 


plenus 


Philippus,  -i,  m.,  Lucius  Marctis 
Philippus  (fi-lip'  us),  consul  in 
56  B.C.     C.  I.  6. 

Pictonea,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (pik'  to-nez), 
a  Gallic  people  bordering  on  the 
Atlantic  south  of  the  Liger  {Loire). 
Fig.  205. 


Figure  205.  — A  coin  of  the  Pictones. 

Silver.  Reverse,  cavalryman  with  a 
shield.  The  object  underneath  has  not  been 
explained. 

The  hair  of  the  head  on  the  obverse  is 
shown  in  thick  masses. 

pietas,  -atis,  [plus,  dutiful\  f., 
dutiful  conduct,  devotion,  to  the  gods, 
one's  country,  or  one's  kindred ;  loy- 
alty (v.  27),     [piety. 

pnum, -1,  XV.,  javelin, pike.     [pile. 

pilus,  -i,  [pilum],  ni.,  with  primus, 
maniple  of  the  triarii,  a  division  in 
the  army  containing  the  most  experi- 
enced soldiers.  primi  pili  cen- 
turio,  first  centurion  of  the  first 
ynaniple  of  the  triarii,  first  centurion 
of  the  legion  in  rank  (iii.  5).  pri- 
mum  pilum  ducere,  to  lead  the 
first  maniple  of  the  triarii,  to  hold 
the  rank  of  first  centurion  (v.  35; 
vi.  38  ;   C.  III.  91). 

pinna,  -ae,  L,  feather  ;  in  military  lan- 
guage, battle/nent.      [pen. 

PiruBtae,  -arum,  m.,  pi.,  (pT-rus'te), 
a  people  in  Illyricum.     v.  i. 

piscatorius,  -a,  -um,  [piscator, 
fisher7nau\  adj.,  of  a  fisherman. 
naves  piscatorlae,  fishing-smacks 
(C.  II.  4).     [piscatory. 

piscis,  -is,  m.,fish.     iv.  lo.     [Pisces. 


Piso,  -onis,  m.,  (pi'  so)  : 

( 1 )  Lucius  Calpurnius  Piso  Cac 
soninus,  consul  112  B.C.     i.  12. 

(2)  Lucius  Calpurnius  Piso  Cae- 
soninus,  consul  with  Aulus  Cabi- 
nius,  58  B.C.;  father-in-law  of  Cae- 
sar,    i.  6,  12. 

(3)  Marcus  Pupius  Piso  Calpur- 
nianus,  consul  with  M.  Valerius 
Messala,  61  B.C.     i.  2,  35. 

(4)  /'/j^,  abrave  Aquitanian.  iv.  12. 
pix,  picis,  {.,  pitch,     [pitch. 
Placentia, -ae,  f.,   (pla-sen'sh[y]a), 

a  city  in  northern  Italy,  on  the  Po 
River;   now  Piacenza.     C.  ill.  71. 

placed,  placere,  placui,  placitum 
est,  2,  please,  be  agreeable,  be  ivel- 
come  to.  Used  impersonally,  placet, 
it  pleases,  it  seems  good ;  it  is  agreed, 
it  is  settled ;  it  is  resolved,  it  is  de- 
cided, ei  placuit,  he  resolved  (i. 
34).     [please. 

placide,  comp.  -ius,  [placidus],  adv., 
quietly,  calmly,     vi,  8. 

placd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  appease, 
conciliate,     vi.  16.     [placate. 

Plancus,  -i,  m.,  Lucius  Munatius 
Plancus  (mu-na'sh[y]us  plang'- 
kus),  a  lieutenant  in  Caesar's  army. 
V.  24,  25. 

plane,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime,  [pla- 
nus], adv.,  clearly,  distinctly  (iii. 
26);   entirely,  quite  (vi.  43). 

planities,  -ei,  [planus],  f.,  level 
ground,  plain. 

planus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  adj.,  level,  even  (iv.  23); 
flat  (iii.  13).     [plain. 

plebs,  plebis,  or  plebes,  -ei,  f.,  the 
common  folk,  the  common  people,  the 
masses,  apud  ^X&hQxn.,  among  the 
masses,     [plebeian. 

plSne,  comp.  -ius,  [plenus],  adv., 
fully,  completely,     iii.  3. 

plenus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  ^d].,full. 


plerumque 


88 


possum 


plSnimque,  [n.  ace.  of  plerusque], 
adv.,  conunonly,  generally,  usually, 
for  the  most  part. 

plerusque,  -aqua,  -umque,  [plerus, 
very  viany'\,  adj.,  very  many,  most. 
As  noun,  plerique,  -orumque,  m., 
pi.,  the  most,  the  greater  part,  the 
majority,  most. 

Pleumoxii,-6rum,  m.,  pi.,  (plu-mok'- 
si-T),  a  Belgic  people,  subject  to  the 
Nervians.     v.  39. 

plumbum,  -i,  n.,  lead.  plumbum 
album,  tin  (v.  12.)     [plumber. 

plurSs,  piarimus,  see  miultus. 

plus,  plurimum,  see  multum. 

pluteus,  -i,  m.,  breastwork  of  planks 
or  wickerwork,  placed  on  ramparts 
(vii.  41),  or  on  the  stories  of  a  tower 
(vii.  25) ;  ^vood  construction  (vii. 
72);  movable  mantelet,  to  protect 
besiegers. 

poculum,  -i,  n.,  cup,  beaker,    vi.  28. 

poena,. -ae,  f.,  co jup ens ation,  fine  {y . 
i);  punishment, penalty.  poenas 
pendere  (vi.  9)  or  persolvere, 
(i.  \2),  to  pay  the  penalty,     [penal. 

poUez,  pollicis,  m.,  thumb,  great  toe. 

polliceor,  -liceri,  -licit us,  [por-  + 
liceor],  2,  dty^.,  promise,  offer. 

pollicitatio,  onis,  [poUicitor,  freq. 
of  polliceor],  f.,  promise,  offer. 

pollicitus,  see  polliceor. 

Pompei^nus,  -a,  -\im,  [Pompeius], 
adj.,  of  Pompey.  As  noun,  Pom- 
peiani,  -6rum,  m,,  pi.,  soldiers  of 
Pompey,  Pompey s  men.  (C.  III.  48. 
72). 

Pompeius,  -i,  m.,  (pom-pe'  yus) : 

(i)  Gnaeus  Pompeius  Magnus, 
Pompey,  Caesar's  father-in-law  and 
rival,  born  B.C.  lo6;  conquered  by 
Caesar  at  the  battle  of  Pharsalus, 
and  afterwards  murdered  in  Egypt. 

(2)  Gnaeus  Pompeius,  an  inter- 
preter serving  under  Titurius  Sabi- 
nus.     V.  36. 


pondus,  ponderis,  [cf.  pend5],  n., 

heaviness,  lueight  (ii.  29;  vi.  27;  vii. 

22);    a   weight    as   a   standard    of 

value  (v.  12);   quantity  (C.  III.  96). 

[ponderous. 
pono,   ponere,  posui,    positus,    3, 

place,  put;    lay  down   (iv.  37);    set 

aside(v\.  ly);  station  ;  pitch.     Pass. 

often  be  situated,  be  dependent,  de- 
pend on.    castra  ponere,  to  pitch 

camp,  encamp,     [positive. 
pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge,     [pontoon. 
populatio,  -6ni8,    [populor],  f,  a 

laying  waste,  ravaging,     i.  15. 
populor,    -ari,    -atxis,    i,    dep.,    lay 

waste,  devastate,     i.  II. 
populus,  -i,  m.,  people  as  a  political 

whole,  nation,     [people. 
por-,  in  Q.oxa:^o%\\\ow,  forth,  forward. 
porrigo,    -rigere,    -rexi,     -rectus, 

[por-  -H  reg5],  3,  reach  out,  extend. 
porro,    adv.,    moreover,  furthermore. 

V.  27.    , 
porta,  -ae,  f.,  gate  of  a  city,  gateway ; 

of  a   camp,  gate,  entrance,  passage. 

[porter  (door-keeper). 
ports,   -are,    -§,vi,  -atus,    i,   carry ^ 

bring,  convey,  take,     [portage. 
portorium,  -i,  n.,   toll,   tax^  customs 

duties,     i.  18;   iii.  i. 
portus,  -us,  m.,  harbor,  haven,     [port. 
posco,  poscere,  poposci,  3,  demand, 

ask  for  urgently  ;  of  things,  require^ 

make  necessary  (vii.  i). 
positus,  -a,  -um,  see  p6n6. 
possessio,  -onis,   [cf.  possidd],  f., 

possession,     [possession. 
possideo,    -sidere,    -sedi,   [por-  -f- 

sedeo],    2,    hold,    occupy,    possess, 

i.  34;   ii.  4;  vi.  12.     [possess. 
possido,    -sidere,    -8§di,    -sessus, 

[por-  +  sidS],  T„  gain  possession  of, 

possess  one's  self  of.     iv.  7. 
possum,  posse,  potui,  [potis,  able, 

+  sum],    irr.,    be    able,   can ;    have 

power^  have    influence.       multum 


post 


89 


praeceps 


posse,  to  have  great  influence; 
plurimum  posse,  to  have  very 
great  power,  influence,     [posse. 

post,  adv.,  afterwards,  later,  after; 
with  abl.  of  degree  of  difference, 
anno  post,  a  year  later,  the  follow- 
ing year,  paucis  post  diebus,  a 
few  days  later. 

post,  prep,  with  ace.  only : 

( 1 )  Of  place,  behind.      post  ter- 
gum,  in  the  rear. 

(2)  Of  time,  after.       post  me- 
dian! noctem,  after  midnight. 

postea  [post  ea],  adv.,  afterzvards. 
postea  quam,  with  the  force  of  a 
conjunction,  after  that.,  after. 

posterns,  -a,  -um,  nom.  sing.  m.  not 
in  use,  comp.  posterior,  sup.  pos- 
tremus,  [post],  adj.,  the  folloiving, 
next.  As  noun,  poster!,  -orum, 
m.,pl.,  posterity  (vii.  77).     [postern. 

postpone,  -pone  re,  -posui ,  -positus, 
[post  +  pono],  3,  put  after,  lay 
aside.  omnia  postponere,  to  dis- 
regard everything  else  (vi.  3).  om- 
nibus rebus  postpositis,  laying 
everything  else  aside  (v.  7) .  [post- 
pone. 

postpositus,  see  postpone. 

postquam  [post  -f  quam],  conj., 
after  that,  after,  when;  post  and 
quam  are  often  separated  by  inter- 
vening words. 

postremo  [abl.  of  postremus,  sc. 
tempore],  adv.,  atlast,flnally. 

postridie,  [locative  from  posterus 
dies],  adv.,  the  next  day.  postridie 
eius  diei,  the  next  day,  the  following 
day. 

postul&tum,  -i,  [part,  of  postulo], 
n.,  demand,  claim,  request. 

postulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  claim, 
demand,  ask,  request;  of  things,  re- 
quire, make  necessary,  demand;  ac- 
cuse of  {C  u\.  ^t^).     [postulate. 

potSns,  -entis,  comp.  potentior,  sup. 


-issimus,  [part,  of  possum],  adj., 
powerful.  As  noun,  potentior, 
-oris,  m.,  one  more  pozverful  (vi. 
11);  pi.,  the  more  powerful  (ii.  i; 
vi.  13,  22).  potentissimi,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  the  most  powerful  (vi.  22). 
[potent. 

potentatus,  -us,  [potens],  m., 
pozver,  headship,  supremacy.  i.  31. 
[potentate. 

potentia,  -ae,  [potens],  f.,  might, 
power,  influence,     [potency. 

potestas,  -atis,  [potis],  f.,  might, 
power,  authority,  lordship;  possibil- 
ity, opportunity.  potestatem  fa- 
cere,  to  give  opportunity  ;  to  grant 
permission  (iv.  15;   v.  41). 

potior,  potiri,  potitus,  {^otm^ablel, 
4,  dep.,  obtain  possession  of  become 
master  of,  acquire,  obtain. 

potius,  adv.  in  comp.  degree,  sup. 
potissimum,  [potis],  adv.,  rather, 
more,  preferably.  potius  quam, 
rather  than. 

prae,  prep,  with  abl.,  in  comparison 
with  (ii.  30),  (7«  account  of  {yW.  44). 

praeacuo,  -cuere,  -cui,  -cutus,  3, 
sharpen  at  the  end. 

praeacutus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  prae- 
acuo], adj.,  sharpened  at  the  end, 
sharpened,  pointed ;  very  sharp. 

praebeo,  -ere,  praebui,  praebitus. 
[prae  +  habeo],  2,  hold  forth  ;  ex- 
hibit., manifest;  furnish,  provide  (ii. 
17);  produce  (iii.  17).  [prebendary. 

praecaveo,  -cavere,  -cavi,  -cautus, 
[prae  +  caveo],  2,  take  precau- 
tions,    i.  38.     [precaution. 

praecedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessu- 
rus,  [prae  +  cedo],  3,  go  before ; 
surpass.,  excel  (i.  i).     [precede. 

praeceps,  -cipitis,  [prae  +  cap  in 
caput],  adj.,  headlong,  with  great 
speed,  head  over  heels  {W.  24;  v.  17); 
steep,  precipitous  (iv.  33).  [precipi- 
tous. 


praeceptum 


90 


praescribo 


praeceptum,  -i,  [part,  of  praecipioj, 
n.,  order ^  command,  instruction,  in- 
junction ;  precept,  v.  35;  vi.  36. 
[precept. 

praecipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 
[prae  +  capioj,  3,  anticipate  (vii. 
9;  Cm.  87)  ;  order,  direct,  instruct. 

praecipito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [prae- 
ceps],  I,  hurl  headlong^  fling  down. 
[precipitate. 

praecipu§,  [praeclpuus],  adv.,  es- 
pecially, specially,  particularly. 

praecipuuB,  -a,  -um,  [prae  +  cap 
in  capio],  adj.,  especial,  particular. 

praecludd,  -cludere,-clusi,  -clusus, 
[prae  +  claudo],  3,  close  up,  block. 
V.  9.      [preclude. 

praeco,  -onis,  m.,  herald,  crier. 

Praeconinua  (pre-co-nf  nus),  see 
Valerius  (i). 

praecurro,  -currere,  -cucurri  or 
-curri,  [prae  -f  curro],  3,  run 
forward,  hasten  forivard  (vi.  39,  C. 
II.  34);  hasten  in  advance  (vii.  37) ; 
anticipate  (vii.  9).     [precursor. 

praeda,  -ae,  [cf.  praehendo],  f., 
booty,  spoil,  plunder,     [prey. 

praedico, -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [prae  + 
dico],  I,  make  known,  declare,  an- 
nounce;  boast  (i.  44,  C.  II.  39). 
[preach. 

praedico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictus, 
[prae  +  dico],  3,  say  beforehand ; 
order,  give  orders,  in  advance  (C.  ill. 
92).     [predict. 

praedo,  -6nis,  [praeda],  m,,  robber, 
pirate.     Cm.  104. 

praedor,  -Eri,  -atus,  [praeda],  i, 
dep.,  obtain  booty,  pillage,  plunder. 

praeduc5,  -dacere,  -dQxi,  -ductus, 
[prae  -f-  diic6],  3,  extend,  make  in 
front,     vii.  46,  69. 

praefectus,  see  praeflciS 

praefectUB,  -i,  [praeflciO],  m.,  com- 
mander, prefect;  subsidiary  oflicial 
(I-  39)-     [prefect. 


praefero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus,  [prae 
+  fer6],  irr.,  carry  before  ;  put  be- 
fore, prefer  to  (v.  54).  se  prae- 
ferre,  to  show  on^s  self  superior  to 
(ii.  27).     [prefer. 

praeficio,  -flcere,  -feci,  -fectus, 
[prae  +  facio],  3,  place  in  com- 
mand of,  appoint  to  command. 

praeflgo,  -fig-ere, -fixi,  -fixus,  [prae 
+  figo,  fasten'],  3,  flx  in  front. 
sudibus  praefixis,  by  driving 
stakes  in  front  (v.  18).      [prefix. 

praefringo,  -fringere,  -fregri,  -frac- 
tus,  [prae  +  frangro],  3,  break  off, 
shatter.     C  ii.  6. 

praemetuo,  -ere,  [prae  +  inetu5, 
fear],  3,  be  anxious,     vii.  49. 

praemitto,  -raittere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[prae  -|-  mitto],  3,  send  forward, 
send  ahead,  send  in  advance,  [pre- 
mise. 

praemium,  i,  [prae,  cf.  emo],  n., 
reward^  distinction,      [premium. 

praeoccupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [prae 
-f  occupo],  I,  take  possession  of  be- 
forehand, seize  first  (vii.  26).  [pre- 
occupy. 

praeopt6,-are,  -avi,  atus,  [prae  + 
optoj,   I,  choose  rather,  prefer.     I. 

25- 
praeparo,  are,   avi,   atus,  [prae  + 

paro],    I,    make   ready   beforehand, 

make  ready,  prepare,     [prepare. 
praepdno,  -ponere,  -posui,   -posi- 

tus,  [prae  +  pono],  3,   set  over, 

place  in  command  of 
praerumpo,  -rumpere,  -rilpi,  -rup- 

tus,    [prae  +  rumpO,   break],    3, 

break  off  in  front,  break  off.     iii.  14. 
praeruptus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  prae- 

rump6],  adj.,  steep,  precipitous. 
praeaaepio,       -saepire,       -saepsi, 

-saeptus,     [prae  +  saepid],     4, 

fence  in  ;  block,  bar  (vii.  77). 
praesaeptUB,  see  praesaepi6. 
praescribo,      -scribere,      -scripsi. 


praescriptum 


91 


primum 


-scriptus,  [prae  +  scribS],  2^  give 
directions,  direct  (i.  30,  40);  deter- 
mine (ii.  20).     [prescribe. 

praescriptum,  -i,  [part,  of  prae- 
scribo],  n.,  direction,  order,  instruc- 
tions,    i.  36.     [prescript. 

praesens,  -entis,  comp.  -ior,  [part, 
of  praesum],  adj.,  at  hand,  present. 
[present. 

praesentia,  -ae,  [praesens],  i., pres- 
ence (v.  43) ;  present  time.  in 
praesentia,/?;'  the  present,  [pres- 
ence. 

praesentio,  -sentire,  -sensi,  -sen- 
sus,  [prae  +  sentio],  4,  perceive 
beforehand,     v.  54;  vii.  30. 

praesertim  [prae,  cf.  sero,  Joinl, 
adv.,  especially,  particularly. 

praesidium,  i,  [praeses,^M«r^],  n., 
guard,  detachment,  garrison,  protec- 
tion ;  post,  redoubt;  safety  (ii.  11). 

praest5,  -stare,  -stiti,  -stitus,  [prae 
+  sto],  I,  surpass,  excel ;  exhibit, 
display,  manifest;  discharge,  per- 
form, do.  Impers.  praestat,  it  is 
preferable,  it  is  better. 

praestd,  adv.,  at  hand.  praest5 
esse,  to  meet  (v.  26). 

praesum,  -esse,  -fui,  [prae  +  sum], 
irr.,  preside  over ;  be  at  the  head  of 
have  command  of,  have  charge  of. 

praeter,  prep,  with  ace.  only,  beyond 
(i.  48) ;   except,  besides  ;  contrary  to. 

praeterea  [praeter  +  ea],  adv.,  be- 
sides, further. 

praetereo,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus, 
[praeter  +  eo],  irr.,  pass  over 
(vii.  25,  77);  pass,  go  by  (vii.  77). 
[preterit. 

praeteritus,  see  praetereo. 

praetermitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  mis- 
sus, [praeter  +  mitto],  3,  pass 
over,  let  pass,  allow  to  go  by. 

praeterquam  [praeter  -f  quam], 
adv.  with  comparative  force,  other 
than,  besides,     vii.  77. 


praetor,  -oris,  [*praeitor,  from 
praeeo],  m.,  general,  commander 
(i.  21);  praetor,  a  Roman  magis- 
trate, next  in  rank  to  the  consul. 

praetorium,  -i,  [praetorius],  n., 
generaVs  tent.     C.  III.  82. 

praetorius,  -a,  -um,  [praetor],  adj., 
of  the  commander,  generaPs  (i.  40, 
42) ;  pretorian.  As  noun,  praeto- 
rius, -i,  m.,  ex-praetor,  man  of  prae- 
torian rank  (C.  ill.  82).  [preto- 
rian. 

praetura,  -ae,  [praetor],  f.,  the  office 
of  praetor,  praetorship  (C.  ill.  82). 

praeustus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  prae- 
iiro],  adj.,  burnt  at  the  end,  hard- 
ened at  the  end  by  burning. 

praeverto,  -vertere,  -verti,  [prae 
+  verto],  3,  outstrip  ;  attend  to  first 

(vii.  ZZ)' 

pravns,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  adj.,  bad,  wicked,     vii.  39. 

preces,  see  prex. 

premo,  -ere.  pressi,  pressus,  3, 
press,  harass,  oppress  ;  pass.,  be  hard 
pressed,  be  beset,  be  burdened,  be  in 
need,     [press. 

prendo  (for  prehendo),  prendere, 
prendi,  prensus,  3,  take,  grasp. 
i.  20. 

pretium,  -i,  n.,  price,  7jalue.     [price. 

prex,  precis,  f.,  generally  pi.,  nom. 
and  gen.  sing,  not  in  use,  prayer, 
entreaty,  supplication ;  curse,  impre- 
cation (vi,  31). 

pridie,  adv.,  the  day  before,  the  previ- 
ous day.  pridie  eius  diei,  the 
day  before  that  day,  on  the  previous 
day  (i.  47). 

pnmipilus,  -i,  [primus  +  pilus],  m., 
=  primus  pilus,  first  centurion; 
see  pilus.     ii.  25,  C.  III.  53. 

primd  [abl.  of  primus],  adv.,  at  first, 
in  the  first  place. 

primum  [ace.  of  primus],  adv.,y?^j/, 
before    everything  else,    itt    the  first 


primus 


92 


proelium 


place.  quam  primum,  as  soon  as 
possible,     cum  primum,  as  soon  as. 

primus,  see  prior. 

princeps,  -ipis,  [primus  +  cap  in 
capi5],  adj.,y?rj/,  chief,  at  the  front. 
As  noun,  m.,  leading  man,  leader,  pi. 
often  leading  men.     [prince. 

principatus,  -us,  [princeps],  m., 
chief  authority, headship,  [principate. 

prior,  -us,  gen.  priSris,  adj.  in  comp. 
degree,  sup.  primus,  [cf.  pro], 
former,  previous,  first.  As  noun, 
priores,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  those  in  ad- 
vance (ii.  ii).  Sup.  i>rim.M&, first, 
the  first.  As  noun,  primi,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  the  foremost  men,  the  first. 
prima,  -orum,  n.,  pi.,  in  the  phrase 
in  primis.  especially,    [prior,  prime. 

pristinus,  -a,  -um,  [*prls,  =  prius, 
-f-- tin  us],  adj.,  former,  previous, 
earlier,  old-time,     [pristine. 

prius  [prior],  adv.,  before,  sooner, 
earlier. 

priusquam,  prius  quam,  conj.,  be- 
fore, sooner  than  ;  prius  and  quam 
are  often  separated  by  intervening 
words. 

priv&tim  [privatus],  Zi^v.,  privately, 
as  individuals,  opposed  in  meaning 
to  pablice.     i.  17;  V.  55. 

privatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  privS], 
adj.,  private,  personal.  As  noun, 
privatus,  -i,  m.,  private  individual 
(vi.  13).     [private. 

privo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  rob,  de- 
prive.    C.  III.  90. 

pro,  prep,  with  abl.  only,  in  front  of, 
before  ;  for,  in  behalf  of;  instead  of, 
as;  on  account  of,  in  return  for; 
in  accordance  with  (ii.  31);  in  pro- 
portion to,  considering  (i.  2,  51;  vi. 
19;   vii.  56,  74). 

probS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [probus], 
I,  approve;  shoiv  to  be  worthy,  dis- 
play (v.  44);  prove  (v.  27);  show, 
demonstrate  (i.  3).     [probe. 


prScSdo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  [prC  -f- 
c5d6],  3,  advance,  go  forward. 
[proceed. 

Procillus,  (pro-sil'  us),  see  Vale- 
rius (4). 

proclino,  -are,  -avi,  atus,  [prO  -f 
cUn6,  bend'\,  I,  bend  forward,  lean 
forward ;  pass.,  become  desperate  (vii. 
42). 

proconsul,  -ulis,  [pro  -f-  cSnsul], 
m., proconsul, a.n  ex-consul  appointed 
as  governor  of  a  province. 

procul,  adv.,  at  a  distance,  from  afar, 
far  off. 

procumbo,  -cumbere,  -cubui,  [pr6 
+  cumb5,  for  cubo,  lie  down'],  3, 
fall  prostrate  (vii.  15);  sink  down 
(ii.  27);  be  beaten  doivn  (vi.  43);  lie 
down  (vi.  27);  lean  forward  {\\.  17). 

prociiratio,  -onis,  [pr5car5],  f., 
charge,  management.     C.  III.  104. 

procuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pr6  -f 
curo],  I,  look  after,  have  charge  of, 
regulate,     vi.  13.     [procure. 

procurro,  -currere,  -cucurri  or 
-curri,  [pro  +  curro],  3,  run  for- 
ivard,  hasten  forward,  rush  forward. 

prodeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  est,  [prOd-, 
for  pro,  +  ©6],  irr.,  come  out,  come 
forth,  advance. 

prodesse,  see  pr5sum. 

pr6diti6,-6nis,[pr6d6],  [.,  treachery. 

proditor,  -oris,  [prod5],  m.,  traitor. 

proditus,  see  prodo. 

prodo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [prO  -|- 
do],  3,  gix'e  forth,  make  knoivn ; 
transmit,  hand  down;  surrender, 
betray ;  give    up,   abandon   (iv.  25). 

produce,  -ddcere,  -daxi,  -ductus, 
[pr6  -|-  dClc6],  3,  bring  out,  lead 
forth  ;  prolong  (iv.  30) .      [product. 

prdductus,  sec  prodttcO. 

proelior,  ari,  -atus,  [proelium],  i, 
dep.,  pght. 

proelium,  -i,  n.,  battle,  combat,  engage' 
ment. 


profectio 


93 


propinquus 


profectio,  -onis,  [proflciscor],  f., 
departure,  setting  out. 

profectus,  see  proflcio. 

profectus,  see  proflciscor. 

profero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus,  [pro  -f- 
fero],  irr.,  bring  out,  bring  forth. 

pr6fici6,-flcere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [pro 
+  faci5],  3,  effect,  gain,  accomplish. 
[profit. 

proflciscor,  -flcisci,  -fectus,  [pro- 
flcio], 3,  dep.,  set  out,  depart ;  set 
out  {for^, proceed. 

profiteer,  -flteri,  -fessus,  [pro,  = 
pro,  +  fateor,  confess^  2,  dep.,  de- 
clare openly,  avow  (Yil.  2,  37)  ;  offer, 
promise,     [profess. 

profligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pro  -|- 
fligo,  strike'],  1,  put  to  flight,  rout. 
ii.  23;  vii.  13.     [profligate. 

profluo,  -fluere,  -fluxi,  [pro  -|- 
flu5],  2,  flow  forth.     IV.  10. 

profugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,  [pro,  = 
pro,  +  fugio],  Z,flee,  escape. 

profui,  see  pr5sum. 

profundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fusus, 
[pr5  -f  fundo],  t„  pour  forth.  se 
profadit,    rushed  forward  (C.  iii. 

93)- 

prognatus,  -a,  -um,  [pro  +  (g)na- 
tus,  from  (g')nascor],  a.d].,  sprung, 
descended,     ii.  29;    vi.  18. 

progredior,  -gredi,  -gressus,  [pro 
-i-  gradior,  step],  3,  dep.,  advance, 
go  forward,  proceed,     [progress. 

progresBUB,  see  progredior. 

prohibeo,  -hibere,  -hibui,  -hibitus, 
[pro  4-  babeo],  2,  hold,  restrain; 
keep  off,  prevent,  hinder ;  cut  off, 
shut  off;  protect,  defend.  [pro- 
hibit. 

proicid,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [pro 
+  iacio],  3,  throiv  forward,  throw, 
fling,  cast;  of  arms,  throw  doivn ; 
abandon,  lose  ( ii.  15).  se  proicere, 
to  leap  down  (iv.  25),  to  prostrate 
one's  self  (i.  27,  31).     proiectae, 


pass,  as  middle,  casting  themselves 
(vii.  26).     [project. 

proinde  [pro  +  inde],  adv.,  hence, 
therefore,  and  so.  proinde  ac  si, 
just  as  if  (C.  III.  60). 

promineo,  -minere,  -minui,  2,  bend 
forward,  lean  forzvard.    [prominent. 

promiscue  [promiscuus],  adv.,  in 
common,  promiscuously,     vi.  21. 

promiBsr.B,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  pro- 
mitto],  adj.,  of  hair,  hanging  down, 
flowing.     V.  14. 

promotus,  see  promoveo. 

promoveo,  -movere,  -movi,  -mo- 
tus,  [pro  +  raoveo],  2,  move  for- 
ward, push  forward,     [promote. 

promptuB,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  promo,  bring for- 
zuard~\,  adj.,  ready,  quick,     [prompt. 

promunturium,  -i,  [cf.  promineo], 
n.,  headland,     iii.  1 2.     [promontory. 

prone  [pronus],  adv.,  bending  for- 
zvard,  leaning  forward,     iv.  17. 

pronuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pro 
-f-  ndntio],  i,  tell  openly,  declare; 
announce, give  jiotice.  Impers.,  pro- 
nuntiatur,  notice  is  given,  [pro- 
nounce. 

prope,  comp.  propius,  sup.  proximo, 
adv.,  near,  nearly,  ahnost ;  followed 
by  the  ace,  near.  proximo,  near- 
est, next,  very  near ;  last,  most  re- 
cently. 

propello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsus, 
[pro  +  pello],  3,  drive  away,  put 
to  flight,  rout;  force  back  (v.  44). 
[propel. 

propero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [prope- 
rus,  quick],  I,  hurry,  make  haste, 
hasten. 

propinquitas,  -atis,  [propinquus], 
f.,  nearness,  vicinity;  relationship 
(ii.  4).     [propinquity. 

propinquus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
[prope],  adj.,  near,  neighboring. 
As  noun,  propinquus,  -i,  m.,  rela- 


propior 


94 


provisus 


tive ;   pi.,   propinqui,  -orum,    m., 

relatives,     kinsfolk;     propinquae, 

-arum,  {.,  female  relatives  (i.  i8). 
propior,  -us,  gen.  propioris,  adj.   in 

comp.  degree,  sup.  proximus,  [cf. 

prope],    positive    wanting,    nearer. 

proximus,  -a,  -um,   nearest,   next, 

last,  of  space  or  time.       proxima 

nocte,     on     the    following    night, 

[proximate. 
propiuB.  see  prope. 
propono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus, 

[pro  +  p6n6],  3,  set  forth,  put  fo)-- 

ward,    present;     declare,    explain; 

propose,    intend;    raise,  display    (ii. 

20).      [propose. 
propositum,    -i,    [pr5positus],   n., 

intention,  purpose.     C.  ill.  84. 
propositus,  see  propono. 
.proprius,   -a,   -um,  adj.,   one's  own, 

particular,  peculiar,    characteristic. 

vi.  22,  23.     [proper. 
propter,  prep,  with  ace.  only,  on  ac- 
count of,  in  consequence  of. 
proptere^  [propter  +  ea],  adv.,/7r 

ihis  reason,  therefore.        propterea 

quod,  because. 
propugnator,    -oris,     [propugnoj, 

m.,  defender,     vii.  25. 
propugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pro  + 

pugrnS],    I,  come  forth  to  fight  (v. 

9) ;  fight  on  the  defensive  (ii.  7;   vii. 

86). 
propulso,    -are,  -avi,  -atus,   [freq. 

of  propello],  I,  drive  off,  drive  back 

(i.  49) ;    ward  off,  repel  (vi.  15). 
prora,  -ae,  [7r/)<ppo],  {.,pro^v.     [prow. 


proruo,    -ere,  -ui,  -utus, 


thro7u 


do7vn  ;  tear  down  (iii.  26). 
prosequor,  -sequi,  -secQtus,  [pro 

+  sequor],   3,   dep.,  follow  after ; 

follow   up,   pursue;  address  (ll.  5). 

[prosecute. 
prospectus,  -tts,  [cf.  prOspiciS],  m., 

view,    sight.  in    prSspectQ,    in 

sight,  visible  (v.  10).     [prospect. 


prospicio,  -spicere,  spexi,  -spec- 
tus,  [pro  +  specio,  look\,  3,  look 
out,  see  to  it  {v.  7);  provide  for, 
look  out  for  (i.  23;    vii.  50). 

prosterno,  -stemere,  -stravi,  -stra- 
tus, [pro  f  sterno,  scatter'},  3, 
overthrow,  utterly  cast  down,  destroy. 
vii.  77.     [prostrate. 

prosum,  prodesse,  profui,  [pr6, 
prod-,  +  sum],  irr.,  be  of  advantage 
to.     VI.  40. 

protego,  -tegrere,  -texi,  -tgctus, 
[pro  +  teg5],  3,  cover,  protect. 
[protect. 

protero,  -terere,  -trivi,  -tritus,  [pro 
+  tero],  3,  wear  away,  destroy.  C. 
11.  41. 

proterreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  [pro  + 
terreo],  2,  frighten  away,  drive  off 
by  means  of  fright,     v.  58;    vii.  81  . 

protinus  [pro  +  tenus],  2i.(\\.,forth- 
with,  at  once,  immediately. 

proturbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pr6  -f 
turbS,  disturb'],  i,  drive  away,  re- 
pulse,    ii.  19;   vii.  81. 

provectuB,  see  proveho. 

proveho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectus, 
[pro  +  veho],  3,  carry  forward  {y. 
8) ;  pass,  in  a  middle  sense,  put  out 
to  sea. 

provenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventum 
est,  [pro  +  veniS],  4,  come  forth  ; 
grow  (v.  24). 

provehtuB,  -us,  [cf.  pr6veni6],  m., 
issue,  result,  outcome,     vii    29,  80. 

provided,  -videre,  -vidi,  -visus, 
[pr6  f  videS],  2,  foresee,  perceive 
in  advance  ;  provide  for,  look  out  for. 
[provide. 

provincia, -ae,  {.,  province  ;  often ///^ 
Province,  the  part  of  Transalpine 
Gaul  subdued  by  the  Romans  before 
58  n.f.     [province. 

provinciaiiB,  -e,  [prSvincia],  adj., 
of  the  province,    vii.  7.     [provincial. 

prdviBUB,  see  prOvideO. 


provolo 


95 


quaestor 


provolo,  -arc,  -avi,  [pro   +  volo, 

_/?/],  \,Jiy  forward,  dash  forth,     ii.  19. 

proxime,  see  prope. 

prozimus,  -a,  -um,  see  propior. 

prudentia,  -ae,  [prudens,  for  pro- 
videns,  far-seeing],  f.,  foresight, 
good  judgment,     ii.  4.     [prudence. 

Ptianil,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (ti-a'ni-i),  a 
small  state  in  Aquitania.     iii.  27. 

Ptolomaeus,  -i,  [IlroXe/xatos],  m., 
Ptolemy.^  king  of  Egypt  in  49  b  c, 
brother  of  Cleopatra.     C.  in.  103. 

puberes,  -um,  [adj.  pubes  used  as  a 
noun  J,  m.,  pi.,  adults,     v.  56. 

publice  [publicus],  adv.,  in  the  name 
of  the  state,  as  a  state,  publicly. 

publico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [publi- 
cus], I,  make  public ;  confiscate  (v. 
56;  vii.  43).     [publish. 

publicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the  state, 
public,  common.  litterae  pub- 
licae,  state  documents  (v.  47).  res 
publica,  the  state,  public  business, 
public  interest.  As  noun,  publi- 
cum, -i,  n.,  a  public  place  (vi.  28; 
vii.  26).  in  publico,  in  a  public 
place  (vi.  18).     [public. 

Publius,  -i,  m.,  (pub'li-us),  a  Roman 
first  name. 

pudet,  pudere,  puduit  or  puditum 
est,  2,  impers.  form  of  pudeo,  it 
shajnes  ;  it  makes  ashamed  (vii.  42). 

pudor,  -oris,  [of.  pudeo],  m.,  shame., 
sense  of  shame. 

puer,  pueri,  m.,  child,  boy. 

puerilis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  [puer],  adj., 
of  a  child,     [puerile. 

pugna,  -ae,  (..,  fight,  combat,  battle. 

pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [pugna],  i, 
fight,  engage  in  battle,  pugnatum 
est,  the  battle  raged. 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum,  comp.  -ior, 
sup.  pulcherrimus,  adj.,  beautiful 
(vii.  15)  ;    noble  (vii.  77). 

Pullo,  -onis,  m.,  (pul'  6),  a  brave  cen- 
turion.    V.  44. 


pulsus,  sec  pello. 

pulsus,  -us,  [pelloj,  m.,  stroke;  of 
oars,  movement  (ill.  13).     [pulse. 

pulvis,  pulveris,  m.,  dust.  [pul- 
verize. 

puppis,  -is,  f.,  stern  of  a  ship.     [poop. 

purgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [for  *pu- 
rigo;  purus  +  ago],  i,  tnake  cleans- 
free  from  blame,  excuse,  clear,  sui 
purgandi  causa,  in  order  to  excuse 
themselves,     [purge. 

Puteoli,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (pu-te' o-lT), 
a  city  on  the  coast  of  Campania,  now 
Pozzuoli.     C.  111.  71. 

puto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  think,  con- 
sider, believe,  judge,     [putative. 

Pyrenaeus,  -a,  -um,[Ili;pT;m?os],  adj., 
of  Pyre ne.  Pyrenaei  montes,  the 
Pyrenees  Mountains,     i.  I. 


Q.  =  Quintus. 

qua  [abl.   fern,  of  qui,  originally  so. 

via  or  parte],  adv.,  where. 
qua,  nom.  sing,  fem.,  and  neut.  pi., 

of  the  indefinite  pron.  quis,  or  qui. 
quadrageni,  -ae,  -a,[quadraginta], 

num.    distributive    adj.,   forty   each, 

forty  in  each  case.     iv.  17;   vii.  23. 
quadraginta,    or    XL,    [quattuor], 

indeclinable  num.  adj.,  forty. 
quadringenti,     -ae,    -a,    or     CCCC, 

[quattuor  +  centum],     numeral 

adj.,  four  hundred. 
quaero,  -ere,  quaesivi,  quaesitus, 

3,    look  for,    seek  (ii.   21;    vii.   37); 

ask,  inquire,  make  inquiry,    [query. 
quaestio,  -onis,  [cf.  quaero],  f.,  in- 
quiry;    examination,    investigation. 

[question. 
quaestor,  -oris,  [cf.  quaero],  m. : 
(i)   quaestor,  state  treasurer,  the 

lovi^est  in  rank  of  the  great  officers 

of  state. 

(2)   quarter-master,    quaestor,    an 

officer   accompanying   the    army  on 


quaestus 


96 


quin 


campaigns,  having  charge  of  money 
and  supplies,  sometimes  detailed  for 
military  service  in  charge  of  troops. 

quaestus,  -as,  [cf.  quaerS],  m.,  ^<f/- 
^ing  oi  money ^  gain.  vi.  17,  C.  ill. 
60. 

quails,  -e,  [cf.  quis],  inter,  adj.,  0/ 
what  sort?  what  sort  of  ?     i.  21. 

quam  [qui],  adv.  and  conj.,  how 
much,  hoiv ;  with  superlatives  (with 
or  without  possum),  as  possible  ; 
after  comparatives  and  comparative 
expressions,  than^  as;  with  expres- 
sions of  time,  after,  quam  vetus, 
how  old.  quami  diu,  as  long  as. 
naves  quam  plurimas,  as  many 
ships  as  possible.  quam  celer- 
rime,  as  quickly  as  possible.  post 
diem  quartum  quam,  the  fourth 
day  after. 

quamvTs  [quam  +  vis,  from  volo], 
adv.,  however  much;  however  (iv. 
2). 

quando,  adv.,  ever,  at  any  time. 

quanto  opere,   see  quantus. 

quantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  ho7v  great, 
how  much,  how  large  ;  after  tantus, 
as;  tantum  . . .  quantum,  so  much, 
so  far  .  .  .  as.  As  noun,  with  gen. 
of  the  whole,  quantum  boni,  how 
much  advantage,  hoxv  great  advan- 
tage (i.  40);  q\iantum  agri,  as 
much  land  as  (vi.  22).  quantS 
opere,  how  much,  how  deeply  (ii.  5). 
quants  opere  .  .  .  tant5  opere, 
as  much  as  .  .  .so  much  (vii.  52). 

quantusvis,  quantavis,  quantum- 
vis,  [quantus  +  vis,  from  volO], 
adj.,  however  great^  no  matter  how 
threat. 

quSrS  [qua  +  r§],  adv.,  wherefore, 
and  for  this  reason. 

quartuB,  -a,  -um,  [quattuor],  adj., 
fourth.  quartus  decimus,  or 
XllII,  fourteenth,     [quart. 

quasi  [quam  -\-  si],  conj.,  as  if. 


quattuor,  or  IIII,  indeclinable  num. 
adj.,  four. 

quattuordeclm,  or  Xllll,  [quattuor 
-f  decem],  indeclinable  num.  adj., 
fourteen. 

-que,  enclitic  conj.,  and,  appended  to 
a  word  which  in  construction  belongs 
after  it. 

quem  ad  modum,  see  modus. 

queror,  queri,  questus,  3,  dep., 
complain,  lament;  complain  of, 
make  complaint  of.     [querulous. 

questus,  see  queror. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  gen.  cuius,  rel.  and 
inter,  pron. : 

(i)  As  rel.  pron.,  who,  which; 
at  the  beginning  of  a  clause  often 
best  rendered  by  a  personal  or  de- 
monstrative pron.,  with  or  without 
and.     idem  qui,  the  same  as. 

(2)  As  inter,  adj.  pron.,  what? 
what  kind  of? 

qui,  quae  or  qua,  quod,  indef.  pron., 
any,  any  one,  or  anything,  used  both 
as  subst.  and  as  adj.  si  qui,  \i  any 
one. 

qulcquam,  see  quisquam, 

quicumque,  quaecumque,  quod- 
cumque,  indef.  pron.,  whoever, 
whatever,  whichever. 

quid,  see  quis. 

quldam,  quaedam,  quiddam,  indef. 
pron.,  a  certain  one,  a  certain  thing. 
As  arlj.,  quidam,  quaedam,  quod- 
dam,  a  certain,  some,  certain. 

quldem,  adv.,  indeed,  at  least,  nfi 
.  .  .  quidem,  not  er'en. 

quldnam,  see  quisnam. 

qulSs,  -etis,  f.,  rest,  repose,  [quiet 
(noun). 

qulStuB,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  quifiscO, 
from  quiSs],  adj.,  at  rest,  caltn^ 
quiet;  peaceful,  at  peace,  [quiet 
(adj.). 

quIn,  [old  abl.  qui  +  ne],  conj.,  thai 
not,  but  that,  without;   after  words 


quincunx 


97 


quotiens 


expressing  doubt  or  suspicion,  that ; 
after  deterreo,  retineo,  etc.,  trans, 
by  from  with  a  participle,  quin 
etiam,  moreover. 
quincunx,  -ancis,  [quinque  +  un- 
cia],  f.,  quincunx.,  an  arrangement 
of  trees  or  other  objects  like  the  five 
spots  on  the  dice  {quincunx),,  thus: 


•  vii.  73. 

quindecim,  or  XV,  [quinque  +  de- 
cern], indeclinable  num.  9.<^].,  fifteen. 

quingenti,  -ae,  -a,  or  D,  [quinque 
+  centum],  num.  adj.,yf7-r  hundred. 

quini,  -ae,  -a,  [quinque],  distrib. 
num.  adj.,y?z/^  each.,  five  at  a  time. 

quinquaginta,  or  L,  [quinque],  in- 
declinable num.  ^6\.., fifty. 

quinque,  or  v,  indeclinable  num.  adj., 
five. 

quintUB,  -a,  -una,  [quinque],  adj., 
fifth,     [quint. 

Quintus,  -i,  m.,  (kwin'  tus),  a  Roman 
first  name. 

quia,  ,  quid,  inter,  pron.,  %vho? 

what?  Neut.  quid,  with  gen.  of 
the  whole,  quid  consilii,  ivhatplan  ? 
neut.  quid,  as  adverbial  ace,  %vhy  ? 
quid  vos  sectamini,  why  do  ye 
pursue?  (vi.  35). 

quia,  ,  quid,   indef.  pron.,   any 

one.,  anything.  As  adj.,  qui,  quae 
or  qua,  quod,  any.  si  quis,  if 
any  one.  ne  quis,  that  not  any 
one.,  thai  no  one.  Neut.  quid,  with 
partitive  gen.,  any;  as,  si  quid 
consilii,  if  any  plan. 

quisnam, ,  quidnam,  inter,  pron., 

who.,  pray?  what.,  pray?  As  adj., 
quinam,  quaenam,  quodnam,  of 
what  kind.,  pray  (ii.  30). 

qulspiam, ,   quidpiam,    indef. 

pron.,  any  one.,  anything  (vi.  17). 
As  adj.,  quispiam,  quaepiam, 
quodpiam,  any  (v.  35). 


quisquam,  ,  quicquam,  indef. 

pron.,  any  one.,  anything.       As  adj., 
any  (ace.  quemquam,  vi.  36). 

quisque, ,  quidque,  indef.  pron., 

each  one.,  each  thing.       As  adj.,  quis- 
que, quaeque,  quodque,  each. 

quisquis, ,  quicquid,  indef.  rel. 

pron.,  whoever.,  whatever. 

quivis,  quaevis,  quidvis,  [qui  + 
vis,  from  volo],  indef.  pron.,  any 
one.,  anything  you  please.  As  adj., 
quivis,  quaevis,  quodvis,  any 
whatever. 

quo,  see  qui. 

quo,  adv.  and  conj. : 

(i)  quo  [dat.  or  abl.  of  qui], 
adv.,  relative  and  interrogative, 
whither.,  where;  indefinite,  after  si 
and  ne,  to  anyplace.,  at  any  point., 
anywhere. 

(2)  quo  [abl.  of  qui],  conj.,  used 
especially  with  comparatives,  fol- 
lowed by  subj.,  in  order  that.,  that., 
that  thereby.  quo  minus,  that  not., 
often  best  translated  hy  from  with  a 
participle. 

quoad  [quo  +  ad],  conj.,  as  long  as 
(iv.  12);  utttil.,  till  (iv.  II;  v.  17, 
24). 

quod  [ace.  of  qui],  conj.,  because.,  in- 
asmuch as,  since;  as  to  the  fact  that., 
so  far  as. 

quo  minus,  see  quo  (2). 

quoniam  [quom,  old  form  of  cum, 
+  iam],  conj.,  since.,  seeing  that.,  be- 
cause., inasmuch  as. 

quoque,  conj.,  following  the  emphatic 
word  of  a  clause,  also.,  too. 

quoque,  abl.  of  quisque,  which  see. 

quoque  =  et  quo. 

quoque  versus,  see  versus. 

quot,  indeclinable  adj.,  how  many,  as 
many  as.     iv.  22,  vii.  19. 

quotannis  [quot  +  abl.  pi.  of  an- 
nus], z.(\\.,  yearly.,  every  year. 

quotiSna    [quot],  adv.,  as  often   as 


quotienscumque 


98 


recorder 


(v.  34);   how  often  (i.  43,  C.  in.  72). 
[quotient. 
quotiSnscumque,       [quotiens    + 
-cumquej,  adv.,  just  as  often   as. 
C.  I.  7. 


rSdi2,  -icis,  f.,  root  (vi.  27);  of  an 
elevation,  foot^  base.  radices  col- 
lis,  the  foot  of  the  hill  (vii.  51,  69). 
radices  montis,  the  base  of  the 
height.^  the  foot  of  the  mountain. 
[radish. 

rado,  -ere,  rasi,  rasus,  3,  shave. 
[razor. 

raeda,  -ae,  f.,  xvagon  with  four  wheels, 
i.  51 ;   vi.  30, 

ramus,  -i,  m.,  branch,  bough,  limb. 

rapiditas,  -atis,  [rapidus,  swift']., 
f.,  swiftness,     iv.  17.     [rapidity. 

rapina,  -ae,  [cf.  rapio,  seize\  {..,  pil- 
laging^ plundering.     1.15.     [rapine. 

rSrus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  ra- 
rissimus,  adj.,  not  thick  ;  p\.^  few., 
scattered,  in  small  parties,     [rare. 

rasus,  see  rado. 

ratio,  onis,  [reor,  reckon].,  {..,reckon- 
ing,  enumeration;  account ;  method, 
means.,  way ;  plan.,  theory,  system, 
science  ;  reason,  ground ;  condition, 
situation.  rationem  habere,  to 
keep  an  account  (vi.  19),  take  account 
ofiy.  27,  VII.  71;  C.  III.  82).  ra- 
tiSne  inita,  having  made  calculation 
(vii.  71).  abs  te  rationem  re- 
poscent,  they  will  call  you  to  ac- 
count., 7vill  hold  you  responsible  (v. 
30).     [ratio,  ration,  reason. 

ratis,  -is,  f.,  raft. 

Rauraci,  -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  (ra'  ra-sl),  a 
people  along  the  upper  Rhine,  north 
of  the  Helvetians. 

re-,  red-,  used  only  in  composition, 
again,  back. 

rebellio,  -6nis,  [rebellis,  from  re-  + 
bellum],  f  ,  re  nerval  of  fighting,  up- 


rising. 


rebellionem  facere,  to 


enter    into    rebellion,    rebel,    revolt. 
[rebellion. 

Rebilus,  (reb'  j-lus),  see  Caninius. 

rec§d6,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessurus, 
[re-  +  cedo],  3,  withdraw,  [re- 
cede. 

recens,  -entis,  adj.,  /r^j// .•  recent., 
late.  As  noun,  recentes,  -ium. 
m.,  pi.,  those  who  7vere  fresh,  the  un- 
wearied (v.  16;  vii.  48;  C.  III.  94). 
[recent. 

recensed,  -ere,  recensui,  [re-  + 
censeo],  2,  revieiu,  mobilize,   vii.  76. 

receptaculum,  -i,  [recepto],  n., 
place  of  shelter,  retreat,    [receptacle. 

receptuB,  see  recipid. 

receptus,  -us,  [recipio],  m.,  retreat; 
avenue  of  retreat  (vi.  9);  recall,  a 
signal  given  with  a  musical  instru- 
ment to  call  soldiers  back  (vii.  47). 

recessus,  -us,  [recedS],  m.,  a  reced- 
ing; opportunity  to  draw  back  (v. 
43).     [recess. 

recido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -casarus,  [re- 
-f  cado],  3,  fall  back ;  come  upon, 
fall  to  the  lot  of  {\\\.  I ) . 

recipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 
[re-  +  capio],  3,  take  back,  get  back, 
recover,  ivin  ;  receive,  admit ;  take 
upon  one's  self  (C.  ill.  82).  8§ 
recipere,  to  retreat,  withdraiv;  to 
recover  one's  self  {W.  12;  iv.  27,  34). 
recipere  in  deditiSnem,  receive 
into  submission,      [receive. 

recit6,-are,  avi.  -atus,  [re-  -f  cit6, 
quote].,  I,  read  aloud,  recite,  v.  48. 
[recite. 

reclino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  -f 
clinS.  bend].,  I,  bend  back.  se 
reclinare,  to  lean  back  (vi.  27); 
part,  reclinatus,  leaning  hack  (vi. 
27).     [recline. 

recorder,  ari,  -atus,  [re-,  cor],  i, 
dep.,  remember,  call  to  mind.  C.  III. 
47i  72,  73-     [record. 


recreo 


99 


Reginus 


recreo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  + 
creo],  I,  restore,  renew.  C.  in.  74. 
[recreate. 

recte,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime,  [rec- 
tus], adv.,  rightly,  properly;  nobly 
(vii.  80);   safely  (vii.  6). 

rectus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  rec- 
tissimus,  [part,  of  rego],  adj., 
straight,  direct. 

recupero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-,  cf. 
capio],  3,  get  back,  recover,  [recu- 
perate. 

recusatio,  -onis,  [recuse],  f.,  re- 
fusal, objection,  protest.  C.  ill. 
98. 

recuse,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-,  cf. 
causa],  I,  refuse,  make  refusal,  de- 
cline;  raise  objections  (v.- 6). 

redactus,  see  redig-o. 

redditus,  see  reddo. 

reddo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [red-  + 
do],  3,  give  back,  restore,  return; 
render,   make    (ii.   5).  ius   red- 

dere,  to  dispense  justice  (vi.  13). 
supplicationem  reddere,  to  pro- 
claim a  thanksgiving  (vii.  90). 
vitam  pro  vita  reddere,  to  give 
life  for  life  {\\.  16).     [rendition. 

redemptus,  see  redlmo. 

redeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  est,  [red-  -f- 
eo],  irr.,  go  back,  come  back,  return  ; 
slope  down  (ii.  8);  be  reduced  (v. 
48);  be  referred  (vi.  11).  ad 
gladios  redire,  to  resort-to  swords^ 
draw  swords  (C.  ill.  93). 

redigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actus,  [red-  -f- 
ago],  1^1  force  back ;  reduce;  render.^ 
make  (ii.  27;   iv.  3).     [redact. 

redimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus, 
[red-  4-  emo],  3,  buy  back,  pur- 
chase ;  of  revenues,  buy  up.,  farm 
(i.  18).     [redeem. 

redintegro,  -are,  -avi.  -atus,  [red- 
-f  integ-ro,  make  xvhole^  i,  com- 
mence again,  renew;  revive,  [re- 
dintegrate. 


reditio,  -onis,  [cf.  rede5],  f.,  agoing 
back.,  returning,     i.  5. 

reditus,  -us,  [cf.  redeo],  m.,  return- 
ing, return,     iv.  30;   vi.  29,  36. 

Redones,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (red'  o-nez), 
a  people  in  northwestern  Gaul  (Fig. 
206). 


Figure  206.  —  Coin  of  the  Redones. 

Gold.  Obverse,  head  with  chaplet  of 
laurel. 

Reverse,  horseman  brandishingf  a  spear 
and  shield  ;  in  front  of  the  horse,  a  head  of 
wheat, 

rediico,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
[re-  ■\-  duco],  3,  lead  back,  bring  or 
conduct  back;  draw  back  (vii.  22, 
24)  ;  carry  back,  put  back,  (vii.  72). 
[reduce. 

refectus,  see  reflcio. 

refer6,-ferre,  rettuli,  -latus,  [re-  + 
fero],  3,  bring  back.,  carry  back  (iv. 
28) ;  bring,  carry,  convey  to  a  place 
or  person;  report.,  announce.  pe- 
dem  referre,  to  retreat,  gratiaiu 
referre,  to  make  return.,  requite. 
[refer. 

reficio,  -flcere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [re- 
+  facio],  3,  repair^  refit,  restore; 
of  troops,  refresh  (iii.  5;  vii.  32,  83)  ; 
recruit  {C  ill.  87).     [refectory. 

refrSctus,  see  refringo, 

refring6,-fringere,  -fregi,  -fractus, 
[re-  +  frang-a],  3,  break  (vii.  56); 
burst  in,  break  down  (ii.  ^■^).  [re- 
fract. 

refugio,  -fugere,  -fugi,[re-+fugi6], 
Zifiee  back  (v.  35) ;  flee  away.,  escape. 
[refuge. 

Reginus,  (re-ji'  nus),  see  Antistius. 


regie 


100 


renO 


regis,  -6nis,  [cf.  reg6,  keep  straight^ 
i.^  direction,  line  ;  boundary;  region, 
tract,  territory,  recta  regione,  in 
a  direct  line  (vii.  46) ;  along  the  line 
(vi.  25).  e  regione,  directly  oppo- 
site,    [region. 

rSgius,  -a,  -um,  [rex],  adj.,  kingly^ 
royal,     vii.  32,  C.  ill.  104. 

rSgno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [regrnum], 
I,  be  king^  reign,    v.  25.     [reign. 

rSgnum,  -i,  [cf.  reg5],  n.,  kingship^ 
sovereignty^  royal  power ;  absolute 
authority  ;  territory  subject  to  a  king 
or  ruler,  kingdom,     [reign  (noun.) 

rego,  -ere,  rexi,  rectus,  3,  keep 
straight;  regulate;  control.,  fnauage 
(iii.  13);   conduct,  carry  on  (vi.  17). 

reicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [re-  + 
lacio],  3,  throw  back^  hurl  back  (i. 
46) ;  of  ships,  cast  back.,  carry  back 
(v.  5,  23) ;  drive  back.,  repulse  (i. 
24;  ii.  33);  cast  away  (v.  30); 
throw  atvay  (i.  52).     [reject. 

reiectus,  see  reicio. 

relanguesoo,  -ere,  -ui,  [re-  -j-  lan- 
guesco],  3,  become  enfeebled^  become 
enervated,     ii.  15. 

relStus,  see  referS. 

relego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  +  leg5, 
depute\  I,  banish^  remove,  treat  as 
an  outlazu.     [relegate. 

relictus,  see  relinqu5. 

religio,  -5nis,  f.,  religious  scruple.,  re- 
ligious obligation.,  religious  observ- 
ance, superstition,     [religion. 

religo, -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  +  ligS, 
bind'].,  I,  bind  back  ;  bind Jast  (C.  11. 
6). 

relinquo,  -linquere,  -liqui,  -lictus, 
[re-  +  linqu6,  quit].,  3,  leaz'e.,  leave 
behind ;  desert.,  abandon  ;  of  a  siege 
or  attack,  leave  off.,  give  up.  [relin- 
quish. 

rellquus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  relinquO], 
adj.,  remaining.,  left.,  the  rest.  As 
noun,  reliqui,  -Crum,  m.,  pi.,  the 


rest;  reliqui,   gen.   sing,   neut.,  in 
nihil  reliqui,  nothing  left  (i.  ii). 

remaneo.  -manere,  -mansi,  [re-  4- 
maneo],  2,  remain.,  stay  behind. 
[remain. 

remex,  -igis,  [remus,  cf.  agrO],  m., 
rower,     iii.  9. 

Remi,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (re'  mi),  a  Bel- 
gic  people,  about  the  headwaters  of 
the  Axona  (Aisne);  chief  city,  Du- 
rocortorum,  now  Reims. 

remigo,  -are,  [remex],  i,  row. 
V.  8. 

remigro,  are,  -avi,  [re-  +  migrrS, 
remove],  I,  move  back,  return,  iv. 
4,  27.     [remigrate. 

reminiscor,  -minisci,  [re-  +  men  in 
mens],  3,  dep.,  remember,  recollect. 
i.  13..     [renainiscent. 

remissus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  [part, 
of  remitto],  adj.,  relaxed;  mild. 
remissior,  less  severe  (v.  12).  [re- 
miss. 

remitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[re-  +  mitts ],  3,  send  back;  give 
back,  restore  (vii.  20)  ;  relax,  dimin- 
ish (ii.  15;  v.  49);  impair^  lose  (vi. 
14);  of  a  tax,  remit  (i.  44).  [re- 
mit. 

remollSsco,  -lescere.  [re-  +  mol- 
lesc5,  grow  soft],,  3,  become  weak. 
iv.  2. 

remotus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [removed],  ^.iX].,,  far  off, 
remote,     i.  31;   vii.  i.     [remote. 

removed,  -movere,  -m5vi,  -mStus, 
[re-  +  moveO],  2,  move  back.,  re- 
move;  dismiss  (i.  19),     [remove. 

remuneror,  -ari,  -atus,  [re-,  cf. 
munusj,  I,  dep.,  recompense,  repay. 
i.  44.     [remunerate. 

rSmuB,  -1,  m.,  oar. 

RSmuB,  -i,  m.,  one  of  the  Remi,  a 
Reman. 

rSno,  -6nis,  ra.,  reindeer  skin,  deer* 
skin.     vi.  21. 


renovo 


101 


respondeo 


renovo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  + 
novo,  from  novus],  i,  renew,  again 
commence,     [renovate. 

renuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  + 
ntintio],  i,  bring  back  word,  an- 
nounce; declare  elected  (vii.  33). 
[renounce. 

repello,  -pellere,  reppuli,  repulsus, 
[re-  +  pello],  3,  drive  back,  force 
back,  repulse,     [repel. 

repente,  [abl.  of  repens,  sudden\ 
adv.i  suddenly. 

repentinus,  -a,  -um,  [repens,  sud- 
den\  adj.,  sudden,  unexpected. 

reperio,  -perire,  repperi,  repertus, 
\^Jind,  find  out ;  discover .^  ascertain, 
learn. 

repeto,  -petere,  -petivi  or  -petii, 
-petitus,  [re-  +  peto],  3,  seek 
again,  again  try  to  obtain  (v.  49) ;  de- 
mand (i.  31);  exact  ( i.  30) .    [repeat. 

repleo,  -plere,  -plevi,  -pletus,  [re- 
-f  pleo,  _/f//] ,  2., fill  up  ;  supply  amply 
(vii.  56).     [replete. 

repond,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus, 
[re-  +  pono],  3,  replace  ;  place,  rest 
(C.  II.  41).     [repository. 

reports,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  + 
porto],  I,  carry  back,  convey  back. 
[report. 

reposed,  -poscere,  [re-  +  posco], 
3,  demand^  require,     v.  30. 

repraesento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re- 
-f-  praesento,  from  praesens],  i, 
do  at  once,  do  forthwith.  i.  40. 
[represent. 

reprehends,  -hendere,  -hendi, 
-hensus,  [re-  +  prehendo],  3, 
hold  back ;  criticise,  blame.  [rep- 
rehend. 

repressus,  see  reprimS. 

reprimo,  -primere,  -pressi,  -pres- 
sus,  [re-  +  premo],  3,  restrain, 
check;  repress,     [repress. 

repudio,  -S,re,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  reject., 
scorn,     i.  40.     [repudiate. 


repugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [r,e-  -f 
pugno],  \.,  fight  back,  resist,  [re- 
pugnant. 

repulsus,  see  repello.     [repulse. 

requiesco,  -ere,  requievi,  requie- 
tus,  [re-  +  quiesco],  3,  take  rest, 
rest.     C.  Ill,  98. 

requiro,  -quirere,  -quisivi,  -quisi- 
tus,  [re-  -1-  quaero],  3,  require, 
de?nand  (vi.  34) ;  wish  back  again., 
miss  (vii.  63);  seek  (C.  ii.  35). 
[require. 

res,  rei,  f.,  matter,  affair;  circum- 
stance, fact,  transaction;  object, 
project,  business.  res  militaris, 
warfare,    military    science.  res 

novae,  a  revolution.  praemia 
rei  pecuniariae,  rewards  in  money 
(C.  III.  59).     [real. 

rescinds,  -scindere,  -soldi, -scissus, 
[re-  +  scindo],  3,  cut  down,  break 
up,  destroy,     [rescind. 

resciscS,  -sciscere,  -scivi,  or  -soli, 
-scitus,  [re-  +  scisco,  inquire'],  3, 
discover,  find  out.     i.  28. 

rescribS,  -scribere,  -scripsi,  -scrip- 
tus,  [re-  +  scribo],  3,  write  again; 
enroll  anew,  transfer  from  one 
branch  of  the  service  to  another  (i. 
42).     [rescribe. 

reservS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [re-  -f 
serv5],  i,  keep  back,  keep,    [reserve. 

resides,  -sidere,  -sedi,  [re-  -f  sedeo, 
sit\  linger,  remain,     [reside. 

residS,  -sidere,  -sedi,  [re-  +  sido, 
sit  down'].!  3>  ^^^^^^  down,  subside. 
vii.  64. 

resists,  -sistere,  -stiti,  [re-  +  sisto, 
set].,  3,  remain,  stay ;  stand  still  (C. 
II-  35);  oppose,  withstand,  offer  re- 
sistance,    [resist. 

respiciS,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectus, 
[re-  +  specie,  look\  3,  look  back  (ii. 
24;  V.  43,  C.  II.  35);  look  at;  con- 
sider (vii.  77).     [respect. 

respondeS,     -spondere,     -spondi, 


resp5nsum 


102 


sacerdotium 


-spSnsus,  [re-  +  spondeS,  prom- 
ise\  2,  answer,  reply,     [respond. 

responsum,  -i,  [part,  of  responded], 
n.,  answer y  reply,     [response. 

res  publica,  see  publlcus. 

respud,  -spue re,  -spui,  [re-  + 
spu6],  3,  spit  out ;  reject  (i.  42). 

restinguo,  -stinguere,  -stinxi, 
-stinctus,  [re-  +  stinguo,  quench\ 
3,  put  out,  extinguish,     vii.  24,  25. 

reatitud,  -uere,  -ui,  -utus,  [re-  + 
statuo],  3,  replace,  restore ;  renew, 
revive;  rebuild {\.  2%').   [restitution. 

retentuB,  see  retineo. 

retineo,  -tinere,-tinui,-tentus,  [re- 
+  teneo],  2,  restrain^,  detain,  keep 
back  ;  hold  {\\\.  21).     [retain. 

retraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractus, 
[re-  +  traho],  3,  bring  back  by 
force.     V.  7.     [retract. 

revello,  -vellere,  -velli,  -vulsus,  [re- 
+  vello, /«//],  3,  pull  back  (i.  52); 
tear  away  (vii.  73). 

reversuB,  see  reverter. 

reverts,  reverti,  [re-  +  vertS],  3, 
only  in  tenses  from  pf.  stem,  and 
reverter,  -verti,  -versarus,  3, 
dep.,  return,  go  back,     [revert. 

revincio,  -vincire,  -vinxi,  -vinctus, 
[re-  +  vinciS],  4,  bind  back,  bind 
securely,  fasten. 

revoco,  -are,  -avi,  -Stus,  [re-  + 
voco],  I,  call  back,  recall,  [re- 
voke. 

r6x,  regis,  [cf.  regrS,  rule\  m.,  king, 
ruler,  chieftain. 

RhenuB,  -i,  m.,  the  Rhine. 
RhodanuB,  -i,  m.,  the   Rhone,  which 
rises  in  the  Alps  near  the  sources  of 
the  Rhine,  and  passing  through  Lake 
Geneva,    follows    at    first    a    south- 
westerly direction,  then  flows  south, 
reaching  the  Mediterranean  after  a 
course  of  about  500  miles. 
rlpa,  -ae,  f.,  bank  of  a  stream,     [river. 
rIvuB,  -i,  m.,  stream,  brook,     [rival. 


robur,  -oris,  n.,  oak  (11.  13);   strength 

(C.  111.  87).     [robust. 
rogo,  -are,  -avi,-atus,  i,  ask,  request, 

[rogation. 
Roma,  -ae,  f.,  Rome. 
RomanuB,   -a,  -um,    [Roma],  adj., 

Roman.       As  noun,  Romanua,  -i, 

m.,  a  Roman;    usually  pi.,  the  Ro- 
mans, Romans.     [Roman. 
RosciuB, -1,  m.,  Lucius  Roscius  (rosh'- 

[y]  us),  a  lieutenant  in  Caesar's  army. 
roBtrum,  -i,   [cf.    rodo,  gnaw],   n., 

beak;  of  a  ship,  ^<?a>^.     [rostrum. 
rota,  -ae,  f.,  wheel,     [rotary. 
RoucilluB,  -i,  m.,  (ru-sil'  us).,  an  Allo- 

brogian.,  brother  of  Egus.     C.  HI.  59. 
rubuB,  -i,  m.,  brier,  bramble,     ii.  17. 
RufuB,  -i,  [rafus,  reddish].,  m.,  (ru'- 

fus),  a  Roman  cognomen. 
rumor, -5ris,  m.,  rumor,  report., gossip. 

[rumor. 
nipcB,  -is,  [cf.  rump6],  f.,  cliff,    ii.  29. 
rursuB,     [for    revorsus,     from    re- 

verto],  adv.,  again,  anew  ;  in  turn^ 

on  the  contrary. 
Ruteni,  -5rum,  m.,  pi.,  (ru-te'nl),  a 

Gallic  people,  west  of  the  Cebenna 

(CfT/^-wwifj)  Mountains;  part  of  them 

were  in  the  Province,  and  were  called 

Ruteni  provinciaies. 
RutiluB     (ru'  tj-lus),     see    Sempr5- 

nius. 


SabinuB,  see  Titurius. 

SabiB,  -is,  m.,  Sabis  (sa'  bjs),  the 
Sambre.,  a  river  in  the  central  part 
of  Belgic  Gaul  flowing  northeast  into 
the  Mosa  {Metise).     ii.  16,  18. 

Saburra,  -ae.  m.,  (sa-bU'  ra),  a  gen- 
eral in  Juha's  army.     C.  II.  38-42. 

BacerdoB,  -dStis,  [sacer.  cf.  d6], 
m.  and  f.,  priest,  vii.  n.  [sacer- 
dotal, 

sacerddtium,  -i,  [sacerdSs],  n., 
priesthood.     C.  ill.  82,  83. 


sacramentum 


103 


satus 


Bacramentum,  -i,  [sacro,  set  apart 
as  sacred\  n.,  oath,     [sacrament. 

Sacrativir,  -i,  m.,  Marcus  Sacraiivir, 
(sa-krat'  i-vir),  a  Roman  knight, 
C.  III.  71. 

sacrificium,  -i,  [sacriflcus,  from  sa- 
crum 4-  FAC  in  facio],  n.,  sacrifice. 
vi.  13,  16,  21.     [sacrifice. 

saepe,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime,  adv.. 
often,  frequently.  Comp.,  too  often 
(iii.  6).  saepe  numero,  often- 
times, repeatedly. 

saepes,  -is,  f.,  hedge,     ii.  17,  22. 

saevio,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  [saevus, 
fierce'].,  4,  rage ;  be  violent  (iii.  13). 

sagitta,  -ae,  f.,  arrow. 

Sagittarius,  -i,  [sagitta],  m.,  archer, 
bowman.     [Sagittarius. 

sagulum,  -i,  [dim.  of  sagrum,  7nan- 
tle]^  n.,  small  cloak,  cloak,     v.  42. 

sal,  salis,  m.,  salt.    C.  11.  37.    [salad. 

salinae,  -arum,  f.,  pi.,  [sal],  salt- 
works.    C.  II.  37. 

saltern,  adv.,  at  any  rate.     C.  i.  6. 

saltUB,  -us,  m.,  wooded  valley,  defile, 
glen,  thicket,     vi.  43;   vii.  19. 

salus,  -atis,  [cf.  salvus,  well\  f., 
health.^  welfare  ;  safety,     [salutary. 

saluto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [salus], 
I, greet,  address.    Cm.  71.    [salute. 

Samarobriva,  -ae,  f.,  (sam"  a-ro- 
bri'  va),  a  city  of  the  Ambiani  on 
the  Samara  {Somme);    now  Amiens. 

sancio,  sancire,  sanxi,  sanctus,  4, 
make  sacred ;  make  binding,  ratify. 
[sanction. 

sanctus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [sancio],  adj.,  hallowed, 
sacred,     [saint. 

sanguis,  -inis,  m.,  blood,      [sanguine. 

sanitas,  -tatis,  [sanus] ,  f.,  soundness 
of  mind,  good  sense,     [sanity. 

sano,  -are, -avi, -atus,  [cf.  sanus], 
I,  make  sound ;  make  good,  remedy 
(vii.  29). 

Santones,  -um,  or  Santoni,  -drum, 


m.,  pi.,  (san'  to-nez,  san'  to-ni),  a 
Gallic  people  on  the  seacoast  north 
of  the  Garumna  (^Garonne).  Fig. 
207. 


Figure  207.  —  Coin  of  the  Santones. 

Silver.      Obverse,    helmeted    head;    in- 
scription, SANTONOS. 

Reverse,  a  galloping  horse. 

sanus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  sa- 
nissimus,  adj.,  sound,  healthy,  ra- 
tional. As  noun,  pro  sano,  as  a 
prudent  man  {y .']') .      [sane. 

sapid,  -ere,  -ivi,  3,  taste  ;  be  sensible.^ 
understand  {y.  -if)),     [sapient. 

sarcinae,  -arum,  [sarcio],  f,,  pi., 
packs.,  carried  by  the  soldiers  on  their 
backs. 

sarcio,  -ire,  sarsi,  sartus,  4,  mend ; 
make  good  (vi.  i;  C.  ill.  73);  zvipe 
out  (C.  III.  74).     [sartorial. 

sarmentum,  -i,  [sarpo.  prune],  n., 
a  branch;  pi.,  brusMvood  (iii.  18). 

satis,  adv.,  enough,  sufficiently,  toler- 
ably, rather ;  often  used  as  a  noun, 
especially  with  a  gen.  of  the  whole 
as  satis  causae,  sufficient  reason. 

satisfacio  [satis  +  facio],  -facere, 
-feci,  -factus,  irr.,  satisfy.,  give  sat- 
isfaction ;  make  restitution  (i.  14,  v. 
i);  appease.,  placate  {y\\.%(f)\  make 
apology.,  apologize  (i.  41,  v.  54). 
[satisfy. 

satisfactio,  -onis,  [satisfaci5],  f,, 
apology,  excuse.       [satisfaction. 

Saturmnus,  -i,  m.,  L.  Appuleius  Sat- 
urninus  (sat-ur-nl'  nus),  a  tribune 
in  100  B.C.     C.  I.  7. 

satus,  see  sero. 


saucius 


104 


Seduni 


sauciuB,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wounded  (v. 
36).  As  noun,  saucius,  -i,  m.,  a 
wounded  VI an  (iii.  4). 

sazum,  -i,  n  ,  stone ,  rock. 

Scaeva,  -ae,  m.,  Cassius  Scaeva 
(se'va),  a  brave  centurion  in  Cae- 
sar's army.     C.  III.  53. 

scalae,  -arum,  [of.  scando,  climb\ 
f.,  pi. ,  ladder,  scaling-ladder,    [scale. 

Scaldis,  -is,  m.,  the  Schelde,  which 
rises  in  France  near  the  headwaters 
of  the  Somme  (Samara),  and  flows 
northeast  to  the  sea.     vi.  33. 

Bcapha,  -ae,  [a/cd^Tj],  f.,  skiff,  small 
boat. 

sceleratuB,  -a,  -um,  cump.  -i'or,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  scelero,  from 
scelus],  adj.,  7vicked.  infamous  (vi. 
34).  As  noun,  sceleratus, -i,  m., 
a  crime-polluted  man  {y'\.  13). 

scelus,  scelerls,  n.,  crime,  zvicked- 
ness.     i.  14. 

scienter,  comp.scientius,  sup.scien- 
tissime,  [sciens],  adv.,  cleverly, 
skilfully,     vii.  22. 

Bcientia,  -ae,  [sciens],  f.,  knowledge, 
skill,    [science. 

scindo,  -ere,  scidi,  scissus,  3,  tear., 
cut,  split;  tear  doivn,  break  down 
(iii.  5;   V.  51). 

Bcio,  scire,  scivi,  scitus,  4,  know, 
understand. 

Scipio,  -6nis,  m.,  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus 
Scipio  (sip'  j-6),  a  prominent  parti- 
san of  Pompey,  who  married  his 
daughter  Cornelia  as  fifth  wife.  C. 
III.  82,  83,  88,  90. 

Scorpio,  -6nis,  \jiKop-Ki(j)v\vci..i  a  scor- 
pion ;  scorpion,  a  military  engine 
(vii.  25).     [scorpion. 

scribo,  scribere,  scripsi,  scriptus, 
3,  write,  write  down,     [scribe. 

Bcrobis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  hole,  pit ;  wolf- 
hole,  wolf-pit.     [scrobicule. 

scutum,  -i,  n.,  oblong  shield. 

sS,  88b6,  see  buI. 


b6-,  B§d-,  in    composition,   apart 

from,  without. 
sSbum,  -i,  x\..^fat,  tallow,  [sebaceous. 
sScesBlp,  -6nis,  [secedO],  f.,  with- 

dra-ival.     C.  I.  7.     [secession. 
secludo,    -ere,    -si,    -sus,     [bS-  -}; 

claudo],   3,  shut  off.      C.  in.  97. 

[seclude. 
seco,  -are,  -ui,  -tus,  i,  cut.     [sector. 
secret 0    [secretus],   adv.,    secretly, 

privately,     i.  18,  31. 
sectio,  -6ni8,  [seco],  f.,  booty,    [sec- 
tion. 
sector,  -ari,  -atus,  [freq.  of  sequor], 

I,  ([qt^..,  pursue,  chase,     vi.  35. 
sectura,  -ae,   [secS],    f.,   a   cutting 

through   earth,   digging,   excavation. 

iii.  21. 
secundum,  [sequor],  prep,  with  ace. 

only,  along,  next  to,  by  the  side  of 

(ii.   18;    vii.   34);    according  to  (iv. 

17);   besides  (i.  33). 
secundus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 

-issimus,    [sequor],   adj.,    second, 

next ;   propitious,  fortunate,  favor- 
able,    [second. 
securis,  -is,  [cf.  sec5],  f.,  axe;  pi. 

referring  to  the  axes  of  the  lictors, 

the  lictor^s  axe  (vii.  77). 
Bed,  conj.,  but ;  yet,  but  yet. 
sSd-,  see  se-. 
sgdecim,   or  XVI,   [sex  +  decern], 

indeclinable  num.  adj.,  sixteen. 
sSdes,  -is,  [cf.  sedeo,  5iV],  f.,  seat 

habitation,  abode,  settlement,  home. 
sgditio,  -6nis,  [sed-  +  itiO,  from  Ire] 

f.,  mutiny,  revolt,     vii.   28.     [sedi 

tion. 
sSditiosuB,  -a,  -um,  sup.  -issimus 

[seditiO],    adj.,    mutinous,      [sedi 

tious. 
SeduliuB,  -i,  m.,  (se-du'  li-us),  a  leader 

of  the  Lemovices.     vii.  88. 
Seduni,  -Orum,  m.,  pi.,  (se-du'  nl),  a 

people  in  the  Alps  southeast  of  Lacus 

Lemannus  {Lake  Geneva). 


Sedusii 


105 


sepultura 


Sedusii,     orum, 


pi.,     (se-du' 


sh[y]-i),  a  German  tribe,     i.  51. 
seges,  -etis,  i.^  grain-field,     vi.  36. 
Segni,  -orum,  m.,   pi.,    (seg'  nl),  a 

German  tribe  settled  in  Belgic  Gaul. 

vi.  32. 
Segontiaci,  -orum,  m.,  pL,  (seg"- 

on-shi-a'  si),  a  people  in  the  southern 

part  of  Britain,     v.  21 . 
Segovaz,  -actis,  m.,  (seg'o-vaks),  a 

British  chieftain,     v.  22. 
Segusiavi,    -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (seg"u- 

shi-a'  vl),  a  Gallic  people,  subject  to 

the  Aeduans.     Fig.  208. 


Figure  208.  —  A  Coin  of  the  Segusiavi. 

Silver.  Obverse,  helmeted  head ;  in- 
scription, SEGVSIAVS,  perhaps  a  man's  name. 

Reverse,  Hercules  with  his  club  and  lion's 
skin. 

semel,  adv.,  once. 

sementis,  -is,  [semen,  seed\  f.,  sow- 
ing, seeding  (i.  3). 

semita,  -ae,  i.,  path,  by-ivay. 

semper,  adv.,  always.,  ever,  constantly. 

Sempronius,  -i,  m.,  Marcus  Sempro- 
nius  Rutilus  (sem-pro'  ni-us  ru'  ti- 
lus),  a  Roman  cavalry  officer,  vii. 
90. 

senator,  -oris,  [cf,  senex],  m.,  mem- 
ber of  the  Roman  Senate,  senator  ; 
member  of  a  Gallic  state-council, 
councillor , senator {\\.  28).   [senator. 

senatdrius,  -a,  -um,  [senator],  adj., 
senatorial.  ordo  senatorius,  sen- 
atorial rank  (C.  ill.  83,  97).  [sena- 
torial. 

senatus,  -us,  [cf.  senex],  m.,  council 
of  elders,  senate,     [senate. 

senex,  -is,  comp.  senior,  adj.,  old, 
aged.         As  noun,   m.,  old  man  (i. 


29) ;  seniores,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  older 
men  (C.  ii.  4).     [senile. 

seni,  -ae,  -a,  [sex],  distrib.  num.  adj., 
six  each,  six.     i.  15. 

Senones,  -um,  m,,  pi.,  (sen' o-nez), 
a  Gallic  people  south  of  the  Ma- 
trona  {Marne);  chief  city  Agedin- 
cum,  now  Sens. 

sententia,  -ae,  [cf.  sentio],  f.,  opin- 
ion, view.,  notion,  conviction ;  deci- 
sion, judgment,  sententiam  di- 
cere,  to  express  an  opinion.  sen- 
tentias  ferre,  to  vote  (C.  iii.  83). 
[sentence. 

sentio,  sentire,  sensi,  sensus,  4, 
perceive  through  the  senses,  become 
awarcy  learn;  feel,  think;  knotv. 
[sense. 

sentis,  -is,  m  ,  thorn-bush.      ii.  17. 

separatim  [separatus],  adv.,  sepa- 
rately, apart. 

separatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  separo], 
adj.,  separate,  7?iarked off^.     [separate. 

separo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [se-  + 
paro],  I,  part,  separate.  vii.  63. 
[separate  (verb). 

septem,  or  VII,  indeclinable  num. 
adj.,  seven.     [September. 

septentrio,  -onis,  [septem  +  trio, 
plough-ox'].,  m.,  generally  pi,,  sep- 
tentriones,  -um,  the  seven  plough- 
oxen,  the  seven  stars  forming  the 
constellation  of  the  Great  Bear;  the 
North,     [septentrional. 

Septimius,  -i,  m,,  Lucius  Septimius 
(sep-tim'  i-us),  a  military  tribune. 
C.  III.  104. 

Septimus,  -a,  -um,  [septem],  num. 
di(\].^  the  seventh,     [septimal. 

septingenti,  -ae,  -a,  or  DCC,  [sep- 
tem +  centum],  num.  adj.,  seven 
hundred,     v.  13;   vii.  51. 

septuaginta,  or  LXX,  indeclinable 
num.  adj.,  severity.     [Septuagint. 

sepultura,  -ae,  [cf.  sepelio,  bury']i 
f.,  burial,     i.  26.     [sepulture. 


Sequana 


106 


significatio 


SSquana,  -ae,  f.,  Sequana  (sek'- 
wa-na),  the  Seine,  the  principal  river 
of  Nurihern  France. 

3Squaui,  -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  tAe  Sequa- 
nians,  Sequani  (sek'  wa-ni),  a  Gallic 
people  west  of  the  Jura;  chief  city 
Vesontio,  now  Besanqon. 

SSquanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Sequanian, 
of  the  Sequanians  (i.  31).  As  noun, 
SSquanus,    -i,    m.,    a    Sequanian 

(i.  3)- 
sequor,  -qui,  -cQtus,  3,  dt^i.^  follow, 

follow  after  ;  pursue  ;  take  advantage 

of  {y.  8)  ;  hold  to,  maintain  (vii.  63). 

Caesarls  fldem  sequi,    to    attach 

one's    self  to    Caesar    (v.    20,    56). 

[sequence. 
Ser.,  =  Servlus. 
sermo,  -onis,  m.,  talk,  conversation. 

[sermon. 
aero,  comp.  serius,  sup.  -Issime,  [se- 

rus,  late'].,  adv.,  late  ;  too  late  (v.  29) . 
sero,   serere,  sevi,  satus,   3,  sow, 

plant. 
Sertorius,  -i,  m.,   Quintus  Sertorius 

(ser-to'  ri-us),    a    Roman    general. 

III.  23. 
servilis,  -e,  [servus],  adj.,  servile,  of 

slaves,     i.  40;  vi.  19.     [servile. 
Bervio,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  [servus],  4, 

be  the  slave  of  follow  (iv.  5);   devote 

one's  self  to  (vii.  34).     [serve. 
servitUB,  -tatis,  [servus],  f.,  slavery, 

bondage,  subjection,     [servitude. 
ServiuB,  -i,  m.,  (ser'vj-us),  a  Roman 

first  name. 
Bervo,  -are,  -ftvi,  -atus,  i,  save ;  keep, 

maintain,  retain;  save  up  (vi.  19); 

keep  watch  of,  watch  (v.    19);    keep 

tip  the  watch  (ii.  33). 
servus,  -i,  m.,  slave,     [serf. 
sescentl,    -ae,   -a,  or  DC,    [sex  + 

centum],  num.  adj.,  six  hundred. 
bSbS,  see  sui. 
BSsquipedaiis,  -e,  [sSsqui-,  one  half 

more,  +  pedaiis  ;     sesqul-  =  sS- 


mia,  one  half  +  -que],  adj.,  a  fool 
and  a  half '\w  \.\\\cV.v\t.?,%.     iv.  17. 

sesterdus,  -a,  -um,  [for  semis  ter- 
tius,  three  less  one  half],  num.  adj., 
two  and  a  half  As  subst.,  sester- 
tius,  -i,  (originally  sc.  nummus), 
gen.  pi.  sestertitim,  m.,  sesterce,  a 
small  silver  coin,  originally  2\  asses, 
=  about  4j^  cents. 

B§tiu8,  adv.,  comp.,  less.  nihil5 
setius,  none  the  less,  nevertheless. 

seu,  see  sive. 

BeveritSs,  -tatis,  [sevems,  sez<ere\ 
f.,  sternness,  rigor,  strictness,  vii.  4. 
[severity. 

sgvoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [se-  + 
voco],  I,  call  apart,  call  aside. 

sex,  or  VI,  indeclinable  num.  adj., 
six.     [sextet. 

sexagint^,  or  LX,  indeclinable  num. 
adj.,  sixty. 

SextiuB,  -i,  m.,  (seks'  ti-us) : 

( 1 )  Publius  Sextius  Baculus,  see 
Baculus. 

(2)  l^itus  Sextius,  a  lieutenant. 
Bl,  conj.,  if  whether,    quod  si,  but  if, 

now  if      si  quidem,  if  indeed.^  in 

so  far  as  (vi.  36). 
SibusatSs,   -um,  m.,  pi.,  (sib-u-sa'- 

tez),  a  people  in  Aquitania.      iii.  27. 

bIc,  adv.,   so.,  in  this  way,   thus;   as 

folloivs  (11.   4).       ut   .   .   .   sic,  as 

.  .  .  so.       sic  .  .  .  ut,  so  .  .  .  that. 
Biccitas,  -tatis,    [siccus,    dry],    (., 

dryness,  drouth. 
Sicilia,  -ae,  f.,  the  island  of  Sicily. 
Bicut   or   Bicuti,    [sic  +  uti],  adv., 

just  as,  as. 
BiduB,    -eris,    n.,   constellation;    pi., 

sidera,  heavenly  bodies,  sun,  moon 

and  stars  (vi.  14).     [sidereal. 
Bignifer,   -feri.  [sigrnum,  cf.  ferO], 

m.,  standard-bearer,  ensigti.      ii.  25. 
Bigniflcatio,   -Onis.    [sigrniflcO],   f., 

sign,   signal,   intimation ;  demeanor 

(vii.  12).   sigrniflcatlSnem  facere, 


signifies 


107 


iollicito 


to  give  notice,  convey  information 
("•  ZZ^  V.  53,  VI.  29).  Lsignilica- 
tion. 

significo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,[signum, 
+  FAC  in  facio],  1,  show  by  signs, 
show,  intimate,  indicate;  transmit 
the  news  (vii.  3).     [significant. 

signum,  -i,  n.,  signal ;  standard,  en- 
sign, signum  dare,  to  give  the 
signal,      [sign. 

Silanus,  -i,  m.,  Marcus  Silanus  (si- 
la' nus),  a  lieutenant  of  Caesar, 
vi.  I. 

silentium,  -i,  [silens,  silent^,  n.,  si- 
lence, stillness,    [silence. 

Silius,  -i,  m,,  Titus  Silius  (sil'  i-us), 
a  military  tribune,     iii.  7,  8. 

silva,  -ae,  f.,  wood,  forest,     [sylvan. 

silvestris,  -e,  [silva],  adj.,  covered 
with  woods,  cuooded.     [sylvestral. 

similis,  -e,  comp.  similior,  sup.  si- 
millimus,  adj.,  like,  similar,  [sim- 
ilar. 

similitudo,  -inis,  [similis],  f.,  like- 
ness.,  similarity,    [similitude. 

aimul,  adv.,  at  the  same  time,  at  once  ; 
as  soon  as  (iv.  26).  simul  .  .  . 
simul,  both  .  .  .  and,  partly  ... 
partly.       simul  atque,  as  soon  as. 

simulacrum,  -i,  [cf.  simulo],  n., 
image,     vi.  16,  17. 

simulatio,  -onis,  [cf.  simulo],  f., 
pretence.,  deceit,     [simulation. 

simul  atque,  see  simul. 

simulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [similis], 
I,  make  like ;  pretend,  feign  (i.  44; 
iv.  4).     [simulate. 

simultas,  -tatis,  [simul],  f.,  rivalry.^ 
jealousy,  bitterness  toward  a  rival 
_(v.  44). 

sin  [si  -f-  ne],  covi\.,if  however,  but  if. 

sincere  [sincerus,  pure'].,  adv., 
frankly,  sincerely,     vii.  20. 

sine,  prep,  vv'ith  abl.  only,  without. 

singillatim,  [singuli],  adv.,  one  by 
one,  singly,     iii.  2;   v.  4,  52. 


singularis,  -e,  [sing-uli],  adj.,  one  by 
one,  one  at  a  time  (iv,  26;  vii.  8); 
singular,  extraordinary,     [singular. 

singuli,  -ae,  -a,  distrib.  num.  adj.,  one 
to  each,  one  by  one,  one  apiece ;  sepa- 
rate, single,     [single. 

sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  left,  [sin- 
ister. 

sinistra,  -ae,  [sc.  manus],  f.,  left 
hand  (i.  25).  sub  sinistra,  on  the 
left{y.  8). 

sinistrorsus  [sinister  -f-  versus,  cf. 
verto],  adv.,  to  the  left.     vi.  25. 

si  quidem,  see  si. 

situs,  -us,  [cf.  sino],  m.,  situation, 
location,  site.     [site. 

sive  or  seu  [si  +  ve],  conj.,  or  if. 
sive  (seu)  .  .  •  sive  (seu),  if 
.  .  .  or  if,  whether  .  .  .  or,  either 
.  .  .  or,  it  might  be  .  .  .  or. 

socer,  -eri,  va...,  father-in-law.      i.  12. 

societas,  -tatis,  [socius],  {.^fellow- 
ship;  alliance,  confederacy  (vi.  2); 
corporation,  association  for  business 
purposes  (C.  ill.  103).     [society. 

socius,  -i,  m.,  comrade,  ally ;  in  Cae- 
sar generally  pi.,  socii,  allies. 
[social. 

sol,  soils,  m.,  the  sun.  oriente 
sole,  at  sunrise  (vii.  3).     [solar. 

Sol,  -is,  m.,  god  of  the  sun,  sun-god. 
vi.  21. 

solacium,  -i,  ^^ci.  solor,  console^  n., 
consolation, comfort,  vii.  15.   [solace. 

soldurius,  -i,  lu.,  retainer,  follower, 
vow-beholden,     iii.  22. 

soleo,  -ere,  -itus  sum,  semi-dep.,  2, 
be  wont,  be  accustomed. 

solitudo,  -inis,  [solus],  f.,  wilder- 
ness, ivaste  (iv.  18;  vi.  23).  [soli- 
tude. 

BoUertia,  -ae,  [sellers,  skilful\  f., 
skill,  cleverness,  ingenuity. 

8ollicit5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [sollici- 
tus,  agitated\  I,  instigate,  urge.,  in- 
cite ;  tamper  with,  tempt,     [solicit. 


soUicitudO 


108 


stipendium 


•olllcitfldo,  -inis,    [solllcitus],   f., 

anxiety,  apprehension,      [solicitude. 
solum,  -i,  n.,  lowest  part,  ground ;  of 

a   trench,  bottom   (vii.  72).       agri 

solum,  the  bare  ground  (i.  11). 
solum    [ace.    of  solus],  adv.,  only. 

n6n  solum  .   .   .  sed  etiam,    not 

only  .   .   .  but  also. 
solus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  sSlius,  adj.,  only, 

alone,     [sole. 
solvo,  -ere,  solvi,  solutus,  [se-,  = 

se-,  +  lu6,  loose'\.i  3,  loose ;  set  sail 

(iv.  23,  28;  V.  23).     [solve. 
somnuB,  -i,  m.,  sleep.     C.  11.  38. 
sonitUB,  -us,  [of.  sono,  Jo««^],m., 

noise,  sound,     vii.  60,  61. 
sonus,  -i,  m.,  sound,    vii.  47.    [sound. 
soror,  -oris,  f.,  sister,     [sorority. 
sors,  sortis,  f.,  lot,  chance,     [sort. 
Sotiates,  -ium,  m.,   pi.,    (s6-shj-a'- 

tez),  a  people  in  northern  Aquitania. 

iii.  20,  21. 
spatium,  -i,  n.,  space,  distance ;    in- 
terval, time,  period,  duration,      nac- 

tus  spatiumi,  having  gained  time 

(v.  58).     [space. 
speciSs,  -lei,  [cf.  specio,  look\  f., 

sight,    show,    appearance;    pretence. 

ad    speciem,  for    show    (i.    51). 

[species. 
specto,  -are,  -avi,  -S-tus,   [freq.  of 

speciS,  look^  i,  look  at,  regard  (i. 

45;    V.   29);    have  in  view  (C.  ill. 

85);  face,  lie  (i.  i;   v.  13;  vii.  69). 

[spectacle. 
speculator,  -toris,  [speculor],  m., 

spy,  scout,     [speculator. 
specuiatorius,  -a,  -um,   [specula- 
tor], adj.,  scouting,  spying,      specu- 

latOrium  navlgrium,  spy-boat  (iv. 

26).     [speculatory. 
speculor,  -ari,  -atus,  [cf.  specula, 

watch-tower\  i,  dep.,  spy  out^  spy. 

i.  47.     [speculate. 
spSro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cf.  spSs], 

I,  hope^,  expect. 


spSs,  spei,  f.,  hope,  expectation. 

Spinther,  -eris,  m.,  (spin'  ther),  P. 
Cornelius  I.entulus  Spinther,  a 
prominent  adherent  of  Pompey  iu 
the  Civil  War.     C.  lU.  83. 

spirltus,  -us,  [cf.  spirS,  breathe\  ni., 
breath,  air;  pi.,  haughtiness,  pridt 
(i.  33;   ii.  4).     [spirit. 

spolid,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [spolium, 
booty~\.,  I,  strip,  despoil,  [spoil  (verb). 

spolium,  -i,  n.,  usually  in  pi.,  booty, 
spoils.     C.  II.  39.     [spoil  (noun). 

sponte,  abl.,  and  spontis,  gen.,  only 
forms  in  use  of  an  obsolete  nom. 
spons,  f.,  of  one's  own  accord,  ivill- 
ingly.  sua  sponte,  of  their  own  ac- 
cord, of  their  own  initiative  (l.  44,  vi. 
14,  C.  III.  93) ;  on  their  own  account^ 
unaided  (v.  28;  vii.  65);  by  their 
own  influence  (i.  9).    [spontaneous. 

stabilio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [stabilis], 
4,    make    steady;     make   fast    (viL 

stabilitas,  -tatis,  [stabilis],  f., 
steadiness,     iv.  2>Z-     [stability. 

statim  [sto],  adv.,  on  the  spot ;  imme- 
diately, at  once.,  straightway. 

statio,  -onis,  [cf.  st6],  f.,  outpost, 
picket,  guard ;  reserves  (v.  16).  in 
etoXiowQ,  on  guard,     [station. 

statud,  -uere,  -ui,  -atus,  [status], 
3,  5^/,  place ;  determine,  resolve ; 
judge,  think,     [statute. 

statura,  -ae,  [cf.  sto],  f.,  height.^  stat- 
ure,    ii.  30;  vi.  21.     [stature. 

status,  -us,  [st6],  m.,  condition,  posi- 
tion., situation,     [status. 

stimulus,  -i,  m.,  goad ;  pricker  like 
a  goad  (vii.  73,  82).     [stimulus. 

stipendiarlus,  -a,  -um,  [stipen- 
dium], adj.,  tributary,  subject  to 
payment  of  tribute  (i.  30,  36).  As 
noun,  stipendiarii.  -6rum,  m.,  pi., 
tributaries,  dependents  (vii.  10). 
[stipendiary. 

stipendium,    -i,    [stips,     coin,    cf. 


stipes 


109 


subsidium 


pend5,  weigh^  n.,  tribute  ;  of  %o\- 

diers, /«j.     [stipend. 
stipes,  -itis,  m.,  stock  of  a  tree,  log. 

vii.  73. 
stirps,  -is,  f.,  stem  ;  stock,  race  (vi.  34). 
sto,  stare,  steti,  staturus,  i,  stand, 

stand  upright  {y'\.  27);   be  posted^  be 

placed   (v.    35,    43) ;     abide    by   (vi. 

13). 

stramentum,  -i,  [cf.  sterno,  strew\ 
n.,  thatch  of  houses  (v.  43);  pack- 
saddle  (vii.  45). 

strepitus,  -us,  [strepo],  m.,  noise, 
uproar. 

stringo,  -ere,  strinxi,  strictus,  3, 
llind  tight ;  of  a  sword,  draiv  (C.  ill. 
93).     [stringent^ 

Btruo,  -ere,  struxi,  structus,  3, 
build,  construct.     C.  ill.  96. 

Btudeo,  -ere,  -ui,  2,  be  eager  for, 
strive  for  ;  be  devoted  to,  pay  heed  to  ; 
eagerly  desire,  strive,     [student. 

studiose,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime, 
[studiosus,  eager\  adv.,  eagerly, 
diligently. 

Btudium,  -i,  [cf.  studeo],  n.,  eager- 
ness^ energy,  enthusiasm ;  goodwill 
{\.\o,)\  pursuit.  studia  rei  mili- 
taris,  pursuits  of  war,  military  pur- 
suits (vi.  21).     [study. 

Btultitia,  -ae,  [stultus],  i.^  folly,  lack 
of  foresight,     vii.  77. 

BtultUB,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  foolish.  C.  in. 
59.     [stultify. 

BUb,  prep. : 

(i)  With  ace,  after  verbs  of  mo- 
tion, under^  towards,  near  to,  just 
before. 

(2)  With  abl.,  under,  at  the  foot 
of,  close  by  ;  of  time,  on,  in,  during. 

subactus,  see  subig-o. 

subdoluB,  -a,  -um,  [sub  -f-  dolus], 
adj.,  crafty,  cunning,     vii.  31. 

Bubduco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
[sub  -f  duco],  3,  lead  up  from  a 
lower   to    a   higher   position    (i.   22, 


24) ;    of  ships,    draw   up,   haul  on 
shore,  beach  (iv.  29;   v.  ii,  24). 

subductio,  -onis,  [subduco],  f., 
hauling  on  shore,  beaching,     v.  I. 

subeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -iturus,  [sub  +  eo], 
irr.,  go  under  (i.  36) ;  co?tie  up^ 
approach,  go  tip  (to)^  from  a  lower 
position  (ii.  25,  27;  vii.  85);  un- 
dergo, suffer. 

subfodio,  -fodere,  -fodi,  -fossus, 
[sub  +  fodio],  3,  stab  underneat i. 
iv,  12. 

subfossus,  see  subfodio. 

subicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [sub 
4-  iacio],  3,  throw  under, place  near  ; 
throw  from  beneath  (i.  26) ;  expose 
(iv.  36,  C.  III.  85);  make  subject 
(vii.  I,  77). 

Bubiectus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
[subicio],  adj.,  lying  near,  adja- 
cent.    V.  13.      [subject. 

Bubigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actus,  [sub  -f 
ago],  3,  subdue;  constrain.^  reduce 
to  straits  (vii.  77). 

subito,  [abl.  of  subitus],  adv.,  sud- 
denly.,  on  a  stidden. 

BubituB,  -a,  -um,  [subeS],  adj.,  sud- 
den, unexpected. 

Bublatus,  see  toUo. 

Bublevo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [sub  -f 
levo],  I,  lift  up.,  support.,  hold  up 
(i.  48;  vi.  27;  vii.  47);  relieve.,  as- 
sist., aid,  support  (i.  16,  40;  vii.  14, 
65);  of  labor,  lighten  (vi.  32);  re- 
trieve (C.  III.  73). 

Bublioa,  -ae,  f.,  stake.,  pile. 

Bubluo,  -luere, ,  -lutus,  [sub  -\- 

luo],  3,  wash  (vii.  69);  flow  at  the 
foot  of  {Q.  III.  97). 

Bubruo,  -ruere,  -rui,  -rutus,  [sub 
-i-  ru6,y^//],  3,  undermine. 

Bubsequor,  -sequi,  -secutus,  [sub 
-f  sequor],  3,  dep.,  follow  close 
upon.,  follow  after.,  follow  up.  [sub- 
sequent. 

subsidium,  -i,  [cf.  subsidS],  n.,  re- 


subsido 


110 


summa 


serve^  reserve  force^  auxiliaries ; 
support^  reliefs  help^  aid ;  relieving 
force  ;  resource^  remedy.  mittere 
subsidio,  to  send  help,     [subsidy. 

Bubsido,  -sidere,  -sedi,  [sub  + 
sido,  J/VJ,  3,  stay  behind.^  remain 
behind,     vi.  36.     [subside. 

Bubsisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  [sub  + 
sisto,  J^/],  3,  halt.,  make  a  stand  (i. 
15);  hold  out  {v.  10).      [subsist. 

Bubsum,  -esse,  [sub  +  sum],  irr., 
be  near  (i.  25;  v.  2q)  ;  of  time,  be 
close  at  hand.1  not  far  <7^(iii.  27;  v. 
23,  C.  III.  97)- 

Bubtraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -trac- 
tus,  [sub  +  traho],  3,  carry  off., 
draw  off  underneath  (vii.  22);  with- 
draiv^  take  away  (i.  44).      [subtract. 

Bubvectio,  -6nis,  [subveho],  f., 
transportation,     vii.  10. 

Bubveho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectus, 
[sub  +  veho],  3,  bring  up.      i.  16. 

Bubvenid,  -venire,  -veni,  subven- 
tum  est,  [sub  +  venio],  4,  come 
to  the  help  of  come  to  the  resctie  of; 
assist^  succor^  render  assistance. 
[subvention. 

BuccSdo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessu- 
rus,  [sub  +  ced5J,  3,  come  up^ 
approach.,  advance;  succeed  to  an- 
other's place,  take  the  place  of.,  relieve., 
follow  ;  become  the  successor  (vi.  13)  ; 
prosper.,  succeed  (vii.  26).  [suc- 
ceed. 

Buccendo,  -cendere,  -cendi,  -cen- 
sus, [sub,  cf.  candeOj,  3,  set  en 
fire,  set  fire  to. 

Buccido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus,  [sub 
+  caed6],  3,  cut  down. 

Bucc\imb6,-cumbere,-cubui,  [sub 
-f  cum  bo,  for  cub6],  3,  >-/>/</,  suc- 
cumb,    vii.  86.     [succumb. 

Buccurro,  -currere,  -curri,  -cursum 
est,  [sub  -I-  curr6],  3,  run  to  help^  ' 
succor.     V.  44  ;  vii.  80.      [succor. 

•udiB,  -Is,  f.,  stake^  pile. 


sudor,  -oris,  [cf.  sudo,  s-,ieat\  m., 
sweat ;  tori.,  effort  (vii.  8).     [sudary. 

Sueba,  -ae,  [Suebus,  cf.  Suebi],  f., 
a  Sioabian  woman,     i.  53. 

SuSbi,  -orum,  ra.,  pi.,  the  Swabians., 
Suebi  (swe'  bi),  a  powerful  German 
people. 

Suessiones,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (swes-i-6'- 
nez),  a  Belgic  people  north  of  the' 
Matrona  {f[farne)\  the  name  sur- 
vives in  Soissons. 

8uffici5,  -flcere,  -feci,  -fectus,  [sub 
+  facioj,  3,  hold  out.  vii.  20. 
[suffice. 

Buifragium,  -i,  n.,  vote,     [suffrage. 

Sugambri,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (su-gam'- 
brl),  a  German  people. 

suggestus,  -us,  [suggerS,  raise  up]^ 
ni.,  platform  (vi.  3). 

sui,  sibi,  se  or  sese,  nom.  wanting, 
reflex,  pron.,  himself  herself  itself 
themselves.,  him.,  her.,  it. 

Sulla,  -ae,  m.,  (sul'  a) : 

(i)  fucius  Cornelius  Sulla.,  born 
138  B.C.;  consul  88,  dictator  81-79 
B.C.;  leader  of  the  aristocratic  party 
in  the  first  Civil  War,  enemy  of 
Marius;   died  78 B.C.     i.  21;   C.  i.  7. 

(2)  Faustus  ^Cornelius  Sulla^  son 
of  the  dictator.     C.  i.  6. 

(3)  Publius  Cornelius  Sulla^ 
nephew  of  the  dictator,  who  fought 
under  Caesar.     C.  ill.  89,  99. 

SulpiciuB,  -i,  m.,  (sul-pish'  [y]us) : 
(i)    Publius   Sulpicius    h'uftis.,   a 

lieutenant    of   Caesar   in    Gaul   and 

afterwards  in  the  Civil  War.     iv.  22, 

vii.  90. 

(2)   Servius  Sulpicius.,  a  Roman 

senator.     C.  11.  44. 
sum,  esse,  fui,  futarus,  irr.,  be.,  exist. 

[future. 
summa.  -ae,  [summus;  sc.  r6s],  f., 

sum  totals    aggregate.^    whole  (i.   29  ; 

vi.    II,   34;    C.    III.   89);    general 

management.^    control.,    administra- 


sumministro 


111 


suspicio 


tion ;  determination^  deciding  (vi. 
ii).  summa  imperii,  the  su- 
preme com?nand.     [sum. 

Bumministro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [sub 
4- ministro,  serve']^  i,  supply^  pro- 
vide^ furnish. 

summitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus, 
[sub  +  mitto],  3,  send  secretly ; 
send  as  reinforcement^  send  as  help. 
[submit. 

Bummoveo,  -movere,  -movi,  -mo- 
tus,  [sub  +  moves],  2^  force  back. 

summus,  see  superus. 

sumo,  sumere,  sumpsi,  sumptus, 
3,  take  (1.  7,  16;  vii.  65);  take  to 
one's  self  take  on^  asswne  (i.  33;  ii. 
4)  ;  put  forth,  expend^  spend  (iii.  14). 
de  aliquo  supplicium  sumere, 
to  inflict  punishment  on  any  one 
(i.  31;  vi.  44). 

Bumptuosus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
[sumptus],  adj.,  costly.  vi.  19. 
[sumptuous. 

sumptus,  -tus,  [sumo],  m.,  expense. 
i.  18.     [sumptuary. 

Buperbe,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime, 
[superbuSj/rf^w^/],  adv.,  haughtily. 

superior,  see  superus. 

supero,  -are, -avi,  -atus,  [superus], 
I,  conquer.,  overcome.,  vanquish.,  de- 
feat;  surpass  (vi.  24);  surmount 
(vii.  24);  rise  above  (iii.  14);  prove 
superior  (iii.  14);  carry  the  day  (v. 
31);  survive  (vi.  19).     [superable. 

supersedeo,  -sedere,  -sedi,  [super 
+  sedeo,  sit\  2,  refrain  from.  ii. 
8.     [supersede. 

supersum,  -esse,  -fui,  [super  -f 
sumi],  irr.,  remain.,  be  left  (i.  23; 
iii.  28;  V.  22;  C.  III.  91);  survive 
(i.  26;  ii.  27,  28). 

superus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  superior, 
sup.  summus  or  supremus,  [su- 
per], adj.,  above.,  on  high.  Comp. 
superior,  -ius,  higher.,  upper.,  supe- 
rior ;    of   time,  former.,  earlier.,    as 


superiore  nocte,  the  previous  night 
(v.  10).  Sup.,  summus, -a, -um, 
highest;  greatest.,  very  great;  most 
important.,  chief;  all  together.,  all  (v. 
17;  vii.  41);  often  denoting  a  part, 
as  summus  mons,  the  top  of  the 
height  (i.  22).  As  noun,  summum, 
-i,  n.,  top.,  end.  ab  summ6,/^£'w 
the  top  (ii.  18) ;  at  the  end  (vii.  73) ; 
from  the  end  (vi.  26).  [superior, 
supreme. 

suppeto,  -petere,  -petivi  or  -ii,  -pe- 
titus,  [sub  +  peto],  3,  be  at  hand., 
be  available  ;  hold  out  (vii.  77,  85). 

supplementum,  -i,  [suppled,  fill 
up^,  n.,  raw  contingent,  a  body  of 
recruits  under  training,  not  yet 
assigned  to  the  legions  in  which 
they  will  serve,     [supplement. 

supplex,  -icis,  m.  and  f.,  suppliant. 
ii.  28. 

supplicatio,  -onis,  [supplico],  f., 
solemn  thanksgiving,  thanksgiving. 
[supplication. 

suppliciter  [supplex],  adv.,  after 
the  manner  of  a  suppliant,  humbly. 

supplicium,  -i,  [cf.  supplex],  n., 
punishment;  death-penalty,  execu- 
tion. 

supporto,  -are,  -avi,  [sub  +  porto], 
I,  bring  up,  transport,  convey,  [sup- 
port. 

supra,  adv.  and  prep. : 

(i)  As  adv.,  above;  before,  previ- 
ously. 

(2)   As  prep,,  with    ace,    above ; 
of  time,  beyond,  before  (vi.  19). 

suscipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 
[subs,  for  sub,  +  capio],  3,  under- 
take, take  up;  take  upon  one's  self 
assume  (i.  3 ) .  bellum  suscipere , 
to  commence  war.      [susceptible. 

suspectus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  adj., 
under  suspicion,     [suspect. 

Buspicio,  -onis,  f.,  suspicion  ;  reason 
to  suspect  (i.  4).     [suspicion. 


suspicor 


112 


Taurois 


Buspicor, -ari, -atus,  [cf.  suspiciS], 
I,  dep.,  suspect^  mistrust,  surmise. 

Buatento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
sustineo],  i,  sustain.^  endure.,  bear^ 
hold  out. 

Bustineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus, 
[subs,  for  sub,  +  teneo],  2,  hold 
up  (vii.  56) ;  check.^  pull  up  (iv.  2^2,)  \ 
hold  out.,  hear.,  endure;  hold  out 
against.,  withstand,     [sustain. 

BUStiili,  see  toll5. 

BUUB,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  sui],  possessive 
pronominal  adj., /^a,  her.,  its,  their  ; 
his  own.,  her  own.,  their  own.,  etc.; 
with  loc6,  locis,  favorable  to  him- 
self, to  themselves.  As  noun,  sui, 
m.,  pi.,  his.,  their  friends.,  people., 
party.,  side ;  suum,  -i,  n.,  their  orvn 
(i.  43);  sua,  n.,  pi.,  his.,  her.,  their 
property.,  possessions.  se  suaque, 
themselves  and  their  possessions  (i.  11, 
ii.  31). 

Syria,  -ae,  [Svpfa],  f.,  (sir'i-a),  a 
country  lying  east  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea,  between  Cilicia  and  Pales- 
tine; organized  into  a  Roman  prov- 
ince in  64  B.C.     C.  I.  6,  III.  103. 

SyriacuB,  -a,  -um,  [Syria],  adj., 
Syrian.     C.  ill.  88. 

T. 

T.  =  Titus  (tl'tus),  a  Roman  first 
name. 

tabella,  -ae,  [dim.  of  tabula],  f., 
tablet;  voting-tablet^  ballot  ( C.  1 1 1 .  83). 

tabern&culum,  -i,  [taberna,  hut']., 
n.,  /<?«/,  htit.     [tabernacle. 

tabula,  -ae,  f.,  board ;  writing-tablet ; 
list  written  on  a  tablet  (i.  29). 
[table. 

tabuiatum,  -i,  [cf.  tabula],  vv..,  floor., 
story,     vi.  29.     [tabulate. 

taceo,  -Sre,  -ui,  -itus,  2,  be  silent.,  re- 
main silent  {}.  17);  say  nothing  of 
pass  over  in  silence  (i.  17). 


tacituB,  -a,  -um,    [part,  of  taced], 

adj.,  silent,     i.  32.      [tacit. 
tSlea,  -ae,   f.,  stick,  block   (vii.  73) ; 

bar  (v.  12).     [tally. 
talis,  -e,  adj.,  such. 
tarn,  adv.,  so^  so  very. 
tamen,   adv.,  yet.,   still.,  for  all  that., 

nevertheless:.,  however. 
Tamesis,  -is,  m.,  the  Thames. 
tametsi    [tam,  =  tamen,  +  etsi], 

conj.,  although.,  though. 
tandem  [tam],  adv.,  atlengthjinally; 

in  questions, /n?j'  (i.  40). 
tango,  tangere,  tetig-i,  tactus,  3, 

touch.,  border  on.     v.  3.     [tact. 
tantopere  [tantS    opere],  adv.,  so 

earnestly.,  with  so  great  effort,     i.  31. 
tantuluB,  -a,  -um,  [dim.  of  tantiis], 

adj.,  so  small.,  so  slight.,  so  trifling. 
tantum  [ace.  of  tantus],  adv.,  only 

so   much.,  so  far.,  merely,     tantum 

modo,  only  (iii.  5). 
tantimdem   [ace.    neut.    of  tantus- 

dem],  a.dy..,  just  so  much.     vii.  72. 
tantuB,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  so  great,  so  large^ 

so  much.,  so  extensive,  so  important. 

tantus  .  .  .  quantus,  so  great.,  so 

much.,  only  so  rmuh   .   .   .   as. 
Tarbelli,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (tar-bel'  T), 

a    people    in    Aquitania,    near    the 

Ocean,     iii.  27. 
tardS,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issimS,  [tar- 
dus],   adv.,  slo-u'ly ;    comp.,  rather 

sloivly  (iv.  23,  C.  III.  82). 
tardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [tardus],  i, 

check,  delay.,  impede.,  hinder. 
tardus,   -a,    -um,    comp.    -ior,    sup. 

-issimus,    adj.,    slow.      Comp.,    less 

active  (ii.  25).      [tardy. 
TarusatSs,  -iiim,  m.,  pi.,  (tar-u-sa'- 

tez),  a  people  in  Aquitania.     iii.  23, 

27. 
TasgetiuB,  -i,  m.,  (tas-je' sh[y]us),  a 

ruler  of  the  Carnutes.     v.  25,  29. 
Taurois,    -entis,    ace.    Tauroenta, 

[Taup6cts],(tS'  ro-is),  a  fortified  place 


taurus 


113 


temperatus 


on  the  seacoast   near   Massilia.     C. 

II.  4. 
taurus,  -i,  m.,  hull.    vi.  28.     [Taurus. 
Taximagulus,  -i,  m.,  (tak-si-mag'  u- 

lus),  a  British  chieftain,     v.  22. 
tazus,  -I,  f.,  yew.     vi.  31. 
Tectosages,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (tek-tos'- 

a-jez),  a  division  of  the   Volcae,  in 

the  Province;    represented  also  by  a 

branch   settled   near  the  Hercynian 

forest  (vi.  24). 


temere,  adv.,  blindly^  recklessly .^  rashly 
(I.  40,  V.  28;  vii.  37,  C.  III.  87); 
without  good  reason  (iv.  20). 

temeritas,  -tatis,  [cf.  temere],  f., 
rashness.^  recklessness,     [temerity. 

temo,  -onis,  m.,  pole^  tongue^  of  a 
wagon  or  chariot,     iv.  2Z' 

Tempe  [T^/xttt;],  n.,  indeclinable  pi., 
Tenipey  a  narrow  valley,  famed  for 
its  beauty,  in  the  northern  part  of 
Thessaly,    through    which    the  river 


Figure  209.  —  A  view  in  the  Vale  of  Tempe. 
Through  this  beautiful  valley  Pompey  rode  in  mad  haste  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalus. 


tectum,  -i,  [tego],  n.,  roof  {\.  36); 

house  (vii.  66). 
tegimentum,  -i,  [teg-o],  n.,  covering. 

ii.  21;   vi.  21.     [tegument. 
tego,  tegere,  texi,  tectus,  3,  cover 

(v.  43)  ;   hide.,  conceal^  protect. 
telum,  -i,  n.,  general  word  for  missile  ; 

dart^  spear. 
temerariuB,  -a,  -um,  [temere J,  adj., 

rash.^  headstrong,     i.  31;   vi.  20. 


Xerias  (ancient  Peneius)  flows  east- 
ward to  the  sea;  it  lies  between  Mt. 
Olympus  and  Mt.  Ossa  (Map  19,  and 
Fig.  209) . 

temperantia,  -ae,  [temperans,  tem- 
perate']^ f.,  moderation^  sound  judg- 
ment,    i.  19.     [temperance. 

temperatus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior, 
[tempers],  adj.,  moderate.,  temper- 
ate., mild  {\.  12).     [temperate. 


tempero 


114 


Thessalia 


tempers,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cf.  tem- 
pusj,  I,  control  one's  self^  refrain 
(i-  7i  ZZ)-     [temper. 

tempestas,  -tatis,  [tempus],  f., 
weather ;  stormy  weather^  '  bad 
weather^  storm,     [tempest. 

templum,  -i,  n.,  temple.  C.  i.  7,  ii.  5. 
[temple. 

tempto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
tendo],  I,  /rj,  attet>ipt ;  make  an 
attack  on^  attack^  assail  (vii.  73,  86)  ; 
try  to  win  over  (vi.  2).      [tempt. 

tempus,  -oris,  n.,  period  of  time  ; 
time.,  period;  season;  occasion.,  cir- 
cumstances, pro  tempore,  accord- 
ing to  the  emergency  (v.  8).  in  re- 
liquum  tempus,  y^r  the  future.,  for 
all  time  to  come,     [temporal. 

Tencteri,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (tengk'- 
te-rl),  a  German  people,  driven  from 
their  territories  by  the  Suebi. 

tendo,  tendere,  tetendi,  tentus,  3, 
stretchy  extend;  put  up  (C.  ill.  82); 
have  one's  tent  (vi.  37).      [tend. 

tenebrae,  -arum,  f.,  pi.,  darkness. 

teneo,  tenere,  tenui,  2,  hold^  keep, 
occupy  ;  hold  in.,  keep  in,  hold  back, 
restrain,  hem  in;  hind  (i.  31). 
se  tenere,  to  keep  one''s  self,  to  re- 
main,    [tenet. 

tener,  -era,  -erum,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
tenerrimus,  adj.,  tender.,  young. 
ii.  17.     [tender  (adj.). 

tenuis,  -e,  comp.  tenuior,  sup.  tenu- 
issimus,  adj  ,  thin ;  poor.,  trifling 
(^'i-  35);  feeble.,  delicate  (v.  40). 

tenuitSs,  -atis,  [tenuis],  f.,  thinness  ; 
weakness;  poverty,  destitution  (vii. 
17).    [tenuity. 

tenuiter,  comp.  tenuius,  sup. 
-issime,  [tenuis],  adv.,  thinly. 
iii.  13. 

ter,  num.  adv.,  three  times.,  thrice. 

teres,  -etis,  [cf.  terO,  rub'].,  adj., 
smooth  (vii.  73). 

tergum,  -i,  n.,  back.       a  tergrO,  post 


tergum,   ///  the  rear.,  on  the  rear. 

terga  vertere,  to  flee,     [tergant. 
term,  -ae,  -a,  [terj,  distrib.  num.  adj., 

by  threes.,  three  each,     [ternary. 
terra,  -ae,   f.,  earth;   land,  ground ; 

territory,  country^  region,     [terrace. 
Terrasidius,  -i,   m.,  (ter-a-sid' i-us), 

an    officer    under    Publius    Crassus. 

iii.  7,  8. 
terrenus,  -a,  -um,  [terra],  adj.,  of 

earth.,  earthy,     i.  43.     [terrain. 
terreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  2,  frighten, 

terrify.,    alarm ;    followed    by    qu6 

minus,  deter^  frighten  from  an  ac- 
tion (vii.  49). 
territo,  -are,   [freq.    of  terreo],    i, 

frighten  greatly.,    terrify.  metQ 

territare,  to  fill  with  apprehension 

(v.  6). 
terror,  -oris,  [cf.  terreo],  m.,  fear., 

fright.,  alarm.       inferre  terrorem, 

to  strike  terror  (vii.  8).     [terror. 
tertius,   -a,  -um,   [ter],   num.    ord. 

adj.,  third.        tertius  decimus,  or 

XIII,  thirteenth,     [tertiary. 
testamentimi,   -i,    [cf.   testorj,  n., 

will.     i.  39.     [testament. 
testimonium,    -i,    [cf.    testis],    n., 

proof  evidence,     [testimony. 
testis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  ivitness. 
testud5,  -inis,  [cf.  testa,  potsherd], 

f.,  turtle  ;  turtle-shell  roof  testudo.,  a 

covering    formed    by    the    soldiers' 

shields  held  above  their  heads  and 

overlapping   (ii.    6;    v.  9;    vii.   85); 

turtle-shell  shed,  a  movable  shed  to 

protect  soldiers  near  the  enemy's  wall 

(v.  42,  43,  52).     [testudinate. 
Teutomatus, -1,  m.,    (tu-tom'a-tus), 

a  king  of  the  Nitiobroges.-    vii.  31, 

46. 
Teuton!,  gen.  -um,  m.,  pi.,   Teutons^ 

Teutoni  (tu'to-nl);   see  Cimbrl. 
Thessalia,  -ae,  [Beo-craX/a],  f.,   Thes- 

saly.,  the  northeastern  part  of  Greece. 

C.  III.  82. 


Thraces 


115 


transcendo 


Thraces,  -um,  in.,pl.,  Thracians^  na- 
tives of  Thrace,  east  of  Macedonia. 
C.  III.  95. 

tignum,  -1,  n.,  log^  pile.     iv.  17. 

Tigurinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Tigurian. 
As  noun,  Tigurini,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 
the  Tigiirians,  one  of  the  four  divi- 
sions of  the  Helvetians,     i.  12. 

timed,  -ere,  -ui,  2.,  fear.,  be  afraid  of  ; 
be  afraid.,  be  apprehensive  (i.  14,  41). 
Pres.  part,  as  noun,  timentes,  m-., 
pi.,  the  fearful  (vii.  7). 

timide,  comp,  -ius,  [timidus],  adv., 
timidly,     iii.  25;    v.  33. 

timidus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup. 
-issimus,  [cf.  timeo],  adj.,  timid^ 
cowardly,     i.  39;   vi.  40.     [timid. 

timor,  -oris,  [cf.  timeo],  m.,  fear^ 
apprehension.,  alarm,     [timorous. 

TituriuB,  -i,  m.,  Quifitus  Titurius  Sa- 
bintis  (tl-tu'  rj-us  sa-bi'  nus),  a  lieu- 
tenant of  Caesar. 

Titus,  -i.  m.,  (ti'  tus),  a  Roman  first 
name;    abbreviation,  T. 

tolero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  bear^  sup- 
port., endure  ;  sustain  (vu.  yy);  hold 
out  (vii.  71).     [tolerate. 

toUo,  toUere,  sustuli,  sublatus,  3, 
lift.,  raise;  of  an  anchor,  7veigh  (iv. 
23)  ;  take  on  board  ( iv.  28) ;  puff  up., 
elate  (i.  15;  v.  38,  C.  11.  37);  take 
away.,  remove  (vi.  17;  vii.  14);  do 
away  with  (l.  42). 

Tolosa,  -ae,  f.,  (to-16'  sa),  a  city  in 
the  Province,  now  Toulouse,     iii.  20. 

Tolosates,. -lum,  [Tolosa],  m.,  pi., 
(tol-o-sa'  tez),  a  people  in  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Volcae  Tectosages,  in  the 
Province,  about  Tolosa. 

tormentum,  -i,  [cf.  torqueo,  tivist']., 
n.,  windlass  (vii.  22);  as  a  military 
term,  pi.,  torsioners,  engines.,  artillery 
(vii.  41,  81);  missile.,  thrown  by  the 
torsioners  (iv.  25);  means  of  tor- 
ture., rack,  torture  (vi.  19;  vii.  4). 
[torment. 


torreo,  torrere,  torrui,  tostus,  2. 

roast ;  burn.,scorch  (v.  43).     [torrid. 
tot,  indeclinable  num.  adj.,  so  many. 
totidem  [tot],  indeclinable  num.  adj., 

just  as  many,  just  so  many. 
to  tus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  totius,  adj.,  the 

whole,  all.,  all  the.,  entire,     [total. 
trabs,  trabis,  f.,  beam,  timber. 
tractus,  see  traho. 
trado,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [trans  + 

do],  3,  hand  over.,  give  up.,  deliver, 

surrender  ;   intrust^  commit.,  confide  ; 

commend.,  recommend  (vii.  39) ;  hand 

down  (iv.  7);   teach.,  impart  (vi.  14, 

17;   vii.  22). 
traduco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 

[trans  +  duco],  3,  lead  across,  bring 

over  ;  lead.,  transport.,  transfer  ;  ivin 

over  (vi.  12,  VII.  37).     [traduce. 
tragula,  -ae,  f.,  dart.,  javelin.,  perhaps 

having  a  barbed  point,  and  hurled  by 

means  of  a  leather  thong. 
traho,  trahere,  traxi,  tractus,   3, 

drag  along  ( i.  53 ) ;    draw  along.,  drag 

(VI.  38).      [tract. 
traicid,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  [trans 

-|-  iaciS],   3,    throw   across;    strike 

through,  pierce,  transfix  (v.  35,  44; 

vii.  25,  82).     [trajectory. 
traiectus,  see  traicio. 
traiectus,  -us,  [cf.  traicio],  m.,/aj- 

sage.     iv.  21  ;   v.  2. 
trano,    -are,    -avi,     [trans  +  n6, 

jwz'w],  I,  sivim  across,     i.  53. 
tranquillitas,    -atis,    [tranquillus, 

still].,    f.,    stillness.,    calm    (iii.    15). 

summa  tranquillitas,  a  profound 

calm  (v.  23).      [tranquillity. 
trans,    prep,    with    ace.    only,   across.^ 

over ;    on    the  further    side   of    be- 
yond. 
TransalpinuB,    -a,    -um,    [trans  -f- 

Alpinus,  from  Alpes],  adj.,  beyond 

ike  Alps.,  Transalpine .     vii.  I,  6. 
transcendo,     -scendere,     -scendi, 

[trans  +  scand5,  climb'].,  3,  climb 


transeo 


116 


trichila 


over  (vii.  70);  of  ships,  board  (iii. 
15).     [transcend. 

trSnseo,  -ire,  -II  or  -ivi,  -itum  est, 
[trans  +  eo],  \xx.^goover,go  across, 
pass  over^  cross  over  ;  pass  by,  march 
through;  of  time,  pass  (iii.  2). 
[transit  (verb). 

transferd,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus, 
[trans  +  ferO],  irr.,  carry  across  ; 
transfer,     [transfer, 

transflgo,  -figere,  -fixi,  -fixus, 
[trans  +  figo,  /^J,  3i  pierce 
through^  transfix,     [transfix. 

tr&nsfixus,  see  transfig-o. 

tr^nsfodio,  -fodere,  -fodi,  -fossus, 
[trans  +  fodio],  3,  pierce  through, 
impale  (vii.  82). 

trSnsgredior,  -gredi,  gressus, 
[trans  +  gradiSr,  walk^  go\  3, 
dep.,/aw  over ^  go  across^  cross,  ii. 
19;  vii.  25,  46.     [transgress. 

tr^nsituB,  -tls,  [cf.  transeS],  m., 
going  over^  crossing  (v.  55;  vi.  7; 
vii-  57)-     [transit  (noun). 

tr&nslStUB,  see  transfers. 

transmarinuB,  -a,  -um,  [trans  + 
mare],  adj.,  beyond  the  sea.  vi.  24. 
[transmarine. 

tr&nBmiBBUB,  -us,  [cf.  transmittS], 
vi\.^  passage,     v.  13. 

tr&nsmittd,  mlttere,  -misi,  -mis- 
sus, [trans  +  mittoj,  3,  send 
across,^  convey  across.  vii.  61. 
[transmit. 

Tr^nspadanuB,  -a,  -um,  [trans  -f 
PadusJ,  adj.,  beyond  the  Po.  C. 
III.  87.     [Transpadane. 

transportd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [trans 
+  ports],  I,  carry  over.,  convey 
across^  transport,     [transport. 

TransrhSnanuB,  -a,  -um,  [trans  + 
RhSnus],  a.i\]..,  beyond  the  A'hine,  on 
the  other  side  of  the  Khine  (v.  2). 
As  noun,  Transrhenani,  -Orum, 
m.,  pi.,  the  people  beyond  the  Rhine 
(iv.  16;  vi.  5).     [Transrhenane. 


transtrum,  -i,  [trans],  n.,  thwart^ 
cross-beam.     iii.  13. 

transveiBUB  [part,  of  transvertO], 
adj.,  crosswise,     ii.  8.      [transverse. 

TrebiUB,  -i,  m.,  Marcus  Trebius  Cal- 
lus (tre'  l)i-us  gal'  us),  an  officer 
under  Publius  Crassus.     iii.  7,  8. 

TrebdniuB,  -i,  m.,  (tre-bo'  ni-us) : 
(i)  Gaius  Trebonius^  quaestor 
60  B.C.,  tribune  of  the  people  55  B.C., 
a  lieutenant  of  Caesar  in  the  Gallic 
and  Civil  wars;  afterwards  one  of 
the  conspirators  against  Caesar's  life. 
(2)  Gaius  Trebonius^  a  Roman 
knight,     vi.  40. 

trecenti,  -ae,  -a,  or  CCC,  [trSs  + 
centum],  num.  ^iX].^  three  hundred. 

trepido,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cf.  trepi- 
dus],  1,  hurry  about  anxiously,  v. 
ZZ'y  vi.  37.     [trepidation. 

tr6B,  tria,  gen.  trium,  or  III,  num. 
adj.,  three. 

Trgveri,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  Treverans, 
Treveri  (trev'  e-rl),  a  Belgic  people 
near  the  Rhine. 

TrgveniB,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Treveran, 
of  the  Treveri  (ii.  24). 

TriariuB,  -i,  m.,  Gaius  Triarius  (tri- 
a'  ri-us),  a  commander  under  Pom- 
pey.     C.  III.  92. 

TribocSB,  -um,  or  Triboci,  -Orum. 
m.,  pi.,  (trib'  o-sez,  trib'  o-si),  a 
Cierman  people  near  the  Rhine. 

tribuniciuB,  -a,  -um,  [tribaniis],* 
adj.,  of  a  tribune^  tribunicial.    C.  I.  7. 

tribunuB,  -i,  [tribus,  tribe\  m., 
tribune.  tribiinus  militum ,  m  Hi- 
lary tribune.  tribiinus  plebis, 
tribune  of  the  people,     [tribune. 

trlbuo, -ere, -ui, -atus,  [cf.  tribus], 
3,  assign,  ascribe ;  allot^  give,  con- 
cede ;  grant.,  pay,  render. 

tributum,  -I,  [part,  of  trlbuO],  n., 
tax,  tribute,     vi.  13,  14.     [tribute. 

trichila,  -ae,  f.,  arbor^  bower.  C.  ill. 
.96. 


triduum 


117 


Ubli 


triduum,  -i,  [tri,  =  tres,  cf.  dies], 
n.,  space  of  three  days,  three  days. 

triennium,  -i,  [tri-,  =  tres,+  annus], 
n.,  period  of  three  years,  three  years. 
iv.  4.     [triennial. 

trigintt,  or  XXX,  indeclinable  num. 
adj.,  thirty. 

trini,  -ae,  -a,  [tres],  distrib.  num. 
adj.,  three  each;  three;  threefold, 
triple  (i.  53).     [trinal. 

Trinovantes,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (trin-o- 
van'  tez),  a  tribe  in  Britain. 

tripertito,  [tripertitus,  tri-  +  par- 
titus],  adv.,  in  three  divisions, 
in  three  columns,     [tripertite. 

triplex,  -Icis,  [tri,  =  tres,  cf.  plico, 
fold\  adj.,  threefold,  triple,     [triple. 

triquetrus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  three-cor- 
nered.^ triangular,     v.  13. 

triremis,  -e,  [tri,  =  tres,  +  remus], 
adj.,  having  three  banks  of  oars.  C. 
II.  6.     [trireme. 

tristis,  -e,  comp.  -lor,  sup.  -issimus, 
adj.,  sad.^  dejected,  disconsolate,    i.  32. 

tristitia,  -ae,  [tristis],  f.,  sadness., 
dejection,     i.  32. 

Troucillus,  -i,  m.,  Gains  Valerius 
Troucillus  (tru-sil' us),  a  Gaul  who 
acted  as  interpreter  for  Caesar,    i.  19. 

truncuB,  -i,  m.,  trunk  of  a  tree, 
[trunk. 

tu,  tui,  pi.  vos,  vestrum,  personal 
pron.,  thou,  you. 

tuba,  -ae,  f.,  trumpet,     [tuba. 

tueor,  tueri,  2,  6.t^.,gaze  at,  behold, 
watch  ;  guard,  protect.,  defend. 

tuli,  see  fero. 

Tulingi,  -orum,  m  ,  pi.,  (tu-lin'  jT), 
a  people  near  the  Helvetians. 

Tullius,  see  Cicero. 

TulluB,  see  Volcacius. 

tum,  adv.,  then^  at  that  time  ;  there- 
upon; besides^  moreover.  cum 
.  .  .  tum,  both  .  .  .  and,  not  only 
.   .   .   but  also. 

tumultuor,  -ari,  Stus,  [tumultus], 


I ,  dep.,  make  a  disturbance ;  be  in 
confusion  (vii.  61). 

tumultuose,  comp.  -ius,  sup. 
-issime ,  [tumultuosus] ,  adv.,  with 
confusion.  Comp.,  with  more  con- 
fusion than  usual  (vii.  45). 

tumultus,  -us,  m.,  disturbance.,  con- 
fusion, disorder.,  uproar ;  uprising., 
rebellion  (i.  40;   v.  26).     [tumult. 

tumulus,  -i,  [tumeo,  swell\  m., 
mound.,  hillock,     [tumulus. 

tunc,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time.,  at  this 
juncture,     v.  41. 

turba,  -ae,  f.,  disorder.,  confusion. 
C.  II.  35. 

turma,  -ae,  f.,  troop.,  squaUron  of  cav- 
alry. 

turmatim,  [turma],  adv.,  by  squad- 
rons.    C.  III.  93. 

Turoni,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (tu'ro-nT),  a 
Gallic  people,  on  the  Liger  {Loire). 

turpis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issimus, 
adj.,  ugly ;  disgraceful,  shameful. 

turpiter,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -issime, 
[turpis],  adv.,  basely.,  disgracefully. 

turpitudo,  -inis,  [turpis],  f.,  base- 
ness, disgrace,     ii.  27.      [turpitude. 

turris,  -is,  f.,  tower  ;  movable  tower., 
built  on  wheels  so  that  it  could  be 
moved  up  to  the  wall  of  a  besieged 
city,     [tower. 

TutictnuB,  -i,  m.,  (tU-ti-ka'  nus),  a 
Gaul  in  Caesar's  army.     C.  iii.  71. 

tuto,  comp.  tutius,  [abl.  of  tatus], 
adv.,  in  safety.,  safely.,  securely. 

tiitus,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issimus, 
[part,  of  tueor],  adj.,  safe.,  secure. 

tuuB,  -a,  -um,  [tu],  possessive  pro- 
nominal adj.,  thy.,  your.     v.  44. 


ubi  or  ubi,  adv.,  of  place,  where  ;  of 
time,  when.  ubi  primum,  as  soon 
as. 

Ubii,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  Ubians,  Ubii 
(u'  bi-i),  a  German  people. 


ubique 


118 


ut 


ubique  [ubi  +  -que],  adv.,  anywhere^ 
everyivhere.     iii.  i6.     [ubiquity. 

UbiuB,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Ubian,  of  the 
Ubians  (vi.  29). 

ulciscor,  ulcisci,  ultus,  3,  dep., 
take  7)engeance  on  (i  14;  iv.  19;  v. 
38);  avenge  (i.  12);  to  take  ven- 
geance (vi.  34). 

uUus, -a,  -um,  gen.  ailius,  adj.,  any. 
As  noun,  anyone.^  anybody  (i,  8). 

ulterior,  -ius,  [ultra],  adj.  in  comp. 
degree,  farther.^  beyond.^  more  remote., 
more  distant.  Sup.  ultimus, 
farthest.,  most  distant.,  most  remote; 
last.  As  noun,  ulteriSres,  -um, 
m.,  pi.,  Viose  who  uere  further  off 
(vi.  2);  ultimi,  -orumi,  m.,  pi,  the 
last  {y.  43).     [ulterior,  ultimate. 

ultr&,  prep,  with  ace.  only,  on  the 
farther  side  of;  beyond  (i.  48,  49). 

Ultr5,  adv. ,  to  the  farther  side  ;  besides., 
moreover.,  also  (v.  28,  vi.  35);  actu- 
ally (v.  40) ;  of  one's  own  accord., 
voluntarily. 

ultus,  see  ulciscor. 

ululStus,  -us,  [ululo,  jW/],  m.,  only 
in  ace.  and  abl.,  shouting.^  yell. 

umeruB,  -i,  m.,  shoulder.  vii.  50, 
56. 

umquam,  adv.,  at  any  time.,  ever. 

un5  [anus],  adv  ,  into  one  place  (vii. 
87);  in  the  same  place  (ii.  29;  vii. 
38) ;  at  the  same  time ;  together.,  in 
company.  dnS,  cum,  along  with.,  to- 
gether with. 

unde,  adv.,  whence.,  fom  which. 

iindecim,  or  XI,  [anus  +  decern], 
indeclinable  num.  adj.,  eleven. 

findecimus,  -a,  -um,  [undeclm], 
num.  ord.  adj  ,  eleventh. 

findSquadrSginta,  or  XXXIX,  [anus 
+  de  f  quadr&grinta],  indeclinable 
num.  adj.,  thirty-nine. 

dndgvlgintl,  or  X Villi,  [anus  -|- 
d6  -f  vigrinti],  indeclinable  num. 
adj.,  nineteen,     i.  8. 


undique  [unde  -(-  -que],  adv.,  from 
all  sides.,  on  all  sides,  everyxvhere. 

uni versus,  -a.  -um,[anus  -f  versus, 
from  verto],  ailj.,  all  together.^  all, 
in  a  I  ody  ;  the  ivhole  of  entire.  As 
noun,  aniversi,  orum,  m  ,  pi  ,  all 
the  men  together.,  the  whole  body.,  all 
together,      [universe. 

unus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  anius,  num.  adj., 
one ;  one  alone,  only  one.,  only.,  sole; 
one  and  the  same.  PI  ,  ani,  alone, 
only.  ano  tempore,  at  one  and 
the  same  time.  ad  anum  omnes, 
all  to  a  man  {\.  37).      [unite. 

urbanus,  -a,  -um,  [urbs],  adj.,  of 
///^<:zV)',  referring  to  Rome,     [urban. 

urbs,  urbls,  f.,  city;  often  the  city., 
referrmg  to  Rome. 

urgeo,  urg-ere,  ursi,  2., press;  pass., 
be  hard  pressed  (ii.  25,  26). 
[urge. 

urus,  -i,  m.,  toild  ox.     vi.  28. 

Usipetes,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (u-sip'e-tez), 
a  Cerman  people. 

usitatus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -lor,  sup. 
-issimus,  [part,  of  asitor],  adj., 
usual;  common.,  familiar  {y\\.  22). 

usque,  a.dv..,  as  far  as,  even.  asque 
ad,  as  far  as;  of  time,  up  to,  until 
(i.  50;  iii.  15).  usque  e6,  ez>en 
so  far  as  this,  even  to  this  degree  (vi. 
37;  vii.  17). 

usus,  see  ator. 

UBUB,  -as,  [cf.  ator],  m.,  use,  prac- 
tice, exercise,  employment ;  experi- 
tn'-f,  familiarity  (7f/tM),  skill; 
control;  advantage,  benefit;  need, 
necessity.  ex  asa,  of  advantage. 
[use  (noun). 

ut,  uti,  adv.  and  conj. : 

( 1 )  As  adv.,  interrogative,  hoxv  (i. 
43,46);   relative,  ^/ J, y«j/ a5. 

(2)  As  conj.,  with  indie,  ^^(1.4); 
when,  as  soon  as  (i.  31) ;  with  subj., 
that,  so  that ;  in  order  that;  thougli^ 
although  (iii.  9),  .. 


uter 


119 


varus 


uter,  utra,  utrum,  gen.  utrius,  pro- 
nominal adj.,  olten  used  as  subst., 
zohich  of  twt),  whichever,  which. 

uterque,  -traque,  -trumque,  gen. 
utriusque,  [uter  +  -que],  adj., 
each,  both.  As  subst.,  uterque, 
utriusque,  m.,  both,  each.  PI., 
utrique,  both  sides,  both  forces  (iv. 
26;  V.  50;  vii.  70,  80,  85)  ;  both  peo- 
ples (ii.  16;   vii.  7). 

uti,  see  ut. 

Utica,  -ae,  f.,  (u'  ti-ca),  a  city  in 
northern  Africa,  on  the  sea-coast. 

nticenses,  -ium,  m.,  pi.,  Uticans,  the 
inhabitants  of  Utica.     C.  ii.  36. 

utilis,  -e,  comp.  -ior,  sup,  -issimus, 
[utor],  adj.,  ttseful,  serviceable  (iv. 
7;   vii.  20);   helpful  {vW.  76). 

utilitas,  -atis,  [utilis],  f.,  usefulness., 
advantage,  benefit,      [utility. 

utor,  uti,  usus,  3,  dep.,  use,  employ, 
adopt;  avail  one's  self  of,  have,  en- 
joy, find ;  observe,  maintain;  exer- 
cise, display,  show,     [use  (verb). 

utrimque  [uterque],  adv.,  on  both 
sides. 

utrum,  [uter],  conj.,  whether. 

uxor,  -oris,  f.,  wife,     [uxorious. 


Vacalus,  -i,  m.,  Waal,  Vacalus 
(vak'a-lus),  an  arm  of  the  Rhine, 
v.'hich  flows  vilest  into  the  Meuse. 
iv.  10. 

vac3lti5,  -5nis,  [cf.  vaco],  f.,  exemp- 
tion,    vi.  14.     [vacation. 

vaco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  be  unoccu- 
pied, lie  waste,     [vacate. 

vacuus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  vacuissimus, 
[vaco],  adj.,  empty,  clear,  vacant, 
unoccupied ;  destitute  (ii.  12). 
[vacuum. 

vadum,  -i,  n.,  shoal,  shallow  (iii.  9, 
12,  13;   iv.  26);  ford,  shallozu  place. 

V&gina,  -ae,  f.,  scabbard,  sheath,   v.  44. 


vagor,  -ari,  -atus,   i,  dep.,  wander^ 

wander  about,  roam  about. 
valeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -iturus,  2,  be  poxver- 

ful,  be  strong ;  have  power,  have  in- 
fluence ;  prevail,     [value. 
Valerius,  -i,  m.,  (va-le'  ri-us) : 

(i)    Lucius  Valerius  Praeconinus, 

a  lieutenant  defeated  and  killed  in 

Aquitania  a  few  years  before  56  B.C. 

iii.  20. 

(2)  Gaius  Valerius  Flacciis,  a 
Roman  governor  in  Gaul.     i.  47. 

(3)  Gaius  Valerius  Caburus,  a 
Gaul  who  received  the  Roman  fran- 
chise, B.C.  83.     i.  47;   vii.  65. 

(4)  Gaius  Valerius  Procillus.,%oxv 
of  (3) ;  sent  by  Caesar  as  envoy  to 
Ariovistus.     i.  47,  53. 

(5)  Gaius  Valerius  Donnotaurus, 
a  Gaul,  son  of  (3).     vii.  65. 

(6)  Gaius  Valerius  Troucillus, 
see  Troucillus.     i.  19. 

(7)  Valerius  Flaccus,  an  officer  in 
Pompey's  army.     C.  ill.  53. 

Valetiacus,  -i,  m.,  (val'  e-shi-a'  kus), 
vergobret  of  the  Aeduans  in  53  B.C. 
vii.  32. 

valetudo,  -inis,  [cf.  valeo],  f.,  health. 
v.  40;  vii.  78.     [valetudinarian. 

valles  or  vallis,  -is,  f.,  valley,  [val- 
ley. 

vallum,  -i,  [vaUus],  n.,  rampart  %et 
with  palisades,  wall,  intrenchment. 
[wall. 

vallus,  -i,  m.,  stake.,  pole;  rampart 
stake,  palisade  ;  rampart  stakes  in  po- 
sition, stockade,  palisade  ;  sharpened 
point  (vii.  73). 

Vangiones,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  (van-jT'  o- 
nez),  a  German  tribe,     i.  51. 

varietas,  -atis,  [varius],  f.,  variety., 
diversity  (vii.  23);  mottled  appear- 
ance (vi.  27).     [variet}''. 

varius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  different,  diverse. 
[various. 

Varus,  -i,  a  Roman  name  :  see  Attius 


vasts 


120 


v6r 


vSsto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [vastus],  i, 

lay  waste,  devastate. 
vastus,   -a,    -um,    comp.    -lor,    sup. 

-issimus,  z.<X].^7mst,  immense,    [vast. 
vaticinatio,  -onis.  [vaticinor,  pre- 

dict'\^  f.,  prophecy,     i.  50.     [vatici- 
nation. 
Vatinius,  -i,  m.^Publius  Fatinius  (va.- 

tin'  i-us),  a  partizan  of  Caesar.     C. 

III.  90. 
,-ve,  enclitic  conj.,  or. 
vectigal,  -alls,   [cf.  veho],  n.,  tax, 

tribute  (v.  22);   revenue  (i.  18,  36). 
vectigaiis,  -e,  [vectigal],  aclj.,/ay- 

ing  tribute,  tributary,      iii.  8;   iv.  3. 
vectorius,    -a,   -um,    [vector,    cf. 

veh5],  a.d].,  for  carrying.     vect5- 

rium    navigium,     transport    ship 

(v.  8).     [vectorial. 
vehementer,   comp.  vehementius, 

sup.   -issime,    [vehemens,    eager, 

violent'].^  adv.,  vigorously,  violently  ; 

exceedingly.!  greatly. 
veho,  -ere,  vexi,  vectus,  3,  carry. 

equ6  vectus,  riding  on  horseback 

(C.  II.  44).     [vehicle. 
vel,  [vol6j,  conj.,  or.     vel  .  .  .  vel, 

either  .  .  .  or.   As  adv.,  even  (vii.  37). 
Veianius,  -i,   m.,    Quintus    Velanius 

(ve-la'  ni-us),  an  officer  under  Cras- 

sus.     iii.  7,  8. 
Veliocassgs,  -ium,  and  Veliocassi, 

-drum,    m.,    pi.,     (vel"  j-o-kas'  ez, 

vel"  i-o-kas'  T),  a  small  state   north 

of  the  Sequana  {Seine). 
Vellaunodunum,  -I,  n.,  (vel"  d-no- 

dU'  num),  a   town  of  the  Senones. 

vii.  II,  14. 
Vellavii,  -5rum,  m.,  pi.,  (ve-la'  vj-i), 

a  small  state   in  the  Cebenna    {Ce- 

vennes)  Mountains,     vii.  75. 
v616citas,  -atis,  [v§16x],  f.,  nvifi- 

ness,  speed,     vi.  28.     [velocity. 
vfilociter,  comp.  velScius,  sup.  v§15- 

cissimS,     [vSlSx],    adv.,     swiftly., 

quickly,     v.  35. 


veloz,   -ocis,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  -issi 

rciyjL&,z.(y\.,  swift,  fast.    i.  48.    [velox. 
vSlum,  -i,  n.,  sail.     iii.  13,  14. 
velut     [vel  +  ut],    adv.,  just    as. 

velut  ai,just  as  if  {\.  32). 
venatio,  -onis,  [cf.  venor,  hunt'].,  f., 

hunting.,  hunting  expedition. 
vgnator,  -6ris,   [venor,  hunt].,  m., 

hunter,     vi.  27. 
vSndo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus,  [venum, 

sale^  +  do],  3,  sell.     [vend. 
Venelli,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (ve-nel'  I),  a 

Gallic  people,  on  the  northwest  coast 

(Fig.  210). 


Figure  210.  — A  Venellan  coin. 

Gold.  Reverse,  two-horse  chariot;  the 
charioteer  holds  aloft  the  model  of  a  ship.  In 
front  of  the  horses  is  a  head  of  wheat,  on  a 
sinuous  stalk. 

The  head  on  the  obverse  wears  a  laurel 
wreath. 

Veneti,  -Orum,  m.,  pi.,  Venetans.,  Ve- 
neti  (ven'  e-ti),  a  sea- faring  Gallic 
people,  on  the  west  coast. 

Venetia,  -ae,  f.,  (ve-ne'  sh[y]a),  the 
country  of  the  Venetans.     iii.  9. 

VeneUcus,  -a,  -um,  [Venetia],  adj., 
of  the  Venetans.,  Venetan.  Veneti- 
cum  bellum,  tlie  war  with  the  Ve- 
netans (iii.  18;    iv.  21). 

venia,  -ae,  i.,  pardon.,  forgiveness  (vi. 
4);  permission  (vii.  15).     [venial. 

venlS,  venire,  vSni,  ventum  est,  4, 
come. 

ventito,  -are,  -avi,  [freq.  of  veniO], 
I,  come  often.,  go  often^  keep  coming. 

ventus.  i,  m.,  wind,     [ventilate. 

vSr,  vSris,  n.,  spring.    prImO  vSre, 


Veragri 


121 


vexillum 


atthe  commencement  of  spring  {y\.  3). 
[vernal. 

Veragri,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (ver'  a-grl), 
an  Alpine  tribe. 

Verbigenus,  -i,  m.,  Verbigen,  Ver- 
higenus  (ver-bij'  e-nus),  a  canton  of 
the  Helvetians,     i.  27. 

verbum, -i,  n.,  wo;V.  verba facere, 
to  speak  (ii.  14).     [verb. 

Vercassivellaunus,  -i,  m.,  (ver-kas"- 
i-ve-ld'  nus),  one  of  the  four  generals 
in  command  of  the  Gallic  army  raised 
for  the  relief  of  Alesia. 

VercingetorLs,  -igis,  m.,  (ver-sin- 
jet'o-riks),  an  Arvernian,  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  Gallic  forces 
in  52  B.C. 

vereor,  -eri,  -itus,  2,  dep.,  fear^  be 
afraid ;  be  afraid  of  dread. 

vergo,  -ere,  3,  /?>,  slope ;  be  situated. 
[verge. 

vergobretus,  -i,  m.,  [Celtic  word, 
'He  that  renders  judgment';  as  a 
title,  'Dispenser  of  Justice'],  ver- 
gobret,  title  of  the  chief  magistrate  of 
the  Aeduans.     i.  16. 

veritus,  see  vereor. 

vero  [abl.  neuter  of  verus],  adv.,  in 
truth.^  in  fact.,  truly .,  certainly  ;  but., 
but  in  fact.,  hoivever. 

verso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [freq.  of 
verto],  I,  tur7i  often;  shift,  change 
the  position  of  (v.  44).  Pass. 
versor,  -ari,  -atus,  as  dep.,  lit., 
turn  one's  self  about,  move  about  in 
any  place;  dzvell.,  live.,  be ;  be  occupied., 
be  engaged.,  be  busy.  in  bello 
versari,  to  engage  in  war  (vi.  15). 
[versatile. 

versus,  -us,  [verto],  m.,  line.,  verse 
(vi.  14).     [verse. 

versus,  [part,  of  verto],  prep,  and 
adv.  : 

( I )  As  prep.,  veith  ace.  only,  some- 
times following  a  word  governed  by 
ad  or  in,  towards.,  in  the  direction 


of      ad  .  .  .  versus,  in  .  .  .  ver- 
sus, towards. 

(2)   As      adv.,      turned.,     facing. 

quo  que  versus,    in  all  directions 

(iii.  23;   vii.  4,  14). 
Vertico,    -onis,    m.,    (ver'ti-ko),    a 

Nervian  of  rank.     v.  45,  49. 
verto,   vertere,    verti,    versus,    3, 

turn.,  turn  about ;  change.        terg-a 

vertere,  to  turn  and  flee.,  to  flee. 
Veruoloetius,    -i,    m.,     (ver-u-kle'- 

sh[y]us),  a  Helvetian  who  went  as 

envoy  to  Caesar,     i.  7. 
verus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  -ior,  sup.  ve- 

rissimus,    adj.,    true    (i.    18,    20); 

right.,  proper.,  fitting  (iv.  8).         As 

noun,    verum,    -i,*  n.,    the    truth. 

veri  ^\va.)\\s>, probable  (iii.  13). 
verutum,  -i,  [veru,  spit  for  roasting 

meat],  n.,  dart.     v.  44. 
Vesontio,  -onis,  m.,  (ve-son'  sh[y]6), 

chief  city  of  the  Sequanians,  on  the 

Dubis  (Z?^«^.y)  river;   now  Besanfon. 

i-  38,  39- 

vesper,  -eri,  m.,  evening,      [vespers. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  [v6s],  posses- 
sive pronominal  a.<.\]..,  your^  yours. 

vestigium,  -i,  w..,  footprint^  track  (vi. 
27);  spot.,  place  (iv.  2);  of  time, 
moment.,  instant,     [vestige. 

vestio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  [vestis],  4, 
clothe  (v.  14;  vii.  31);  cover  (vii. 
23).     [vestment. 

vestis,  -is,  f ,  clothing,    vii.  47.    [vest. 

vestitus,  -us,  [cf.  vestio],  m.,  cloth- 
ing., garb,     iv.  I;   vii.  88. 

veteranus,  -a,  -um,  [vetus],  adj., 
old.,  veteran,     i.  24.     [veteran. 

veto,  -are,  -ui,  -itus,  i,  forbid  (ii. 
20);    not  allow  (vii.  33).      [veto. 

vetus,  -eris,  sup.  veterrimus,  adj., 
old,  former  ;  ancient,  long-standing. 

vetustas,  -atis,  [vetustus,  vetus], 
{..,  antiquity,  ancient  times.     C.  I.  6. 

vexillum,  -i,  [cf.  velum],  n.,  banner y 


vex5 


122 


virtus 


vezo,   -are,   -avi,     atus,    [freq.    of 

veh6],   I,  harass^  assail  (i.  14;   vi. 

43  )>   ^^y  "w^isie,  overrun  (ii.  4;   iv. 

15).     [vex. 
via,    -ae,    f.,    way,    road;    journey^ 

march.         bidui  via,   a  tivo   days^ 

march  (vi.  7).      [via. 
viator,  -Oris,   [cf.  via],  m.,  traveller, 

wayfarer,     iv.  5. 
vicenl,    -ae,   -a,    [viginti],   distrib. 

num.  adj.,  twenty  each,  tiventy. 
vicesimus,  -a,  -um,  [vigrinti],  num. 

adj.,  tiventieth.     vi.  21. 
viciSs    [vigrinti],  num.   adv.,  twenty 

times.      vicies  centum  milia  pas- 

suum,  t%vo  thousand  miles  (v.  13). 
vicinitas,  -atis,  [vicinus,  near\  f., 

neighborhood;    neighbors     (vi.     34). 

[vicinity. 
vicis,  -is,  f.,  nom.,  dat.  and  voc.  sing. 

and   gen.   and  voc.  pi.    not   in   use, 

change,  succession.         in  vicem,  in 

turn  (iv.  I,  C.  III.  98)*.     [vicar. 
victima,   -ae,   f.,   victim.       vi.     16, 

[victim. 
victor,  -5ri8,  [vinc6],  m.,  conqueror, 

victor.       As  adj.,  victorious  (i.  31; 

vii.  20,  62).     [victor. 
victoria,   -ae,  [victor],  f.,  victory. 

[victory. 
victUB,  see  vines. 
victUB,-a8,  [viv6],  m.,  living  (i.  31) ; 

mode  of  life  (vi.  24)  ',  food,  provisions 

(vi.  22,  23).     [victuals. 
VICUB,  -i,  m.,  village.,  hamlet. 
video,   videre,  vidi,  visus,  2,  see, 

perceive,  observe  ;  understand.   Pass. , 

generally  as  dep.,  videor,   videri, 

visus  sum,  be  seen.,  see m.,  appear; 

seem  proper,    seem  good,    seem    best. 

[vision. 
Vienna,  -ae,  f.,  (vi-en'a),  a  city  of  the 

Allobroges  ;   now  Vienne.      vii.  9. 
vigilia,   -ae,    [vigril,   ^vatchman]^   f., 

watching,   sleeplessness   (v.   31,  32); 

watch.,  a  division  of  the  night ;  sentry 


duty  (C.  III.  49).     [vigil. 

viginti,  or  XX,  indeclinable  num.  adj., 
twenty. 

vimen,  -inis,  n.,  pliant  shoot.,  twig., 
7vithe.       ii.  33;   vii.  73.      [Viminal. 

vincio,  vincire,  vinxi,  vinctus,  4, 
bind.    i.  53 

vinco,  vincere,  vici,  victus,  3,  con- 
quer^ overcome.,  defeat^  subdue ;  ex- 
ceed., surpass  (vi.  43);  carry  one's 
point,  have  one^s  07vn  way  (v.  30). 
victi,  -orum,  part.,  used  as  noun, 
m.,  pi.,  the  conquered,     [vincible. 

vinculum,  -i,  [vincio],  n.,  chain^ 
bond,  fetters,     [vinculum. 

vindico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cf.  vin- 
dex],  I,  claim,  demand  (vii.  76)  ; 
restore  to  liberty  (vii.  i);  inflict 
punishment  {\\\.  16).     [vindicate. 

vinea,  -ae,  f.,  arbor-shed,  sappers'  hut. 

vinum,  -i,  n.,  witie.     [wine. 

violo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [vis],  i,  do 
violence  to,  maltreat  (vi.  23) ;  invade^ 
lay  waste  (vi.  32).      [violate. 

vir,  viri,  m.,  man;  husband  {s\.  19). 
[virile. 

virSB,  see  vis. 

virgo,  -inis,  f.,  maiden,     [virgin. 

virgultum,  -i,  [virgra,  a  shoot\  n., 
small  brush  ;  fascine,    iii.  18  ;  vii.  73. 

Viridom5niB,  -i,  m.,  (vir"  j-do-ma'- 
riis),  a  prominent  Aeduan. 

Viridovix,  -icis,  m  ,  (vi-rid'-o-viks), 
a  leader  of  the  Venelli.     iii.  17-18. 

viritim,  [vir],  adv.,  man  by  man.,  to 
each  individually,     vii.  71. 

Viromaudui,  -6rum,  m.,  pi.,  (vir-o- 
man'  du-T),  a  Belgic  people  about  the 
headwaters  of  the  Samara  {Somme) 
and  the  Scaldis  (Schelde).     Fig.  21 1. 

virtiis,  -atis,  [vir],  f.,  manliness; 
courage.,  bravery.,  prowess;  vigor^ 
energy,  initiative  (vii.  6,  59);  effi- 
ciency, effort  (v.  8  ;  vii.  22)  ;  ivorth 
(i.  47).  PI,  remarkable  qualities^ 
virtues  (i.  44).       [virtue. 


vis 


123 


vultus 


VIS,  ace.  vim,  abl.  vi,  pi.  vires,  -ium, 

f.,  strength  (vi.  28);  force.,  violence ; 
influence,  control  (vi.  14,  17);  num- 
ber (vi.  36).  Y\..,  physical  powers, 
strength,     [vim. 


Figure  21 1.  — A  Viromanduan  coin. 
Bronze  ;  crude  fanciful  designs. 

viBUS,  see  video. 

vita,  -ae,  [cf.  vivo],  f.,  life,     [vital. 

vitium,  -i,  n.,  defect.,  failing,  fault. 
C.  II.  4,  III.  72.     [vice.* 

vito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  i,  shun,  avoid., 
try  to  escape. 

vitrum,  -i,  n.,  woad,  a  plant  used  for 
dyeing  blue.     v.  14. 

vivo,  vivere,  vixi,  victurus,  3,  live  ; 
vviih  abl.,  sustain  life.,  live  on  (iv.  I, 
10;  V.  14).     [vivacious. 

vivus, -a,  -um,  [cf.  vivo],  adj.,  liv- 
ing,  alive.  As  noun,  vivi,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  the  living  (vi.  19).  [vivi- 
section. 

vix,  adv.,  scarcely,  barely ;  with  diffi- 
culty., hardly  (i.  6;   vi.  37;   vii.  46). 

Vocates,  -ium,  m.,  pi.,  (vo-ka'  tez), 
a  people  in  Aquitania.     iii.  23,  27. 

Voccio,  -onis,  m.,  (vok'  sh[y]6),  a 
king  of  the  Norici.     i.  53. 

voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [cf.  vox],  i, 
call,  summon ;  call  for,  demand; 
name.,  call  (v.  21).     [vocative. 

Vocontii,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  (vo-kon'- 
sh[y]i),  a  Gallic  people  in  the  Prov- 
ince,    i.  10. 

Volcacius,  -i,  m.,  Gaius  Volcacius 
Tullus  (vol-ka'sh[y]us  tuV  us),  an 
officer  in  Caesar's  army. 

Volcae,  -arum,  m.,  pi.,   (vol'se),  a 


Gallic  people  in  the  Province  having 

two  branches,  Arecomici  and  Tec- 

tosag'es. 
V0I6,   velle,   volui,  irr.,    be  willing, 

zvish,  desire  ;  mean.,  intend.^  purpose. 
voluntarius,  -a,  -um,  [volo],  adj., 

willing ;  serving  as  a  volunteer  (C. 

III.  91).  As  noun,  voluntarius, -i, 
m.,  volunteer  (v.  56).      [voluntary. 

voluntas,  -atis,  [volo],  f.,  zuill,  wish., 
inclination^  desire;  good-will,  loy- 
alty (i.  19;  v.  4;  vii.  10);  consent, 
approval  {\.  7,  20,  30,  39). 

voluptas,  -atis,  [volo],  f.,  pleasure, 
indulgence,  enjoyment ;  amusement 
(v.  12).     [voluptuous. 

Volusenus,  -i,  m.,  Gaius  Volusenus 
Quadratus  (vol-u-se'  nus  kwa-dra'- 
tus),  a  military  tribune. 

Vorenus,  -i,  m.,  Lucius  Vorenus  (vo- 
re'  nus),  a  centurion,     v.  44. 

Vosegus,  -i,  m.,  (vos'  e-gus),  a  range 
of  mountains  in  eastern  Gaul,  now 
Vosges  (vozh). 

votum,  -i,  [voveo],  n.,  vow.  C.  i.  6. 
[vote. 

voveo,  vovere,  vovi,  votus,  2,  voiv. 
vi.  16.     [vow. 

vox,  vocis,  f.,  voice  (ii.    13;    v.  30; 

IV.  25);  utterance  (vii.  17);  word., 
reply  (i.  32).  PI.  voces,  words., 
sayings,  language,  speeches,  state- 
ments,    [voice. 

Vulcanus,  -i,  m.,  Vulcan,  son  of  Jupi- 
ter and  Juno,  god  of  fire  and  of  work 
in  metals,     vi.  21.     [volcano. 

vulgo  [vulgus],  z.^v., generally.,  com- 
monly., everyzvhere.    i. 39;  ii.  I;  V.33. 

vulgus,  -i,  n.,  common  people  ;  multi- 
tude., crozvd ;  of  soldiers,  rank  and 
fie  (i.  46).     [vulgar. 

vulnero, -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [vulnus], 
I,  ivound.,  hurt,     [vulnerable. 

vulnus,  -eris,  n.,  wound. 

vultus,  -us,  m.,  countenance.,  features, 
expression  of  face.     i.  39. 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY 


Regular  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  are  indicated  by  the  figure  i. 


abandon,  relinquo,  -ere,  -liqui,  -lictus. 
ability,  virtus,  -tutis,  /. 

natural  ability,  ingenium,  -ii,  n. 
have  ability,  possum,  posse,  potul. 
able,  be  able,  possum,  posse,  potui. 
about,  concerning,  de,  prep,  with  abl. 
about,  around,  circum,  prep,  with 

ace. 
about  {with  numerals),  circiter. 
accept,  accipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus. 
accident,  casus,  -us,  m. 
accomplish,      perficio,      -ere,      -feci, 

-fectus;    consequor,  -i,  -secutus. 
account,  on  account  of,  propter,  prep. 

with  ace. 
accuse,  accuso,  i. 
accustomed,    be    accustomed,    soleo, 

-ere,  solitus. 
across,  trans,  prep,  with  ace. 
act  {noun),  factum,  -i,  n. 
act  {verb),  facio,  -ere,  feci,  f actus. 
actively,  acriter. 
admit,  confiteor,  -eri,  -fessus. 
adopt,  of  a  plan,  utor. 
advance,  progredior,  -gredi,  -gressus. 
advantage,     bonum,     -i,     n. ;      com- 

modum,  -i,  n. 
advise,  moneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
affair,  res,  rei,  /. 

public  affairs,  res  publica. 
afraid,  be  afraid,  timeo,  -ere,  -ui. 
after,  post,  prep,  with -ace;  postquam, 

conj. 
afterward,  post,  postea. 
again,  iterum. 
against,   in,   ad,   contra,   prepositions 

with  ace. 
ago,  ante. 


agriculture,  agri  cultura,  -ae,  /. 

aid  {noun),  auxilium,  -ii,  n, 

aid  {verb),  adiuvo,  -are,  -iuvi,  -iutus, 
with  ace. 

alarm,  permoveo,  -ere,  -movi,  -motus. 

all,  omnis,  -e ;  totus,  -a,  -um. 

allow,  patior,  pati,  passus. 

ally,  socius,  -ii,  m. 

almost,  fere,  paene. 

alone,  solus,  -a,  -um. 

already,  iam. 

also,  quoque  {postpositive) . 

not  only  .  .  .  but  also,  non  modo 
.  .  .  sed  etiam. 

although,  cum,  quamquam, 

always,  semper. 

ambassador,  legatus,  -i,  m. 

ambuscade,  insidiae,  -arum,  /.,  pi. 

among,  apud,  prep,  with  ace. 

ancestors,  maiores,  -um,  m. 

anchor,  ancora,  -ae,  /. 
at  anchor,  ad  ancoram. 

and,  et,  atque,  -que. 

and  .  .  .  not,  neque. 
and  so,  itaque. 

announce,  nuntio,  i. 

another,  alius,  -a,  -ud. 

answer,  respondeo,  -ere,  -di,  re- 
sponsus. 

any,  any  one,  anything,  aliquis, 
aliqua,  aliquid  (quod) ;  after 
si,  nisi  or  ne,  quis,  qua,  quid 
(quod) ;  with  negatives,  quisquam 
quidquam  {pron.) ;  ullus,  -a,  -um 
{adj.).^ 

appeal  to,  imploro,  i. 

approach,  appropinquo,  i. 

approve,  probo,  i. 


'  Reproduced,  with  the  consent  of  the  authors,  from  Latin  Composition,  by  Bernard 
M.  Allen  and  John  L.  Phillips. 

124 


arise 


125 


f^an 


arise,  coorior,  -in,  -ortus. 

arm,  armo,  i. 

arms,  arma,  -orum,  n. 

army,  exercitus,  -us,  m. 

arouse,  incite,  i. 

arrival,  adventus,  -us,  m. 

arrive,  pervenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventum 

est. 
as,  just  as,  ut,  sicut,  with  indie. 
as  if,  quasi,  velut  si. 
as  soon  as,  simul  atque. 
ask,  request,  rogo,  i. 

ask,  seek,  peto,  -ere,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus. 
ask,  inquire,  quaero,  -ere,  -sivi  or 
-sii,  -situs. 
assistance,  auxilium,  -ii,  n. 
at,  in  udth  ahl. ;   ad  with  ace;  sign  of 

locative  case. 
Atrebatiaxi,  AtrebSs,  -atis,  m. 
attack  {noun),  impetus,  -us,  m. 
attack  {verb),  oppugno,  i ;    adgredior, 
-i,  -gressus;  lacesso,  -ere,  -ivi  or 
-ii,  -itus. 
make  an  attack  on,  impetum  facio 
in  with  ace. 
attempt  {noun),  conatus,  -us,  m. 
attempt  {verb),  conor,  i. 
authority,  auctoritas,  -tatis,/. 
avenge,  ulciscor,  -i,  ultus. 
avoid,  vito,  i. 
await,  exspecto,  i. 

away,  be  away,  absum,  abesse,  afui, 
afuturus. 

baggage,  impedimenta,  -orum,  «.,  pi. 
band  {of  men),  manus,  -us,/. 
barbarian,  barbarus,  -i,  m. 
battle,  pugna,  -ae,  /. ;  proelium,  -ii,  n. 
be,  sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus. 

be  at  hand,  adsum,  adeSjSe,  affui. 
bear,  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus. 
because,  quod. 

because  of,  propter,  prep,  with  ace. 
befall,  accidit,  -ere,  accidit. 
before  {adv.),  ante,  an  tea. 
before  {conj.),  prius  quam,  ante  quam. 
before  {prep.),  ante,  with  ace. 
before  (adj.),  prior,  superior. 

on  the  day  before,  pridie. 
beg,  oro,  i ;  peto,  -ere,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus. 
began,  coepi,  cocpisse,  coeptus.      Use 
the  pass,  when  the  inf.  is  pass. 


begin,  incipio,    c  e  {.see  began), 
behalf,  in  behalf  of,  pro,  prep,  with 

abl. 
behind,  post,  prep,  with  ace. 

behind  him,  them,  etc.,  post  tergum. 
Belgians,  Belgae,  -arum,  m.,  pi. 
believe,  credo,  -ere,  credidi,  creditus; 

puto,  I. 
belittle,  minuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus. 
betray,  prodo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus. 
between,  inter,  prep,  with  ace. 
bitterly,  acriter. 
board,  go  on    board,    navem    (naves; 

ascendo,  -ere,  -scendi,  -scensus. 
body,  corpus,  -oris,  n. 
both,  each,  uterque,  utraque,  utrum- 

que. 
both  .  .  .  and,  et  .  .  .  et. 
boundaries,  fines,  -ium,  m. 
brave,  fortis,  -e. 
bravely,  fortiter. 
break   down,   perfringo,   -ere,   -frCgf, 

-fractus. 
bridge,  pons,  pontis,  m. 
bring,  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus;    duco, 

-ere,    duxi,  -ductus, 
bring    about,    conficio,    -ere,    -f€ci, 

-fectus. 
bring  on,  upon,  infero. 
bring  to,  affero,  afferre,  attuli,  allatus; 

adduco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
bring  together,  comporto,  i. 
Britain,  Britannia,  -ae,  /. 
Britons,  Britanni,  -orum,  tn.,  pi. 
brother,  frater,  -tris,  m. 
build, 

{of  a  bridge),  facio,  -ere,  feci,  -factus. 
{of  a  road),   munio,   -ire,   -ivi,   or 

-ii,  -itus. 
{of  a   rampart),    perduco,  -ducere, 

-duxi,  -ductus, 
building,  aedificium,  -ii,  n. 
burn,  set  fire  to,  incendo,  -ere,  -cendl, 

-census. 
burning,  incendium,  -ii,  n. 
but,  sed. 

buy,  emo,  -ere,  emi,  emptus. 
by,  abl.  case;  ab,  with  abl.  of  agent. 

call  {by  name) ,  appello,  i . 
camp,  castra,  -orum,  «.,  pi. 
can,  possum,  posse,  potul. 


capture 


126 


course 


c  p  are,  capio,  -ere,  cepi,  caplus. 

{by  storming),  expugno,  i. 
care,  cura,  -ae,  /. 
carefully,  diligenter. 
carriage    with    four    wheels,    wagon, 

raeda,  /. 
carry,  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus. 

carry  back,  refero,  referre,  rettuli, 

relatus. 
carry  on,  gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestus. 
carry     out,     accomplish,     perficio, 
-ere,  -feci,  -fectus. 
case,  causa,  -ae,  /. 

in  the  case  of,  in,  prep,  with  abl. 
cast  off,  cast  out,  abicio,  -ere,  -ieci, 

-iectus ;    eicio. 
cause  {noun),  causa,  -ae,  /. 
cause  {verb),  efficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus; 

facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus. 
cavalry  {adj.),  equester,  -tris,  -tre. 
cavalry    {noun),    equitatus,    -us,    m.; 

equites,  -um,  m.,  pi. 
Ce'.ts,  Celtae,  -arum,  m.,  pi. 
centurion,  centurio,  -onis,  m. 
certain       {indef.      pron.),      quidam, 

quaedam,  quiddam. 
certainly,  certe. 
chain,  vinculum,-!,  n. 
chance,  occasio,  -onis,  /. 

by  chance,  forte, 
charge, 

be  in  charge,  praesum,  -esse,  -fui. 
put  in  charge,  praeficio,  -ere,  -feci, 
-fectus. 
chariot,  currus,  -us,  m. 
chief,  chief  man,  princeps,  -cipis,  m. 
children,  pueri,  -orum,  m.,  pi. 

{free  born),  liberi,  -orum,  m.,  pi. 
choose,  lego,  -ere,  legi,  Iectus ;  deligo, 

-ere,  -legi,  -Iectus. 
citizen,  civis,  -is,  tn. 
city,  urbs,  urbis,  /. 
clear,  make  clear,  declare,  i. 

it  is  clear,  constat. 
client,  cliens,  -entis,  m. 
close,  be  close  at  hand,  subsum,  -esse. 
cohort,  cohors,  cohortis,  /. 
come,     venio,     -ire,     veni,     ventum 
est. 
come  back,  redeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  est. 
come  together,  convenio,  -ire,  -veni, 
-ventum  est. 


come  to  pass,  fio,  fieri,  factum  est 

come  up,  arise,  coorior,  -iri,  -ortus. 
comfort,  consolor,  i. 
command,   iubeo,   -ere,  iussi,   iussus; 
impero,  i. 

be    in    command,    praesum,    -esse, 
-fui,  with  dat. 
commander,  imperator,  -oris,  tn. 
commence  battle,  proelium  committo, 

-ere,  -misi,  -missus. 
commit,  do,  facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus. 
common,  communis,  -e. 

common  people,  plebs,  plebis,  /. 
companion,  socius,  -ii,  m. 
compare,  compare,  i. 
compel,  cogo,  -ere,  coegi,  coactus. 
complain,  queror,  -i,  questus. 
concern,  it  concerns,  interest,  -esse, 

-fuit. 
concerning,  de,  prep,  with  abl. 
confer,  colloquor,  -i,  -locutus. 
conference,  colloquium,  -ii,  n. 
confess,  confiteor,  -eri,  -fessus. 
confidence,  fides,  -ei,  /. 

have   confidence   in,   confido,  -ere, 
-fisus. 
conquer,    vinco,    -ere,    vici,    victus; 

supero,  I. 
consider,  believe,  puto,  i ;    existimo, 
I. 

consider,  regard,  habeo,  -ere,  habui, 
habitus. 
conspiracy,  coniuratio,  -onis,/. 
conspire,  coniuro,  i. 
consul,  consul,  -is,  m. 
consulship,  consulatus,  -us,  m. 

in    the    consulship    of,    abl.    absol. 
with  consul. 
consult,  consuls,  -ere,  -ui,  -sultus. 
contention,  contentio,  -onis,  /. 
continent,  continens,  -entis,  /. 
contrary  to,  contra,  prep,  with  ace. 
convict,  damno,  i. 
council,  concilium,  -ii,  n. 
council  of  war,  concilium,  -ii,  n. 
counsel,  advice,  consilium,  -ii,  n. 

take    counsel,    consuls,    -ere,   -ul, 
-sultus. 
courage,  virtiis,  -litis,/. 

have  courage,  audeo,  -ere,  ausus. 
courageously,  fortiter. 
course,  cursus,  -us,  m. 


court 


127 


drive 


court  of  law,  jQdicium,  -il,  n. 

covet,  adamo,  i. 

crime,  facinus,  -oris,  n. ;  scelus,  -ens,  n. 

cross,  transeo,  -ire,  -il,  -itum  est. 

crowd,  multitudo,  -inis,  /. 

crush,  frango,  -ere,  fregl,  fractus. 

custom,  mos,  moris,  m. ;   consuetude, 

-dinis,  /. 
cut   down    (of  grain),   succido,    -ere, 

-cidi,  -cisus ;  (of  a  bridge),  rescinds, 

-ere,  -scidi,  -scissus. 
cut  oflf,  intercludo,  -ere,  -clusl,  -clusus. 

daily,  cotidianus,  -a,  -um. 
damage,  aflBigo,  -ere,  -flixi,  -flictus. 
danger,  periculum,  -I,  n. 
dangerous,  periculosus,  -a,  -um. 
dare,  audeo,  -ere,  ausus. 
daughter,  filia,  -ae,  /. 
day  (noun),  dies,  -ei,  m. 
on  the  next  day,  postridie. 
on  the  day  before,  pridie. 
day  (adj.),  diumus,  -a,  -um. 
death,  mors,  mortis,  /. 
decide,  constituo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus. 
decision,  iudicium,  -ii,  n. 
declare,  declaro,  i;    confirm©,  i. 
decree,  decerno,  -ere,  -crevi,  -cretus. 
deed,  factum,  -i,  n. 
deep,  altus,  -a,  -um. 
defeat,  supero,  i. 

defend,  defends,  -ere,  -fendi,  -fensus. 
delay,  wait,  moror,  i. 
deliver  (of  a  speech),  habeo,  -ere,  -ui, 

-itus. 
demand  (noun),  postulatum,  -i,  n. 
demand   (verb),  impero,   i,  ivith  dat. 

of  person  from  whom;  postulo,  i, 

with  ab  and  abl. 
deny,  nego,  i. 
depart,  discedO,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessum 

est. 
descendants,  posteri,  -Orum,  m. 
deserve,  mereor,  -6ri,  meritus. 
design  (noun),  cSnsilium,  -il,  n. 
desire,  cupi6,  -ere,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -Itus. 
desirous,  cupidus,  -a,  -um. 
despoil,  spolio,  i. 
destroy,  d6le6,  -6re,  -5vi,  -gtus. 
detain,  teneO,  -fire,  -ui;  detineO,  -€re, 

-ui,  -tentus. 
determine,  cOnstituO,  -ere,  -ul,  -Qtus. 


devise,  cSgito,  i. 

devote,  do,  dare,  dedi,  datus;    dedO, 

-ere,  dedidi,  deditus. 
devoted,  deditus,  -a,  -um. 
devotion,  studium,  -ii,  n. 
die,  morior,  mori,  mortuus. 

die,    be    put    to     death,    pass,    of 

interficio,     -ere,     -feci,     -fectus. 
die,  perish,  pereo,  -ire,  -ii,  -iturus. 
diflfer,  differo,  -ferre,  distuli,  dilatus. 
difference,     there     is     a     difference, 

interest,  -esse,  -fuit. 
difficult,  difficilis,  -e. 
difficulty,  difficultas,  -tatis,  /. 
diminish,  deminuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus. 
direction,  pars,  partis,  /. 

in  that  direction,  in  eam  partem, 
disaster,  calamitas,  -tatis,/. 
discover,      reperio,      -ire,      repperl, 

repertus. 
disembark  (trans.),  ex  navi  (navibus) 

expono,    -ere,    -posui,    -positus; 

(intrans.),     ex     navi     (navibus) 

egredior,  -i,  -gressus. 
disgraceful,  turpis,  -e. 
dislodge,     summoveo,     -gre,     -movl, 

-motus. 
dismiss,  dimitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus, 
dismount,    ex    equo    (equis)    desilio, 

-ire,  -ui,  -sultus. 
disorder,  tumultus,  -us,  m. 
disregard,  neglego,  -ere,  -Igxi,  -lectus. 
distance,    at    a    distance,    procul,    in 

locis  longinquis. 
disturb,     commoveo,     -ere,     -mOvI, 

-motus;   perturbs,  i. 
divide,  divido,  -ere,  -\isi,  -visus. 
do,  facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus. 
be  done,  happen,  fio,  fieri,  factum  est. 
be  done,  go  on,  pass,  of  ger6,  -ere, 

gessi,  gestus. 
do  not  (in  prohibitions),  nOlI,  nOlIte, 

with  inf. 
doubt,  dubito,  i. 

there  is  no  doubt,  nOn  est  dubium. 
doubtful,  dubius,  -a,  -um. 
draw  up   (of  soldiers),  instruO,  -ere, 

-struxi, -structus ;  (of  ships),  sub- 

duco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus. 
drive,  pell6,  -ere,  pepuli,  pulsus. 
drive    back,    repellO,    -ere,    repull, 

repulsus. 


dry 


128 


fill 


dry,  aridus,  -a,  -um. 

dry  land,  aridum,  -I,  n. 
Dumnorix,  Dumnorix,  -rigis,  m. 
dust,  pulvis,  -veris,  m. 
duty,  officium,  -ii,  n. 

do    one's    duty,    officium    praesto, 
-are,  -stiti,  -stilus. 

each     (of     any     number),     quisque, 

quaeque,  quidque  and  quodque. 
eager,  cupidus,  -a,  -um. 
eagle,  aquila,  -ae,  /. 

eagle-bearer,  aquilifer,  -eri,  m. 
easily,  facile. 
easy,  facilis,  -e. 
effort,  labor,  -oris,  m. 
eight,  octo. 

either  ...  or,  aut  .  .  .  aut. 
elect,  facio,  -ere,  feci,  f actus;   creo,  i. 
else  (adj.),  reliquus,  -a,  -um. 

nothing  else,  nihil  aliud. 
eminent,  clarus,  -a,  -um. 
empty    (of  a   river),   influo,   influere, 

-fluxi. 
encounter,  occurro,  -ere,  -curri,  -cur- 

surus,    with    dat.;     subeo,    -ire, 

-ii,  -itus,  with  ace. 
encourage,  hortor,  i. 
end,  finis,  -is,  m. 

each  end,  utraque  pars,  utriusque 

partis,  /. 
endure,  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus. 
enemy  {in  war),  hostis,  -is,  m.,  hostes, 

-ium,   pL;     {personal),   inimicus, 

-i,  m. 
enjoy,  fruor,  -i,  fructus. 
enlist,  enroll,  conscribo,  -ere,  -scrips!, 

-scriptus. 
enough  {adv.  and  indecl.  noun),  satis. 
entreat,  oro,  i. 
envoy,  legatus,  -i,  m. 
equal,     par,     paris;      idem,    eadem, 

idem. 
equinox,  aequinoctii  dies. 
escape,  effugio,  -ere,  -fugi. 
establish,  constituo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus. 
become     established,    inveterasco, 

-ere,  -ravi. 
even,  etiam. 

not  even,  ne  .  .  .  quidem. 
even  if,  etsi,  etiam  si. 
ever,  umquam. 


every,  all,  omnis,  -e. 

every,  each,  quisque,  quaeque,  quid- 
que and  quodque. 

everybody,  omnes,  -ium,  m.,  pi. 

everything,  omnia,  omnes  res. 

every    part    of,     totus,     -a,     -um; 
omnis,  -e. 

every  sort  of,  omnis,  -e. 

in  every  way,  omni  modo. 
evidence,  indicium,  -ii,  n. 
evident,  it  is  evident,  constat, 
except,  praeter,  prep,  with  ace;   nisi 

{conj.). 
exchange,    inter   se   do,    dare,    dedi, 

datus. 
excuse,  purgo,  i. 
exercise,  exercitatio,  -onis, /. 
exist,  sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus. 

exposed,  apertus,  -a,  -um. 
extend,  pertineo,  -ere,  -ui. 

face  to  face,  adversus,  -a,  -um. 

fact,  res,  rei,  /. 

fall,  cado,  -ere,  cecidi,  casurus. 

fall  on,   fall  in  with,  incido,   -ere, 

-cidi,  -casurus. 
fall     upon,     overwhelm,     opprimo, 

-ere,  -pressi,  -pressus. 
far,  longe. 

far  and  near,  longe  lateque. 
farther,  ulterior,  -ius. 
father,  pater,  -tris,  m. 
favorable,  secundus,  -a,  -um. 
fear  {noun) ,  timor,  -oris,  m. ;    metus, 

-us,  m. 
fear  {verb),  timeo,  -ere,  timui. 
feel,  sentio,  -ire,  sensi,  sensus. 
feeling,  sensus,  -us,  m. 

feelings,  animus,  -i,  m. 
fellow  soldier,  commilito,  -onis,  m. 
few,  pauci,  -ae,  -a. 

not  a  few,  complures,  -ia  or  -a. 
fickleness,  levitas,  -atis,  /. 
field,  ager,  agri,  m. 
fiercely,  acriter. 
fifteen,  quindecim,  XV. 
fight  {noun),  pugna,  -ae,  /. ;  proelium, 

-ii,  n. 
fight  {verb) ,  pugno,  i ;   contends,  -ere, 

-tendi,    -tentus;    congredior,  -i, 

-gressus. 
fill,  compleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus. 


finally 


129 


have 


finally,  denique,  postremo. 
find,     invenio,     -ire,   -veni,    -ventus; 
nanclscor,  -i,  nactus  or  nanctus. 

find     out,     reperio,     -ire,     repperi, 
repertus. 
finish,  end,  conficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus. 

finish,      make     perfect,      perficio, 
-ere,  -feci,  -fectus. 
fire,  set  fire  to,  incendo,  -ere,  -cendi, 

-census. 
first,  primus,  -a,  -um. 

at  first,  primo. 

in  the  first  place,  primum. 
fit,  idoneus,  -a,  -um. 
five,  quinque,  V. 
flank,  latus,  -eris,  n. 
flee,  fugio,  -ere,  fugi. 
flight,  fuga,  -ae,  /. 

put  to  flight,   in  fugam  do,  dare, 
dedi,  datus. 
foe,  see  enemy. 

follow,  sequor,  -i,  secutus;   insequor. 
foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 

on  foot,  pedibus. 
for  (conj.),  nam,  enim    (postpositive). 
for,  in  behalf  of,  pro,  prep,  with  ahl. 
for,  toward,  in,  prep,  with  ace;    often 

expressed  by  dat.  case. 
force,  vis,  /. 

forces,  copiae,  -arum,  /.,  pi. 
forest,  silva,  -ae,  /. 
'   forget,  obliviscor,  -i,  oblitus. 

form,  make,  facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus; 

(of  plans),  capio,  -ere,  cepi,  captus. 
former,  early,  pristinus,  -a,  -um. 
fortify,  munio,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus. 
fortune,  good  fortune,  fortuna,  -ae,  /. 
four,  quattuor,  IIII. 
free,  liber,  -era,  -erum. 

free,  unencumbered,  expeditus,  -a, 
-um. 
free,  set  free,  libero,  i. 
freedom,  libertas,  -atis,  /. 
friend,  amicus,  -i,  m. 
friendship,  amicitia,  -ae,  /. 
frighten,  terreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
from,  sign  of  abl  case;  a  or  ab,  e  or  ex, 

de,  prep<.sitions  with  abl. 
front,  frons,  frontis,  /. 

in  front    of,   pro,    prep,   with  abl.; 
ante,  prep,  with  ace. 
full,  plenus,  -a,  -um. 


gain,  consequor,  -i,  -secutus. 

gain  possession  of,  potior,  -in,  -itus, 
with  abl. 
gather,    bring    together,    cogo,    -ere, 

coegi,  coactus. 
Gaul,  Gallia,  -ae,/. 

Gauls,  Galli,  -orum,  m.,  pi. 
general,  dux,  ducis,  m. ;    imperator, 

-oris,  m. 
Germans,  Germani,  -orum,  m.,  pi. 
get  to,   arrive,  pervenio,  -ire,   -veni, 
-ventum  est. 
get     possession     of,     potior,     -iri, 
-itus,  with  abl. 
give,  do,  dare,  dedi,  datus. 
give  up,  see  surrender, 
give  opportunity,  potestatem  facio, 
-ere,  feci,  factus. 
glad,  be  glad,  gaudeo,  -ere,  gavisus. 
glory,  gloria,  -ae,  /. 
go,  eo,  ire,  ivi,  or  ii,  itum  est. 

go  back,  redeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  est. 
go  out,  exeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum  est. 
go  on,  be  done,  pass,  of  gero,  -ere, 
gessi,  gestus. 
god,  deus,  dei,  m. 
good,  bonus,  -a,  -um. 
grain    (threshed),   frumentum,   -i,   n. ; 
(growing  or  unthreshed),  frumenta, 
-orum,  M.,  pi. 
grain   supply,   res  frumentiria,  rei 
frumentariae,  /. 
gratitude,  gratia,  -ae,/. 
great,  magnus,  -a,  -um. 
greatly,  magnopere. 
grief,  dolor,  -oris,  m. 
guard  (noun),  praesidium,  -ii,  n. 
off  one's  guard,  inopinans,  -antis. 
on  guard,  in  statione  (stationibus). 

habit,  consuetudo,  -inis,  /. 
hand,  manus,  -us,  /. 

on  the  other  hand,  contr&. 

be  at  hand,'  adsum,  -esse,  affui. 
happen,    accidit,    -ere,    accidit;     fit, 

fieri,  factum  est. 
harbor,  portus,  -us,  m. 
harm,  detrimentum,  -i,  n. 
hasten,  contendo,  -ere,  -tendi,  -tentus. 
hastily,  repente. 
hate,  odi,  odisse,  6surus. 
have,  habeo,  -€re,  -ui,  -itus. 


have  in  mind 


130 


invincible 


have  in  mind,  propono,  -ere,  -posui, 

-positus,  with  reflex. 
he,  is,  hie,  ille.      Usually  not  expressed. 
hear,  hear  of,  audio,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii, 

-itus. 
height,  altitudo,  -inis, /. 
held,  cf.  hold. 

help  (noun),  auxilium,  -ii,  n. 
help  (verb),  adiuvo,  -are,  -iuvi,  -iutus. 
helpful,  Usui,  dat.  of  usus. 
Helvetians,  Helvetii,  -orum,  m.,  pi. 
here,  hie  (adv.). 
hesitate,  dubito,  i,  with  inf. 
hide,  abdo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus. 
high   (of  position),  superus,  -a,  -um, 

(of  extent),  altus,  -a,  -um. 

(of  wind  or  tide),  magnus,  -a,  -um. 
himself,    ipse     (intensive) ;     sui     (re- 
flexive) . 
hinder,  impedio,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus. 
hire,  conduce,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
his,  eius;  suus,  -a,  -um  (reflex.). 
hold,  teneo,  -ere,  -ui. 

(of  an  office),  gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestus. 

(of   a    council),    habeo,    -ere,    -ui, 
-itus. 
home,  house,  domus,  -us,  /. 

at  home,  domi. 

from  home,  domo. 

(to  one's)  home,  domum. 
honor,  honor,  -oris,  m. 
honorable,  honestus,  -a,  -um. 
hope  (noun),  spes,  -ei, /. 
hope  (verb),  spero,  i. 
horse,  equus,  -i,  m. 
horseman,  eques,  -itis,  m. 
hostage,  obses,  -idis,  m. 
hostile,  infestus,  -a,  -um. 
hour,  hora,  -ae,  /. 
house,  domus,  -us,  /. 
how,  in  what  degree,  quam ;   in  what 
way,  quo  modo,  quem  ad  modum. 

how  many,  quot,  quam  multi,  -ae, 
-a. 

how  much,  quantus,  -a,  -um;    as 
subst.,  quantum,  -i,  n. 

how  often,  quotiens. 
however  (adv.),  quam  vis. 
however  (conj.),  autem  (postpositive) . 
human,  humanus,  -a,  -um. 
hundred,  centum,  C. 
hurl,  conicio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus. 


hurry  (intrans.),  contend©,  -ere,  -tendl, 
-tentus. 
hurry  off   (trans.),  rapio,   -ere,  -ui, 
raptus. 

I,  ego,  mei.      Usually  not  expressed. 
if,  si. 

if  not,  nisi. 

if  only,  dum  modo. 

if  (in  indirect  questions),  num,  -ne. 

but    if,     quod    si;      after    another 

condition,  sin. 
immortal,  immortalis,  -e. 
import,  imports,  i. 

importance,  it  is  of  importance,  refert. 
impunity,  impunitas,  -atis,  /. 

with  impunity,  impune. 
in,  in,  prep,  with  abl. 
increase  (trans.),    augeo,    -ere,    kuxi, 

auctus. 
(intrans.),  cresco,  -ere,  crevi,  cretus. 
incredible,  incredibilis,  -e. 
incur,  subeo,  -ire,  -ii. 
induce,  adduco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
infantry,     pedites,     -um,     m.,     pi.; 

peditatus,  -us,  m. 
inflict,  infero,  -ferre,  intuli,  illatus. 
influence,  auctoritas,  -atis,  /. 
influence  (verb),  adduco,  -ere,  -duxi, 

-ductus. 
inform,    certiorem    (certiores)    facio, 

-ere,  feci,  factus. 
inhabit,  incolo,  -ere,  -ui.  • 
injury,  iniuria,  -ae,  /. 
inquire,  quaero,  -ere,  -sivi  or  -ii,  -situs. 
inspire,    inicio,     -ere,     -ieci,    -iectus, 

with  dat.  of  person  and  ace.   of 

thing. 
intention,  concilium,  -ii,  n. 
interests    of    state,    res    publica,    rei 

publicae,  /. 
highest  interests  of  state,  summa 

res  publica. 
it    is     to     the     interest,     interest, 

interesse,  interfuit. 
intimate  friend,  familiaris,  -is,  m. 
into,  in,  prep,  with  ace. 
investigate,  search  into,  quaero,  -ere, 

-sivi  or  -sii,  -situs. 
investigate,  inspect,  perspicio,  -ere, 

-spexi,  -spectus. 
iavincible,  invictus,  -a,  -um. 


island 


131 


message 


island,  insula,  -ae,  /. 

it,  hie,  haec,  hoc ;    is,  ea,  id. 

Italy,  Italia,  -ae,  /. 

its,  eius;    suus,  -a,  -um  {reflex.). 

itself,  ipse,  ipsa,  ipsum. 

javelin,  pilum,  -i,  n. 

journey,  iter,  itineris,  n. 

judge,  pass  judgment,  iudico,  i. 

jump  down,  desilio,  -ire,  -ui,  -sultus. 

Jupiter,  Juppiter,  Jovis,  m. 

just  as,  sicut. 

justly,  iure. 

keep,  teneo,  -ere,  -ui. 

keep,     hold,    contineo,     -ere,    -u!, 

-tentus. 
keep,  prevent,  prohibeo,  -ere,  -ui, 
-itus. 
kill,    interficio,    -ere,    -feci,    -fectus; 

occido,  -ere,  -cidi,  -cisus. 
knight,  eques,  -itis,  m. 
know,  scio,  scire,  scivi,  scitus. 
know,  have  learned,  cognovi. 
not  know,  ignoro,   i ;    nescio,  -ire, 
-ivi. 
known,  notus,  -a,  -um. 

lack,  be  lacking,  be  wanting,  desum, 

-esse,  -fui. 
lake,     lacus.     Lake     Geneva,     lacus 

Lemannus. 
land,  ager,  agri,  m. 
large,  magnus,  -a,  -um. 

large  number,  multitudo,  -inis, /. 
last  (adv.),  proxime. 

at  last,  tandem. 
later  (adv.),  postea. 
latter,  the  latter,  hie,  haec,  hoc. 
law,  lex,  legis,  /. 
lay     aside,     depono,     -ere,     -posui, 

-positus. 
lay    down     (of    arms),    pono,     -ere, 

posui,  positus. 
lead,  duco,  -ere,  duxi,  ductus. 

lead   across,    traduco,   -ere,   -duxl, 

-ductus. 
lead    back,     redflcO,    -ere,    -duxi, 

-ductus. 
lead  out,  educO,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
leader,  dux,  ducis,  m. 

leading  man,  princeps,  -cipis,  m. 


leadership,  principatus,  -us,  m. 
learn,    cognosce,    -ere,    -ovi,    -itus; 

reperio,  -ire,  repf)eri,  repertus. 
leave,    relinquo,   -ere,   -liqui,   -lictus; 
discedo,    -ere,    -cessi,    -cessurus, 
followed  by  ab  with  abl. 
legion,  legio,  -onis,  /. 
less,  minor,  minus,  gen.  minoris. 
liberty,  libertas,  -atis,  /. 
lieutenant,  legatus,  -i,  m. 
life,  vita,  -ae,  /. 
line  of  battle,  acies,  -ei,  /. 
listen  to,  audio,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus. 
little,  parvus,  -a,  -um. 

a  little  while,  breve  tempus,  -oris,  n. 
live,  vivo,  -ere,  vixi,  victus. 

live   in,    inhabit,    inco  6,    -ere,    -ui 
(with  accusative). 
long,  longus,  -a,  -um. 

for  a  long  time,  diu. 
look  at,  specto,  i. 
lose,  amitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus, 
loud,  magnus,  -a,  -um. 
low,  inferus,  -a,  -um. 

madness,  furor,  -oris,  m. ;    amentia, 

-ae,  jf. 
make,  facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus. 

make  {of  a  plan),  capio,  -ere,  cepi, 

captus ;   ineo,  inire,  inii,  initus. 
make  war,  bellum  facio,  or  bellum 
infers,     inferre,     intuli,     illatus, 
both  with  dat. 
make  use  of,  utor,  -i,  usus. 
man,  homo,  hominis,  m. ;   vir,  viri,  m. 
men,  soldiers,  milites,  -um,  m. 
a  man  who,  is  qui. 
many,  multi,  -ae,  -a;    complures,  -a 

or  -ia. 
march,  iter,  itineris,  n. 

march,  make  a  march,  iter  faciO, 
-ere,  feci,  factus. 
Mark,  Marcus,  -i,  m. 
marriage,  matrimonium,  -il,  n. 
material,  materia,  -ae,  /. 
matter,  res,  rei,  /. 

meet   (trans.),   convenio,   -Ire,   -v6nl, 
-ventum  est,  with  ace;  occurrO, 
-ere,  -curri,  -cursurus,  with  dat. 
mercy,  misericordia,  -ae,  /. 
mere,  ipse,  -a,  -um. 
message,  nuntius,  -ii,  m. 


messenger 


132 


pass  judgment 


messenger,  nuntius,  -ii,  m. 

miles,  milia  passuum. 

military    matters,    res    militaris,    rel 

militaris,  /. 
mind,     mens,     mentis,    /. ;     animus, 

-i,  m. 
misdeed,  facinus,  -oris,  n. 
misfortune,  calamitas,  -atis,  /, 
month,  mensis,  -is,  /. 
moon,  luna,  -ae,  /. 

more  (adj.),  plus,  pluris ;  (adv.),  magis. 
moreover,  autem  (postpositive) . 
motive,  causa,  -ae,  /. 
move,  moveo,  -ere,  movi,  motus. 
moved,  disturbed,  commjtus,  -a,  -um. 
much  (adj .) ,  multus,  -a,  -um;  (adv.), 

multum ;  in  comparisons,  multo. 
multitude,  multitude,  -inis,  /. 

name,  nomen,  -inis,  n. 

narrow,  angustus,  -a,  -um. 

nation,  natio,  -onis,  /. 

nature,  natura,  -ae,  /. 

near  at  hand,  be  near  at  hand,  adsum, 

-esse,  aflfui. 
nearer  (adj.),  propior,  -ius ;  (adv.),  pro- 

pius. 
nearly,  fere. 
necessary,  necessarius,  -a,  -um. 

it  is  necessary,  opus  est ;  necesse  est. 
neglect,  neglego,  -ere,  -lexl,  -lectus. 
neighbor,  finitimus,  -i,  m. 
neither  .  .  .  nor,  neque  .  .  .  neque; 

nee  .  .  .  nee. 
never,  numquam. 
nevertheless,  tamen. 
new,  novus,  -a,  -um. 
news,  nuntius,  -ii,  m. 
next,  proximus,  -a,  -um. 

on  the  next  day,  postero  die. 
night,  nox,  noctis,  /. 

by  night,  noctu. 
no,  nullus,  -a,  -um. 

no  one,  nobody,  nemo,  m.  and  /., 

gen.    nulllus,    dat.    neminl,    ace. 

neminem,  abl.  nullo. 
noise,  strepitus,  -us,  m. 
not,  non;    in  negative  purpose,  wish, 

or  command,  ne. 
and  not,  neque. 
not    only  .  .  .  but    also,    non    solum 

.  .  .  sed  etiam. 


not  yet,  nondum. 

notable,  insignis,  -e. 

nothing,  nihil  (indecL). 

notice,     animadverts,     -ere,      -verti^ 

-versus. 
now,  at  the  present  time,  nunc;    by 

this  time,  iam. 
number,  numerus,  -i,  m. 

obtain  a  request,  impetro,  i. 
occur,  occurro,  -ere,  -curri,  -cursurus. 
of,  concerning,  de,  prep,  with  abl. 
offer,   offero,   -ferre,   obtuli,   oblatus; 

of  terms,  fero. 
office,    magistratus,   -us,    m.;   honor, 

-oris,  m. 
often,  saepe. 
on,  in,  prep,  ivith  abl. 
once,  at  once,  statim. 
one,  unus,  -a,  -um. 

one  .  .  .  another,  alius  .  .  .  alius. 

one  who,  is  qui. 

only  (adv.),  moo'o. 

only  one,  solus,  -a,  -um. 
opinion,  opinio,  -onis,  /. 
opportunity,  facultas,  -atis,  /. 
oppose,  resists,  -ere,  -stiti. 
oppress,  premo,  -ere,  pressi,  pressus. 
or,  aut ;  in  questions,  an. 
order,     iubeo,     -ere,     iussi,     iussus, 
with     ace.     and     inf.;      impero, 
I,  with  dat.,  ut  and  subj. 

in  order  that,  ut,  with  subj. 
other,  another,  alius,  -a,  -ud. 

on  the   other   hand,    autem    (post- 
positive) . 

others,  the  remaining,  ceteri,  -ae,  -a. 
ought,  debeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus ;   oportet, 

-ere,  oportuit. 
our,  noster,  -tra,  -trum. 

our  men,  nostri,  -orum,  w.,  pi. 
outcry,  clamor,  -oris,  m. 
overwhelm,     opprimo,     -ere,    -pressi, 

-pressus. 
own,  reflex,  poss.  adj.,  or  gen.  of  ipse. 

pack-animal,  iumentum,  -i,  n. 

pain,  dolor,  -oris,  m. 

pardon,  ignosco,  -ere,  -novi,  -notus. 

part,  pars,  partis,  /. 

party,  pars,  partis,  /. 

pass  judgment,  itidico,  i. 


peace 


133 


ready 


peace,  pax,  pads,  /. 
people,  populus,  -i,  ni. 

their  people   {reflex.),  sui,  suorum, 

m.,  pi. 
perceive,      perspicio,      -ere,      -spexi, 

-spectus. 
peril,  perlculum,  -i,  n. 
perish,  pereo,  -ire,  -il,  -iturus. 
permission,     it    is    permitted,    licet, 

licere,  licuit,  with  dat.  and  inf. 
permit,  patior,  pati,  passus,  with  ace. 

and  inf.;    permitto,   -ere,    -misi, 

-missus^  with  dat.,  ut,  and  subj. 
personal  enemy,  inimicus,  -i,  m. 
persuade,     persuadeo,     -ere,     -suasi, 

-suasum  est,  with  dat.,    ut,    and 

subj. 
picked,  delectus,  -a,  -um. 
pick  out,  deligo,  -ere,  -legi,  -lectus. 
pitch  camp,  castra  pono,  -ere,   posul, 

positus. 
place  (noun),  locus,  -i,  m.;    pi.  loca, 

-orum,  n. 
place   (verb),  colloco,    i ;    pono,  -ere, 

posui,  positus. 
place   (in  different   positions),   dis- 

pono. 
plan  (noun),  consilium,  -il,  n. 
plan,    arrange,    constituo,    -ere,    -ui, 

-utus. 
plan,  think  (of),  cogito,  i. 
pleasure,  voluptas,  -atis,  /. 
plot,  ambuscade,  insidiae,  -arum,  /., 

pi. 
plot  against,  Insidior,  i,  with  dat. 
point,  at  this  point,  hic. 
possession,  gain  possession  of,  potior, 

-Iri,  -itus. 
power,     ability,     facultas,     -atis,    /. ; 

power,   might,   potentia,  -ae,  /. ; 

military  power,  imperium,  -il,  n. 
powerful,  to  be  very,  plurimum  posse, 
practice,  exercitatio,  -onis,  /. 
praetor,  praetor,  -oris,  m. 
praise,  laus,  laudis,  /. 
pray   (verb),   votum   faciS,   -ere,  f6cl, 

factum, 
pray    (in    commands    and    questions)^ 

tandem, 
prefer,  malo,  malle,  malui. 
prepare,  compare,  i ;   par6,  i. 
prepared,  paratus,  -a,  -um. 


preserve,  conserve,  i. 

press  hard,  premo,  -ere,  pressi,  pressus, 

pretend,  simulo,  i. 

prevail,  valeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -iturus. 

prevent,    prohibeo,    -ere,    -ui,    -itus, 

with  inf. 
not  prevent,  non  deterred,  -ere_,  -ui, 

-itus,  with  quin  and  subj. 
previous,  superior,  -ius;    prior,  -us. 
private,  privatus,  -a,  -um. 
privilege,    give    the    privilege,    potes- 

tatem  facio. 
prolong,  produco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 
proof,  indicium,  -ii,  n. 
property,  res,  rei,  /. 
proportion,  in  proportion  to,  pro. 
prosperous,  florens,  -entis. 
protect,  defends,  -ere,  -di,  -fensus. 
protection,  praesidium,  -ii,  n. 
prove,  probo,  i. 
provided,  provided  that,  dum. 
province,  provincia,  -ae,  /. 
provision,  make  provision,  prOvideo, 

-ere,  -vidi,  -visus. 
public,  publicus,  -a,  -um. 
public     welfare,      res     publica,     rei 

publicae,  /. 
punish,  ulciscor,  -i,  ultus. 
punishment,      supplicium,      -ii,      n. ; 

poena,  -ae,  /. 
purpose,  mens,  mentis,/. 
put  down,  conquer,  supero,  i. 

put  in  charge,  praeficio,  -ere,  -fgci, 

-fectus. 
put   to    death,    interficio,   -ere,   -feci, 

-fectus. 
put  to  flight,  fugo,  I. 
put  under  the  power,  permitto,  -ere, 

-misi,  -missus. 

quickly,  celeriter. 

rampart,  vallum,  -i,  n. 

rank,  ordo,  -inis,  /. 

rather,  potius. 

reach,  per\'eni6,  -Ire,  -vCnl,  -ventum 

est,  with  ad  and  ace. 
reach   (of  land),   attingo,   -ere,   -tigi, 

-tactus. 
ready,  paratus,  -a,  -um. 
get  ready,  comparO,  i. 


realize 


131 


service 


realize,  intellego,  -ere,  -lexi,  -lectus. 
reason,  causa,  -ae,  /. 

for  this  reason,  qua  de  causa, 
reasonable,  iustus,  -a,  -um. 
reasonableness,  ratio,  -onis, /. 
recall,  revoco,  i. 

receive,   accipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus. 
receive  under  protection,  in  fidem 

recipio. 
recently,  nuper. 
recklessness,  audacia,  -ae,/. 
regard,  in  regard  to,  de  ivith  abl. 
region,  regio,  -onis,/. 
reject,  repudio,  i. 
rejoice,  gaudeo,  -ere,  gavisus  sum. 
relief,  subsidium,  -il,  n. 
remain,  maneo,  -ere,  mansi,  manstirus. 
remove,  tollo,  -ere,  sustuli,  sublatus; 

removeo,  -ere,  -movi,  -motus. 
renown,  gloria,  -ae,/. 
repair,  reficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus. 
repeatedly,  saepe. 
repent,  paenitet,  -err,  -uit. 
reply,       respondeo,      -ere,      -spondi, 

-sponsus. 
report,  nuntio,  i. 
report  back,  renuntio,  i. 
republic,  res  publica,  rei  publicae,  /. 
reputation,  opinio,  -onis,  /. 
request,  obtain  a  request,  impetro,  i, 
reserve,  reserve,  i, 
resist,  resisto,  -ere,  -stiti,  with  dat. 
rest     of,     remaining,      reliquus,     -a, 

-um. 
restore,     restituo,     -ere,    -ui,    -utus; 

reddo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus. 
restrain,    retineo,    -ere,    -ui,    -tentus; 

prohibeo,     -ere,     -ui,     -itus;     re- 

primo,  -ere,  -pressi,  -pressus. 
retreat  (noun),  receptus,  -us,  m. 
retreat    (verb),    recipio,    -ere,     -cepi, 

-ceptus,  with  reflexive. 
return  (noun),  reditus,  -us,  m. 
return,  give  back,  reddo,  -ere,  -didi, 

-ditus. 
return,     go     back,     redeo,     -ire,    -ii, 

-tum  est;    reverter,  -i. 
in  return  for,  pro  with  abl. 
revolt,   tumultus,  -us,  m. 
reward,  piaemium,  -ii,  n. 
Rhine,   Rh?nus,  -i,  m. 
Rhone,  Rhodanus,  -i,  m. 


right,  fair  (adj.),  aequus,  -a,  -um. 
right    {in    the    sight    of   the    gods). 
fas,  n.,  indecl.  noun. 
rightly,  iure. 
risk,  periculum,  -i,  n. 
river,  flumen,  -inis,  n. 
road,  via,  -ae,  /. ;   iter,  itineris,  n. 
Roman,   Romanus,  -a,  -um. 
Rome,  Roma,  -ae,  /. 
royal  power,  regnum. 
rule,  rego,  -ere,  rexi,  rectus, 
rumor,  rumor,  -oris,  m. 

safe,  incolumisj  -e;   tutus,  -a,  -um. 
safely,   tuto ;    translate  when  possible 

by  adj.,  safe. 
safety,  salus,  -utis, /. 
sail  (verb),  navigo,  i. 
sake,  for  the  sake  of,  causa,  following 

its  gen. 
same,  idem,  eadem,  idem, 
savage,  ferus,  -a,  -um. 
save,  conserve,  i. 
say,  dico,  -ere,  dixi,  dictus. 
sea,  mare,  -is,  n. 
secure,  (adj.),  tutus,  -a,  -um. 
secure  (verb),  consequor,  -i,  -secutus; 

concilio,  i ;   nanciscor,  -i,  nactus. 
see,  see  to  it,  video,  -ere,  vidi,  visus. 
seek,  peto,  -ere,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itus. 
seem,  videor,  -eri,  visus. 
seize,  occupo,  i ;   comprehendo,  -ere, 

-hendi,  -hensus. 
self,  myself,  etc.     //  emphatic,  ipse, 

-a,  -um ;  if  reflexive,  mei,  tui,  sui, 

etc. 
senate,  senatus,  -us,  m. 
senator,  senator,  -oris,  m. 
send,  mitto,  -ere,  misi,  missus. 

send  ahead,  praemitto,  -ere,  -misi, 

-missus. 
send    back,    remitto,    -ere,    -misi, 

-missus. 
send    out    or     away    (in    different 

directions),    dimitto,    -ere,    -misi, 

-missus. 
separate,  divido,  -ere,  -visi,  -visus. 
serious,  gravis,  -e. 
servant,  servus,  -i,  m. 
service,  officium,  -ii,  n. ;  meritum,  -i,  n. 
service,     be     of      service,     prosum, 

prodesse,  profui. 


set 


135 


take 


set  fire  to,  incendo,  -ere,  -cendi,  -cen- 
sus. 
set  out,  proficiscor,  -I,  -fectus. 
set   sail,   solvo,    -ere,    solvi,   solutus, 
with  or  without  navem  or  naves, 
settle    (down),    consldo,     -ere,    -sedi, 

-sessurus. 
seventh,  septimus,  -a,  -um. 
several,  complures,  -a  or  -ia. 
shield,  scutum,  -i,  n. 
ship,  navis,  -is,  /. 

war  ship,  navis  longa. 
short,  brevis,  -e. 

shout,  shouting,  clamor,  -oris,  m. 
show,  ostendc,  -ere,  -di,  -tus;  indico, 

I ;  doceo,  -ere,  -ui,  doctus. 
shrewdness,  consilium,  -ii,  n. 
sight,  conspectus,  -us,  tn. 
since,    cum,    with    suhj.;     quoniam, 

with  indie. 
sister,  soror,  -oris,  /. 
situation,    locus,    -i,    m. ;     pi.    loca, 

-orum,  n. 
skilful,  skilled,  peritus,  -a,  -um,  with 

gen. 
slave,  servus,  -I,  m. 
slay,  occido,  -ere,  -cidi,  -cisus. 
slight,  parvus,  -a,  -um. 
so  {with  adjectives  and  adverbs),  tam ; 
{with  verbs),  ita,  sic. 
and  so,  itaque. 
so  great,  tantus,  -a,  -um. 
so  long,  tam  diu. 
so  long  as,  dum,  with  indie. 
so  much  {as  noun),  tantum,  -i,  n. 
so  often,  totiens. 
soldier,  miles,  -litis,  m. 
some     {adj.),    aliqui,    -qua,    -quod; 
non  nullus,  -a,  -um ;  pi.  as  subst. 
some  one,  something  {subst.),  ali- 

quis,  aliquid. 
some  .  .  .  others,    alii  .  .  .  alii. 
some   in   one   direction,  others  in. 

another,  alii  aliam  in  partem. 
there  are  some  who,  sunt  qui. 
sometimes,  non  numquam. 
soon,  brevi  tempore. 

as  soon  as,  simul  atque. 
sort,  genus,  -eris,  n. 

of  this  sort,  eius  modi. 
spare,   parco,   -ere,  pepercl  or  parsi, 
parsurus. 


speak,  dico,  -ere,  dixi,  dictus. 
speech,  oratio,  -onis,  /. 
speed,  celeritas,  -atis,  /. 

at  full  speed  {of  horses),  incitStus, 

-a,  -um. 
spot,  locus,  -i,  m.;  />/.  loca,  -orum,  n. 
spy,  spy  out,  speculor,  i. 
stab,  percutio,  -ere,  -cussi,  -cussus. 
stand,  sto,  stare,  steti,  status. 

stand,     get     a     footing,     consists, 

-ere,  -stiti. 
stand  in  the  way  of,  obsisto,  -ere, 

-stiti,  with  dat. 
standard,  signum,  -i,  n. 
start,  proficiscor,  -i,  profectus. 
state,  civitas,  -atis,/. 
stay,  maneo,  -ere,  mansi,  man.surus. 
still,  now,   nunc;    still,  nevertheless, 

tamen. 
stir  up,  concito,   i.- 
storm,  tempestas,  -atis,/. 
strange,  novus,  -a,  -um. 
strangeness,  novitas,  -tatis, /. 
strong,  firmus,  -a  -um. 
such,   of   such   a   sort,   talis,   -e;     so 

great,  tantus,  -a,  -um. 
suddenly,  subito 
sufficient,  satis  {indecL),  n. 
sufficiently,  satis. 
suitable,  idoneus,  -a,  -um,  with  dat. 

or  ad  with  ace. 
summon,  voco,  i. 
sun,  sol,  solis,  m. 
supplies,  commeatus,  -us,  m. 
support,  alo,  -ere,  -ui,  altus  or  alitus. 
suppose,    credo,    -ere,    -didi,    -ditus; 

existimo,  i. 
sure,  certus,  -a,  -um. 
surpass,  supero,  i,  with  ace.;  praestO. 

-stare,  -stiti,  -stitus,  with  dat. 
surrender      (oneself),      d6d6,      -ere. 

dedidi,  deditus,  with  reflex. 
surround,    get   around,    circumvenic 

-ire,  -veni,  -ventus. 
suspect,  suspicor,  i. 
suspicion,  suspicio,  -6nis,  /. 
Swabians,  Suebi,  -orum,  m.,  pi. 
sword,  gladius,  -ii,  m. 

take,  bear,  fer6,  ferre,  tuU,  litus. 
take,     lead,     dQcO,      -ere,     dQxi, 
ductus. 


take 


136 


unprepared 


take,     take     up,     capture,     capio, 

-ere,  cepi,  captus. 
take      away,      eripio,      -ere,      -ui, 

-reptus. 
take  by  storm,  expugno,  i. 
take  place,  fio,  fieri,  factum  est. 
take    possession    of,    potior,    -iri, 
-itus. 
tear,  lacrima,  -ae,  /. 
tear  up,  eripio,  -ere,  -ui,  -reptus. 
tell,    dico,    -ere,    dixi,    dictus;     pro- 
nuntio,  i. 
tell,  show,  doceo,  -ere,  -ui,   doctus. 
tempest,  tempestas,  -atis, /. 
ten,  decern. 

tenth,  decimus,  -a,  -um. 
terms,  condicio,  -onis,  /.,  sing,  or  pi. 
terrify,  perterreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
territory,   territories,   ager,   agri,   m. ; 

fines,  -ium,  m. 
than,  quam,  or  ahl.  after  a  comparative. 
that   (dem.   pron.),    ille,    ilia,    illud; 

is,  ea,  id. 
that,  so  that,  in  order  that,  ut;    after 
verbs  of  fearing,  ne;   after  negative 
expressions  of  doubt,  quin. 
that  .  .  .  not,  introducing  a  negative 

clause  of  purpose,  ne. 
would  that,  utinam. 
their,  suus,  -a,  -um  (reflex.) ;    eorum. 
them,  cf.  he. 
then,  at  that  time,  tum. 

then,     therefore,     igitur     (usually 
postpositive) . 
there,  in  that  place,  ibi. 
therefore,  itaque. 
these,  cf.  this, 
thing,  res,  rei, /. 

think,  puts,  i ;  existimS,  i ;   arbitror, 
I. 
think,  feel,  sentio,  -ire,  sensi,  sensus. 
this,  hie,  haec,  hoc. 
though,  cum. 
thousand,  mille  (indecl.  adj.). 

thousands,  milia,  -ium,  n.,  pi.  (fol- 
lowed by  partitive  gen.). 
threaten,  impendeo,  -ere. 
three,  tres,  tria. 

a  period   of  three   days,    triduum, 

-i,  n. 
three  hundred,  trecenti,  -ae,  -a. 
through,  per,  prep,  with  ace. 


throw,  iacio,  -ere,  ieci,  iactus ;  conicio, 
-ere,  -ieci,  -iectus. 

throw     back,     reicio,     -ere,     -ieci, 
-iectus. 

throw    down,    away,    abicio,    -ere, 
-ieci,  -iectus. 
tide,  aestus,  -us,  m.  . 
tilling  the  land,  agri  cultura,  -ae,  /. 
time,  tempus,  -oris,  n. 

on  time,  ad  tempus. 

time  and  again,  semel  atque  iterum. 
timid,  timidus,  -a,  -um. 
to,  ad,  prep,  with  ace;  often  translated 

by  dat. 
to-day,  hodie. 

together  with,  una  cum,  with  ahl. 
toward  (in  space),  ad  with  ace. 
town,  oppidum,  -i,  n. 
trader,  mercator,  -oris,  m. 
transport,  adj.,  onerarius,  -a,  -um. 
travel,  eo,  ire,  ii  or  ivi,  itum  est. 
treachery,  insidiae,  -arum,  /.,  pi. 
trial,  iudicium,  -ii,  n. 
tribe,  gens,  gentis,  /. 
tribune,  tribunus,  -i,  m. 

tribune    of    the    people,    tribunus 
plebis. 
tributary,  vectigalis,  -e. 
troops,  copiae,  -arum,  /.,  pi. 
true,  verus,  -a,  -um. 
truth,  verum,  -i,  n. 
try,  Conor,  i. 

turn  and  flee,  tergum  verto,  -ere, 
verti,  versum. 
twelve,  duodecim;   XII. 
two,  duo,  -ae,  -o. 

unacquainted,     imperitus,     -a,     -um, 

with  gen. 
unbelievable,  incredibilis,  -e. 
uncertain,  incertus,  -a,  -um. 
uncovered,  nudus,  -a,  -um. 
understand,     intellego,     -ere,     -lexi, 

-Iectus. 
undertake,      suscipio,      -ere,      -cepi, 

-ceptus. 
ungrateful,  ingratus,  -a,  -um. 
unharmed,  incolumis,  -e. 
unjust,  iniquus,  -a,  -um. 
unjustly,  iniuria. 
unless,  nisi. 
unprepared,  imparatus,  -a,  -um. 


unskilful 


137 


zeal 


unskilful,  imperitus,  -a,  -um. 

until,  ad,  prep,  with  ace. 

until,    dum;     quoad,     conj.;     when 

equivalent  to  before,  prius  quam. 
urge,  hortor,  i ;   cohortor,  i . 
use  {noun),  usus,  -us,  m. 

of  use,  USUI  {dative). 
use,  make  use  of,  utor,  -i,  usus. 

vacant,  lie  vacant,  vaco,  i. 

valor,  virtus,  -utis,  /. 

vengeance,  take  vengeance  on,  ulcis- 

cor,  -1,  ultus. 
verdict,  iudicium,  -ii,  n. 
very  {adj.),  ipse,  -a,  -um. 
victory,  victoria,  -ae,/. 
village,  vicus,  -i,  m. 
violence,  vis,  /. 
virtue,  virtus,  -utis,/. 
voice,  vox,  vocis,  /. 

wait,  delay,  moror,  i. 

wait  for,  exspecto,  i. 
wander  about,  vagor,  i. 
war,  bellum,  -i,  n. 
warn,  admoneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
way,  manner,  modus,  -I,  m. 

way,  road,  via,  -ae,  /. 
we,  nos,  gen.,  nostrum  or  nostri. 
weapon,  telum,  -I,  n. 
weather,  tempestas,  -atis,  /. 
weigh  {of  anchor),  tollo,  -ere,  sustuli, 

sublatus. 
welfare,  salus,  -utis,  /. 

public    welfare,    res    publica,    rel 

publicae. 
what    {inter,    pron.),    quid;      {inter. 

adj.),  qui,  quae,  quod, 
what  {rel.  pron),  (id)  quod,  (ea)  quae, 
what     great,    how    great,     quantus, 

-a,  -um. 
whatever,  quidquid. 
what  sort  of,  qualis,  -e. 
when,  cum ;  ubi. 
where   {place  in  which),  ubi;    {place 

to  which),  quo. 
wherever,  whithersoever,  quocumque. 
whether,  num,  -ne,  si,  utrum. 


which,  see  who. 

which  {of  two),  uter,  utra,  utrum. 

while,  dum. 

who,  what  {inter,  pron.),  quis,  quid. 

who,    which,    what    {rel.   pron.),   qui, 

quae,  quod. 
whoever,        whatever,       quicumque, 

quaecumque,  quodcumque. 
whole,  totus,  -a,  -um. 
wholly,  omnlno. 
why,  cur. 

wicked,  improbus,  -a,  -um. 
wide,  latus,  -a,  -um. 
width,  latitude,  -inis,  /. 
wife,  uxor,  -oris,  /. 

willing,  be  willing,  volo,  velle,  volul, 
winter,  hiems,  hiemis,  /. 
pass  the  winter,  hiemo,  i. 
winter    quarters,    hiberna,    -drum, 

».,  pl'      _ 
wisdom,  consilium,  -ii,  n. 
wish,  volo,  velle,  volul. 

not  wish,  nolo,  nolle,  nolui. 
with,  cum,  prep,  with  abl. 
with,  near,  apud,  prep,  with  ace. 
withdraw,    go    away,    discedo,    -ere, 

-cessi,  -cessurus. 
without,  sine,  prep,  with  abl. 
withstand,  sustineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus. 
woman,  mulier,  -eris,  /. 
word,  verbum,  -i,  n. 
work  {noun),  opus,  operis,  n. 
work  {verb),  laboro,  i. 
worth,  virtus,  -utis,  /. 
would  that,  utinam. 
wound,  volnus,  -eris,  n. 
wrong,  do  wrong,  pecc5,  i. 

year,  annus,  -i,  m. 

every  year,  quotannis. 
yet,  tamen. 

yield,  cedo,  -ere,  cessi,  cessQrus. 
you,  tu,  tul. 
young  man,  adul€sc5ns,  adulCscentis, 

m. 
your   {sing.),   tuus,   -a,    -um ;     {plu.) 

vester,  -tra,  -trum. 

zeal,  studium,  -ii,  «. 


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